Decreased salivary flow.
The discharge of saliva from the SALIVARY GLANDS that keeps the mouth tissues moist and aids in digestion.
Glands that secrete SALIVA in the MOUTH. There are three pairs of salivary glands (PAROTID GLAND; SUBLINGUAL GLAND; SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND).
Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.
A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders.
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.
Harmful effects of non-experimental exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation in VERTEBRATES.
The largest of the three pairs of SALIVARY GLANDS. They lie on the sides of the FACE immediately below and in front of the EAR.
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)
CONFORMAL RADIOTHERAPY that combines several intensity-modulated beams to provide improved dose homogeneity and highly conformal dose distributions.
Submandibular Gland Diseases refer to a group of medical conditions affecting the structure and function of the submandibular glands, leading to symptoms such as swelling, pain, difficulty swallowing, and reduced saliva production.
A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.
Conditions characterized by an alteration in gustatory function or perception. Taste disorders are frequently associated with OLFACTION DISORDERS. Additional potential etiologies include METABOLIC DISEASES; DRUG TOXICITY; and taste pathway disorders (e.g., TASTE BUD diseases; FACIAL NERVE DISEASES; GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES; and BRAIN STEM diseases).
INFLAMMATION of salivary tissue (SALIVARY GLANDS), usually due to INFECTION or injuries.
A solution used for irrigating the mouth in xerostomia and as a substitute for saliva.
Techniques, procedures, and therapies carried out on diseased organs in such a way to avoid complete removal of the organ and preserve the remaining organ function.
"Salivary gland diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the function, structure, or health of the salivary glands, leading to symptoms such as dry mouth, swelling, pain, and abnormal secretions."
The use of IONIZING RADIATION to treat malignant NEOPLASMS and some benign conditions.
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.
'Mouth diseases' is a broad term referring to various conditions that cause inflammation, infection, or structural changes in any part of the mouth, including the lips, gums, tongue, palate, cheeks, and teeth, which can lead to symptoms such as pain, discomfort, difficulty in chewing or speaking, and altered aesthetics.
A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.
The amount of a substance secreted by cells or by a specific organ or organism over a given period of time; usually applies to those substances which are formed by glandular tissues and are released by them into biological fluids, e.g., secretory rate of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex, secretory rate of gastric acid by the gastric mucosa.
One of two salivary glands in the neck, located in the space bound by the two bellies of the digastric muscle and the angle of the mandible. It discharges through the submandibular duct. The secretory units are predominantly serous although a few mucous alveoli, some with serous demilunes, occur. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Radiotherapy where there is improved dose homogeneity within the tumor and reduced dosage to uninvolved structures. The precise shaping of dose distribution is achieved via the use of computer-controlled multileaf collimators.
Treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. The placement varies with the disease being treated. It is sometimes used in conjunction with heat, moxibustion, acupressure, or electric stimulation.
Drugs used to protect against ionizing radiation. They are usually of interest for use in radiation therapy but have been considered for other, e.g. military, purposes.
A gel-forming mucin that is predominantly expressed by submucosal glands of airway tissues and the SUBLINGUAL GLAND. It is one of the principal components of high molecular weight salivary mucin.
Accessory salivary glands located in the lip, cheek, tongue, floor of mouth, palate and intramaxillary.
Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.
A drive stemming from a physiological need for WATER.
Lining of the ORAL CAVITY, including mucosa on the GUMS; the PALATE; the LIP; the CHEEK; floor of the mouth; and other structures. The mucosa is generally a nonkeratinized stratified squamous EPITHELIUM covering muscle, bone, or glands but can show varying degree of keratinization at specific locations.
Aquaporin 5 is a water-specific channel protein that is expressed primarily in alveolar, tracheal, and upper bronchial EPITHELIUM. It plays an important role in maintaining water HOMEOSTASIS in the LUNGS and may also regulate release of SALIVA and TEARS in the SALIVARY GLANDS and the LACRIMAL GLAND.
A preparation of chicle, sometimes mixed with other plastic substances, sweetened and flavored. It is masticated usually for pleasure as a candy substitute but it sometimes acts as a vehicle for the administration of medication.
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.
Quinuclidines are organic compounds consisting of a tricyclic structure with a three-membered ring fused to a piperidine ring, often used as building blocks in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and bioactive molecules.
The total amount of radiation absorbed by tissues as a result of radiotherapy.
Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.
Maxillary diseases refer to various medical conditions primarily affecting the maxilla (upper jaw) bone, including inflammatory processes, tumors, cysts, or traumatic injuries, which may cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, or functional impairment.
'Tooth diseases' is a broad term referring to various conditions affecting the teeth, including dental caries (cavities), periodontal disease (gum disease), tooth wear, tooth sensitivity, oral cancer, and developmental anomalies, which can result in pain, discomfort, or loss of teeth if left untreated.
The use of fragrances and essences from plants to affect or alter a person's mood or behavior and to facilitate physical, mental, and emotional well-being. The chemicals comprising essential oils in plants has a host of therapeutic properties and has been used historically in Africa, Asia, and India. Its greatest application is in the field of alternative medicine. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; from Dr. Atiba Vheir, Dove Center, Washington, D.C.)
Oils which evaporate readily. The volatile oils occur in aromatic plants, to which they give odor and other characteristics. Most volatile oils consist of a mixture of two or more TERPENES or of a mixture of an eleoptene (the more volatile constituent of a volatile oil) with a stearopten (the more solid constituent). The synonym essential oils refers to the essence of a plant, as its perfume or scent, and not to its indispensability.
The systematic and methodical manipulations of body tissues best performed with the hands for the purpose of affecting the nervous and muscular systems and the general circulation.
Oils derived from plants or plant products.
A state of increased receptivity to suggestion and direction, initially induced by the influence of another person.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (OILS, VOLATILE). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically.

Quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy. (1/312)

OBJECTIVE: Uptake of 99mTc-pertechnetate in salivary glands reflects intact salivary gland parenchyma. However, no standardized protocol for an accurate quantification of parenchymal function has been established so far. METHODS: In this paper we report on a validated acquisition protocol supplying a normal database for standardized quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy. RESULTS: The major advantage of salivary gland scintigraphy, as compared to other imaging modalities, is that both parenchymal function and excretion fraction of all four major salivary glands (i.e., parotid and submandibular glands) can be simultaneously quantified with a single intravenous injection. CONCLUSION: Quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy is demonstrated to be a suitable imaging modality for research applications in evaluating the effects of radioprotective drugs on salivary glands. Salivary gland scintigraphy is easy to perform, reproducible and well-tolerated by the patient.  (+info)

Pilocarpine hydrochloride relieves xerostomia in chronic graft-versus-host disease: a sialometrical study. (2/312)

Bone marrow transplantation is considered to be the treatment of choice for various hematological and solid malignancies, as well as for bone marrow failure syndromes and some genetic diseases. Unfortunately, a great number of patients who receive allogeneic BMT suffer from graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following the procedure. Xerostomia is considered to be one of the most annoying complications of chronic GVHD (cGVHD), and the rapidly growing number of BMT patients with prolonged survival renders GVHD-related xerostomia a major clinical problem. As pilocarpine hydrochloride has been shown to relieve xerostomia in other disease categories, we administered pilocarpine hydrochloride 30 mg/day to six cGVHD patients and measured their whole saliva, parotid and submandibular-sublingual flow rates in both resting and stimulated conditions. Mean values of flow rates of whole saliva in resting conditions at 2 weeks, 2 months and 6 months following administration of pilocarpine hydrochloride 30 mg/day were 0.71 +/- 0.12 ml/min, 0.59 +/- 0.07 ml/min and 0.56 +/- 0.11 ml/min, respectively. In stimulated conditions, mean values were 1.7 +/- 0.3 ml/min, 1.0 +/- 0.17 ml/min and 0.94 +/- 0.21 ml/min, respectively. The mean values of whole saliva flow rates under both conditions represented an increase of 224-284% and 134-247%, respectively (P < 0.01). The pattern and magnitude of parotid and submandibular-sublingual flow rate increases following pilocarpine hydrochloride administration were similar. Patients were followed for 6 months and demonstrated increased levels of secretion, with some reduction after the initial peak values. The medication was discontinued at 2 months and reinstated after 2 weeks in three patients. This resulted in rapid flow rate reduction followed by another profound increase. Contrary to the sialometrical analysis, the subjective scoring showed no fluctuations during the study period. We discuss these results in the context of the clinical experience of xerostomic patients in whom even a minute increase in secretion may be significant. Our results demonstrate that objective and subjective relief from xerostomia in cGVHD patients can be achieved with the routine oral administration of pilocarpine hydrochloride.  (+info)

Zidovudine in primary Sjogren's syndrome. (3/312)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of the administration of zidovudine (AZT), an antiretroviral drug, in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS). METHODS: Seven female patients (age 57 +/- 8.6 yr) with primary SS were enrolled in an open, uncontrolled trial of AZT (250 mg b.i.d.) for the treatment of primary SS. The efficacy variables were oral and ocular dryness symptoms, fatigue, tender points, physician's and patient's global assessments (GA), ocular function tests (fluorescein tear break-up time, Schirmer's test, Rose Bengal staining) and laboratory parameters [erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum IgG, IgA and IgM]. RESULTS: A significant improvement was observed in all subjective manifestations, as well as the objective parameters of ocular dryness. The treatment was well tolerated, except for mild and transitory gastrointestinal disturbances in 6/7 patients. Laboratory parameters did not change significantly. The clinical benefit persisted in 5/7 patients 1 month after the end of therapy. CONCLUSION: AZT seems to be effective and well tolerated in patients with primary SS.  (+info)

