Specific and sensitive assay for alkaline and neutral ceramidases involving C12-NBD-ceramide.
(1/51)
A fluorescent analogue of ceramide, C12-NBD-ceramide, was found to be hydrolyzed much faster than 14C-labeled ceramide by alkaline ceramidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and neutral ceramidase from mouse liver, while this substrate was relatively resistant to acid ceramidase from plasma of the horseshoe crab. The radioactive substrate was used more preferentially by the acid ceramidase. It should be noted that C6-NBD-ceramide, which is usually used for ceramidase assays, was hardly hydrolyzed by any of the enzymes examined, compared to C12-NBD-ceramide. For the alkaline and neutral enzymes, the Vmax and k (Vmax/Km) with C12-NBD-ceramide were much higher than those with 14C-ceramide. In contrast, for the acid enzyme these parameters with C12-NBD-ceramide were less than half those with the radioisotope-labeled substrate. It is noteworthy that the labeling of ceramide with NBD did not itself reduce the Km of the alkaline enzyme, but did that of the neutral enzyme. It was also found that C12-NBD-ceramide was preferentially hydrolyzed by the alkaline and neutral enzymes, but not the acid one, in several mammalian cell lines. This study clearly shows that the attachment of NBD, but not dansyl, increases the susceptibility of ceramide to alkaline and neutral enzyme, and decreases that to acid enzymes. Thus the use of this substrate provides a specific and sensitive assay for alkaline and neutral ceramidases. (+info)
Molecular cloning, sequencing, and expression of the gene encoding alkaline ceramidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cloning of a ceramidase homologue from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
(2/51)
We previously reported the purification and characterization of a novel type of alkaline ceramidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain AN17 (Okino, N., Tani, M., Imayama, S., and Ito, M. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 14368-14373). Here, we report the molecular cloning, sequencing, and expression of the gene encoding the ceramidase of this strain. Specific oligonucleotide primers were synthesized using the peptide sequences of the purified ceramidase obtained by digestion with lysylendopeptidase and used for polymerase chain reaction. DNA fragments thus amplified were used as probes to clone the gene encoding the ceramidase from a genomic library of strain AN17. The open reading frame of 2,010 nucleotides encoded a polypeptide of 670 amino acids including a signal sequence of 24 residues, 64 residues of which matched the amino acid sequence determined for the purified enzyme. The molecular weight of the mature enzyme was estimated to be 70,767 from the deduced amino acid sequence. Expression of the ceramidase gene in Escherichia coli, resulted in production of a soluble enzyme with the identical N-terminal amino acid sequence. Recombinant ceramidase was purified to homogeneity from the lysate of E. coli cells and confirmed to be identical to the Pseudomonas enzyme in its specificity and other enzymatic properties. No significant sequence similarities were found in other known functional proteins including human acid ceramidase. However, we found a sequence homologous to the ceramidase in hypothetical proteins encoded in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Dictyostelium discoideum, and Arabidopsis thaliana. The homologue of the ceramidase gene was thus cloned from an M. tuberculosis cosmid and expressed in E. coli, and the gene was demonstrated to encode an alkaline ceramidase. This is the first report for the cloning of an alkaline ceramidase. (+info)
Overexpression of acid ceramidase protects from tumor necrosis factor-induced cell death.
(3/51)
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signals cell death and simultaneously induces generation of ceramide. To evaluate the contribution of ceramide to TNF-dependent cell death, we generated clones of the TNF-sensitive cell line L929 that constitutively overexpress human acid ceramidase (AC). Ceramidase, in concert with sphingosine kinase, metabolizes ceramide to sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP), an inducer of proliferation. In response to TNF, parental L929 cells display a significant increase in intracellular ceramide correlated with an "atypical apoptosis" characterized by membrane blebbing, DNA fragmentation and degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase despite a lack of caspase activity. These features are strongly reduced or absent in AC-overexpressing cells. Pharmacological suppression of AC with N-oleoylethanolamine restored the accumulation of intracellular ceramide as well as the sensitivity of the transfectants to TNF, implying that an enhanced metabolization of intracellular ceramide by AC shifts the balance between intracellular ceramide and SPP levels towards cell survival. Correspondingly, inhibition of ceramide production by acid sphingomyelinase also increased survival of TNF-treated L929 cells. (+info)
Bcl-2 overexpression prevents apoptosis induced by ceramidase inhibitors in malignant melanoma and HaCaT keratinocytes.
