Paternal alcohol exposure and Turner syndrome.
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AIMS: Turner syndrome (TS) is a sex chromosome aneuploidy that occurs as a result of a non-disjunctional error in meiosis I or anaphase lag; however, the aetiology of this disorder remains unknown. Anecdotal evidence suggests that paternal alcoholism may play an unidentified role in the aetiology of TS. Accordingly, the primary objective of this study was to determine the potential association between paternal alcohol exposure and TS. METHODS: The questionnaire was designed to solicit information about the parents' health and lifestyle habits occurring 1 year prior to and throughout the pregnancy of their daughter with TS. Alcohol dependence was assessed by the Brief Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (BMAST). The study population was solicited from the Turner's Syndrome Society of Canada and included any parent(s) having a child with TS who was of any age. Two hundred and twelve families completed and returned the survey. RESULTS: This provided a response rate of 86.5%. Six of the fathers (3.6%; n = 166) and six of the mothers (3.6%; n = 165) had scores of 5 or more on the BMAST (scores of 5+ are considered to be in the 'alcoholic range'). This is considerably lower than the population norm of 9.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study has suggested there is no association between paternal or maternal alcohol consumption and TS. (+info)
Can parents who smoke socialise their children against smoking? Results from the Smoke-free Kids intervention trial.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate Smoke-free Kids, a new home based programme to assist parents who smoke in socializing their children against smoking. DESIGN: Two year randomised controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: At baseline, 887 adult smokers who had an abstinent child in the third grade (ages 7-8 years); 671 adults and children were retained through the 24 month follow up. INTERVENTION: Programme modules, newsletters, incentives, support calls. OUTCOMES: Anti-smoking socialisation; susceptibility to smoking. RESULTS: Of 327 parents randomised to treatment, 210 obtained adequate treatment by using at least three of five core modules. Programme efficacy analyses, which compared these parents with controls (n = 344), showed that exposure to adequate treatment predicted significantly higher levels in nearly all categories of anti-smoking socialisation three months post-intervention. Two years post-baseline, children of parents who reported adequate treatment scored significantly higher than controls on attributes that reduce susceptibility to smoking, and they scored significantly lower than controls on attributes that raise susceptibility to smoking. Programme effectiveness analyses compared all parents randomised to treatment (n = 327) with controls (n = 344). Treatment effects were evident for several socialisation outcomes; however, these effects were smaller and less consistent than those from the efficacy analyses. Similarly, although treated children scored higher than controls on attributes that reduce susceptibility and lower than controls on attributes that raise susceptibility, several of these between-group differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Given adequate exposure to the Smoke-free Kids programme, significant beneficial effects were observed on anti-smoking socialisation in households where parents smoke cigarettes, and significant beneficial effects were observed on children's susceptibility to smoking after two years. Improving programme acceptance and utilisation is necessary before programme effectiveness can be demonstrated. (+info)
Smoking mothers and snuffing fathers: behavioural influences on youth tobacco use in a Swedish cohort.
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OBJECTIVE: To analyse the influences of parental use of cigarettes and snus (the Swedish variety of smokeless tobacco) on offspring's behaviour. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: The Stockholm County of Sweden. SUBJECTS: 2232 adolescents recruited in the fifth grade (mean age 11.6 years) with follow up in the eighth grade. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self reported tobacco use (ever and current use of cigarettes and/or snus) in the eighth grade. RESULTS: Parents' tobacco use was associated with adolescents' current use of cigarettes and snus (odds ratio (OR) 2.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8 to 3.9 if both parents used tobacco v neither parent). Mother's cigarette smoking was associated with adolescents' current exclusive smoking (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.6 to 3.6). Father's use of snus was associated with current exclusive use of snus among boys (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4 to 6.4), but not with current cigarette use. The overall prevalence of current smoking was lower among children whose fathers used snus than among those whose fathers smoked. CONCLUSIONS: Parental smoking, especially maternal smoking, enhances the risk of tobacco experimentation in youths, as does paternal use of smokeless tobacco. However, the transition to regular cigarette smoking is not likely to be affected by paternal use of smokeless tobacco. Contextual factors, in particular declining smoking trends and negative social acceptance of smoking, can explain most of these findings. (+info)
Maternal preoccupation and parenting as predictors of emotional and behavioral problems in children of women with breast cancer.
