Learning that is manifested in the ability to respond differentially to various stimuli.

Differential response to different stimuli.

Any situation where an animal or human is trained to respond differentially to two stimuli (e.g., approach and avoidance) under reward and punishment conditions and subsequently trained under reversed reward values (i.e., the approach which was previously rewarded is punished and vice versa).

Learning to make a series of responses in exact order.

The volatile portions of substances perceptible by the sense of smell. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The ability to detect scents or odors, such as the function of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS.

Performance of an act one or more times, with a view to its fixation or improvement; any performance of an act or behavior that leads to learning.

The strengthening of a conditioned response.

Change in learning in one situation due to prior learning in another situation. The transfer can be positive (with second learning improved by first) or negative (where the reverse holds).

Learning situations in which the sequence responses of the subject are instrumental in producing reinforcement. When the correct response occurs, which involves the selection from among a repertoire of responses, the subject is immediately reinforced.

A response to a cue that is instrumental in avoiding a noxious experience.

Learning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.

A general term referring to the learning of some particular response.

Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.

The phenomenon of an organism's responding to all situations similar to one in which it has been conditioned.

Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.

The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.

The process by which the nature and meaning of olfactory stimuli, such as odors, are recognized and interpreted by the brain.

Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.

Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.

The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.

Mental process to visually perceive a critical number of facts (the pattern), such as characters, shapes, displays, or designs.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

The principle that items experienced together enter into a connection, so that one tends to reinstate the other.

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

Learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. It is used for human or animal populations. (Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 6th ed)

The procedure of presenting the conditioned stimulus without REINFORCEMENT to an organism previously conditioned. It refers also to the diminution of a conditioned response resulting from this procedure.

Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.

An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.

The awareness of the spatial properties of objects; includes physical space.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.

The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Instructional use of examples or cases to teach using problem-solving skills and critical thinking.

A preconceived judgment made without factual basis.

Group behavior toward others by virtue of their group membership.

The ability to differentiate tones.

Learning to respond verbally to a verbal stimulus cue.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Usually refers to the use of mathematical models in the prediction of learning to perform tasks based on the theory of probability applied to responses; it may also refer to the frequency of occurrence of the responses observed in the particular study.

Differential treatment or unequal access to opportunities, based on group membership such as origin or ethnicity.

Theory and development of COMPUTER SYSTEMS which perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. Such tasks may include speech recognition, LEARNING; VISUAL PERCEPTION; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; reasoning, PROBLEM SOLVING, DECISION-MAKING, and translation of language.

The educational process of instructing.

The persistence to perform a learned behavior (facts or experiences) after an interval has elapsed in which there has been no performance or practice of the behavior.

Awareness of oneself in relation to time, place and person.

Mental processing of chromatic signals (COLOR VISION) from the eye by the VISUAL CORTEX where they are converted into symbolic representations. Color perception involves numerous neurons, and is influenced not only by the distribution of wavelengths from the viewed object, but also by its background color and brightness contrast at its boundary.

The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.

The smallest difference which can be discriminated between two stimuli or one which is barely above the threshold.

A statistical analytic technique used with discrete dependent variables, concerned with separating sets of observed values and allocating new values. It is sometimes used instead of regression analysis.

Reactions of an individual or groups of individuals with relation to the immediate surrounding area including the animate or inanimate objects within that area.

The sensory discrimination of a pattern shape or outline.

Performance of complex motor acts.

Tests of the ability to hear and understand speech as determined by scoring the number of words in a word list repeated correctly.

Sensation of making physical contact with objects, animate or inanimate. Tactile stimuli are detected by MECHANORECEPTORS in the skin and mucous membranes.

The assessing of academic or educational achievement. It includes all aspects of testing and test construction.

Family in the order COLUMBIFORMES, comprised of pigeons or doves. They are BIRDS with short legs, stout bodies, small heads, and slender bills. Some sources call the smaller species doves and the larger pigeons, but the names are interchangeable.

The tendency to react to stimuli that are different from, but somewhat similar to, the stimulus used as a conditioned stimulus.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

The real or apparent movement of objects through the visual field.

The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.

The ability to estimate periods of time lapsed or duration of time.