Onset of adolescent eating disorders: population based cohort study over 3 years.
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OBJECTIVE: To study the predictors of new eating disorders in an adolescent cohort. DESIGN: Cohort study over 3 years with six waves. SUBJECTS: Students, initially aged 14-15 years, from 44 secondary schools in the state of Victoria, Australia. OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight (kg), height (cm), dieting (adolescent dieting scale), psychiatric morbidity (revised clinical interview schedule), and eating disorder (branched eating disorders test). Eating disorder (partial syndrome) was defined when a subject met two criteria for either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). RESULTS: At the start of the study, 3.3% (29/888) of female subjects and 0.3% (2/811) of male subjects had partial syndromes of eating disorders. The rate of development of new eating disorder per 1000 person years of observation was 21.8 in female subjects and 6.0 in male subjects. Female subjects who dieted at a severe level were 18 times more likely to develop an eating disorder than those who did not diet, and female subjects who dieted at a moderate level were five times more likely to develop an eating disorder than those who did not diet. Psychiatric morbidity predicted the onset of eating disorder independently of dieting status so that those subjects in the highest morbidity category had an almost sevenfold increased risk of developing an eating disorder. After adjustment for earlier dieting and psychiatric morbidity, body mass index, extent of exercise, and sex were not predictive of new eating disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Dieting is the most important predictor of new eating disorders. Differences in the incidence of eating disorders between sexes were largely accounted for by the high rates of earlier dieting and psychiatric morbidity in the female subjects. In adolescents, controlling weight by exercise rather than diet restriction seems to carry less risk of development of eating disorders. (+info)
Healthcare utilization among women with eating disordered behavior.
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This study was designed to explore relationship between self-reported eating disordered behavior (without formally established eating disorder diagnoses) and healthcare utilization among women in a primary care setting. Through a self-report questionnaire, 150 participants between the ages of 17 and 49 were asked if they had ever vomited, starved themselves, or abused laxatives in a manner that was intentional and self-harming (i.e., eating disordered behavior identified as pathologic by the participant). Participants who reported a history of disordered eating (n = 17) exhibited higher scores on two of five measures of healthcare utilization (mean number of telephone contacts and mean number of specialist referrals) compared with participants without eating disorders (n = 133). These data suggest that eating disordered behavior may be a predictor of increased healthcare utilization among women in primary care settings. (+info)
Effect of dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei knife cuts on ingestive behavior.
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Previous findings show that rats with electrolytic or excitotoxic lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) are hypophagic and hypodipsic and have reduced ponderal and linear growth but normal body composition. DMN-lesioned (DMNL) rats also show altered ingestive responses to naloxone. The present study investigated the intrahypothalamic nerve pathways involved in these DMNL effects and the response of the pathways to deprivation challenges by placing knife cuts posterior (Post), lateral (Lat), ventral (Vent), dorsal, or anterior to the DMN or by administering sham operations. One major finding was that rats with Post or Vent were hypophagic (P < 0. 05) and had reduced body weight but responded normally to deprivation challenges. Post and Lat groups were hypodipsic (P < 0. 05), but plasma Na+, K+, and osmolality and 24-h post-water-deprivation drinking responses were similar in all groups. Naloxone did not suppress the intake of Post rats. It appears that the hypophagia and the reduced body weight after DMNL involve fibers entering or leaving the DMN from ventral and posterior directions, and they may be part of an opioid feeding system. (+info)
Feeding difficulties and foregut dysmotility in Noonan's syndrome.
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PURPOSE: Noonan's syndrome is a common dysmorphic syndrome in which failure to thrive and gastrointestinal symptoms are frequent but poorly understood. DESIGN: Twenty five children with Noonan's syndrome were investigated by contrast radiology, pH monitoring, surface electrogastrography (EGG), and antroduodenal manometry (ADM). RESULTS: Sixteen had poor feeding and symptoms of gastrointestinal dysfunction. All 16 required tube feeding. Seven of 25 had symptoms of foregut dysmotility and gastro-oesophageal reflux. In the most symptomatic children (four of seven) EGG showed fasting frequency gradient loss along the stomach fundus and pylorus with antral postprandial frequency loss. ADM showed shortened fasting cycle length, with abnormal phase III and shortened postprandial activity containing phasic contractions. IMPLICATIONS: Gastroduodenal motor activity was reminiscent of 32-35 week preterm patterns. The feeding difficulties appear to resolve as gut motility matures. In Noonan's syndrome, feeding problems appear to be the result of delayed gastrointestinal motor development. (+info)
Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: severe feeding problems.
