What are the different ways to immobilize an enzyme?

Question

. Affinity-tag binding: Enzymes may be immobilized to a surface, e.g. in a porous material, using non-covalent or covalent Protein tags.

. Adsorption on glass, alginate beads or matrix: Enzyme is attached to the outside of an inert material. In general, this method is the slowest among those listed here. As adsorption is not a chemical reaction, the active site of the immobilized enzyme may be blocked by the matrix or bead, greatly reducing the activity of the enzyme.

. Entrapment: The enzyme is trapped in insoluble beads or microspheres, such as calcium alginate beads. However, this insoluble substances hinders the arrival of the substrate, and the exit of products.