Studies beyond the bachelor's degree at an institution having graduate programs for the purpose of preparing for entrance into a specific field, and obtaining a higher degree.

Educational programs for medical graduates entering a specialty. They include formal specialty training as well as academic work in the clinical and basic medical sciences, and may lead to board certification or an advanced medical degree.

Physicians who hold degrees from medical schools in countries other than the ones in which they practice.

Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis.

Use for general articles concerning medical education.

Educational programs designed to inform physicians of recent advances in their field.

The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.

Acquisition of knowledge as a result of instruction in a formal course of study.

Use for articles concerning dental education in general.

Educational programs designed to inform individuals of recent advances in their particular field of interest. They do not lead to any formal advanced standing.

Use for general articles concerning nursing education.

Educational programs for pharmacists who have a bachelor's degree or a Doctor of Pharmacy degree entering a specific field of pharmacy. They may lead to an advanced degree.

A course of study offered by an educational institution.

Educational programs for dental graduates entering a specialty. They include formal specialty training as well as academic work in the clinical and basic dental sciences, and may lead to board certification or an advanced dental degree.

Those educational activities engaged in by holders of a bachelor's degree in nursing, which are primarily designed to prepare them for entrance into a specific field of nursing, and may lead to board certification or a more advanced degree.

Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.

The period of medical education in a medical school. In the United States it follows the baccalaureate degree and precedes the granting of the M.D.

Programs of training in medicine and medical specialties offered by hospitals for graduates of medicine to meet the requirements established by accrediting authorities.

Education via communication media (correspondence, radio, television, computer networks) with little or no in-person face-to-face contact between students and teachers. (ERIC Thesaurus, 1997)

Selection of a type of occupation or profession.

Educational programs designed to ensure that students attain prespecified levels of competence in a given field or training activity. Emphasis is on achievement or specified objectives.

Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of medicine.

The capability to perform acceptably those duties directly related to patient care.

The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.

The educational process of instructing.

Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.

Education which increases the knowledge of the functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of human reproduction.

Geographic area in which a professional person practices; includes primarily physicians and dentists.

Education of the individual who markedly deviates intellectually, physically, socially, or emotionally from those considered to be normal, thus requiring special instruction.

Theoretical models which propose methods of learning or teaching as a basis or adjunct to changes in attitude or behavior. These educational interventions are usually applied in the fields of health and patient education but are not restricted to patient care.

Educational programs designed to inform nurses of recent advances in their fields.

Formal education and training in preparation for the practice of a profession.

Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).

Individuals enrolled in a school of medicine or a formal educational program in medicine.

Formal instruction, learning, or training in the preparation, dispensing, and proper utilization of drugs in the field of medicine.

Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of dentistry.

Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact.

Certification as complying with a standard set by non-governmental organizations, applied for by institutions, programs, and facilities on a voluntary basis.

Educational programs designed to inform dentists of recent advances in their fields.

A medical discipline that is based on the philosophy that all body systems are interrelated and dependent upon one another for good health. This philosophy, developed in 1874 by Dr. Andrew Taylor Still, recognizes the concept of "wellness" and the importance of treating illness within the context of the whole body. Special attention is placed on the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.

Educational programs designed to inform graduate pharmacists of recent advances in their particular field.

Educational institutions providing facilities for teaching and research and authorized to grant academic degrees.

The teaching staff and members of the administrative staff having academic rank in an educational institution.

Compliance with a set of standards defined by non-governmental organizations. Certification is applied for by individuals on a voluntary basis and represents a professional status when achieved, e.g., certification for a medical specialty.

Use for general articles concerning veterinary medical education.

Attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc.

Stipends or grants-in-aid granted by foundations or institutions to individuals for study.

The capability to perform the duties of one's profession generally, or to perform a particular professional task, with skill of an acceptable quality.

Financial support for training including both student stipends and loans and training grants to institutions.

The teaching staff and members of the administrative staff having academic rank in a medical school.

Requirements for the selection of students for admission to academic institutions.

Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.

A geographic location which has insufficient health resources (manpower and/or facilities) to meet the medical needs of the resident population.

The process of choosing employees for specific types of employment. The concept includes recruitment.

Individuals enrolled a school of dentistry or a formal educational program in leading to a degree in dentistry.

Instructional use of examples or cases to teach using problem-solving skills and critical thinking.

A four-year program in nursing education in a college or university leading to a B.S.N. (Bachelor of Science in Nursing). Graduates are eligible for state examination for licensure as RN (Registered Nurse).

A self-learning technique, usually online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials.

Individuals licensed to practice medicine.

Instructional programs in the care and development of the body, often in schools. The concept does not include prescribed exercises, which is EXERCISE THERAPY.

An occupation limited in scope to a subsection of a broader field.

The assessing of academic or educational achievement. It includes all aspects of testing and test construction.

Health services, public or private, in rural areas. The services include the promotion of health and the delivery of health care.

Instructional materials used in teaching.

The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development).