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PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that differences between sicker and not-so-sick women in their preoccupation with their illness and parenting behavior can explain why some investigators find that children of breast cancer patients fare better than controls and other investigators find the reverse. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-two women with metastasized breast cancer (sicker mothers) and 45 women with a first occurrence of nonmetastasized breast cancer (not-so-sick mothers) rated the degree of their preoccupation with the disease, their parenting behavior, mood, and social supports and the emotional and behavioral symptoms in one of their children. Their 12- to 18-year-old children rated their mothers' parenting behavior, their own emotional and behavioral symptoms, and their self-esteem. RESULTS: Sicker mothers reported relatively less preoccupation. They, and their children, reported less poor parenting and fewer externalizing symptoms in the children. Regression analyses revealed further differences between the groups. CONCLUSION: Less preoccupation with their illness and less poor parenting behavior by sicker mothers may explain why their children seem to fare better then those of not-so-sick mothers. Formulations concerning families of breast cancer patients should include consideration of the effect of the mothers' perception of the severity of their illness. (+info)
Development of an instrument to measure disability in parenting activity among women with rheumatoid arthritis.
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OBJECTIVE: To develop a method of assessing and summarizing parenting function and disability, and to use that method to describe parenting disability among a group of women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: The study group comprised 231 women with RA who are members of the University of California, San Francisco RA Panel Study. Parenting disability scales were developed by first asking open-ended questions and then, based on the responses, constructing closed-ended questions. Separate sets of questions were asked concerning young (ages 0-5 years) and older (ages 6-18 years) children. Parenting disability indices (PDIs), scored in a manner similar to that for the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) (range 0-3), were developed (total, and for young and older children). Associations of PDIs with demographic, health, and symptom measures were assessed. RESULTS: Substantial proportions of women with RA experienced disability in parenting activities. Greater disability was reported for activities related to parenting young children. Doing less of parenting functions because of RA was commonly reported. The mean total PDI of women who currently had children under age 18 years, taking into account "doing less" of activities because of RA, was 0.76 (range 0-2.08). Greater parenting disability was associated with poorer general function (HAQ; P < 0.0001), more severe pain (P = 0.002), greater fatigue (P = 0.0005), greater parenting stress (P = 0.005), and greater psychological distress (depressive symptoms; P < 0.0001). DISCUSSION: The PDI appears to be valid. This method can provide the means of assessing parenting disability, its risk factors, and its effects, which may assist in identifying ways of helping individuals with RA cope more effectively with parenting. (+info)
Ethnic differences in family factors related to early drug initiation.
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The literature on family predictors of substance use for the general population is reviewed and compared to findings for three specific ethnic groups: black, white and Asian Americans. Rates of substance use initiation are examined in a sample of 919 urban 5th-grade students. Ethnic differences on measures of family predictors are examined and significant ethnic differences are found on several of these factors. Finally, separate regressions for black, white and Asian American youths of family factors on the variety of substances initiated examine ethnic similarities and differences in predictors. The results demonstrate significant differences by ethnicity in family management practices, involvement in family activity, sibling deviance, parental disapproval of children's drinking and family structure. The regression equations identified unique as well as common predictors of the variety of substances initiated by the end of 5th grade. Implications of the results are discussed. (+info)
The needs of children of depressed mothers in primary care.
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BACKGROUND: Maternal depression has a number of adverse effects on children. Although most depression is treated in primary care, assessment or support is rarely given to children of depressed mothers on a routine basis. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to examine the needs of children, aged 5-11 years, whose mothers are being treated for depression in primary care. METHODS: Mothers being prescribed antidepressants by their GP (n = 30) and mothers not being prescribed antidepressants (n = 30) were interviewed, and comparisons were made between their children (n = 48 and 50). RESULTS: The mothers who were prescribed antidepressants were more depressed than the other mothers, and their children had more dysfunctional symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The needs of children must be considered when depressed mothers are being treated in primary care. (+info)
Early risk factors for violence in Colombian adolescents.
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OBJECTIVE: Violence and homicide are more prevalent in Colombia, South America, than in the United States, but the role of psychosocial factors in the violent behavior of Colombian adolescents remains unclear. The objective of the study was to identify personality, familial, peer, and ecological variables associated with violence in Colombian adolescents. METHOD: A survey of adolescents was conducted in 1995-1996. A standard self-report measure was adapted to ensure linguistic and cultural relevance. A total of 2,837 adolescents ages 12-17 years from various self-reported ethnic groups were randomly selected from the community in three Colombian cities: Bogota, Medellin, and Barranquilla. Eighty percent of eligible adolescents agreed to participate. Data were collected concerning the adolescent's personality attributes, family characteristics, peer characteristics, and ecological/cultural factors, including the availability of illicit drugs and the prevalence of violence in the community. The dependent variable was the adolescent's self-reported frequency of violent behavior. RESULTS: Violence directed at the adolescent and the adolescent's own drug use were both more highly correlated with the adolescent's violent behavior than were other risk factors. Significant risk factors of less importance included tolerance of deviance, peer drug use, peer deviance, and exposure to violence on television. CONCLUSIONS: The results supported a model in which violent behavior was correlated independently with a number of risk factors from several domains. The findings point to the use of specific intervention procedures for adolescents to prevent their own subsequent acts of violent behavior. (+info)