(4/51)
We examined the biological effects of the ceramide analogues (1S,2R)-2-N-myristoylamino-1-phenyl-1-propanol (D-e-MAPP) and (1R,2R)-2-N-myristoylamino-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3-propandiol (D-NMAPPD) on human HaCaT keratinocytes and human melanoma cells. We could demonstrate that D-e-MAPP and D-NMAPPD are able to suppress acid ceramidase activity. The elevation of the endogenous level of ceramide is followed by induction of apoptosis and suppression of proliferation in HaCaT keratinocytes. Moreover, we recently identified a group of human melanoma cell populations which are heterogeneously susceptible to C2-ceramide-mediated apoptosis. Studies with these melanoma cells revealed correlation between ceramide-mediated apoptosis and D-NMAPPD-induced apoptosis, confirming the effect of this inhibitor on ceramide signaling in human melanoma cells. These findings suggest ceramidase inhibitors as a potential new therapeutical class of antiproliferative and cytostatic drugs. (+info)
The reverse activity of human acid ceramidase.
(5/51)
An overexpression system was recently developed to produce and purify recombinant, human acid ceramidase. In addition to ceramide hydrolysis, the purified enzyme was able to catalyze ceramide synthesis using [14C]lauric acid and sphingosine as substrates. Herein we report detailed characterization of this acid ceramidase-associated "reverse activity" and provide evidence that this reaction occurs in situ as well as in vitro. The pH optimum of the reverse reaction was approximately 5.5, as compared with approximately 4.5 for the hydrolysis reaction. Non-ionic detergents and zinc cations inhibited the activity, whereas most other cations were stimulatory. Of note, sphingomyelin also was very inhibitory toward this reaction, whereas the anionic lipids, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine, were stimulatory. Of various sphingosine stereoisomers tested in the reverse reaction, only the natural, D-erythro form could efficiently serve as a substrate. Using D-erythro-sphingosine and lauric acid as substrates, the reaction followed normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The Km and Vmax values toward sphingosine were 23.75 microM and 208.3 pmol/microg/h, respectively, whereas for lauric acid they were 73.76 microM and 232.5 pmol/microg/h, respectively. Importantly, the reverse activity was reduced in cell lysates from a Farber disease patient to the same extent as the acid ceramidase activity. Furthermore, when 12-(N-methyl-N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)) (NBD)-conjugated lauric acid and sphingosine were added to cultured lymphoblasts from a Farber disease patient in the presence of fumonisin B (1), the conversion to NBD-ceramide was reduced approximately 30% when compared with normal cells. These data provide important new information on human acid ceramidase and further document its central role in sphingolipid metabolism. (+info)
Stress-induced apoptosis is impaired in cells with a lysosomal targeting defect but is not affected in cells synthesizing a catalytically inactive cathepsin D.
(6/51)
The role of cathepsin D in stress-induced cell death has been investigated by using ovine fibroblasts exhibiting a missense mutation in the active site of cathepsin D. The cathepsin D (lysosomal aspartic protease) deficiency did not protect cells against toxicity induced by doxorubicin and other cytotoxic agents, neither did it protect cells from caspase activation. Moreover, the cathepsin D inhibitor, pepstatin A, did not prevent stress-induced cell death in human fibroblasts or lymphoblasts. The possible role of lysosomal ceramide or sphingosine-mediated activation of cathepsin D in apoptosis was also excluded by using human cells either overexpressing or deficient in acid ceramidase. However, a normal lysosomal function seems to be required for efficient cell death, as indicated by the finding that fibroblasts from patients with mucolipidosis II were partially resistant to staurosporine, sphingosine and TNF-induced apoptosis, suggesting a key role of lysosomes in cell death. (+info)
Upregulation of the human alkaline ceramidase 1 and acid ceramidase mediates calcium-induced differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes.
(7/51)
Extracellular calcium (Ca2+(o)) potently induces the growth arrest and differentiation of human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs). We report that Ca2+(o) markedly upregulates the human alkaline ceramidase 1 (haCER1) in HEKs; and its upregulation mediates the Ca2+(o)-induced growth arrest and differentiation of HEKs. haCER1 is the human ortholog of mouse alkaline ceramidase 1 that we previously identified. haCER1 catalyzed the hydrolysis of very long-chain ceramides to generate sphingosine (SPH). This in vitro activity required Ca2+. Ectopic expression of haCER1 in HEKs decreased the levels of D-e-C(24:1)-ceramide and D-e-C(24:0)-ceramide but elevated the levels of both SPH and its phosphate (S1P), whereas RNA interference-mediated knockdown of haCER1 caused the opposite effects on the levels of these sphingolipids in HEKs. Similar to haCER1 overexpression, Ca2+(o) increased the levels of SPH and S1P, and this was attenuated by haCER1 knockdown. haCER1 knockdown also inhibited the Ca2+(o)-induced growth arrest of HEKs and the Ca2+(o)-induced expression of keratin 1 and involucrin in HEKs. In addition, the acid ceramidase (AC) was also upregulated by Ca2+(o); and its knockdown attenuated the Ca2+(o)-induced expression of keratin 1 and involucrin in HEKs. These results strongly suggest that upregulation of haCER1 and AC mediates the Ca2+(o)-induced growth arrest and differentiation of HEKs by generating SPH and S1P. (+info)
Population genetic analysis of the N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase gene associated with mental activity in humans.
(8/51)