Efficacy of low-dose prednisolone maintenance for saliva production and serological abnormalities in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. (4/312)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacy of low dose prednisolone maintenance in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. METHODS: An open, prospective pilot study of prednisolone for the treatment of 20 patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome was performed. Evaluations included the amount of whole saliva measured by the Saxon test, serological abnormalities and oral symptoms. RESULTS: Initial dosage of prednisolone was 15.0+/-1.5 (mean+/-SEM) mg/day. Maintenance dosage was 7.5-5.0 mg/day. Follow-up period was 26.3+/-3.8 months (range 3-48). The amount of whole saliva significantly increased after 1 month of prednisolone therapy and the increase continued up to 48 months by maintaining low-dose prednisolone. A mean percent increase of whole saliva from baseline ranged from +105.2+/-36.2% to +245.7+/-82.1%. Serum IgG, anti-SS-A/Ro, anti-SS-B/La antibodies and IgM rheumatoid factor levels significantly decreased throughout the study with partial decreases of IgA and IgM levels. The improvement of subjective oral symptoms was also confirmed. CONCLUSION: Low-dose prednisolone maintenance may have a worthwhile clinical benefit in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome that deserves further evaluation in a controlled trial.  (+info)

How Do head and neck cancer patients prioritize treatment outcomes before initiating treatment? (5/312)

PURPOSE: To determine, pretreatment, how head and neck cancer (HNC) patients prioritize potential treatment effects in relationship to each other and to survival and to ascertain whether patients' preferences are related to demographic or disease characteristics, performance status, or quality of life (QOL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred thirty-one patients were assessed pretreatment using standardized measures of QOL (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Head and Neck) and performance (Performance Status Scale for Head and Neck Cancer). Patients were also asked to rank a series of 12 potential HNC treatment effects. RESULTS: Being cured was ranked top priority by 75% of patients; another 18% ranked it second or third. Living as long as possible and having no pain were placed in the top three by 56% and 35% of patients, respectively. Items that were ranked in the top three by 10% to 24% of patients included those related to energy, swallowing, voice, and appearance. Items related to chewing, being understood, tasting, and dry mouth were placed in the top three by less than 10% of patients. Excluding the top three rankings, there was considerable variability in ratings. Rankings were generally unrelated to patient or disease characteristics, with the exception that cure and living were of slightly lower priority and pain of higher priority to older patients compared with younger patients. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that, at least pretreatment, survival is of primary importance to patients, supporting the development of aggressive treatment strategies. In addition, results highlight individual variability and warn against making assumptions about patients' attitudes vis-a-vis potential outcomes. Whether patients' priorities will change as they experience late effects is currently under investigation.  (+info)

In vivo gene transfer to salivary glands. (6/312)

Considerable progress has occurred recently in transferring foreign genes to different tissues in vivo. Gene transfer to salivary glands has mirrored progress in the general field. Most salivary studies have utilized replication-deficient, recombinant adenoviruses as gene transfer vectors in rat models. These vectors are able to transduce almost all rat salivary epithelial cell types and lead to relatively high levels of transgene expression. Additionally, successful, though quite modest, gene transfer to salivary glands has been achieved with retroviral vectors and with different plasmid conjugates (liposomes; nonrecombinant adenoviruses). Salivary gland gene transfer has been used for two potential clinical goals: (i) the repair of hypofunctional gland parenchyma, and (ii) the production of secretory transgene products for either systemic or upper gastrointestinal tract pharmaceutical use. Gene transfer can also be used as a powerful tool to alter cellular phenotype in vivo and probe cell biological questions. The current spectrum of studies demonstrates the potential broad and profound influence gene transfer can make on salivary physiology and pathophysiology.  (+info)

Parotid salivary gland dysfunction in chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD): a longitudinal study in a mouse model. (7/312)

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is an autoimmune-like phenomenon resulting in morbidity and mortality following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Major salivary gland dysfunction and hyposalivation is one of the prevalent manifestations of cGVHD. We have used the B10.D2 to Balb/C cGVHD mice model in order to assess major salivary gland function in cGVHD, evaluating sialometric, sialochemical and histopathological parameters for almost 3 months. As cGVHD is a chronic debilitating disease it is of vast importance to evaluate these parameters on a prolonged longitudinal basis. We observed significant reduction in parotid salivary flow rate and disturbance in the salivary dynamic function in cGVHD mice in comparison to the normal and syngeneic transplanted controls. On days 18, 25, 46, 56 and 88 the mean flow rates of the cGVHD group were 37.4 +/- 4.4 microl/30 min, 40.5 +/- 4.6 microl/30 min, 32.5 +/- 2.3 microl/30 min, 22.2 +/- 3.2 microl/30 min and 14.8 +/- 3.8 microl/30 min, respectively, values which were lower than those of the syngeneic transplanted controls group by 42% (P < 0.04), 32% (P < 0.03), 44% (P < 0.01), 49% (P < 0.01) and 64% (P < 0.01), respectively. These changes in flow rates were paralleled by changes in the biochemical composition of the saliva. Moreover, the reduction in flow rates correlated with the degree of salivary gland destruction observed in the pathological slides. An inverse correlation was observed between the mean parotid salivary flow rate and the degree of fibrosis observed in the histopathological evaluation of the cGVHD mice (P < 0.01). Maximal flow rate 34.8 +/- 4.6 microl/30 min was observed when no fibrosis was observed while in mice with maximal fibrosis flow rates were minimal. This may point to the pathological mechanism leading to the major salivary gland dysfunction and hyposalivation observed in cGVHD. Thus, it may broaden our knowledge and provide the scientific background for designing better therapeutic strategies for this complication. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000).  (+info)

Oral colonization, phenotypic, and genotypic profiles of Candida species in irradiated, dentate, xerostomic nasopharyngeal carcinoma survivors. (8/312)

The aim of this study was to investigate oral yeast colonization and oral yeast strain diversity in irradiated (head and neck), dentate, xerostomic individuals. Subjects were recruited from a nasopharyngeal carcinoma clinic and were segregated into group A (age, <60 years [n = 25; average age +/- standard deviation (SD), 48 +/- 6 years; average postirradiation time +/- SD, 5 +/- 5 years]) and group B (age, >/=60 years [n = 8; average age +/- SD, 67 +/- 4 years; average postirradiation time +/- SD, 2 +/- 2 years]) and were compared with age- and sex-matched healthy individuals in group C (age, <60 years [n = 20; average age +/- SD, 44 +/- 12 years] and group D (age, >/=60 years [n = 10; average age, 70 +/- 3 years]). Selective culture of oral rinse samples was carried out to isolate, quantify, and speciate yeast recovery. All test subjects underwent a 3-month comprehensive oral and preventive care regimen plus topical antifungal therapy, if indicated. A total of 12 subjects from group A and 5 subjects from group B were recalled for reassessment of yeast colonization. Sequential (pre- and posttherapy) Candida isolate pairs from patients were phenotypically (all isolate pairs; biotyping and resistotyping profiles) and genotypically (Candida albicans isolate pairs only; electrophoretic karyotyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, restriction fragment length polymorphism [RFLP], and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA [RAPD] assays) evaluated. All isolates were Candida species. Irradiated individuals were found to have a significantly increased yeast carriage compared with the controls. The isolation rate of Candida posttherapy remained unchanged. A total of 9 of the 12 subjects in group A and 3 of the 5 subjects in group B harbored the same C. albicans or Candida tropicalis phenotype at recall. Varying degrees of congruence in the molecular profiles were observed when these sequential isolate pairs of C. albicans were analyzed by RFLP and RAPD assays. Variations in the genotype were complementary to those in the phenotypic characteristics for some isolates. In conclusion, irradiation-induced xerostomia seems to favor intraoral colonization of Candida species, particularly C. albicans, which appeared to undergo temporal modifications in clonal profiles both phenotypically and genotypically following hygienic and preventive oral care which included topical antifungal therapy, if indicated. We postulate that the observed ability of Candida species to undergo genetic and phenotypic adaptation could strategically enhance its survival in the human oral cavity, particularly when salivary defenses are impaired.  (+info)

Xerostomia is a medical term that describes the subjective feeling of dryness in the mouth due to decreased or absent saliva flow. It's also commonly referred to as "dry mouth." This condition can result from various factors, including medications, dehydration, radiation therapy, Sjögren's syndrome, and other medical disorders. Prolonged xerostomia may lead to oral health issues such as dental caries, oral candidiasis, and difficulty with speaking, chewing, and swallowing.

Salivation is the process of producing and secreting saliva by the salivary glands in the mouth. It is primarily a reflex response to various stimuli such as thinking about or tasting food, chewing, and speaking. Saliva plays a crucial role in digestion by moistening food and helping to create a food bolus that can be swallowed easily. Additionally, saliva contains enzymes like amylase which begin the process of digesting carbohydrates even before food enters the stomach. Excessive salivation is known as hypersalivation or ptyalism, while reduced salivation is called xerostomia.

Salivary glands are exocrine glands that produce saliva, which is secreted into the oral cavity to keep the mouth and throat moist, aid in digestion by initiating food breakdown, and help maintain dental health. There are three major pairs of salivary glands: the parotid glands located in the cheeks, the submandibular glands found beneath the jaw, and the sublingual glands situated under the tongue. Additionally, there are numerous minor salivary glands distributed throughout the oral cavity lining. These glands release their secretions through a system of ducts into the mouth.

