Sumoylation
Sumoylation är en posttranslationell modifikation där ett protein modifieras med en liten proteinmolekyl som kallas SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier). Denna process involverar en serie enzymatiska reaktioner som leds av E1-aktiveringsenzymer, E2-konjugeringsenzymer och E3-ligaser. Sumoylering kan påverka proteins funktion på olika sätt, inklusive dess subcellulära lokalisation, stabilitet, interaktion med andra proteiner och aktivitet. Det är en reversibel process där det avsuumyleras proteiner av SENP (SUMO-specific protease) enzymer. Sumoylering spelar en viktig roll i regleringen av cellulära processer som transkription, DNA-reparation och mitos.
Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins
'Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins' (SUMO) refer to a family of small proteins that are conjugated to other proteins in a process similar to ubiquitination, but with different functions. SUMO modification involves the covalent attachment of a SUMO protein to a lysine residue on a target protein, which can alter the activity, localization, or stability of the modified protein. This post-translational modification plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including nuclear transport, DNA repair, and transcriptional regulation.
SUMO-1-protein
SUMO-1-protein, eller Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier 1-protein, är ett litet protein som spelar en roll i nedbrytningen och reguleringen av andra proteiner inom cellen. Det hör till en familj av proteiner som liknar ubiquitin, men har specifika funktioner i celldelning, DNA-reparation och transkriptionsreglering. SUMO-1-proteinet adderas och tas bort från målproteiner genom en process som kallas sumoylering, vilket kan påverka proteinernas lokalisation, stabilitet och interaktion med andra proteiner.
Protein Inhibitors of Activated STAT
Protein Inhibitors of Activated STAT (PIAS) är en grupp proteiner som reglerar aktiviteten hos signaltransducerings- och transkriptionsfaktorer, särskilt STAT-proteiner. PIAS-proteinerna modifierar STAT-proteinernas funktion genom att kovalent addera en ubiquitin-grupp till dem, vilket resulterar i nedreglering av deras transkriptionsaktivitet. PIAS-proteinerna spelar därför en viktig roll i kontrollen av cellsignalering och celldifferentiering, och felaktig funktion hos dessa proteiner har visats vara involverade i patologiska tillstånd som cancer och autoimmuna sjukdomar.
Ubikitin-konjugerande enzymer
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in the ubiquitination process, which is a post-translational modification of proteins. This process involves the covalent attachment of the protein ubiquitin to specific lysine residues on target proteins, marking them for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes function as the central components of the ubiquitination machinery, facilitating the transfer of ubiquitin from an E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme to an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which ultimately leads to the attachment of ubiquitin to the target protein. Dysregulation of the ubiquitination process has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
Proteinmodifiering, posttranslationell
Posttranslational protein modification (PTPM) refers to the covalent alteration of a protein's structure after its translation from mRNA to polypeptide chain but before it becomes fully functional. These modifications play crucial roles in regulating protein function, localization, stability, and interaction with other molecules within the cell. Examples of PTPMs include phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, methylation, acetylation, and sumoylation, among others.
Ubikitin-proteinligaser
Ubiquitin-protein ligases are enzymes that play a crucial role in the ubiquitination process, which is a post-translational modification of proteins. This process involves the covalent attachment of the protein ubiquitin to specific lysine residues on target proteins, thereby marking them for degradation or altering their function, localization, or interaction with other proteins. Ubiquitin-protein ligases catalyze the transfer of ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to the target protein, forming an isopeptide bond between ubiquitin and the target protein. There are several classes of ubiquitin-protein ligases, including HECT (Homologous to the E6-AP Carboxyl Terminus), RING (Really Interesting New Gene), and U-box ligases, which differ in their mechanisms of catalyzing ubiquitination. Dysregulation of ubiquitin-protein ligases has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory conditions.
HEK293 Cells
HEK293 cells, also known as human embryonic kidney 293 cells, are a type of immortalized cell line that were originally derived from human embryonic kidney tissue. They are widely used in scientific research due to their ability to express high levels of recombinant proteins and other foreign genes, making them valuable for the study of protein function, drug discovery, and gene therapy. HEK293 cells have a flat, fibroblast-like morphology and can be grown in culture under standard conditions, allowing for easy manipulation and analysis. It is important to note that while HEK293 cells are derived from human tissue, they are not considered to be primary cells, as they have been transformed and do not retain the same characteristics as the original tissue from which they were derived.
Ubikitiner
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification where the protein ubiquitin is covalently attached to a target protein, often leading to its degradation or alteration of function. This process plays a critical role in various cellular processes such as protein quality control, DNA repair, and signal transduction.
Proteinbindning
"Proteinbindning refererar till den process där ett protein binder specifikt till ett annat molekylärt substance, såsom en liten molekyl, ett annat protein eller en jon, vanligtvis genom non-kovalenta interaktioner som hydrogenbindning, Van der Waals-kräfter och elektrostatiska attraktioner. Denna bindning kan regulera funktionen hos det bundna substanceet och är av central betydelse för många biologiska processer, inklusive signaltransduktion, enzymsk aktivitet och transport av molekyler inom cellen."
