Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2005.
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Rabies is a fatal viral zoonosis and a serious public health problem. The recommendations in this compendium serve as the basis for animal rabies prevention and control programs throughout the United States and facilitate standardization of procedures among jurisdictions, thereby contributing to an effective national rabies-control program. This document is reviewed annually and revised as necessary. Principles of rabies prevention and control are detailed in Part I; Part II contains recommendations for parenteral vaccination procedures; all animal rabies vaccines licensed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and marketed in the United States are listed in Part III. (+info)
Compendium of measures to prevent disease associated with animals in public settings, 2005.
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Multiple venues encourage or permit the public to come in contact with animals, resulting in millions of human-animal contacts each year. These settings include county or state fairs, petting zoos, animal swap meets, pet stores, zoologic institutions, circuses, carnivals, farm tours, livestock-birthing exhibits, educational exhibits at schools, and wildlife photo opportunities. Although multiple benefits of human-animal contact exist, infectious diseases, rabies exposures, injuries, and other human health problems associated with these settings are of concern. Rabid or potentially rabid animals in public settings can result in extensive public health investigation and action. Infectious disease outbreaks reported during the previous decade have been attributed to multiple organisms, including Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Coxiella burnetti, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and ringworm. Such incidents have substantial medical, public health, legal, and economic effects. This report provides standardized recommendations for public health officials, veterinarians, animal venue operators, animal exhibitors, visitors to animal venues and exhibits, and others concerned with disease-control and with minimizing risks associated with animals in public settings. The recommendation to wash hands is the single most important prevention step for reducing the risk for disease transmission. Other critical recommendations are that venues include transition areas between animal areas and nonanimal areas (where food is sold) and that animals are properly cared for and managed in public settings. In addition, this report recommends educating venue operators, staff, exhibitors, and visitors regarding the risk for disease transmission where animal contact is possible. (+info)
Some missing measurements in comparative medicine.
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At the present time it is difficult to make comparisons of animal diseases in various geographic areas. Some missing measurements which limit these comparisons are: the lack of an internationally accepted system to classify diseases; the lack of routinely collected information about animal births, diseases, and deaths; the lack of normal or standard values for many species; and the lack of methods to define animal populations at various points in time. Most of these problems have been faced and solved for human diseases. Work should be started immediately to develop similar research methods for animal diseases. (+info)
A preliminary equine abuse policy with potential application to veterinary practice.
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An equine abuse policy was developed as an adjunct to an equine management survey. If at least 3 of 5 categories caused concern, a report to the authorities was indicated. The policy was not used but, in the absence of other guidelines, it might assist veterinarians considering potential abuse cases. (+info)
Treatment of human disseminated strongyloidiasis with a parenteral veterinary formulation of ivermectin.
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There are no parenteral antihelminthic drugs licensed for use in humans. We report the successful treatment of disseminated strongyloidiasis with a parenteral veterinary formulation of ivermectin in a patient presenting with severe malabsorption and paralytic ileus. To our knowledge, ivermectin levels are reported for the first time in this situation. (+info)
Acute phase reactants, challenge in the near future of animal production and veterinary medicine.
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The future of acute phase proteins (APPs) in science is discussed in this paper. Many functions and associated pathological processes of APPs are unknown. Extrahepatic formation in local tissues needs attention. Local serum amyloid A (SAA) formation may be involved in deposition of AA-amyloid induced by conformational change of SAA resulting in amyloid formation, having tremendous food safety implications. Amyloidogenesis is enhanced in mouse fed beta pleated sheet-rich proteins. The local amyloid in joints of chicken and mammary corpora amylacea is discussed. Differences in glycosylation of glycoproteins among the APPs, as has been shown for alpha1-acid glycoprotein, have to be considered. More knowledge on the reactivity patterns may lead to implication of APPs in the diagnostics and staging of a disease. Calculation of an index from values of several acute phase variables increases the power of APPs in monitoring unhealthy individuals in animal populations. Vaccinations, just as infections in eliciting acute phase response seem to limit the profitability of vaccines because acute phase reactions are contra-productive in view of muscle anabolism. Interest is focused on amino acid patterns and vitamins in view of dietary nutrition effect on sick and convalescing animals. When inexpensive methodology such as liquid phase methods (nephelometry, turbidimetry) or protein array technology for rapid APP measurement is available, APPs have a future in routine diagnostics. Specific groups of patients may be screened or populations monitored by using APP. (+info)
Global gene expression profiling: a complement to conventional histopathologic analysis of neoplasia.
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Transcriptional profiling of entire tumors has yielded considerable insight into the molecular mechanisms of heterogeneous cell populations within different types of neoplasms. The data thus acquired can be further refined by microdissection methods that enable the analyses of subpopulations of neoplastic cells. Separation of the various components of a neoplasm (i.e., stromal cells, inflammatory infiltrates, and blood vessels) has been problematic, primarily because of a paucity of tools for accurate microdissection. The advent of laser capture microdissection combined with powerful tools of linear amplification of RNA and high-throughput microarray-based assays have allowed the transcriptional mapping of intricate and highly complex networks within pure populations of neoplastic cells. With this approach, specific "molecular signatures" can be assigned to tumors of distinct or even similar histomorphology, thereby aiding the desired objective of pattern recognition, tumor classification, and prognostication. This review highlights the potential benefits of global gene expression profiling of tumor cells as a complement to conventional histopathologic analyses. (+info)
Postexposure management and treatment of anthrax in dogs--executive councils of the American Academy of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics and the American College of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology.
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Dogs are generally at low risk of developing disease following exposure to anthrax. When disease does occur, it appears associated with oral exposure to the bacteria leading to massive swelling of the head, neck, and mediastinal regions. Death is due to toxemia and shock. For animals at high risk, such as search and rescue dogs with a known exposure, doxycycline at 5 mg/kg orally once daily for 45 to 60 days is suggested as a prophylactic treatment. Additional information on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the disease in dogs is presented. (+info)