Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and of hydralazine on endothelial function in hypertensive rats.
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The function of the endothelium is impaired in hypertension. In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), acetylcholine-induced relaxation is decreased and serotonin-induced constriction is increased. The goal of our study was to evaluate the effect of a long-term treatment with cilazapril, a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, or hydralazine, a vasodilator, on the endothelium-dependent responses in aorta of SHR. Wistar-Kyoto rats were used as normotensive reference. Isolated aortic rings with or without endothelium were suspended in organ chambers. The rings with intact endothelium were contracted with norepinephrine. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation was markedly enhanced by cilazapril treatment. The tension achieved at maximal relaxation was 8 +/- 4% of norepinephrine contraction in the cilazapril-treated SHR versus 55 +/- 5% in the untreated SHR (p less than 0.001). Hydralazine had no significant effect. The effect of serotonin was also markedly modified by cilazapril. In untreated SHR, serotonin induced the release of a vasoconstrictor substance by the endothelium as assessed by the ratio of maximal tension induced by serotonin in rings with endothelium over maximal tension in rings without endothelium, which was greater than 1. This ratio was reversed in cilazapril-treated SHR but not in hydralazine-treated SHR. Captopril had effects similar to cilazapril. Finally, evaluation of carotid arteries showed that cilazapril also prevented morphological changes of the intima in SHR (i.e., infiltration by mononuclear cells). We conclude that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors prevent the functional and morphological alterations in endothelium that are found in hypertension and speculate that this action might participate in their antihypertensive effect. (+info)
Rapid and simple stability indicating HPLC method for the determination of cilazapril in pure substance and pharmaceutical formulation in comparison with classic and derivative spectrophotometric methods.
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The present study describes development and subsequent validation of high performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) in comparison with spectrophotometric methods (classic, first, second and third order derivative) for determination of pure cilazapril in substance and pharmaceutical preparation. The main aim of this study was to find the method suitable not only for determination of cilazapril, but additionally useful in degradation kinetic study. Only the HPLC method is stability indicating. The HPLC method utilizes LiChroCART 250-4 HPLC-Cartridge, LiChrospher 100 RP-18 (5 mum) column, at ambient temperature, eluted at the flow rate 1.0 mL/min. The mobile phase consists of acetonitrile, methanol and phosphate buffer (pH 2.0) (60:10:30, v/v/v). Wavelength of detection is set at 212 nm. Benzocaine is used as an internal standard. The second and third order derivative spectrophotometric methods can be applied for the cilazapril analysis in substance and tablet, but not for stability evaluation (the lack of selectivity towards degradation product). (+info)
Enalapril enhances the anticonvulsant activity of lamotrigine in the test of maximal electroshock.
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BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to find out whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, enalapril and cilazapril, affect the anticonvulsant action of some second-generation antiepileptics, lamotrigine (LTG), topiramate (TPM) and oxcarbazepine (OXC). METHODS: The effects of ACE inhibitors on antiepileptic drugs were examined in the mouse model of maximal electroshock. RESULTS: Enalapril (30 mg/kg ip) potentiated the anticonvulsant action of LTG, decreasing its ED50 value from 5.3 to 3.6 mg/kg (p < 0.01). The anticonvulsant activity of TPM or OXC was not modified by enalapril. Cilazapril did not affect the protective activity of the studied antiepileptics. The interaction between enalapril and LTG could be pharmacodynamic in nature because enalapril did not change plasma and total brain concentrations of LTG. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that there are no negative interactions between the studied antiepileptic drugs and enalapril or cilazapril. Enalapril even enhanced the anticonvulsant activity of LTG in the MES test in mice that is thought to be a predictive model of human generalized tonic-clonic seizures. (+info)
Cilazapril stability in the presence of hydrochlorothiazide in model mixtures and fixed dose combination.
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The presented study aimed at the evaluation of hydrochlorothiazide influence on cilazapril stability in model mixture and fixed dose tablet formulation. The degradation of cilazapril in the presence of hydrochlorothiazide took place according to autocatalytic reaction kinetic mechanism, described mathematically by Prout-Tompkins equation. Hydrochlorothiazide coexistence with cilazapril in model mixture and fixed dose tablet without blister package accelerated cilazapril degradation in comparison with degradation of cilazapril substance. Values of reaction induction time shortened, while those of observed reaction rate constant increased. Increasing values of relative humidity and temperature have negative impact on cilazapril stability. Determined semi-logarithmic relationships: In k = f(RH) and Arrhenius ln k = f(1/T) are linear and are cilazapril stability predictive. The blister (OPA/Alu/PVC//Alu) package of fixed dose tablets, constitutes absolute moisture protection and prevent cilazapril--hydrochlorothiazide interaction occurrence. (+info)
A review of the preclinical cardiovascular pharmacology of cilazapril, a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.