Intranukleära inklusionskroppar
Ubiquitination
Ubiquitination är ett posttranslationellt modifieringssätt som involverar att en ubiquitinprotein kovalent adderas till en targetprotein. Detta process kontrolleras av tre huvudsakliga grupper av enzymkomplex: E1-ubiquitinaktiverande enzymer, E2-ubiquitinkonjugeringsenzymer och E3-ubiquitinligaseringsenzymer. Ubiquitiner kan adderas som en monomer eller i längre kedjor till targetproteinet, vilket kan leda till olika konsekvenser som proteasomdegradering, förändring av subcellulär lokalisation eller förändrad protein-proteininteraktion. Ubiquitination spelar därför en viktig roll i regleringen av cellulära processer såsom signaltransduktion, DNA-reparation och apoptos.
Ubikvitin
Ubiquitin är ett litet protein som spelar en viktig roll i cellens proteinska homeostas. Det fungerar som en etikett som kan kopplas till andra proteiner, vilket kan leda till en rad olika konsekvenser, såsom att markera proteinerna för nedbrytning eller att påverka deras funktion och lokalisation inom cellen. Processen att addera ubiquitin kallas ubiquitinering, och den regleras av en komplex maskinapparat bestående av flera olika enzymer. Ubiquitinering är involverad i en rad cellulära processer, såsom proteinsyntes, DNA-reparation, signaltransduktion och celldelning.
Transkription, genetisk
Two-Hybrid System Techniques
Two-hybrid system techniques are a group of genetic methods used in molecular biology to detect and study protein-protein interactions within living cells. These techniques are based on the modular nature of transcription factors, which consist of two separate domains: one for DNA binding and another for transcription activation. In a two-hybrid system, these two domains are split and linked to two proteins of interest (target proteins). When the target proteins interact, the functional transcription factor is reconstituted, leading to the expression of a reporter gene. The activity of the reporter gene serves as an indicator of protein-protein interaction, allowing researchers to identify and analyze specific interactions between proteins in a high-throughput manner.
Cellinje
I medicine refererer "cellinje" til en gruppe af celler med ensartet funktion og opbygning, der samarbejder for at udføre en specifik biologisk proces eller opgave i et levende organisme. Celliner er ofte specialiserede i deres struktur og funktion for at udføre deres rolle effektivt, og de kan findes i alle levende organismer, fra encellet bakterie til komplekse flercellede dyr og planter.
Hela-celler
Aminosyramönster
Ubikitin-aktiverande enzymer
Ubiquitin-activating enzymes, also known as E1 enzymes, are a class of enzymes that play a crucial role in the ubiquitination process, which is a post-translational modification of proteins. These enzymes activate ubiquitin, a small protein involved in various cellular processes such as protein degradation and regulation of signaling pathways, by forming a thioester bond with its carboxyl terminus using ATP. This activation step is the first step in the ubiquitination cascade, which involves the transfer of ubiquitin to E2 conjugating enzymes and then to target proteins, ultimately leading to their degradation or regulation.
Repressorproteiner
Repressorproteiner är proteiner som binds till specifika DNA-sekvenser och hämmar transkriptionen av ett visst genetiskt material, vilket leder till nedreglering av genuttrycket för de gener som kontrolleras av dessa repressorproteiner.
Cellkärna
Cellkärneproteiner
Mutation
Aminosyrasekvens
Cercopithecus aethiops
Transkriptionsfaktorer
RING Finger Domains
'RING finger domains' refer to a type of protein domain characterized by the presence of a zinc-binding motif with the pattern Cys-X-X-Cys-X-X-X-Cys-X-His/Cys, where 'C' represents cysteine, 'H' represents histidine, and 'X' can be any amino acid. These domains are often found in proteins involved in various cellular processes such as ubiquitination, transcription regulation, and DNA repair. They play a crucial role in mediating protein-protein interactions and are named after the finger-like structure they adopt upon binding to zinc ions.
Endopeptidaser
En undergrupp av peptidhydrolaser. De klassificeras huvudsakligen utifrån sin katalytiska verkan. Specificitet används endast för identifiering av enskilda enzymer. De omfattar serinendopeptidaser (EC 3.4.21), cysteinendopeptidaser (EC 3.4.22), asparaginendopeptidaser (EC 3.4.23), metalloendopeptidaser (EC 3.4.24) samt en grupp enzymer som ännu inte placerats in i någon av ovannämnda klasser (EC 3.4.99). EC 3.4.-.
Ligaser
Proteinstruktur, tertiär
Immunprecipitation
Molekylsekvensdata
Histondeacetylaser
DNA-bindande proteiner
Proteiner som binder till DNA. Till denna familj hör proteiner som binder till såväl dubbelsträngat som enkelsträngat DNA, och den omfattar även specifika DNA-bindande proteiner i serum som kan användas som markörer för tumörsjukdomar.
Proteintransport
Proteintransport refererer til den proces, hvor proteiner bliver transporteret gennem cellemembraner for at nå deres destination indenfor eller udenfor cellen. Dette sker ved hjælp af specielle transportproteiner, som kender vej og kan genkende de forskellige typer proteiner. Proteintransport er en nødvendig proces for at sikre, at cellen fungerer korrekt og at proteinerne kan udføre deres biologiske funktioner på det rigtige sted i organismen.