Noise associated with transportation, particularly aircraft and automobiles.

A greasy substance with a smoky odor and burned taste created by high temperature treatment of BEECH and other WOOD; COAL TAR; or resin of the CREOSOTE BUSH. It contains CRESOLS and POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS which are CARCINOGENS. It has been widely used as wood preservative and in PESTICIDES and had former use medicinally in DISINFECTANTS; LAXATIVES; and DERMATOLOGIC AGENTS.

Tendency toward involvement in accidents. Implies certain personality characteristics which predispose to accidents.

The collective designation of three organizations with common membership: the European Economic Community (Common Market), the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). It was known as the European Community until 1994. It is primarily an economic union with the principal objectives of free movement of goods, capital, and labor. Professional services, social, medical and paramedical, are subsumed under labor. The constituent countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. (The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1997, p842)

Discussions, descriptions or catalogs of public displays or items representative of a given subject.

Cardiac electrical stimulators that apply brief high-voltage electroshocks to the HEART. These stimulators are used to restore normal rhythm and contractile function in hearts of patients who are experiencing VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION or ventricular tachycardia (TACHYCARDIA, VENTRICULAR) that is not accompanied by a palpable PULSE. Some defibrillators may also be used to correct certain noncritical dysrhythmias (called synchronized defibrillation or CARDIOVERSION), using relatively low-level discharges synchronized to the patient's ECG waveform. (UMDNS, 2003)

Statement of the position requirements, qualifications for the position, wage range, and any special conditions expected of the employee.

AUTOMOBILES, trucks, buses, or similar engine-driven conveyances. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Permanent roads having a line of rails fixed to ties and laid to gage, usually on a leveled or graded ballasted roadbed and providing a track for freight cars, passenger cars, and other rolling stock. Cars are designed to be drawn by locomotives or sometimes propelled by self-contained motors. (From Webster's 3d) The concept includes the organizational and administrative aspects of railroads as well.

The means of moving persons, animals, goods, or materials from one place to another.

Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.

Gases, fumes, vapors, and odors escaping from the cylinders of a gasoline or diesel internal-combustion engine. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.

A usually four-wheeled automotive vehicle designed for passenger transportation and commonly propelled by an internal-combustion engine using a volatile fuel. (Webster, 1973)

'Pleural diseases' is a broad term referring to various medical conditions that affect the pleura, the thin, double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs, including inflammation (pleurisy), effusions (excess fluid buildup), thickening, or tumors, which may cause chest pain, coughing, and breathing difficulties.

Medical specialty concerned with the promotion and maintenance of the physical and mental health of employees in occupational settings.

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.

An 'accident' in a medical context often refers to an unintended event or harm that occurs suddenly and unexpectedly, resulting in injury or illness, and is typically not planned or intended.

A continuing periodic change in displacement with respect to a fixed reference. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Fields representing the joint interplay of electric and magnetic forces.

Agents of the law charged with the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing law and order among the citizenry.

The physical effects involving the presence of electric charges at rest and in motion.

Computer systems utilized as adjuncts in the treatment of disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Germany" is a country and not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition. It is located in Central Europe and is known for its advanced medical research and facilities.

The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.

The act of killing oneself.

Living facilities for humans.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sweden" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in Northern Europe. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to try to help answer them!

'Union Catalogs' in a medical context refers to a comprehensive and centralized listing of all cataloged resources, such as books, journals, and articles, from multiple libraries or institutions, enabling consolidated search and discovery across various sources, facilitating research and knowledge sharing.

Freedom from exposure to danger and protection from the occurrence or risk of injury or loss. It suggests optimal precautions in the workplace, on the street, in the home, etc., and includes personal safety as well as the safety of property.

A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)

USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) cannot be provided as a medical definition, as it is not a medical term; it refers to a former political state that existed from 1922 until 1991 and was dissolved into multiple independent countries.

Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.

A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)

Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.

A tibial fracture is a medical term that describes a break or crack in the shinbone, one of the two bones in the lower leg, which can occur anywhere along its length due to various traumatic injuries or stresses.

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is not a medical term or concept, but a regional organization that consists of post-Soviet states, and therefore, it does not have a medical definition.

Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

The use of internal devices (metal plates, nails, rods, etc.) to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment.

Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

The use of nails that are inserted into bone cavities in order to keep fractured bones together.

Fractures of the femur.

Fractures in which there is an external wound communicating with the break of the bone.

The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.

Implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (UMDNS, 1999)

A competitive team sport played on a rectangular field. This is the American or Canadian version of the game and also includes the form known as rugby. It does not include non-North American football (= SOCCER).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but 'Europe' is a geographical continent and not a medical term; therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.

Rods of bone, metal, or other material used for fixation of the fragments or ends of fractured bones.

A "Union List" in the medical context is not a standard term with a universally accepted definition; however, it could potentially refer to a consolidated list that combines the findings from multiple diagnostic tests or databases, aiming to provide a more comprehensive view of a patient's health status or medical history.

A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the "false joint" that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The bone which is located most lateral in the proximal row of CARPAL BONES.

The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones.

"Eastern Europe," in a geomedical context, often refers to a region including countries that were once part of the Soviet Union or influenced by its culture and healthcare system, such as Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and sometimes including countries in the Balkan Peninsula and Baltic states."

Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.

International organizations which provide health-related or other cooperative services.

The process of negotiation between representatives of an employee organization, association or union, and representatives of the employer.

The surgical fixation of a joint by a procedure designed to accomplish fusion of the joint surfaces by promoting the proliferation of bone cells. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The shaft of long bones.

Union of the fragments of a fractured bone in a faulty or abnormal position. If two bones parallel to one another unite by osseous tissue, the result is a crossunion. (From Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 4th ed)

The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals.

Specialized devices used in ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY to repair bone fractures.

A bone on the ventral side of the shoulder girdle, which in humans is commonly called the collar bone.

The bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of BONE FRACTURES during normal healing.

The terms, expressions, designations, or symbols used in a particular science, discipline, or specialized subject area.

Fractures of the larger bone of the forearm.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Russia" is a country and not a medical term. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.

The surgical cutting of a bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The state of birth outside of wedlock. It may refer to the offspring or the parents.

Dressings made of fiberglass, plastic, or bandage impregnated with plaster of paris used for immobilization of various parts of the body in cases of fractures, dislocations, and infected wounds. In comparison with plaster casts, casts made of fiberglass or plastic are lightweight, radiolucent, able to withstand moisture, and less rigid.

Breaks in bones.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kyrgyzstan" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition; it is the name of a country located in Central Asia, known officially as the Kyrgyz Republic.

The toothlike process on the upper surface of the axis, which articulates with the CERVICAL ATLAS above.

The geographical area of Asia comprising KAZAKHSTAN; KYRGYZSTAN; TAJIKISTAN; TURKMENISTAN; and UZBEKISTAN. The desert region of Kara Kum (Qara Qum) is largely in Turkmenistan and the desert region of Kyzyl Kum (Kizil Kum or Qizil Qum), is in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p233, 590, 636)

An ancient country in western Asia, by the twentieth century divided among the former USSR, Turkey, and Iran. It was attacked at various times from before the 7th century B.C. to 69 B.C. by Assyrians, Medes, Persians, the Greeks under Alexander, and the Romans. It changed hands frequently in wars between Neo-Persian and Roman Empires from the 3d to 7th centuries and later under Arabs, Seljuks, Byzantines, and Mongols. In the 19th century Armenian nationalism arose but suffered during Russo-Turkish hostilities. It became part of the Soviet Republic in 1921, with part remaining under Turkey. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988)

Steel wires, often threaded through the skin, soft tissues, and bone, used to fix broken bones. Kirschner wires or apparatus also includes the application of traction to the healing bones through the wires.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Moldova" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is the name of a country located in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical topics, I would be happy to help with those!

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

A bone fixation technique using an external fixator (FIXATORS, EXTERNAL) for lengthening limbs, correcting pseudarthroses and other deformities, and assisting the healing of otherwise hopeless traumatic or pathological fractures and infections, such as chronic osteomyelitis. The method was devised by the Russian orthopedic surgeon Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov (1921-1992). (From Bull Hosp Jt Dis 1992 Summer;52(1):1)

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ukraine" is a country located in Eastern Europe and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it.

