Thymidylate synthase level as the main predictive parameter for sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil, but not for folate-based thymidylate synthase inhibitors, in 13 nonselected colon cancer cell lines.
(1/71)
Thymidylate synthase (TS), a critical enzyme in the de novo synthesis of thymidylate, is an important target for fluoropyrimidines and folate-based TS inhibitors. In a panel of 13 nonselected human colon cancer cell lines, we evaluated the role of TS levels in sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and four folate-based TS inhibitors that have been introduced recently into the clinic: ZD1694 (Tomudex, Raltitrexed, TDX), GW1843U89 (GW), LY231514 (LY), and AG337 (Thymitaq, AG). Because the latter compounds have different transport and polyglutamylation characteristics, we also related these parameters with drug sensitivity, measured by the sulforhodamine B assay after 72 h of drug exposure. For 5FU, the IC50s varied from 0.8 to 43.0 microM. Leucovorin (LV) potentiated the activity of 5FU in only 4 of 13 cell lines. Sensitivity to folate-based TS inhibitors was variable; IC50s were in the range of: 5.3-59.0 nM TDX; 11.0-1570 nM LY; and 0.5-8.9 nM GW. Eleven of 13 cell lines had an IC50 for AG between 1.3 and 5.3 microM. Two cell lines were resistant to AG, Colo201 and SW1116, with IC50s of 27 and 29 microM, respectively. TS catalytic activity (conversion of dUMP to dTMP) varied from 62 to 777 pmol/h/10(6) cells. The number of FdUMP binding sites varied from 32 to 231 fmol/10(6) cells. Regression analysis showed a significant relation between TS catalytic activity and IC50s for 5FU and 5FU/LV. Kis for FdUMP showed a significant Spearman rank correlation with the IC50s of AG and GW. The role of antifolate transport, accumulation, and polyglutamylation was determined with [3H]methotrexate (MTX) as a reference compound. [3H]MTX influx via the reduced folate carrier varied from 18.6 to 150 fmol/10(6) cells/min. Folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) activity showed a range from 47 to 429 pmol/10(6) cells/h. A total of 24 h of [3H]MTX accumulation showed a 20-fold variation, from 1.2 to 21.8 pmol/10(6) cells. FPGS levels showed a Spearman rank positive correlation with cytotoxicity to TDX. In conclusion, in a heterogeneous nonselected human colon cancer cell line panel, the best predictor for sensitivity to 5FU and 5FU/LV was TS activity. Multiple sensitivity determinants were of importance for antifolate TS inhibitors, including FPGS activity and TS enzyme kinetics. (+info)
Mechanisms of acquired resistance to thymidylate synthase inhibitors: the role of enzyme stability.
(2/71)
Inhibitors of the enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS), such as the fluoropyrimidines 5-fluorouracil and 5'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) or the antifolates AG337, ZD1694, and BW1843U89, are widely used in the chemotherapy of cancer, particularly cancer of the colon and rectum. Numerous studies have shown that TS gene amplification, leading to mRNA and enzyme overproduction, is a major mechanism of resistance to these inhibitors. In the present work, we have isolated and characterized FdUrd-resistant derivatives of several human colon tumor cell lines. Although gene amplification was commonly observed, the increases in mRNA and enzyme were strikingly discordant. In one drug-resistant line, a deficiency of enzyme relative to mRNA was shown to be caused by expression of a metabolically unstable TS molecule. The reduced half-life of TS in this line was caused by a Pro-to-Leu substitution at residue 303 of the TS polypeptide. The mutant enzyme conferred resistance to FdUrd as well as antifolates in transfected cells. In another FdUrd-resistant line, which had an excess of enzyme relative to mRNA, the TS molecule was more stable than in the parent line. However, no amino acid substitutions were detected in the TS polypeptide from this line, which suggests that the stabilization must be caused by changes in one or more cellular factors that regulate TS degradation. The results indicate that changes in the stability of the TS polypeptide accompany, and even contribute to, acquired resistance to TS inhibitors in colon tumor cells. (+info)
Drug-resistant variants of Escherichia coli thymidylate synthase: effects of substitutions at Pro-254.
