Thirty patients were examined to test the hypothesis that a depletion of iron levels is associated with symptoms of akathisia. Fifteen akathisic patients were pair-matched with 15 non-akathisic patients. Plasma ferritin levels were significantly decreased in the akathisic patients, and there was a significant inverse correlation between plasma iron levels and akathisia rating. In addition, akathisia ratings were found to be correlated with a scale measuring symptoms of tardive dyskinesia. (+info)
Treatment of tardive akathisia with clonidine.
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Two cases of tardive akathisia, which were misdiagnosed as anxiety originating from a schizophrenic disorder, had been treated with anxiolytics in addition to neuroleptics and anticholinergics. The diagnoses were changed to tardive akathisia, the anticholinergics were discontinued, and the patients were treated with clonidine successfully. In view of the similar effects of clonidine and anticholinergics, the pathophysiology of tardive akathisia must be very similar to that of tardive dyskinesia. (+info)
Pharmacological prevention of sevoflurane- and desflurane-related emergence agitation in children: a meta-analysis of published studies.
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Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced side effects.
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Currently available antipsychotic drugs (APDs) carry significant though highly variable, liability to neurologic and metabolic side effects. Pharmacogenetics approaches offer the possibility of identifying patient-specific biomarkers for predicting risk of these side effects. To date, a few single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a handful of genes have received convergent support across multiple studies. The primary focus has been on SNPs in dopamine and serotonin receptor genes: persuasive meta-analytic evidence exists for an effect of the dopamine D2 and D3 receptor genes (DRD2 and DRD3) in risk for tardive dyskinesia (TD) and for an effect of variation at the 5-HT2C receptor gene (HTR2C) for liability to APD-induced weight gain. However, effect sizes appear to be modest, and pharmacoeconomic considerations have not been sufficiently studied, thereby limiting clinical applicability at this time. Effects of these genes and others on risk for TD, extrapyramidal side effects, hyperprolactinemia, and weight gain are reviewed in this article. (+info)
mu-Opioid receptor knockout mice are insensitive to methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization.
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