The study of natural phenomena by observation, measurement, and experimentation.

The study of NUTRITION PROCESSES as well as the components of food, their actions, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease.

Education and training in PUBLIC HEALTH for the practice of the profession.

Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family.

Preparatory education meeting the requirements for admission to medical school.

Education for specific trades or occupations.

Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program in the health occupations.

Individuals licensed to practice DENTISTRY.

The teaching staff and members of the administrative staff having academic rank in a dental school.

Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations.

The art and science of studying, performing research on, preventing, diagnosing, and treating disease, as well as the maintenance of health.

Revenues or receipts accruing from business enterprise, labor, or invested capital.

A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income.

The largest country in North America, comprising 10 provinces and three territories. Its capital is Ottawa.

Educational institutions.

The use of one's knowledge in a particular profession. It includes, in the case of the field of biomedicine, professional activities related to health care and the actual performance of the duties related to the provision of health care.

The teaching or training of those individuals with hearing disability or impairment.

Organizations which certify physicians and dentists as specialists in various fields of medical and dental practice.

Practical experience in medical and health-related services that occurs as part of an educational program wherein the professionally-trained student works outside the academic environment under the supervision of an established professional in the particular field.

Organizations composed of members with common interests and whose professions may be similar.

Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist.

Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of pharmacy.

The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.

Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.

Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.

Individuals enrolled in a school of pharmacy or a formal educational program leading to a degree in pharmacy.

Individuals enrolled in a school of nursing or a formal educational program leading to a degree in nursing.

Auditory and visual instructional materials.

Professions or other business activities directed to the cure and prevention of disease. For occupations of medical personnel who are not physicians but who are working in the fields of medical technology, physical therapy, etc., ALLIED HEALTH OCCUPATIONS is available.

Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.

Systematic identification, development, organization, or utilization of educational resources and the management of these processes. It is occasionally used also in a more limited sense to describe the use of equipment-oriented techniques or audiovisual aids in educational settings. (Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, December 1993, p132)

The practice of dentistry concerned with preventive as well as diagnostic and treatment programs in a circumscribed population.

The granting of a license to practice medicine.

Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care.

Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of public health.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.

The state of being engaged in an activity or service for wages or salary.

The study of laws, theories, and hypotheses through a systematic examination of pertinent facts and their interpretation in the field of dentistry. (From Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982, p674)

The reciprocal interaction of two or more professional individuals.

Systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

The recognition of professional or technical competence through registration, certification, licensure, admission to association membership, the award of a diploma or degree, etc.

The expected function of a member of a particular profession.

An enduring, learned predisposition to behave in a consistent way toward a given class of objects, or a persistent mental and/or neural state of readiness to react to a certain class of objects, not as they are but as they are conceived to be.

Advanced programs of training to meet certain professional requirements in fields other than medicine or dentistry, e.g., pharmacology, nutrition, nursing, etc.

Those persons legally qualified by education and training to engage in the practice of pharmacy.

The availability of HEALTH PERSONNEL. It includes the demand and recruitment of both professional and allied health personnel, their present and future supply and distribution, and their assignment and utilization.

Women licensed to practice medicine.

Behaviors expressed by individuals to protect, maintain or promote their health status. For example, proper diet, and appropriate exercise are activities perceived to influence health status. Life style is closely associated with health behavior and factors influencing life style are socioeconomic, educational, and cultural.

The upward or downward mobility in an occupation or the change from one occupation to another.

A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.

A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.

Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)

Education which increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of dental health on a personal or community basis.

A subgroup having special characteristics within a larger group, often bound together by special ties which distinguish it from the larger group.

Those physicians who have completed the education requirements specified by the American Academy of Family Physicians.

The biological science concerned with the life-supporting properties, functions, and processes of living organisms or their parts.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "California" is a place, specifically a state on the western coast of the United States, and not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.

Schools which offer training in the area of health.

Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends.

Most frequently refers to the integration of a physically or mentally disabled child into the regular class of normal peers and provision of the appropriately determined educational program.

Professional society representing the field of medicine.

Public attitudes toward health, disease, and the medical care system.

Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of veterinary medicine.

Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the black groups of Africa.

The exchange or transmission of ideas, attitudes, or beliefs between individuals or groups.

Personal satisfaction relative to the work situation.

Strong desires to accomplish something. This usually pertains to greater values or high ideals.

Great Britain is not a medical term, but a geographical name for the largest island in the British Isles, which comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, forming the major part of the United Kingdom.

A specialty in which manual or operative procedures are used in the treatment of disease, injuries, or deformities.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.

Individuals responsible for the development of policy and supervision of the execution of plans and functional operations.

The prediction or projection of the nature of future problems or existing conditions based upon the extrapolation or interpretation of existing scientific data or by the application of scientific methodology.

Societies whose membership is limited to physicians.

A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults.

Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.

Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.

Persons functioning as natural, adoptive, or substitute parents. The heading includes the concept of parenthood as well as preparation for becoming a parent.

