The conversion of uncharged TRANSFER RNA to AMINO ACYL TRNA.

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

A reaction that introduces an aminoacyl group to a molecule. TRANSFER RNA AMINOACYLATION is the first step in GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.

The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule.

Intermediates in protein biosynthesis. The compounds are formed from amino acids, ATP and transfer RNA, a reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. They are key compounds in the genetic translation process.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying cysteine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

An enzyme that activates alanine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.7.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

An enzyme that activates leucine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.4.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying alanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying leucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

An enzyme that activates isoleucine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.5.

An enzyme that activates phenylalanine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.20.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

An enzyme that activates valine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.9

An enzyme that activates methionine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.10.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying valine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying aspartic acid to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).

A group of transfer RNAs which are specific for carrying each one of the 20 amino acids to the ribosome in preparation for protein synthesis.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

An enzyme that activates serine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.11.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying isoleucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

An enzyme that activates glycine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.14.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying serine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying phenylalanine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

An enzyme that activates aspartic acid with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.12.

An enzyme that activates tyrosine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.1.

An enzyme that activates lysine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.6.

An enzyme that activates arginine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.19.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying histidine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glycine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying tryptophan to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying proline to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying methionine to sites on the ribosomes. During initiation of protein synthesis, tRNA(f)Met in prokaryotic cells and tRNA(i)Met in eukaryotic cells binds to the start codon (CODON, INITIATOR).

An enzyme that activates glutamic acid with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.17.

The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Enzymes that catalyze the S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation of ribonucleotide bases within a transfer RNA molecule. EC 2.1.1.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying threonine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying asparagine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

An enzyme that activates tryptophan with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.2.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying tyrosine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glutamic acid to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

An enzyme that activates threonine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.3.

A modified nucleoside which is present in the first position of the anticodon of tRNA-tyrosine, tRNA-histidine, tRNA-asparagine and tRNA-aspartic acid of many organisms. It is believed to play a role in the regulatory function of tRNA. Nucleoside Q can be further modified to nucleoside Q*, which has a mannose or galactose moiety linked to position 4 of its cyclopentenediol moiety.

Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glutamine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying arginine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

The introduction of functional (usually cloned) GENES into cells. A variety of techniques and naturally occurring processes are used for the gene transfer such as cell hybridization, LIPOSOMES or microcell-mediated gene transfer, ELECTROPORATION, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, TRANSFECTION, and GENETIC TRANSDUCTION. Gene transfer may result in genetically transformed cells and individual organisms.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying lysine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

An enzyme that activates histidine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.21.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Uridine is a nucleoside, specifically a derivative of pyrimidine, that is composed of a uracil molecule joined to a ribose sugar molecule through a β-N1 glycosidic bond, and has significant roles in RNA synthesis, energy transfer, and cell signaling.

Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A group of ribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

RNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. It may function even in the absence of protein. There are numerous examples of RNA species that are acted upon by catalytic RNA, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Ribonucleic acid in archaea having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in hot springs of neutral to alkaline pH, as well as in hot-water heaters.