(3/71)
Drug-resistant variants of thymidylate synthase (TS) can potentially be used in gene therapy applications to decrease the myelosuppressive side effects of TS-directed anticancer agents or to select genetically modified cells in vivo. Mutations of proline 303 of human TS confer resistance to TS-directed fluoropyrimidines and antifolates (). We generated the corresponding variants in Escherichia coli TS (ecTS), position 254, to better understand the mechanism by which mutations at this residue confer resistance. In addition, because ecTS is intrinsically resistant to several antifolates when compared with human TS, we suspected that greater resistance could be achieved with the bacterial enzyme. The P254L enzyme conferred >100-fold resistance to both raltitrexed and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) compared with wild-type ecTS. Four additional mutants (P254F, P254S, P254G, and P254D), each of which complemented growth of a TS-deficient cell line, were generated, isolated, and characterized. Steady-state values of K(m) for dUMP and k(cat) were not substantially different among the variants and were comparable with the wild-type values, but K(m) for methylenetetrahydrofolate (CH(2)H(4)PteGlu) was >10-fold higher for P254D. Values of k(on) and k(off) for nucleotide binding, which were obtained by stopped-flow spectroscopy, were virtually unchanged among the mutants. Drastic differences were observed for CH(2)H(4)PteGlu binding, with K(d) values >15-fold higher than observed with the wild-type enzyme; surprisingly, the proposed isomerization reaction that is very evident for the wild-type enzyme is not observed with P254S. The decrease in affinity for CH(2)H(4)PteGlu correlates well with K(i) values obtained for three TS-directed inhibitors. These results show that mutations at Pro-254 specifically affect the initial binding interactions between enzyme and cofactor and also alter the ability of the mutant enzymes to undergo conformational changes that occur on ternary complex formation. The crystal structure of P254S was determined at 1.5 A resolution and is the most precise structure of TS available. When compared with wild-type TS, the structure shows local conformational changes affecting mostly Asp-253; its carbonyl is rotated approximately 40 degrees, and the side chain forms an ion pair with Arg-225. (+info)
Biochemical determinants of tumor sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil: ultrasensitive methods for the determination of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate, 2'-deoxyuridylate, and thymidylate synthetase.
(4/71)
Techniques have been developed to measure FdUMP, the active metabolite of 5-FUra; thymidylate synthetase (TMP synthase; 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.45), the target enzyme for this antimetabolite; and dUMP, the substrate that competes with FdUMP for binding to TMP synthetase. As little as 0.02 pmol of FdUMP can be quantitated with a competitive ligand binding assay by using homogeneous Lactobacillus casei/MTX TMP synthetase as a binding protein. A new binding assay for TMP synthetase allows detection of 0.005 pmol of enzyme. The quantitative enzymatic conversion of dUMP to [methyl-(14)C]-TMP using 5,10-methylene[(14)C]tetrahydrofolate by pure L. casei TMP synthetase is used as an assay for dUMP with a sensitivity of 10 pmol. Cultured CCRF-CEM human lymphoblastic leukemia cells formed high levels of FdUMP (2.6 nmol per 10(9) cells) within 11 hr after exposure to 30 muM 5-FUra. Tumor cell TMP synthetase levels dropped, and then free FdUMP appeared. The intracellular dUMP pool was low (2-5 nmol per 10(9) cells) in logarithmically growing cultures of several tumor cell lines but expanded rapidly in CCRF-CEM cells on exposure to 5-FUra after enzyme levels decreased. The levels of dUMP found after exposure to 5-FUra are sufficient to severely retard inhibition of TMP synthetase by FdUMP.The methods described are sufficiently sensitive to allow these biochemical parameters of 5-FUra action to be measured in cell culture or in needle biopsy samples of human tumors. (+info)
Biochemical modulation of 5-fluorouracil with a streptococcal preparation, OK-432, against murine colon-26 carcinoma.
(5/71)
Conventional therapy for colorectal carcinoma using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has shown limited antitumor action. The purpose of our study was to investigate synergistic antitumor effects of the streptococcal preparation of OK-432 and 5-FU, and to elucidate the mechanisms of interaction between the 2 agents in mice. Biochemical modulation of OK-432 and 5-FU were determined in vivo against colon-26 carcinoma. The concentration of 5-FU and its metabolites, and the activity of thymidylate synthase and thymidine kinase, respectively, were measured using cytosolic extracts of the tumors. Combination treatment with OK-432 produced a significant increase in intratumor 5-FU and 5-FU in RNA (F-RNA) concentrations, increased the thymidylate synthetase inhibition rate, and decreased thymidine kinase activity, as compared with the results observed in the control mice. These additive antitumor effects are obtained by use of the 2 agents; the mechanism of action is considered to be the suppression of both the de novo and the salvage pathway for DNA synthesis, along with the suppression of RNA synthesis. (+info)
Examination of the reduced affinity of the thymidylate synthase G52S mutation for FdUMP by ab initio and semi-empirical studies.