Xerophthalmia is a medical condition characterized by dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea due to vitamin A deficiency. It can lead to eye damage, including night blindness (nyctalopia) and, if left untreated, potentially irreversible blindness. Xerophthalmia is often associated with malnutrition and affects children in low-income countries disproportionately.

Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a chronic oral condition characterized by a burning, scalding, or tingling sensation in the mouth without an obvious cause. The symptoms most commonly affect the tongue, but they may also involve the roof of the mouth, gums, inside of the cheeks, and lips. The pain can range from mild to severe and may be continuous or intermittent.

The exact cause of BMS is not well understood, but it is believed to be a neuropathic condition, meaning that it involves damage to or malfunction of the nerves that transmit sensation in the mouth. In some cases, BMS may be associated with underlying medical conditions such as hormonal imbalances, nutritional deficiencies, or autoimmune disorders. However, in many cases, no specific cause can be identified.

Treatment for BMS typically involves addressing any underlying medical conditions and managing the symptoms with medications, lifestyle changes, and other therapies. Medications such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and topical anesthetics may be used to help relieve pain and discomfort. Lifestyle changes such as avoiding spicy or acidic foods, practicing good oral hygiene, and reducing stress may also help alleviate symptoms. In some cases, cognitive-behavioral therapy or other psychological interventions may be recommended to help patients cope with chronic pain.

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own moisture-producing glands, particularly the tear and salivary glands. This can lead to symptoms such as dry eyes, dry mouth, and dryness in other areas of the body. In some cases, it may also affect other organs, leading to a variety of complications.

There are two types of Sjögren's syndrome: primary and secondary. Primary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when the condition develops on its own, while secondary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when it develops in conjunction with another autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

The exact cause of Sjögren's syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment typically focuses on relieving symptoms and may include artificial tears, saliva substitutes, medications to stimulate saliva production, and immunosuppressive drugs in more severe cases.

Radiation injuries refer to the damages that occur to living tissues as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. These injuries can be acute, occurring soon after exposure to high levels of radiation, or chronic, developing over a longer period after exposure to lower levels of radiation. The severity and type of injury depend on the dose and duration of exposure, as well as the specific tissues affected.

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness, is the most severe form of acute radiation injury. It can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, and skin burns. In more severe cases, it can lead to neurological damage, hemorrhage, infection, and death.

Chronic radiation injuries, on the other hand, may not appear until months or even years after exposure. They can cause a range of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, skin changes, cataracts, reduced fertility, and an increased risk of cancer.

Radiation injuries can be treated with supportive care, such as fluids and electrolytes replacement, antibiotics, wound care, and blood transfusions. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or control bleeding. Prevention is the best approach to radiation injuries, which includes limiting exposure through proper protective measures and monitoring radiation levels in the environment.

The parotid gland is the largest of the major salivary glands. It is a bilobed, accessory digestive organ that secretes serous saliva into the mouth via the parotid duct (Stensen's duct), located near the upper second molar tooth. The parotid gland is primarily responsible for moistening and lubricating food to aid in swallowing and digestion.

Anatomically, the parotid gland is located in the preauricular region, extending from the zygomatic arch superiorly to the angle of the mandible inferiorly, and from the masseter muscle anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle posteriorly. It is enclosed within a fascial capsule and has a rich blood supply from the external carotid artery and a complex innervation pattern involving both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers.

Parotid gland disorders can include salivary gland stones (sialolithiasis), infections, inflammatory conditions, benign or malignant tumors, and autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome.

Head and neck neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the head and neck region, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These tumors can develop in various sites, including the oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx, paranasal sinuses, salivary glands, and thyroid gland.

Benign neoplasms are slow-growing and generally do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause problems if they grow large enough to press on surrounding tissues or structures. Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can invade nearby tissues and organs and may also metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body.

Head and neck neoplasms can have various symptoms depending on their location and size. Common symptoms include difficulty swallowing, speaking, or breathing; pain in the mouth, throat, or ears; persistent coughing or hoarseness; and swelling or lumps in the neck or face. Early detection and treatment of head and neck neoplasms are crucial for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is a type of external beam radiation therapy that uses advanced technology to precisely target tumors while minimizing exposure to healthy tissues. In IMRT, the intensity of the radiation beam is modulated or varied during treatment, allowing for more conformal dose distributions and better sparing of normal structures. This is achieved through the use of computer-controlled linear accelerators that shape the radiation beam to match the three-dimensional shape of the tumor. The result is improved treatment accuracy, reduced side effects, and potentially higher cure rates compared to conventional radiotherapy techniques.

Submandibular gland diseases refer to a group of disorders that affect the function or structure of the submandibular glands, which are salivary glands located beneath the jaw and produce saliva. These diseases can be categorized into inflammatory, infectious, obstructive, neoplastic (benign or malignant), and autoimmune disorders.

Some common submandibular gland diseases include:

1. Submandibular sialadenitis: Inflammation of the submandibular gland due to bacterial or viral infections, stones, or autoimmune conditions.
2. Salivary gland stones (sialolithiasis): Calcified deposits that obstruct the ducts leading from the submandibular gland, causing swelling and pain, especially during meals.
3. Submandibular gland tumors: Abnormal growths in the submandibular gland, which can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors may invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.
4. Sjögren's syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that affects the exocrine glands, including the submandibular gland, leading to dry mouth and eyes.
5. IgG4-related disease: A systemic inflammatory condition characterized by the infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells into various organs, including the submandibular gland, causing swelling and damage.
6. Mikulicz's disease: A rare benign lymphoepithelial lesion that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands, including the submandibular gland, leading to enlargement and dryness of the affected glands.
7. Salivary gland dysfunction: Reduced or impaired saliva production due to aging, medications, radiation therapy, or systemic diseases, which can affect the submandibular gland.

Proper diagnosis and treatment of submandibular gland diseases require a thorough clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and sometimes biopsy or surgical intervention.

Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agonist, which means it stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system by binding to muscarinic receptors. It is primarily used in the treatment of dry mouth (xerostomia) caused by radiation therapy or Sjögren's syndrome, as well as in the management of glaucoma due to its ability to construct the pupils and reduce intraocular pressure. Pilocarpine can also be used to treat certain cardiovascular conditions and chronic bronchitis. It is available in various forms, including tablets, ophthalmic solutions, and topical gels.

Taste disorders, also known as dysgeusia, refer to conditions that affect a person's ability to taste or distinguish between different tastes. These tastes include sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory). Taste disorders can result from damage to the taste buds, nerves that transmit taste signals to the brain, or areas of the brain responsible for processing taste information.

Taste disorders can manifest in several ways, including:

1. Hypogeusia: Reduced ability to taste
2. Ageusia: Complete loss of taste
3. Dysgeusia: Distorted or altered taste perception
4. Phantogeusia: Tasting something that is not present
5. Parageusia: Unpleasant or metallic tastes in the mouth

Taste disorders can be caused by various factors, including damage to the tongue or other areas of the mouth, certain medications, infections, exposure to chemicals or radiation, and neurological conditions such as Bell's palsy or multiple sclerosis. In some cases, taste disorders may be a symptom of an underlying medical condition, such as diabetes or kidney disease.

Treatment for taste disorders depends on the underlying cause. If a medication is causing the disorder, adjusting the dosage or switching to a different medication may help. In other cases, treating the underlying medical condition may resolve the taste disorder. If the cause cannot be identified or treated, various therapies and strategies can be used to manage the symptoms of taste disorders.

Sialadenitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the salivary gland. It can occur in any of the major salivary glands, including the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The inflammation may result from bacterial or viral infections, autoimmune disorders, or obstruction of the salivary ducts.

Acute sialadenitis is often caused by bacterial infections and can lead to symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing. Chronic sialadenitis, on the other hand, may be caused by recurrent infections, autoimmune disorders like Sjogren's syndrome, or stones in the salivary ducts. Symptoms of chronic sialadenitis can include intermittent swelling, pain, and dry mouth.

Treatment for sialadenitis depends on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, hydration, and massage of the salivary glands. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove obstructions or damaged tissue in the salivary gland.

Artificial saliva is a synthetic solution that mimics the chemical composition and properties of natural saliva. It is often used for patients with dry mouth (xerostomia) caused by conditions such as Sjögren's syndrome, radiation therapy, or certain medications that reduce saliva production. Artificial saliva may contain ingredients like carboxymethylcellulose, mucin, and electrolytes to provide lubrication, moisture, and pH buffering capacity similar to natural saliva. It can help alleviate symptoms associated with dry mouth, such as difficulty speaking, swallowing, and chewing, as well as protect oral tissues from irritation and infection.

Organ sparing treatments refer to medical interventions that are designed to preserve the structure and function of an organ, while still effectively treating the underlying disease or condition. These treatments can include surgical techniques, radiation therapy, or medications that aim to target specific cells or processes involved in the disease, while minimizing damage to healthy tissues.

Organ sparing treatments may be used in a variety of medical contexts, such as cancer treatment, where the goal is to eliminate malignant cells while preserving as much normal tissue as possible. For example, radiation therapy may be delivered with precise techniques that limit exposure to surrounding organs, or medications may be used to target specific receptors on cancer cells, reducing the need for more extensive surgical interventions.

Similarly, in the context of kidney disease, organ sparing treatments may include medications that help control blood pressure and reduce proteinuria (protein in the urine), which can help slow the progression of kidney damage and potentially delay or prevent the need for dialysis or transplantation.