The interaction of persons or groups of persons representing various nations in the pursuit of a common goal or interest.

The magnetic stimulation of specific target tissues or areas of the body for therapeutic purposes via the application of magnetic fields generated by MAGNETS or ELECTROMAGNETS.

Injuries to the part of the upper limb of the body between the wrist and elbow.

The largest of three bones that make up each half of the pelvic girdle.

The growth action of bone tissue as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants).

The Republic of Belarus is a sovereign country located in Eastern Europe, known for its advanced medical facilities and highly trained healthcare professionals, offering a wide range of medical services including but not limited to cardiology, oncology, neurology, and transplantation, among others.

The eight bones of the wrist: SCAPHOID BONE; LUNATE BONE; TRIQUETRUM BONE; PISIFORM BONE; TRAPEZIUM BONE; TRAPEZOID BONE; CAPITATE BONE; and HAMATE BONE.

The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.

Interlibrary Loans is a service that facilitates the borrowing and lending of library materials between different libraries to provide their patrons access to resources that may not be available in their own library's collection.

Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.

Laws concerned with manufacturing, dispensing, and marketing of drugs.

Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)

Fractures around joint replacement prosthetics or implants. They can occur intraoperatively or postoperatively.

Internal devices used in osteosynthesis to hold the position of the fracture in proper alignment. By applying the principles of biomedical engineering, the surgeon uses metal plates, nails, rods, etc., for the correction of skeletal defects.

'Printing' in a medical context refers to the temporary or permanent transfer of ink from a substrate to the skin, often used for identification purposes, monitoring medical conditions, or as a form of temporary decoration.

The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment.

The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.

Devices or pieces of equipment placed in or around the mouth or attached to instruments to protect the external or internal tissues of the mouth and the teeth.

Acquisition, organization, and preparation of library materials for use, including selection, weeding, cataloging, classification, and preservation.

The social institution involving legal and/or religious sanction whereby individuals are joined together.

A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.

A group of Indian Ocean Islands, the islands of Great Comoro, Anjouan, Mayotte, and Moheli, lying between northeast Mozambique and northwest Madagascar. The capital is Moroni. In 1914 they became a colony attached to Madagascar administratively and were made a French overseas territory in 1947. Except for Mayotte which remained French, Comoros became an independent republic in 1975. Comoros represents the Arabic qamar, moon, said by some scholars to be linked with the mystical Mountains of the Moon said to be somewhere in equatorial Africa. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p283 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p122)

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Azerbaijan" is not a medical concept or condition that has a defined meaning within the medical field. It is the name of a country located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. If you have any questions related to geography, history, or culture, I would be happy to try and help with those instead!

A totalitarian system of government in which a single authoritarian party controls state-owned means of production with the professed aim of establishing a classless society.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uzbekistan" is a country located in Central Asia and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.

The interchange of goods or commodities, especially on a large scale, between different countries or between populations within the same country. It includes trade (the buying, selling, or exchanging of commodities, whether wholesale or retail) and business (the purchase and sale of goods to make a profit). (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, p411, p2005 & p283)

Any enterprise centered on the processing, assembly, production, or marketing of a line of products, services, commodities, or merchandise, in a particular field often named after its principal product. Examples include the automobile, fishing, music, publishing, insurance, and textile industries.

Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.

Devices which are used in the treatment of orthopedic injuries and diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tajikistan" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition; it is the name of a country located in Central Asia, officially known as the Republic of Tajikistan.

Exercise of governmental authority to control conduct.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

A radius fracture is a break in the bone that runs from the wrist to the elbow, located on the thumb-side of the forearm, which can occur at various sites such as near the wrist, middle of the bone or closer to the elbow.

A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.

Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.

The outer shorter of the two bones of the FOREARM, lying parallel to the ULNA and partially revolving around it.

Increase in the longest dimension of a bone to correct anatomical deficiencies, congenital, traumatic, or as a result of disease. The lengthening is not restricted to long bones. The usual surgical methods are internal fixation and distraction.