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OBJECTIVE: To identify treatment studies for severe pediatric feeding problems that meet the modified methodological criteria of the Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures (1995). METHODS: Articles in peer-reviewed medical and psychological journals (1970-1997) reporting psychosocial or behavioral intervention studies targeting an identified oral feeding problem in children were selected. Methodologically rigorous studies were identified and treatments were classified as well established, probably efficacious, or promising interventions according to specified criteria. RESULTS: Effective interventions for children with severe feeding problems are contingency management treatments that include positive reinforcement of appropriate feeding responses and ignoring or guiding inappropriate responses. Promising interventions include positive reinforcement for acceptance and not removing the spoon for refusal and swallow induction training. CONCLUSIONS: Because only studies of behavioral interventions met methodological criteria, well-controlled intervention studies are needed across a variety of theoretical perspectives. Empirically supported treatments for feeding problems exist; it is now time to turn to questions about for whom they are appropriate, and when, and why. (+info)
Impaired glucose homeostasis and neonatal mortality in hepatocyte nuclear factor 3alpha-deficient mice.
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Hepatocyte nuclear factors 3 (HNF-3) belong to an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors that are critical for diverse biological processes such as development, differentiation, and metabolism. To study the physiological role of HNF-3alpha, we generated mice that lack HNF-3alpha by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Mice homozygous for a null mutation in the HNF-3alpha gene develop a complex phenotype that is characterized by abnormal feeding behavior, progressive starvation, persistent hypoglycemia, hypotriglyceridemia, wasting, and neonatal mortality between days 2 and 14. Hypoglycemia in HNF-3alpha-null mice leads to physiological counter-regulatory responses in glucocorticoid and growth hormone production and an inhibition of insulin secretion but fails to stimulate glucagon secretion. Glucagon-producing pancreatic alpha cells develop normally in HNF-3alpha-/- mice, but proglucagon mRNA levels are reduced 50%. Furthermore, the transcriptional levels of neuropeptide Y are also significantly reduced shortly after birth, implying a direct role of HNF-3alpha in the expression of these genes. In contrast, mRNA levels were increased in HNF-3 target genes phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphophatase, insulin growth factor binding protein-1, and hexokinase I of HNF-3alpha-null mice. Mice lacking one or both HNF-3alpha alleles also show impaired insulin secretion and glucose intolerance after an intraperitoneal glucose challenge, indicating that pancreatic beta-cell function is also compromised. Our results indicate that HNF-3alpha plays a critical role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and in pancreatic islet function. (+info)
O(7/794)
ral glucose-electrolyte therapy for diarrhea: a means to maintain or improve nutrition?
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Effects of high altitude and hypophagia on mineral metabolism of rats.
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Electrolyte excretion and balance were compared in meal-eating, adlibitum-fed rats maintained in Denver (1,600 m) and on Pikes Peak (4,300 m) and in meal-eating rats maintained in Denver but pair-fed to the Pikes Peak animals. Most of the changes in excretion and balance at Pikes Peak were attributable to hypophagia. At both elevations, equivalent decrements in mineral intake led to nearly equivalent decrements in mineral excretion. Comparisons of the Pikes Peak and Denver pair-fed animals, however, revealed certain changes that were unique to high altitude. These included a marked and sustained reduction in ammonia excretion over the 13-day period of exposure. The higher elevation also produced an enhanced sodium excretion on day 1 of exposure and a reduced sodium balance over the first 6 days. Potassium balance showed no changes unique to high altitude during the first 6 days on Pikes Peak but was significantly reduced during week 2 of exposure. The urinary sodium:potassium ratio was elevated during the first 4 days at 4,300 m, but this effect was attributable to altitude on day 1 only. Enhanced calcium and magnesium excretions, relative to those observed in the pair-fed rats, were observed over the middle and latter portions of the exposure period. The balance of these two minerals showed no altitude-dependent effects. Chloride and phosphate excretions showed an altitude-dependent reduction during day 1 and week 1 of exposure, respectively. These changes were associated with more positive balances. It is concluded that the altitude-dependent effects on mineral metabolism are largely, if not entirely, attributable to hypocapnia and associated alkalosis. (+info)