Overall, organ sparing treatments represent an important area of medical research and practice, as they offer the potential to improve patient outcomes, reduce treatment-related morbidity, and maintain quality of life.

Salivary gland diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the function and structure of the salivary glands. These glands are responsible for producing saliva, which helps in digestion, lubrication, and protection of the mouth and throat. The major salivary glands include the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.

There are several types of salivary gland diseases, including:

1. Salivary Gland Infections: These are usually caused by bacteria or viruses that infect the gland, ducts, or surrounding tissues. The most common infection is called sialadenitis, which can cause pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing.

2. Salivary Gland Stones (Sialolithiasis): These are small, hard deposits that form in the ducts of the salivary glands, causing blockages and leading to swelling, pain, and infection.

3. Salivary Gland Tumors: Both benign and malignant tumors can develop in the salivary glands. Benign tumors are usually slow-growing and cause localized swelling, while malignant tumors may be more aggressive and spread to other parts of the body.

4. Salivary Gland Dysfunction: This refers to conditions that affect the production or flow of saliva, such as Sjogren's syndrome, radiation therapy, dehydration, or certain medications.

5. Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions like Sjogren's syndrome, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis can affect the salivary glands and cause inflammation, dry mouth, and other symptoms.

6. Salivary Gland Trauma: Injuries to the face or neck can damage the salivary glands and lead to swelling, bleeding, or decreased function.

Proper diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland diseases require a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional, often involving imaging studies, laboratory tests, and biopsies. Treatment options may include antibiotics, surgery, radiation therapy, or changes in medication or lifestyle.

Radiotherapy, also known as radiation therapy, is a medical treatment that uses ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells, shrink tumors, and prevent the growth and spread of cancer. The radiation can be delivered externally using machines or internally via radioactive substances placed in or near the tumor. Radiotherapy works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. Normal cells are also affected by radiation, but they have a greater ability to repair themselves compared to cancer cells. The goal of radiotherapy is to destroy as many cancer cells as possible while minimizing damage to healthy tissue.

Nasopharyngeal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the pharynx (throat) behind the nose. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Malignant nasopharyngeal neoplasms are often referred to as nasopharyngeal carcinoma or cancer. There are different types of nasopharyngeal carcinomas, including keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, non-keratinizing carcinoma, and basaloid squamous cell carcinoma.

The risk factors for developing nasopharyngeal neoplasms include exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), consumption of certain foods, smoking, and genetic factors. Symptoms may include a lump in the neck, nosebleeds, hearing loss, ringing in the ears, and difficulty swallowing or speaking. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and stage of the neoplasm and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.

Mouth diseases refer to a variety of conditions that affect the oral cavity, including the lips, gums, teeth, tongue, palate, and lining of the mouth. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other organisms. They can also result from injuries, chronic illnesses, or genetic factors.

Some common examples of mouth diseases include dental caries (cavities), periodontal disease (gum disease), oral herpes, candidiasis (thrush), lichen planus, and oral cancer. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, redness, bleeding, bad breath, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and changes in the appearance of the mouth or teeth. Treatment depends on the specific diagnosis and may involve medications, dental procedures, or lifestyle changes.

Amifostine is a medication that is used to protect tissues from the harmful effects of radiation therapy and certain chemotherapy drugs. It is an organic thiophosphate compound, chemically known as (3-Aminopropyl)amidophosphoric acid, and is administered intravenously.

Amifostine works by scavenging free radicals and converting them into non-reactive substances, which helps to prevent damage to normal cells during cancer treatment. It is particularly useful in protecting the kidneys from cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and reducing xerostomia (dry mouth) caused by radiation therapy in head and neck cancers.

The medication is typically given as a slow intravenous infusion over 15 minutes before cancer treatment, and its use should be monitored carefully due to potential side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hypotension, and allergic reactions. Healthcare professionals must consider the benefits and risks of amifostine therapy on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the patient's overall health status, cancer type, and treatment plan.

Secretory rate refers to the amount or volume of a secretion produced by a gland or an organ over a given period of time. It is a measure of the productivity or activity level of the secreting structure. The secretory rate can be quantified for various bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, digestive enzymes, hormones, or milk, depending on the context and the specific gland or organ being studied.

In clinical settings, measuring the secretory rate might involve collecting and analyzing samples over a certain duration to estimate the production rate of the substance in question. This information can be helpful in diagnosing conditions related to impaired secretion, monitoring treatment responses, or understanding the physiological adaptations of the body under different circumstances.

The submandibular glands are one of the major salivary glands in the human body. They are located beneath the mandible (jawbone) and produce saliva that helps in digestion, lubrication, and protection of the oral cavity. The saliva produced by the submandibular glands contains enzymes like amylase and mucin, which aid in the digestion of carbohydrates and provide moisture to the mouth and throat. Any medical condition or disease that affects the submandibular gland may impact its function and could lead to problems such as dry mouth (xerostomia), swelling, pain, or infection.

Conformal radiotherapy is a type of external beam radiation therapy that uses advanced technology to conform the radiation beam to the shape of the tumor, allowing for more precise and targeted treatment while minimizing exposure to healthy surrounding tissue. This can help reduce the risk of side effects and improve the therapeutic ratio. Conformal radiotherapy techniques include 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). These techniques use sophisticated imaging and treatment planning systems to create a personalized treatment plan for each patient, based on the size, shape, and location of their tumor.

Acupuncture therapy is a form of traditional Chinese medicine that involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body to stimulate the flow of energy (Qi), balance the vital force (Chi), and promote healing. It is based on the concept of meridians, or pathways, through which this energy flows. Acupuncture therapy is used to treat a variety of conditions, including pain, stress, anxiety, insomnia, digestive disorders, and reproductive health issues. According to Western medicine, acupuncture may work by stimulating the nervous system, increasing blood flow, and releasing natural pain-relieving chemicals called endorphins. It is generally considered safe when performed by a qualified practitioner using sterile needles.

Radiation-protective agents, also known as radioprotectors, are substances that help in providing protection against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. They can be used to prevent or reduce damage to biological tissues, including DNA, caused by exposure to radiation. These agents work through various mechanisms such as scavenging free radicals, modulating cellular responses to radiation-induced damage, and enhancing DNA repair processes.

Radiation-protective agents can be categorized into two main groups:

1. Radiosensitizers: These are substances that make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation therapy, increasing their susceptibility to damage and potentially improving treatment outcomes. However, radiosensitizers do not provide protection to normal tissues against radiation exposure.

2. Radioprotectors: These agents protect both normal and cancerous cells from radiation-induced damage. They can be further divided into two categories: direct and indirect radioprotectors. Direct radioprotectors interact directly with radiation, absorbing or scattering it away from sensitive tissues. Indirect radioprotectors work by neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species generated during radiation exposure, which would otherwise cause damage to cellular structures and DNA.

Examples of radiation-protective agents include antioxidants like vitamins C and E, chemical compounds such as amifostine and cysteamine, and various natural substances found in plants and foods. It is important to note that while some radiation-protective agents have shown promise in preclinical studies, their efficacy and safety in humans require further investigation before they can be widely used in clinical settings.

Mucin-5B, also known as MUC5B, is a type of mucin protein that is heavily glycosylated and found in the respiratory tract. It is one of the major components of airway mucus, which helps to trap and remove inhaled particles and microorganisms from the lungs.

Mucin-5B is a large molecular weight gel-forming mucin that is produced by goblet cells and submucosal glands in the respiratory epithelium. It has a complex structure, consisting of a protein backbone with numerous oligosaccharide side chains that give it its gel-like properties.

Mutations in the MUC5B gene have been associated with several lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In particular, a common genetic variant in the MUC5B promoter region has been identified as a significant risk factor for developing IPF.

Minor salivary glands are numerous small exocrine glands that produce saliva and are distributed throughout the oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and paranasal sinuses. They are classified as "minor" due to their smaller size compared to the three pairs of major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual). The minor salivary glands are primarily mucous glands, although some contain serous cells. They are responsible for producing approximately 5-10% of the total saliva in the mouth. These glands help moisten the oral cavity, protect the mucosal lining, and facilitate speaking, chewing, and swallowing.

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, also known as dry eye syndrome, is a condition characterized by decreased quality and/or quantity of tears to lubricate and nourish the eye. This can result in discomfort, visual disturbance, and potentially damage to the ocular surface. It is often associated with inflammation of the conjunctiva and the cornea. The symptoms may include dryness, scratchiness, burning, foreign body sensation, pain, redness, blurred vision, and light sensitivity.

Thirst, also known as dry mouth or polydipsia, is a physiological need or desire to drink fluids to maintain fluid balance and hydration in the body. It is primarily regulated by the hypothalamus in response to changes in osmolality and volume of bodily fluids, particularly blood. Thirst can be triggered by various factors such as dehydration, excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, burns, certain medications, and medical conditions affecting the kidneys, adrenal glands, or other organs. It is a vital homeostatic mechanism to ensure adequate hydration and proper functioning of various bodily systems.

The mouth mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the mouth, also known as the oral mucosa. It covers the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, palate, and floor of the mouth. This moist tissue is made up of epithelial cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. Its functions include protecting the underlying tissues from physical trauma, chemical irritation, and microbial infections; aiding in food digestion by producing enzymes; and providing sensory information about taste, temperature, and texture.