(6/71)
BACKGROUND: The G52S mutation in the Arg50 loop of thymidylate synthase leads to decreased binding of FdUMP. It has been suggested that the mutation affects the Arg50 residue (within the Arg50 loop) responsible for binding the phosphate of FdUMP. The binding of the methylguanidinium moiety as a model for Arg50 to a methylphosphate entity as a model for FdUMP was investigated with theoretical calculations, as well as the structure of the Arg50-Thr51-Gly52 tripeptide in comparison with the Arg50-Thr51-Ser52 tripeptide. METHODS: Gaussian-98 and PC Spartan programs were used to perform Hartree-Fock and Post-Hartree-Fock quantum chemical calculations as well as MNDO (semi-empirical calculations). RESULTS: It was found that the strongest binding occurs between the negative methylphosphate ion and methylguanidine. The replacement of Gly52 by Ser52 leads to a significant displacement of Arg50, which may be responsible for the decreased binding to FdUMP. CONCLUSION: The arginine-phosphate binding appears to be geometry dependent. Thus, the displacement of the Arg50 residue, as observed in these calculated models, upon mutation of Gly52 to Ser may contribute to decreased binding of FdUMP to mTS (G52S). (+info)
Biochemical determinants of 5-fluorouracil response in vivo. The role of deoxyuridylate pool expansion.
(7/71)
5-Fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP), the active metabolite of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is a tight-binding inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase, the enzyme which converts dUMP to TMP. Newly developed assays for FdUMP and dUMP were utilized to assess the competitive roles played by these nucleotides in determining the inhibition of TMP synthesis in mice bearing the P1534 ascites tumor. After 5-FU administration, levels of FdUMP reached a dose-dependent peak within 6 h in the ascites tumor and in bone marrow, and declined thereafter in a biphasic manner with an initial t 1/2 of 6 h and a final t 1/2 of 7-9 days. In duodenal mucosa, FdUMP levels were 1.8-2-fold higher than in the other tissues, but elimination was much more rapid. Simultaneous with the fall in FdUMP a progressive accumulation of the competitive substrate dUMP was observed in each tissue after 5-FU; and peak dUMP levels coincided with recovery of thymidylate synthesis, as determined by the incorporation of [3H]deoxyuridine into DNA. In vitro experiments with partially purifed thymidylate synthetase revealed and initial competitive interaction of dUMP and FdUMP, which, at high concentrations of dUMP was capable of markedly slowing the rate of irreversible inactivation of enzyme by FdUMP. These studies were found to be quantitatively consistent with a two-phase model of enzyme inactivation involving an initial competition between dUMP and FdUMP, with subsequent irreversible inactivation of enzyme by covalent linkage to the inhibitor. Recovery of thymidylate synthesis after 5-FU appears to result from both a fall in intracellular levels of inhibitor and a progressive accumulation of the competitive substrate dUMP. (+info)
Differences in natural ligand and fluoropyrimidine binding to human thymidylate synthase identified by transient-state spectroscopic and continuous variation methods.
(8/71)
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a central target for the design of chemotherapeutic agents due to its vital role in DNA synthesis. Structural studies of binary complexes between Escherichia coli TS and various nucleotides suggest the chemotherapeutic agent FdUMP and the natural ligand dUMP bind similarly. We show, however, that FdUMP binding to human TS yields a substantially greater decrease in fluorescence than does dUMP. Because the difference in quenching due to ligand binding was approximately two-fold and this difference was not seen when using ecTS, the intriguing result indicated a significant difference in the mode of FdUMP binding to the human enzyme. We compared the binding affinities of dUMP, FdUMP, and TMP to TS from both species and found no significant differences for the individual ligands. Because binding affinities were not different among the ligands, the method of continuous variation was employed to determine binding stoichiometry. Similar to that found for dUMP binding to human and ecTS, FdUMP displayed single site occupancy with both enzymes. These results show that nucleotide binding differences exist for FdUMP and dUMP binding to the human enzyme. The observed differences are not due to differences in stoichiometry or ligand affinity. Therefore, although the crystal structure of human TS with various nucleotide ligands has not been solved, these results show that the differences observed using fluorescence methods result from as yet unidentified differential interactions between the human enzyme and nucleotide ligands. (+info)