Degenerative disorders caused by Bcl-2 deficiency prevented by loss of its BH3-only antagonist Bim.
(65/716)
Apoptosis is triggered when proapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 protein family bearing only the BH3 association domain bind to Bcl-2 or its homologs and block their antiapoptotic activity. To test whether loss of the BH3-only protein Bim could prevent the cellular attrition caused by Bcl-2 deficiency, we generated mice lacking both genes. Mice without Bcl-2 have a fragile lymphoid system, become runted, turn gray, and succumb to polycystic kidney disease. Concomitant absence of Bim prevented all these disorders. Indeed, loss of even one bim allele restored normal kidney development, growth, and health. These results demonstrate that Bim levels set the threshold for initiation of apoptosis in several tissues and suggest that degenerative diseases might be alleviated by blocking BH3-only proteins. (+info)
Distinct role of CD80 and CD86 in the regulation of the activation of B cell and B cell lymphoma.
(66/716)
To date, not much has been known regarding the role of CD80 and CD86 molecules in signaling of B cells. The CD28/CTLA4 ligands, CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2), are expressed on the surface of freshly isolated splenic B cells, and their expression is up-regulated by lipopolysaccharides. In the present study, we have investigated whether signaling via CD80/CD86 could alter the proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis of B cells. Splenic B cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharides in the presence of anti-B7-1 (16-10A1) and anti-B7-2 (GL1) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Exciting features observed during the study were that cross-linking of CD86 with GL1 enhanced the proliferation and production of IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes. In contrast, anti-B7-1 (16-10A1) mAb could efficiently block the proliferation and production of IgG1 and IgG2a. Furthermore, GL1 mAb could also induce the secretion of IgG isotypes from B cell lymphomas. Importantly, 16-10A1 could retard the growth of lymphomas and favored the up-regulation of pro-apoptotic molecules caspase-3, caspase-8, Fas, FasL, Bak, and Bax and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-x(L). In contrast, GL1 augmented the level of anti-apoptotic molecules Bcl-w and Bcl-x(L) and decreased the levels of pro-apoptotic molecule caspase-8, thereby providing a novel insight into the mechanism whereby triggering through CD80 and CD86 could deliver regulatory signals. Thus, this study is the first demonstration of a distinct signaling event induced by CD80 and CD86 molecules in B cell lymphoma. Finally, the significance of the finding is that CD80 provided negative signal for the proliferation and IgG secretion of normal B cells and B cell lymphomas. In contrast, CD86 encouraged the activity of B cells. (+info)
Bax and Bak promote apoptosis by modulating endoplasmic reticular and mitochondrial Ca2+ stores.
(67/716)
Alterations in intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis and cytochrome c release from mitochondria have been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis, but the relationship between these events remains unclear. Here we report that enforced expression of either Bax or Bak via adenoviral gene delivery results in the accumulation of the proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, resulting in early caspase-independent BCL-2-sensitive release of the ER Ca(2+) pool and subsequent Ca(2+) accumulation in mitochondria. The inhibition of ER-to-mitochondrial Ca(2+) transport with a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake attenuates cytochrome c release and downstream biochemical events associated with apoptosis. Bax and Bak also directly sensitize mitochondria to cytochrome c release induced by immediate emptying of ER Ca(2+) pool. Our results demonstrate that the effects of the "multidomain" proapoptotic BCL-2 family members Bak and Bax involve direct effects on the endoplasmic reticular Ca(2+) pool with subsequent sensitization of mitochondria to calcium-mediated fluxes and cytochrome c release. These effects modulate the kinetics of cytochrome c release and apoptosis. (+info)
The structure of the C-terminal domain of the pro-apoptotic protein Bak and its interaction with model membranes.
(68/716)
Bak is a pro-apoptotic protein widely distributed in different cell types that is associated with the mitochondrial outer membrane, apparently through a C-terminal hydrophobic domain. We used infrared spectroscopy to study the secondary structure of a synthetic peptide ((+)(3)HN-(188)ILNVLVVLGVVLLGQFVVRRFFKS(211)-COO(-)) with the same sequence as the C-terminal domain of Bak. The spectrum of this peptide in D(2)O buffer shows an amide I' band with a maximum at 1636 cm(-1), which clearly indicates the predominance of an extended beta-structure in aqueous solvent. However, the peptide incorporated in multilamellar dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) membranes shows a different amide I' band spectrum, with a maximum at 1658 cm(-1), indicating a predominantly alpha-helical structure induced by its interaction with the membrane. It was observed that through differential scanning calorimetry the transition of the phospholipid model membrane was broadened in the presence of the peptide. Fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) in fluid DMPC vesicles showed that increasing concentrations of the peptide produced increased polarization values, which is compatible with the peptide being inserted into the membrane. High concentrations of the peptide considerably broaden the phase transition of DMPC multilamellar vesicles, and DPH polarization increased, especially at temperatures above the T(c) transition temperature of the pure phospholipid. The addition of peptide destabilized unilamellar vesicles and released encapsulated carboxyfluorescein. These results indicate that this domain is able to insert itself into membranes, where it adopts an alpha-helical structure and considerably perturbs the physical properties of the membrane. (+info)
Granzyme B can cause mitochondrial depolarization and cell death in the absence of BID, BAX, and BAK.