All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from BIOLOGY, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms.

The exchange of students or professional personnel between countries done under the auspices of an organization for the purpose of further education.

Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure.

Nonspecialized dental practice which is concerned with providing primary and continuing dental care.

One of the BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms.

The total amount of work to be performed by an individual, a department, or other group of workers in a period of time.

A branch of biology dealing with the structure of organisms.

The process by which the employer promotes staff performance and efficiency consistent with management goals and objectives.

Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.

Various branches of dental practice limited to specialized areas.

Research that involves the application of the natural sciences, especially biology and physiology, to medicine.

Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.

The branch of medicine concerned with the evaluation and initial treatment of urgent and emergent medical problems, such as those caused by accidents, trauma, sudden illness, poisoning, or disasters. Emergency medical care can be provided at the hospital or at sites outside the medical facility.

A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships.

On the job training programs for personnel carried out within an institution or agency. It includes orientation programs.

The interaction of two or more persons or organizations directed toward a common goal which is mutually beneficial. An act or instance of working or acting together for a common purpose or benefit, i.e., joint action. (From Random House Dictionary Unabridged, 2d ed)

A dental specialty concerned with the histology, physiology, and pathology of the tissues that support, attach, and surround the teeth, and of the treatment and prevention of disease affecting these tissues.

Medical complexes consisting of medical school, hospitals, clinics, libraries, administrative facilities, etc.

The smallest continent and an independent country, comprising six states and two territories. Its capital is Canberra.

Educational programs structured in such a manner that the participating professionals, physicians, or students develop an increased awareness of their performance, usually on the basis of self-evaluation questionnaires.

Coexistence of numerous distinct ethnic, racial, religious, or cultural groups within one social unit, organization, or population. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 2d college ed., 1982, p955)

Instruction in which learners progress at their own rate using workbooks, textbooks, or electromechanical devices that provide information in discrete steps, test learning at each step, and provide immediate feedback about achievement. (ERIC, Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1996).

Preventive health services provided for students. It excludes college or university students.

Care which provides integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. (JAMA 1995;273(3):192)

A province of Canada lying between the provinces of Manitoba and Quebec. Its capital is Toronto. It takes its name from Lake Ontario which is said to represent the Iroquois oniatariio, beautiful lake. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p892 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p391)

Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.

The teaching staff and members of the administrative staff having academic rank in a nursing school.

Licensed physicians trained in OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE. An osteopathic physician, also known as D.O. (Doctor of Osteopathy), is able to perform surgery and prescribe medications.

Societies whose membership is limited to dentists.

Facilities where dental care is provided to patients.

Health services required by a population or community as well as the health services that the population or community is able and willing to pay for.

Elements of residence that characterize a population. They are applicable in determining need for and utilization of health services.

A method of data collection and a QUALITATIVE RESEARCH tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions.

The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures.

The branch of medicine concerned with the physiological and pathological aspects of the aged, including the clinical problems of senescence and senility.

A dental specialty concerned with the diagnosis and surgical treatment of disease, injuries, and defects of the human oral and maxillofacial region.

Time period from 2001 through 2100 of the common era.

Individuals who leave school, secondary or college, prior to completion of specified curriculum requirements.

The interactions between members of a community and representatives of the institutions within that community.

A situation in which the level of living of an individual, family, or group is below the standard of the community. It is often related to a specific income level.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or concept, it is a country located in South America, known officially as the Federative Republic of Brazil. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or science, I'd be happy to help answer those!

Undergraduate education programs for second- , third- , and fourth-year students in health sciences in which the students receive clinical training and experience in teaching hospitals or affiliated health centers.

The legal authority or formal permission from authorities to carry on certain activities which by law or regulation require such permission. It may be applied to licensure of institutions as well as individuals.

The remuneration paid or benefits granted to an employee.

Female parents, human or animal.

The status of health in rural populations.

An approach or process of practicing oral health care that requires the judicious integration of systematic assessments of clinical relevant scientific evidence, relating to the patient's oral and medical condition and history, with the dentist's clinical expertise and the patient's treatment needs and preferences. (from J Am Dent Assoc 134: 689, 2003)

Men and women working in the provision of health services, whether as individual practitioners or employees of health institutions and programs, whether or not professionally trained, and whether or not subject to public regulation. (From A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, 1976)

Cultural and linguistic competence is a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations. Competence implies the capacity to function effectively as an individual and an organization within the context of the cultural beliefs, behaviors, and needs presented by consumers and their communities.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!

A dental specialty concerned with the prevention of disease and the maintenance of oral health through promoting organized dental health programs at a community, state, or federal level.

The field of knowledge, theory, and technology dealing with the collection of facts and figures, and the processes and methods involved in their manipulation, storage, dissemination, publication, and retrieval. It includes the fields of COMMUNICATION; PUBLISHING; LIBRARY SCIENCE; and informatics.

The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.

A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc.

The process of leaving one's country to establish residence in a foreign country.