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1. Cilazapril is the monoethyl ester prodrug form of the di-acid cilazaprilat, a new angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Cilazaprilat has an IC50 of 1.9 nM as an inhibitor of rabbit lung ACE in vitro making it one of the most potent ACE inhibitors currently available. Studies on a wide range of other enzymes show that the inhibition is highly specific. 2. An oral dose of 0.1 mg kg-1 cilazapril evoked the same maximum degree of plasma ACE inhibition (approximately 76%) in the rat as 0.25 mg kg-1 enalapril. Cilazapril (0.25 mg kg-1 p.o.) inhibited plasma ACE by greater than 95%. The rate of recovery of ACE activity was slower with cilazapril (5-6% h-1) than with enalapril (10% h-1). 3. In anaesthetised rats cilazaprilat was equipotent with ramiprilat and slightly more potent (1.5x) than enalaprilat as an inhibitor of the angiotensin I pressor response. 4. Following oral administration to conscious rats and intravenous administration to anaesthetised dogs, cilazapril was 2-4.5x more potent than enalapril as an ACE inhibitor. 5. In cats cilazapril (0.1 and 0.3 mg kg-1 p.o.) dose dependently decreased plasma ACE activity and the angiotensin pressor response. Peak effects occurred at 2 h after dosing and plasma ACE inhibition was maintained at greater than or equal to 50% for up to 18 h. Mean arterial pressure was also decreased dose dependently with a peak effect at 3-4 h. 6. Daily oral dosing of cilazapril (30 mg kg-1 p.o.) to spontaneously hypertensive rats evoked a progressive and prolonged (24 h) antihypertensive response with a maximum decrease in systolic blood pressure of 110 mm Hg. 7. Cilazapril (10 mg kg-1 p.o. twice daily for 3.5 days) progressively decreased blood pressure in volume depleted renal hypertensive dogs. The maximum fall in systolic pressure was 39 +/- 6 mm Hg. 8. Haemodynamic studies in open chest anaesthetised dogs showed that the hypotensive response to intravenous cilazapril was accompanied by a reduction in total peripheral resistance. Small decreases in cardiac output and myocardial contractile force were seen at high doses. 9. Cilazapril had no adverse effect on cardiovascular reflexes. There was no impairment of the baroreflex in rats. Exercise-induced tachycardia and pressor responses in conscious cats were unchanged. 10. Cilazapril is exceptionally well absorbed by the oral route (98% in rats). (+info)
Effects of acute and chronic cilazapril treatment in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
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1. The effects of acute and chronic treatment with cilazapril, a new ACE inhibitor, on peripheral vasculature and renal excretory function were assessed in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Regional blood flow and cardiac output were measured by the radioactive microspheres technique. 2. Acute treatment (3 mg kg-1 intravenously) reduced mean arterial blood pressure from 171 +/- 7 to 140 241 +/- 7 mm Hg (P less than 0.001), chronic treatment (1 x 10 mg kg-1 day-1 orally for 9 weeks) from 191 +/- 5 to 122 +/- 3 mm Hg P less than 0.001). With both kinds of treatments cardiac output was unchanged. Heart rate was slightly decreased (-9%, P less than 0.05) with chronic treatment. Acutely, the main effect of cilazapril was a decrease of the renal vascular resistance (-41%, P less than 0.001) associated with an increase of the fraction of the cardiac output distributed to the kidney (+46%, P less than 0.001). Chronically, cilazapril decreased regional vascular resistance in most of the peripheral vascular beds except the heart. 3. With a high dose of cilazapril (10 mg kg-1 orally) both acute and chronic treatment increased diuresis (+107% and +92%, P less than 0.001) and natriuresis (/124% and +111%, P less than 0.001) with a slight increase in kaliuresis. However, with a low dose (1 mg kg-1 orally) the kidneys responded only to chronic treatment. 4. It is concluded that chronic treatment with cilazapril decreases arterial blood pressure more than acute treatment. This effect seems to be due to a greater peripheral vasodilation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) (+info)
Effects of chronic heart failure on the responsiveness to angiotensin I and to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition with cilazapril in rats.
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1. The effects of heart failure due to chronic myocardial infarction on the responsiveness to injected angiotensin I and ACE inhibition by intravenous cilazapril (1 mg kg-1) were evaluated. 2. For this purpose one group of 17 rats with a 4-week old myocardial infarction was compared with a group of 10 sham operated rats. 3. Heart failure increased markedly the responsiveness of the renal and mesenteric vascular beds to ACE inhibition which produced a vasodilation in these two vascular beds. 4. This increased responsiveness was most likely due to a stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system without any change of sensitivity to angiotensin I of the renal and mesenteric vascular beds. 5. Cilazapril produced the same level of ACE inhibition in both groups of rats. (+info)
The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cilazapril in normal man.
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1. The pharmacokinetics of cilazapril and its active metabolite, cilazaprilat, were investigated in a three-part crossover study in 12 healthy male volunteers aged 19-38 years, excluding one subject who withdrew from the study. 2. Single 2.5 mg oral doses of cilazapril, and equivalent oral and intravenous doses of cilazaprilat were administered as aqueous solutions to the fasted subjects. There was an interval of 1 week between treatments. Concentrations of cilazapril and cilazaprilat in plasma and urine, and activities of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in plasma were measured by radioenzymatic methods. 3. After 10 min infusion of cilazaprilat, the mean plasma concentration was 194 ng ml-1, and ACE inhibition was almost 100%. The decline in concentrations was polyphasic, with mean half-lives for the periods 1-4 h and 24-168 h of 0.90 and 46 h, respectively. Between 4 and 24 h the decline was non-linear, and ACE inhibition decreased from 91% to 67%. Urinary recovery of cilazaprilat averaged 91% of dose. 4. After oral cilazapril, the parent drug was rapidly absorbed and rapidly eliminated, with a mean maximum plasma concentration of 82 ng ml-1 at 0.83 h and a single elimination half-life of 1.3 h. Cilazaprilat peaked at 36 ng ml-1 about 1.7 h after dosing and the decline in concentrations was biphasic, with half-lives of 1.8 h and 45 h. After oral cilazaprilat, plasma concentrations were considerably lower, and the peak later (2.2 h). 5. Urinary recovery data indicated an absolute bioavailability for cilazaprilat of 57% (range 45-75%) from oral cilazapril, but only 19% (range 8-40%) from oral cilazaprilat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) (+info)