Aquaporin 5 (AQP5) is a type of aquaporin, which is a family of water channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water molecules across cell membranes. Specifically, AQP5 is found in various tissues, including the lungs, salivary and lacrimal glands, sweat glands, and cornea. It plays a crucial role in maintaining water homeostasis and lubrication in these tissues.

In the lungs, AQP5 helps regulate airway surface liquid volume and composition, contributing to proper lung function. In the salivary and lacrimal glands, it aids in fluid secretion, ensuring adequate moisture in the mouth and eyes. In sweat glands, AQP5 facilitates water transport during sweating, helping to regulate body temperature. Lastly, in the cornea, AQP5 helps maintain transparency and hydration, contributing to clear vision.

Defects or dysfunctions in AQP5 can lead to various conditions, such as dry mouth (xerostomia), dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), and potentially impaired lung function.

Chewing gum is not a medical term, but rather a common consumer product. It is a type of soft, cohesive substance designed to be chewed without being swallowed. The basic ingredients of chewing gum include a gum base, sweeteners, flavorings, and softeners. The gum base gives it its chewy texture, while sweeteners provide the taste. Flavorings are added to give the gum its particular taste, such as mint, fruit, or bubblegum. Softeners are added to keep the gum from hardening over time.

While chewing gum is not a medical treatment or therapy, it does have some potential health benefits and drawbacks. Chewing sugar-free gum, for example, has been shown to increase saliva production, which can help neutralize acid in the mouth and reduce the risk of tooth decay. However, excessive gum chewing can lead to jaw pain or headaches in some individuals. It is also important to choose sugar-free gum, as sugary gum can contribute to tooth decay.

Stomatitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the mucous membrane of any of the soft tissues in the mouth, including the lips, gums, tongue, palate, and cheek lining. It can cause discomfort, pain, and sores or lesions in the mouth. Stomatitis may result from a variety of causes, such as infection, injury, allergic reaction, or systemic diseases. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, mouth rinses, or changes in oral hygiene practices.

Quinuclidines are a class of organic compounds that contain a unique cage-like structure consisting of a tetrahydrofuran ring fused to a piperidine ring. The name "quinuclidine" is derived from the Latin word "quinque," meaning five, and "clidis," meaning key or bar, which refers to the five-membered ring system that forms the core of these compounds.

Quinuclidines have a variety of biological activities and are used in pharmaceuticals as well as agrochemicals. Some quinuclidine derivatives have been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer properties. They can also act as inhibitors of various enzymes and receptors, making them useful tools for studying biological systems and developing new drugs.

It is worth noting that quinuclidines are not typically used in medical diagnosis or treatment, but rather serve as building blocks for the development of new pharmaceutical compounds.

Radiotherapy dosage refers to the total amount of radiation energy that is absorbed by tissues or organs, typically measured in units of Gray (Gy), during a course of radiotherapy treatment. It is the product of the dose rate (the amount of radiation delivered per unit time) and the duration of treatment. The prescribed dosage for cancer treatments can range from a few Gray to more than 70 Gy, depending on the type and location of the tumor, the patient's overall health, and other factors. The goal of radiotherapy is to deliver a sufficient dosage to destroy the cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.

Oropharyngeal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the oropharynx, which is the middle part of the pharynx (throat) that includes the back one-third of the tongue, the soft palate, the side and back walls of the throat, and the tonsils. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Oropharyngeal cancer is a significant global health concern, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common type of malignant neoplasm in this region. The primary risk factors for oropharyngeal cancers include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and survival rates.

Maxillary diseases refer to conditions that affect the maxilla, which is the upper bone of the jaw. This bone plays an essential role in functions such as biting, chewing, and speaking, and also forms the upper part of the oral cavity, houses the upper teeth, and supports the nose and the eyes.

Maxillary diseases can be caused by various factors, including infections, trauma, tumors, congenital abnormalities, or systemic conditions. Some common maxillary diseases include:

1. Maxillary sinusitis: Inflammation of the maxillary sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located within the maxilla, can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, facial pain, and headaches.
2. Periodontal disease: Infection and inflammation of the tissues surrounding the teeth, including the gums and the alveolar bone (which is part of the maxilla), can lead to tooth loss and other complications.
3. Maxillary fractures: Trauma to the face can result in fractures of the maxilla, which can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty breathing or speaking.
4. Maxillary cysts and tumors: Abnormal growths in the maxilla can be benign or malignant and may require surgical intervention.
5. Oral cancer: Cancerous lesions in the oral cavity, including the maxilla, can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing or speaking.

Treatment for maxillary diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include antibiotics, surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices can help prevent many maxillary diseases.

Tooth diseases are conditions that affect the teeth and can cause discomfort, pain, and even loss of teeth if left untreated. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as poor oral hygiene, bacterial infections, trauma, genetics, and certain medical conditions. Some common tooth diseases include:

1. Dental caries (tooth decay): This is a breakdown of the tooth enamel due to the action of acid-producing bacteria that feed on sugars and starches in the mouth. Over time, this can lead to cavities or holes in the teeth.
2. Gingivitis: This is an inflammation of the gums caused by the buildup of plaque and tartar at the gum line. If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more serious form of gum disease that can cause tooth loss.
3. Periodontitis: This is a severe infection of the gums and bones that support the teeth. It is caused by the buildup of plaque and tartar, which leads to the destruction of the tissue and bone that hold the teeth in place.
4. Abscess: This is a pocket of pus that forms in the tooth or gum due to a bacterial infection. An abscess can cause pain, swelling, and fever, and may require antibiotics or surgical drainage.
5. Tooth erosion: This is the loss of tooth structure due to acid wear, which can be caused by factors such as diet, stomach acid, and teeth grinding.
6. Hypersensitivity: This is a condition in which the teeth become sensitive to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks. It can be caused by factors such as gum recession, tooth decay, and tooth wear.
7. Oral cancer: This is a type of cancer that affects the mouth, lips, tongue, or throat. It can cause symptoms such as sores, lumps, or difficulty swallowing, and may require surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy for treatment.

Aromatherapy is defined as the use of essential oils from plants for therapeutic purposes. The essential oils are typically extracted through steam distillation or cold pressing, and they can be used in a variety of ways, including inhalation, topical application, or oral consumption. Aromatherapy is believed to promote physical and psychological well-being by engaging the smell receptors in the nose, which then send messages to the limbic system in the brain, which is responsible for emotions and memories. Some people use aromatherapy to help manage stress, improve sleep, or alleviate symptoms of various health conditions. However, it's important to note that while some studies suggest that aromatherapy may have certain health benefits, more research is needed to fully understand its effects and safety.

Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are a type of organic compound that are naturally produced in plants. They are called "volatile" because they evaporate quickly at room temperature due to their high vapor pressure. These oils are composed of complex mixtures of various compounds, including terpenes, terpenoids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and alcohols. They are responsible for the characteristic aroma and flavor of many plants and are often used in perfumes, flavors, and aromatherapy. In a medical context, volatile oils may have therapeutic properties and be used in certain medications or treatments, but it's important to note that they can also cause adverse reactions if not used properly.

Medical Definition of Massage:

Massage is defined as the manual manipulation of soft body tissues (such as muscle, connective tissue, tendons, and ligaments) to enhance health and well-being. It involves various techniques that include kneading, rubbing, pressing, and stretching the muscles and fascia (the connective tissue that covers the muscles).

The goal of massage is to increase circulation, relieve tension, reduce muscle stiffness and pain, promote relaxation, and improve range of motion and overall flexibility. Massage therapy may be used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including anxiety, headaches, insomnia, joint pain, soft tissue injuries, and sports-related injuries.

It is important to note that massage should be performed by a trained and licensed professional to ensure safety and effectiveness. Additionally, individuals with certain health conditions, such as deep vein thrombosis, fractures, or infectious diseases, should avoid massage or consult their healthcare provider before receiving treatment.

Medical definitions generally do not include plant oils as a specific term. However, in a biological or biochemical context, plant oils, also known as vegetable oils, are defined as lipid extracts derived from various parts of plants such as seeds, fruits, and leaves. They mainly consist of triglycerides, which are esters of glycerol and three fatty acids. The composition of fatty acids can vary between different plant sources, leading to a range of physical and chemical properties that make plant oils useful for various applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Some common examples of plant oils include olive oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, and jojoba oil.

Hypnosis is a state of highly focused attention or concentration, often associated with relaxation, and heightened suggestibility. In a clinical context, hypnosis is often used as a tool in hypnotherapy, to help individuals explore unconscious thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, or to make positive changes to their thoughts, behavior, and physical well-being. It's important to note that hypnosis is not a state of unconsciousness or sleep, but rather a state of altered consciousness characterized by increased suggestibility and focused attention.

It's also worth noting that the definition of hypnosis can vary between different fields and perspectives. Some definitions emphasize the role of suggestion in shaping experience during hypnosis, while others focus on the importance of expectancy and belief. Additionally, there is ongoing debate about the precise mechanisms underlying hypnotic phenomena, with some researchers emphasizing social and psychological factors, while others highlight neurological and physiological changes associated with hypnosis.

Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the breast tissue that can be benign or malignant. Benign breast neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors or growths, while malignant breast neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Breast neoplasms can arise from different types of cells in the breast, including milk ducts, milk sacs (lobules), or connective tissue. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which starts in the milk ducts and can spread to other parts of the breast and nearby structures.

Breast neoplasms are usually detected through screening methods such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI, or through self-examination or clinical examination. Treatment options for breast neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type and stage of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy.