(69/716)
Granzyme B (GzmB) is a serine protease that is used by activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes to induce target cell apoptosis. Although GzmB directly cleaves the Bcl2 family member BID on target cell entry, Bid-deficient (and Bax, Bak doubly deficient) cells are susceptible to GzmB-induced death, even though they fail to release cytochrome c from mitochondria. GzmB still induces mitochondrial depolarization in Bax, Bak double knockout cells without cytochrome c release or opening of the permeability transition pore. Because GzmB cannot directly cause depolarization of isolated mitochondria, novel intracellular factor(s) may be required for GzmB to depolarize mitochondria in situ. GzmB therefore utilizes two distinct mitochondrial pathways to amplify the proapoptotic signal that it delivers to target cells. (+info)
Cellular damage signals promote sequential changes at the N-terminus and BH-1 domain of the pro-apoptotic protein Bak.
(70/716)
The pro-apoptotic protein Bak is converted from a latent to an active form by damage-induced signals. This process involves an early exposure of an occluded N-terminal epitope of Bak in intact cells. Here we report a subsequent damage-induced change in Bak, detected using an antibody to the central BH-1 domain. Bak co-immunoprecipitated with Bc1-x(L) both in undamaged cells and early after damage, when the N-terminal epitope was exposed but the BH-1 epitope remained occluded. A subsequent decrease in binding of Bak to Bc1-x(L) correlated with exposure of an epitope in the Bak BH-1 domain. Overexpression of Bc1-x(L) did not affect the kinetics of exposure of the Bak N-terminal epitope but delayed exposure of the BH-1 domain. Cytochrome c release from mitochondria facilitates the activation of apoptotic caspases. The majority of cells with exposed Bak BH-1 domains contained cytosolic cytochrome c. However, a small proportion of cells exhibited exposed Bak BH-1 domains that co-localized with mitochondrial cytochrome c. The data are consistent with a two-step model for the activation of Bak by drug-induced damage signals where dissociation of Bc1-x(L) from the BH-1 domain of Bak occurs immediately prior to or concomitantly with cytochrome c release. (+info)
A distinct pathway remodels mitochondrial cristae and mobilizes cytochrome c during apoptosis.
(71/716)
The mechanism during apoptosis by which cytochrome c is rapidly and completely released in the absence of mitochondrial swelling is uncertain. Here, we show that two distinct pathways are involved. One mediates release of cytochrome c across the outer mitochondrial membrane, and another, characterized in this study, is responsible for the redistribution of cytochrome c stored in intramitochondrial cristae. We have found that the "BH3-only" molecule tBID induces a striking remodeling of mitochondrial structure with mobilization of the cytochrome c stores (approximately 85%) in cristae. This reorganization does not require tBID's BH3 domain and is independent of BAK, but is inhibited by CsA. During this process, individual cristae become fused and the junctions between the cristae and the intermembrane space are opened. (+info)
Cytochrome c release upon Fas receptor activation depends on translocation of full-length bid and the induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition.
(72/716)
In Jurkat cells Bid was cleaved upon activation of the Fas receptor with an anti-Fas antibody. The caspase-8 inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Ile-Glu(OMe)-Thr-Asp(OMe)-CH(2)F (IETD) prevented the cleavage of Bid and the loss of viability. The nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) was also cleaved upon the activation of caspases, and IETD similarly prevented PARP cleavage. The PARP inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) restored the cell killing in the presence of IETD, an effect that occurred without restoration of the cleavage of Bid or PARP. In the presence of 3-AB and IETD, translocation occurred of full-length Bid to the mitochondria. The induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) was documented by the cyclosporin A (CyA) sensitivity of the release of cytochrome c, the release of malate dehydrogenase from the mitochondrial matrix, the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and the pronounced swelling of these organelles, as assessed by electron microscopy. In addition to preventing all evidence of the MPT, CyA prevented the loss of cell viability, without effect on the cleavage of either Bid or PARP. The prevention of PARP cleavage by inhibition of caspase-3 resulted in a 10-fold activation of the enzyme and a resultant depletion of NAD and ATP. The PARP inhibitor 3-AB prevented the loss of NAD and ATP. Depletion of ATP by metabolic inhibitors similarly prevented the cell killing. It is concluded that the cleaving of PARP in Fas-mediated apoptosis allowed expression of an energy-dependent cell death program that included the translocation of full-length Bid to the mitochondria with induction of the MPT. (+info)