PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LIVE ORAL VACCINE FOR ANTI-CHOLERA IMMUNIZATION. (57/592)

Since humoral anti-O antibodies play little part in protective immunity against cholera, and the infecting organisms remain limited in the gut, effective prophylaxis will require the production of active immunity in cells of the mucous membrane of the intestinal canal. It has not been possible to achieve this objective satisfactorily by injections of killed cholera cultures. In laboratory studies for a solution of the problem it has been shown that Vibrio cholerae and V. El Tor strains possess identical somatic antigens. El Tor vibrio strains isolated from surface water in an area free from cholera were found to be of low pathogenicity while retaining full antigenicity. Administration of these strains to mice and rabbits was shown to confer protection against subsequent challenge with both V. cholerae and pathogenic V. El Tor strains. On the basis of the data presented a case has been made for a viable vaccine prepared from a suitable non-pathogenic El Tor strain, for administration by the oral route. It may be expected that such a vaccine will establish an effective immunity through protection of the local susceptible cells of the intestines as a result of subclinical infection. The safety and protective value of the vaccine remain to be verified in human volunteers before it can be chosen for field trials.  (+info)

THE CROSS-REACTIVITY AND TRANSFER OF ANTIBODY IN TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNITY. (58/592)

A close inomunochemical relationship of Forssman-type antigens in cells or in a methanol extract of guinea pig kidneys, lymph nodes, and platelets, of horse kidneys, and of sheep erythrocytes was demonstrated by complement-fixation, agglutination, and inhibition of hemolysis. The dissociation of antibody from several cross-reacting complexes and re-association with antigens of erythrocytes used for immunization was inferred from quantitative hemolytic assays. This preferential affinity of antibody for the antigen used for immunization is proposed as an immunochemical model for reactions which function in graft rejection phenomena wherein the donor and recipient tissues share cross-reacting antigens.  (+info)

SEROLOGIC DEMONSTRATION OF DUAL SPECIFICITY OF RABBIT BIVALENT HYBRID ANTIBODY. (59/592)

Hybrid, bivalent antibody molecules bearing specific combining sites for both ovalbumin and bovine gamma globulin were produced by reoxidation of a mixture of the 3.5S fragments of the two specifically purified antibodies. The dual specificity and the properties of the hybrid antibody were demonstrated by mixed agglutination and two stage agglutination experiments, and by test systems utilizing inhibition of agglutination or dispersal of agglutinates followed by antiglobulin reactions.  (+info)

SPECIFIC, SOLUBLE FACTOR INVOLVED IN SEXUAL AGGLUTINATION OF THE YEAST HANSENULA WINGEI. (60/592)

Taylor, Neil W. (Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Ill.). Specific, soluble factor involved in sexual agglutination of the yeast Hansenula wingei. J. Bacteriol. 87:863-866. 1964.-A factor was liberated by snail enzymes from unisexual mating type 5 of Hansenula wingei NRRL Y-2340. This factor is the (or a) factor on type 5 involved in sexual agglutination of H. wingei because it agglutinates only the active opposite mating type; it is absorbed appreciably only by the active opposite mating type; and it is inactivated by a mercaptan, the same agent which inactivates sexual agglutination in type 5. The sedimentation rate of the factor, 31 Svedbergs, indicates it to be soluble.  (+info)

EFFECT OF DRUG-RESISTANCE FACTOR R ON THE F PROPERTIES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI. (61/592)

Hirota, Yukinori (Osaka University, Osaka, Japan), Yukinobu Nishimura, Frits Orskov, and Ida Orskov. Effect of drug-resistance factor R on the F properties of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 87:341-351. 1964.-Infection of Escherichia coli male cells (Hfr or F(+)) with resistance factor R results in the co-ordinate inhibition of several distinct functions of F factor: mating capacity to transfer chromosome by conjugation, production of f(+) antigen, and formation of receptors for the male-specific bacteriophages, f1 and ribonucleic acid phage. The i(-) mutant (R(100-1)) of R factor, which was isolated from wild-type R factor (R(100)), shows no inhibition of these F properties. Male R(+) (100-1) cells were autoagglutinable but the f(+) antigen was still present. When R-infected female cells had acquired the ability to form recombinants with an F(-) strain, they also had become autoagglutinable. The question of the presence of f(+) antigen in these strains was not solved. The cause of the autoagglutinability is not known, but it is not the result of loss of O antigen (rough autoagglutinability). Sensitivity to a phage tau, which can form plaques on female cells only, is not affected by the presence or absence of R factor. No difference in the pattern of segregation of recombinants was observed between the cross of Hfr R(-) x F(-) and that of Hfr R(+) x F(-). These results indicate that R factor controls a key mechanism in the synthesis of "F substances" formed on the cell surface by the F factor.  (+info)

MIXED AGGLUTINATION WITH TISSUE SECTIONS. (62/592)

The mixed agglutination procedure was applied to tissue sections. Microtome sections of bovine tissue were placed on coverglasses, fixed by acetone or formalin, and incubated with various dilutions of rabbit antisera. The binding of antibodies to the tissue sections was detected by the addition of an indicator system composed of sheep erythrocytes sensitized by subagglutinating doses of the corresponding rabbit antiserum, and agglutinated by goat antiserum to rabbit serum. In positive reactions the indicator cells covered the tissue, whereas in negative tests, the erythrocytes detached and the tissue appeared uncovered. It was demonstrated that the method is capable of detecting both saline-extractable and saline-non-extractable antigens. In addition to species-specific antigens, organ-specific antigens of adrenal and brain were detected. The method was characterized by a very high sensitivity in detecting antibodies. Its possible application as a tool for investigations on tissue antigens and antibodies was discussed.  (+info)

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON MIMA POLYMORPHA AND ACHROMOBACTER (BACTERIUM) ANITRATUM. (63/592)

Further investigations on the morphology, biochemical reactions, and serological relationships of strains of Mima polymorpha and Achromobacter (Bacterium) anitratum are reported. The results seem to indicate such a close relationship that it may yet be necessary to reconsider the nomenclature of these organisms.  (+info)

IMMUNE DIFFUSION ANALYSIS OF THE EXTRACELLULAR SOLUBLE ANTIGENS OF TWO STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI. (64/592)

Dudman, W. F. (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, Australia). Immune diffusion analysis of the extracellular soluble antigens of two strains of Rhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 88:782-794. 1964.-Immune diffusion techniques applied to cultures of two strains of Rhizobium meliloti grown in liquid defined medium showed the presence of multiple antigens. Improved resolution of precipitin patterns was obtained with concentrated antigens separated from the cultures as the extracellular soluble fraction or as suspensions of washed cells. The extracellular fraction contained the same diffusible antigens as the washed cells, but additional antigens were found in the cells after ultrasonic disruption. The extracellular soluble antigens were shown by analysis to contain polysaccharide and protein components. In immune diffusion systems, they gave rise to three groups of precipitin bands, two of which were characterized as polysaccharides by their susceptibility to periodate oxidation, and the third as protein by its lability to heat. All the extracellular antigens of both strains were shared except a fast-diffusing polysaccharide, which was specific for each strain. Despite the sharing of all but one of their antigens, cells of these strains showed only a low degree of cross-agglutination, suggesting that their surfaces are dominated by the specific polysaccharide. No differences could be found in the composition of the polysaccharides in the unfractionated extracellular antigens of the two strains, the main components of which were glucose (66%) and galactose (12%) in the presence of several other unidentified sugars in smaller amounts. The pattern of precipitin bands produced in immune diffusion systems by the extracellular soluble fraction could be changed by altering the cultural conditions.  (+info)