Ginger, in a medical context, refers to the root of the plant Zingiber officinale. It has been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years to treat various ailments such as nausea, vomiting, and inflammation. The active components of ginger are called gingerols and shogaols, which have been found to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antiemetic properties.

However, it's important to note that while ginger has many potential health benefits, it can also interact with certain medications and may not be suitable for everyone. As with any treatment, it's always best to consult with a healthcare provider before starting to use ginger or any other natural remedy.

A medication which is known to cause xerostomia may be termed xerogenic. Over 400 medications are associated with xerostomia. ... Xerostomia, also known as dry mouth, is dryness in the mouth, which may be associated with a change in the composition of ... Xerostomia may be a consequence of infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and a rare cause of salivary gland dysfunction may be ... The term subjective xerostomia is sometimes used to describe the symptom in the absence of any clinical evidence of dryness. ...
Xerostomia Zane Grey • Zinc oxide eugenol Medicine portal List of toothpaste brands (Articles with short description, Short ...
"Xerostomia (Dry Mouth)". www.ada.org. Retrieved 2018-08-17. Hussain, Frare & Berrios 2012. Hamamoto & Rhodus 2009, p. 31. ... Further, a common side effect of stimulant drugs is xerostomia, which accelerates tooth decay. As of 2012[update], ... xerostomia) Clenching and grinding of the teeth (bruxism) Infrequent oral hygiene Frequent consumption of sugary, fizzy drinks ... "Etiology of Xerostomia and Dental Caries among Methamphetamine Abusers". Oral Health & Preventative Dentistry. 3 (3): 189-195. ...
Xerostomia occasionally occurs. The Heerfordt-Waldenstrom syndrome consists of sarcoidosis with parotid enlargement, fever, ...
Xerostomia, or a decrease in saliva flow, can be a side effect of many drugs, which, in turn, can lead to the development of ... "What is Xerostomia?". lubricityinnovations.com. R. K. Mal and M. A. Birchall, "Dysgeusia related to urinary obstruction from ... Xerostomia, also known as dry mouth syndrome, can precipitate dysgeusia because normal salivary flow and concentration are ... Patients can lessen the effects of xerostomia with breath mints, sugarless gum, or lozenges, or physicians can increase saliva ...
Xerostomia is amongst the most common, commonly linked to antidepressants, psycholeptics, inhaled medications such as ... Cassolato, S. F., & Turnbull, R. S. (2003). Xerostomia: clinical aspects and treatment. Gerodontology, 20(2), 64-77. Gil- ... xerostomia can arise from general dehydration. A dry mouth can be associated with caries, cracked lips, fissured tongue and ...
Hyposalivation often results in a dry mouth condition called xerostomia, and this can cause tooth decay due to the loss of the ... Salivary-gland dysfunction occurs when salivary rates are reduced; this can cause xerostomia (dry mouth). Some disorders ...
Turner MD (April 2016). "Hyposalivation and Xerostomia: Etiology, Complications, and Medical Management". Dent. Clin. North Am ...
"Is Pilocarpine Effective in Preventing Radiation-Induced Xerostomia? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". International ...
M K Ng (2005). "Parotid-sparing radiotherapy: does it really reduce xerostomia?". Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 17 (8): 610-7. ...
Xerostomia (dry mouth), nausea, and vomiting may follow. These symptoms may be long in duration, ranging from four to 24 hours ...
Xerostomia (oral, 4% to 15% ; IM, up to 7%) Akathisia (oral, up to 10% ; IM, 4% to 11%) Dizziness (oral, 4% to 16% ; IM, 3% to ...
With xerostomia patients, tooth pastes with the lactoperoxidase system are seemingly superior to fluoride-containing tooth ... lactoperoxidase helps to improve symptoms of xerostomia. Furthermore, gels with lactoperoxidase help to improve symptoms of ... "Effect of a lactoperoxidase containing toothpaste in radiation-induced xerostomia". International Dental Journal. 44 (2): 133-8 ... study of Biotène Oralbalance and BioXtra systems as salivary substitutes in patients with post-radiotherapy xerostomia". ...
People with burning mouth syndrome may also have a subjective xerostomia (dry mouth sensation where no cause can be found such ... Type 2 diabetes True xerostomia, caused by hyposalivation e.g. Sjögren's syndrome Parafunctional activity, e.g. nocturnal ...
Visvanathan V, Nix P. Managing the patient presenting with xerostomia: a review. International Journal of Clinical Practice. ... The following are used in dentistry to treat xerostomia: Parasympathomimetic drugs act on parasympathetic muscarinic receptors ... Sialogogues can be used in the treatment of xerostomia (the subjective feeling of having a dry mouth), to stimulate any ...
Other factors include xerostomia (dry mouth), diabetes or a high carbohydrate diet. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can ...
Autoimmune conditions such as Sjögren syndrome can cause xerostomia, with resultant glossitis. Glossitis Oral lichen planus ...
For individuals with xerostomia, a commercially available mouth rinse that can be safely used daily to aid in dry mouth relief ... People with xerostomia (dry mouth) may use Biotène to reduce the rate of recurrence of dental plaque. However, Biotene by ... "A phase II study of Biotène in the treatment of postradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer". Support Care ... NieuwAmerongen, A.; Veerman, E. (2003). "Current therapies for xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction associated with ...
The probability of xerostomia at one year increases by 5% for every 1Gy increase in dose to the parotid gland. Doses above 25- ... Similar considerations apply to the submandibular gland, but xerostomia is less common if only one parotid gland is included in ... Concerns have been expressed regarding excessive short- and long-term toxicity, especially dysphagia and xerostomia, and hence ... Reported toxicities include dry mouth (xerostomia) from salivary gland damage, 18% (grade 2); difficulty swallowing (dysphagia ...
The lump may be accompanied by symptoms of duct blockage (e.g. xerostomia). Usually, in their early stages it is not possible ...
... is used in the treatment of xerostomia (dry mouth), and Sjögren's syndrome. It increases the production of saliva. ... Pilocarpine - a similar parasympathomimetic medication for dry mouth (xerostomia) Bethanechol - a similar muscarinic ...
With severe caries risk due to xerostomia (dry mouth from reduced salivary flow); Severe early childhood caries, which does not ...
Xerostomia Ice pack Pagophagia "Side Effects of Cancer Treatment: Mouth Sores or Mucositis". news.cancerconnect.com. Retrieved ...
Xerostomia (dry mouth) with no other cause such as a side effect of medications. HIV-SGD may be the presenting sign of HIV ... is swelling of the salivary glands and/or xerostomia in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Gradual ...
Xerostomia (dry mouth) is thought to account for about 5% of cases of AC. Xerostomia itself has many possible causes, but ... such as creating drug-induced xerostomia. Various examples include isotretinoin, indinavir, and sorafenib. Isotretinoin ( ...
... lysozyme and lactoferrin in xerostomia: efficacy and safety". Oral Dis. 8 (1): 23-9. doi:10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.1o781.x. PMID ...
Predisposing factors include smoking, xerostomia (dry mouth), soft diet, poor oral hygiene and certain medications. Management ...
Many medications or diseases that cause dry eye syndrome can also cause hyposalivation with xerostomia. Treatment varies ...
Dental caries Fluoride therapy Xerostomia Dental fluorosis Dentin hypersensitivity Dental restoration Dental surgery Weintraub ...
... tends to produce xerostomia (dry mouth), with all the associated problems this brings. It is a rare ...
A medication which is known to cause xerostomia may be termed xerogenic. Over 400 medications are associated with xerostomia. ... Xerostomia, also known as dry mouth, is dryness in the mouth, which may be associated with a change in the composition of ... Xerostomia may be a consequence of infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and a rare cause of salivary gland dysfunction may be ... The term subjective xerostomia is sometimes used to describe the symptom in the absence of any clinical evidence of dryness. ...
Xerostomia. Xerostomia, or dry mouth, is the most common adverse drug-related effect in the oral cavity. To date, xerostomia ... Importantly, patients with xerostomia are also at increased risk for oral candidiasis, a superficial infection that may cause ... Unfortunately, these associations are confounded by the fact that xerostomia is a subjective complaint, and some patients who ... Cultures and oral cytologic tests can be useful in assessing possible cases of xerostomia-associated candidiasis. Meticulous ...
Dry mouth or xerostomia tends to hinder the process of food being adequately wet with the saliva that is alkaline and ... Dry mouth or xerostomia tends to hinder the process of food being adequately wet with the saliva that is alkaline and ... Causes & Treatment Of Dry Mouth (Xerostomia) And Acid Reflux. Posted in Category : Common Ailments ... Any nerve injury to your head or neck could result in xerostomia. ...
Xerostomia), its causes and symptoms, and get advice on dry mouth treatment. Dental Care is a great source of patient education ... Dry Mouth (Xerostomia) Causes and Treatment. Does your mouth feel dry and sticky when you first wake up in the morning? Do you ... Dry mouth (xerostomia) can be caused by the medicine you take, both prescription and over-the-counter. Dont stop taking your ... feel the urge to drink lots of water? Dry mouth, or xerostomia, is a condition which slows or prevents saliva production. It ...
Xerostomia, loss of taste, fibrosis, and pain are late symptoms which the data show can be prevented with the use of amifostine ... Amifostine Can Reduce Xerostomia, Loss of Taste, Fibrosis, and Pain. August 2, 2001. Publication ... ZUHL, Germany-Amifostine (Ethyol) used as cytoprotective therapy can reduce the occurrence of xero-stomia, loss of taste, and ... ZUHL, Germany Amifostine (Ethyol) used as cytoprotective therapy can reduce the occurrence of xero-stomia, loss of taste, and ...
Xerostomia. Xerostomia, or dry mouth, is the most common adverse drug-related effect in the oral cavity. To date, xerostomia ... Importantly, patients with xerostomia are also at increased risk for oral candidiasis, a superficial infection that may cause ... Unfortunately, these associations are confounded by the fact that xerostomia is a subjective complaint, and some patients who ... Cultures and oral cytologic tests can be useful in assessing possible cases of xerostomia-associated candidiasis. Meticulous ...
Xerostomia: Diagnosis, management and clinical complications. In: Edgar WM, OMullane DM (eds), Saliva and Oral Health. 2nd ed ... Porter SR, Scully C, Hegarty AM (2004) An update of the aetiology and management of xerostomia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol ... Hay KD, Morton RP, Wall CR (2001) Quality of life and nutritional studies in Sjögrens syndrome patients with xerostomia. N Z ... Fox PC, Busch KA, Baum BJ (1997) Subjective reports of xerostomia and objective measures of salivary gland performance. J Am ...
... is the syndrome of dry mouth. It is a common condition that usually affects elderly people. It can appear as an ... The management of xerostomia is very difficult. It all depends on the cause of the condition. The treatment steps are only ... The main reason behind xerostomia is a lower amount of saliva in the mouth. The first one any dentist would notice is a higher ... Xerostomia can really affect the emotional and physical state of people. Another symptom is oral candidiasis caused by the ...
Hyposalivation and xerostomia among Parkinsons disease patients and its impact on quality of life. Oral Dis., 23 (4). S. 464 ... WSS did not reflect the grade of xerostomia. Patients with PD suffered from impaired OH-related QoL. Dental teams should not ... Hyposalivation and xerostomia among Parkinsons disease patients and its impact on quality of life ... This study aimed to explore whether xerostomia correlates with hyposalivation and to define its impact on OH-related QoL. ...
Xerostomia. Xerostomia is a symptom in up to 64% of patients. Patients may not volunteer symptoms of xerostomia but affirm it ... How frequently is xerostomia present in burning mouth syndrome (BMS)?. What are nonspecific symptoms of burning mouth syndrome ... Xerostomia in burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is likely related to neuropathy, rather than glandular dysfunction. In studies of ... Xerostomia in burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is unlikely to be objectively confirmed by quantitative tests of salivary function. ...
Xerostomia. September 22, 2021. July 1, 2022. monishamantra Xerostomia Natural ways to treat, without Medicine and without any ... What is Xerostomia? Xerostomia occurs when the virus attacks the oral linings in mouth, resulting in insufficient saliva ... In recent times Xerostomia (dry mouth) has been reported as a symptom of Covid-19. ...
Dry mouth is the most underestimated serious dental condition. Complications of dry mouth include trouble swallowing and talking, so you should take it very seriously. We care about your dental health, so we amassed this post about dry mouth and a few things you should be aware of about it. Products you can use to address dry mouth include saliva... read more ». ...
Dry Mouth or Xerostomia - The main thing in our mouth that can affect our health dramatically is Saliva. Saliva ... ...
Dry Mouth (Xerostomia). Some drugs can reduce the amount of saliva in your mouth, causing an uncomfortably dry mouth ( ... xerostomia). Without enough saliva, the tissues in the mouth can become irritated and inflamed. This increases your risk for ...
Xerostomia. Radioactive iodine damage to normal salivary glands may be minimized by increased saliva production during the ...
This website is an online handbook for healthcare professionals. Please confirm that you are a healthcare professional ...
Here is a quick mnemonic/memory aid "XEROSTOMIA" to remember about Drugs Causing Xerostomia ... O - OxyContin (Oxycodone): Opioid medications, including OxyContin, may lead to xerostomia.. S - Seroquel (Quetiapine): Certain ... E - Elavil (Amitriptyline): Tricyclic antidepressants such as Elavil are known to cause xerostomia. ... T - Tagamet (Cimetidine): Histamine H2-receptor antagonists like Tagamet can contribute to xerostomia. ...
... posted: May 17, 2023. Xerostomia might sound like a serious and rare condition, but its ... Xerostomia refers to when you have a dry mouth due to absent or reduced saliva flow. Now you might assume this is not a big ... Because xerostomia entails a reduction in saliva, you have less of a buffer between your teeth and the food you eat, which ... So what causes xerostomia? There can be many different culprits. One of the most common causes involves medication. If youre ...
Dry Mouth (Xerostomia). A dry mouth (xerostomia) is rarely caused for concern, as it just means your saliva glands havent ... Dry mouth, or xerostomia, can be a symptom of medication side effects, dehydration, medical conditions, radiation therapy, ...
... posted: Dec. 14, 2021. Dry mouth, or xerostomia, is a common side effect of many ... Xerostomia increases the risk you will develop gum disease or suffer from tooth decay. ...
What is Xerostomia?. What is Xerostomia? Dry Mouth aka: Xerostomia Dry mouth is a medical condition also known as Xerostomia. ...
View the posts about xerostomia published by Simcoe Family Dentistry. Contact us today to learn about our services. ...
Dry mouth, or xerostomia, can lead to an array of oral conditions you dont want, including increased plaque, gum disease and ...
Xerostomia - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional ... Drugs are the most common cause (see table Some Causes of Xerostomia Some Causes of Xerostomia ); about 400 prescription drugs ... Drug profiles should be reviewed for potential offending drugs (see table Some Causes of Xerostomia Some Causes of Xerostomia ... Evaluation of Xerostomia History History of present illness should include acuity of onset, temporal patterns (eg, constant vs ...
Dry Mouth (Xerostomia). Saliva is one of your bodys natural defenses against plaque because it acts to rinse your mouth of ... Dry mouth (also called Xerostomia) is a fairly common condition that is caused by diminished saliva production. People with ...
Xerostomia - healthcare burden. A dry mouth or xerostomia, to give it its medical name, is a common condition which affects ...
What causes Dry Mouth? (Xerostomia). Home. / Uncategorized. / What causes Dry Mouth? (Xerostomia). ... What causes Dry Mouth? (Xerostomia). What causes Dry Mouth? (Xerostomia). We all need saliva to moisten and cleanse our mouths ... There are several causes for dry mouth, also know in medical terms as Xerostomia. Causes range from:. *A side effect from ...
... ?. Causes of dry mouth. Dry Mouth (Xerostomia): Causes and Treatment ... Dry Mouth (Xerostomia): Causes and Treatment Melbourne?. A dry mouth is a health concern. Dry Mouth (Xerostomia): Causes and ... Dry Mouth (Xerostomia): Causes and Treatment Melbourne?. What can I do at home to treat dry mouth?. Dry Mouth (Xerostomia): ... Dry Mouth (Xerostomia): Causes and Treatment Melbourne?. How can I prevent dry mouth?. Dry Mouth (Xerostomia): Causes and ...
Xerostomia. Xerostomia, or dry mouth, is the most common adverse drug-related effect in the oral cavity. To date, xerostomia ... Importantly, patients with xerostomia are also at increased risk for oral candidiasis, a superficial infection that may cause ... Unfortunately, these associations are confounded by the fact that xerostomia is a subjective complaint, and some patients who ... Cultures and oral cytologic tests can be useful in assessing possible cases of xerostomia-associated candidiasis. Meticulous ...
  • These therapies can cause xerostomia/salivary gland hypofunction via direct toxicity to salivary glands and oral tissues or indirect damage due to regional or systemic toxicity. (h2ocean.com)
  • Tricyclic antidepressants such as Elavil are known to cause xerostomia. (medicalsupernotes.com)
  • If you're taking any of the medications known to cause xerostomia, a glass of water before and after administering the medication could be helpful. (alassaaddds.com)
  • Many healthcare professionals have found that Xerostomia symptoms can be eliminated with sustained results. (famousdoctor.org)
  • These medical conditions serve as being the symptoms of xerostomia. (exactlyhowlong.com)
  • One of the easiest symptoms of xerostomia that people can notice is having increased thirst and having a sticky feeling in the mouth. (exactlyhowlong.com)
  • Mouth sores are also considered as the symptoms of xerostomia. (exactlyhowlong.com)
  • Strategies for treatment of xerostomia/ dry mouth seek to relieve the symptoms and or treat underlying pathobiology. (hdrx.com)
  • Urinary symptoms, xerostomia symptoms, and compliance with oral oxybutynin will be compared between groups. (druglib.com)
  • Xerostomia, also known as dry mouth, is dryness in the mouth, which may be associated with a change in the composition of saliva, or reduced salivary flow, or have no identifiable cause. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term subjective xerostomia is sometimes used to describe the symptom in the absence of any clinical evidence of dryness. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hyposalivation is the symptom of decreased salivary flow caused by decreased salivary function, while xerostomia is the symptom of mouth dryness. (h2ocean.com)
  • Xerostomia or dryness of the oral cavity is now affecting one out of every five adults and has become one of the most common oral health pathologies. (rdhconnection.com)
  • The clinical patterns of adverse drug reactions of the oral cavity include xerostomia, swelling, nonspecific ulceration, vesiculobullous or ulcerative mucositis that mimics other disease states, nonspecific vesiculoulcerative mucositis, pigmentation, gingival enlargement, and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. (medscape.com)
  • The indicators used were DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) for dental caries, SOHI (simplified oral hygiene index) for oral hygiene, and the presence of mucositis, xerostomia, and candidiasis. (bvsalud.org)
  • The results showed the presence of 61.9% of mucositis in patients and 28.6% of xerostomia. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is concluded that the main oral complications in children during antineoplastic treatment were mucositis and xerostomia. (bvsalud.org)
  • The management of xerostomia is very difficult. (dentist-manila.com)
  • meshkat sadat M, alaee A, Alirezaei S. Management of Xerostomia in Covid-19 patints: A review article. (jrds.ir)
  • Patients with xerostomia frequently complain of taste disturbances, a sore tongue, and an increased thirst, particularly at night. (h2ocean.com)
  • 273: 59-65] conceptual model of the direct and mediated pathways between clinical and non-clinical variables in relation to the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of patients with xerostomia. (springer.com)
  • 0.001), PD patients with xerostomia reported mean VAS values of 4.1 (s.d.: 2.2). (uni-koeln.de)
  • Xerostomia (Dry mouth) is described as dry mouth condition caused by decreased or absence of salivary flow in the oral cavity. (h2ocean.com)
  • Objective: the aim of this article was to review the literature about the practice of acupuncture for treatment of xerostomia and low salivary flow rate. (bvsalud.org)
  • Xerostomia is the subjective sensation of dry mouth, which is often (but not always) associated with hypofunction of the salivary glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conversely a person who reports experiencing xerostomia may not show signs of reduced salivary secretions (subjective xerostomia). (wikipedia.org)
  • Classically, burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is accompanied by gustatory disturbances (dysgeusia, parageusia) and subjective xerostomia. (medscape.com)
  • Methamphetamine abusers report subjective perception of xerostomia, which cannot be explained by the direct peripheral action of methamphetamine on the secretory acini. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In this study, xerostomia is assessed through a subjective salivary gland function questionnaire. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • Dehydration, radiotherapy involving the salivary glands, chemotherapy and several diseases can cause reduced salivation (hyposalivation), or a change in saliva consistency and hence a complaint of xerostomia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Salivary gland dysfunction is an umbrella term for the presence of xerostomia, salivary gland hyposalivation, and hypersalivation. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, a person with signs of hyposalivation may not complain of xerostomia. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study aimed to explore whether xerostomia correlates with hyposalivation and to define its impact on OH-related QoL. (uni-koeln.de)
  • To determine the prevalence of xerostomia and hyposalivation in Haemodialysis (HD) patients, to clarify risk factors, assess patient´s quality of life, and to establish a possible correlation among interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) and xerostomia. (uv.es)
  • Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom of certain diseases. (famousdoctor.org)
  • Xerostomia, is a chronic and common symptom of dry mouth that many patients report when they meet their doctor or dentist or oral hygienist. (jrds.ir)
  • Dry mouth, or xerostomia, is a common side effect of many medications. (paulfamilydentistry.com)
  • Xerostomia, otherwise known as dry mouth, can be a side effect of many common medications. (sismilecenter.com)
  • These POHE instructors were calibrated with a standardized script regarding periodontal disease, health impact of tobacco, xerostomia-inducing medications, and oral hygiene instruction. (cdc.gov)
  • Xerostomia is a condition in which the salivary glands in your mouth do not produce enough saliva to keep your mouth moist-literally "dry mouth. (altoonasmiles.com)
  • Those who suffer from xerostomia fail to produce enough saliva. (belmontdental.com)
  • But when your salivary glands don't produce enough saliva, that state is known as xerostomia, i.e., having a dry mouth. (exactlyhowlong.com)
  • Data were collected using a questionnaire containing demographic and clinical variables, a visual analogue scale (VAS) for xerostomia, IDWG, and an oral health impact profile questionnaire (OHIP-14). (uv.es)
  • Materials and methods: All participants had to complete the Xerostomia Inventory questionnaire to score dry mouth sensation. (vu.nl)
  • New York, Dec. 16, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reportlinker.com announces the release of the report "Xerostomia Clinical Trial Analysis by Trial Phase, Trial Status, Trial Counts, End Points, Status, Sponsor Type, and Top Countries, 2022 Update" - https://www.reportlinker.com/p06373662/?utm_source=GNW This report provides top line data relating to the clinical trials on Xerostomia. (brandpublished.com)
  • Late toxicity following primary conservative treatment : Dysphagia and xerostomia]. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dysphagia and xerostomia are still among the most important acute and late side effects of radiotherapy . (bvsalud.org)
  • Xerostomia (Dry mouth) can cause increased dental caries, parotid gland enlargement, lip inflammation and fissuring, tongue and buccal mucosa inflammation or ulcers, oral candidiasis, salivary gland infection, halitosis, and cracking and fissuring of the oral mucosa. (h2ocean.com)
  • You might not realize it, but xerostomia can affect your dental and oral health. (altoonasmiles.com)
  • How Does Xerostomia Affect My Dental Health? (altoonasmiles.com)
  • This study reviews the peripheral effects of methamphetamine on the salivary acini, the pathogenesis of methamphetamine-induced xerostomia, and its anecdotal relationship to dental caries. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Se seleccionaron artículos en inglés y español de 2017 a 2021. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dry mouth (Xerostomia) is diagnosed by taking a thorough medical history that includes medication, systemic illness, and a history of chemotherapy or radiation. (h2ocean.com)
  • Patients that receive any kind of chemotherapy might also experience xerostomia as a side effect of their treatment. (alassaaddds.com)
  • Patients who had chemotherapy are likely to face xerostomia. (exactlyhowlong.com)
  • Dry mouth or xerostomia is one of the common side effects of chemotherapy. (exactlyhowlong.com)
  • Dry mouth, or xerostomia, is a condition which slows or prevents saliva production. (dentalcare.com)
  • Xerostomia (Dry mouth) is a condition in which your mouth is unusually dry. (famousdoctor.org)
  • Xerostomia might sound like a serious and rare condition, but it's more common than you think. (alassaaddds.com)
  • Dry Mouth aka: Xerostomia Dry mouth is a medical condition also known as Xerostomia. (lubricityinnovations.com)
  • Dry mouth (also called Xerostomia) is a fairly common condition that is caused by diminished saliva production. (ottawadentalsociety.org)
  • A dry mouth or xerostomia, to give it its medical name, is a common condition which affects around one in ten of the population, and is prevalent among older people and people who have had cancer treatment or need to take a mix of medicines. (news-medical.net)
  • The condition is known as Xerostomia. (nqsurgicaldentistry.com.au)
  • Dry mouth, also known as xerostomia, is a relatively common condition affecting up to 26% of men and 33% of women. (hdrx.com)
  • Secondary to taste dysfunction (59.5%), Xerostomia (45.9%) is the most prevalent condition related to corona infection. (jrds.ir)
  • Patients who undergo radiation therapy can experience xerostomia. (dentist-manila.com)
  • This man was treated for xerostomia (dry mouth) after radiation therapy of his throat at the University of Chicago Hospital. (famousdoctor.org)
  • This article examines the use of intensity modulated radiation therapy in the treatment of head and neck cancer to decrease xerostomia. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • 74.5% of corona infected who experience Xerostomia, announced that they have had the signs of Xerostomia before covid-19 diagnosis. (jrds.ir)
  • This patient came into my office for treatment of xerostomia (dry mouth) while traveling. (famousdoctor.org)
  • One of them is having a dry mouth after the treatment, also known as xerostomia. (exactlyhowlong.com)
  • If you're taking antidepressants, muscle relaxers, anti-diarrhea medicine, anti-anxiety medicine, or antihistamines, this could be the reason for your xerostomia. (alassaaddds.com)
  • Individuals suffering from xerostomia frequently complain about difficulties eating, speaking, swallowing, and wearing dentures. (h2ocean.com)
  • If you have xerostomia, a doctor may prescribe a special oral rinse or spray. (altoonasmiles.com)
  • The doctors will also prescribe you some medicines for xerostomia, which will help your salivary glands to produce more saliva. (exactlyhowlong.com)
  • Because xerostomia entails a reduction in saliva, you have less of a buffer between your teeth and the food you eat, which makes you more vulnerable to cavities and tooth decay. (alassaaddds.com)
  • Xerostomia increases the risk you will develop gum disease or suffer from tooth decay. (paulfamilydentistry.com)
  • Dry mouth, or xerostomia , can lead to an array of oral conditions you don't want, including increased plaque, gum disease and tooth decay as well as certain mouth sores and oral yeast infections. (cosmeticdentistryofnapa.com)
  • Dry Mouth or Xerostomia - The main thing in our mouth that can affect our health dramatically is Saliva. (sturdylifestyle.com)
  • By decreasing xerostomia through conformal avoidance of the parotid glands, we can improve patient satisfaction and quality of life. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • He presented himself in my office with a new problem: xerostomia, also known as dry mouth. (famousdoctor.org)
  • However, the informative value of xerostomia compared to objective parameters and its impact on quality of life (QoL) are still unclear. (uni-koeln.de)
  • The information search was performed by consulting the HINARI, SciELO and PubMed oncológico en adultos databases. (bvsalud.org)
  • The medical term for dry mouth is xerostomia. (famousdoctor.org)
  • If xerostomia is not treated properly, it can lead to various medical conditions, sometimes even severe medical conditions. (exactlyhowlong.com)
  • Xerostomia may also result from a change in composition of saliva (from serous to mucous). (wikipedia.org)
  • Any nerve injury to your head or neck could result in xerostomia. (home-remedies-for-you.com)