A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.
Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.
Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.
Congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities involving ARTERIES; VEINS; or venous sinuses in the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and MENINGES.
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)
An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.
A vascular anomaly composed of a collection of large, thin walled tortuous VEINS that can occur in any part of the central nervous system but lack intervening nervous tissue. Familial occurrence is common and has been associated with a number of genes mapped to 7q, 7p and 3q. Clinical features include SEIZURES; HEADACHE; STROKE; and progressive neurological deficit.
Congenital or acquired structural abnormalities of the lymphatic system (LYMPHOID TISSUE) including the lymph vessels.
The region of the face on either side, around the PAROTID GLAND.
A vascular anomaly that is a collection of tortuous BLOOD VESSELS and connective tissue. This tumor-like mass with the large vascular space is filled with blood and usually appears as a strawberry-like lesion in the subcutaneous areas of the face, extremities, or other regions of the body including the central nervous system.
Endoscopy of the small intestines accomplished while advancing the endoscope into the intestines from the stomach by alternating the inflation of two balloons, one on an innertube of the endoscope and the other on an overtube.
An abnormal direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. An A-V fistula usually leads to the formation of a dilated sac-like connection, arteriovenous aneurysm. The locations and size of the shunts determine the degree of effects on the cardiovascular functions such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEART RATE.
Treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage by injection or infusion of chemical agents which cause localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels.
A vascular malformation of developmental origin characterized pathologically by ectasia of superficial dermal capillaries, and clinically by persistent macular erythema. In the past, port wine stains have frequently been termed capillary hemangiomas, which they are not; unfortunately this confusing practice persists: HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY is neoplastic, a port-wine stain is non-neoplastic. Port-wine stains vary in color from fairly pale pink to deep red or purple and in size from a few millimeters to many centimeters in diameter. The face is the most frequently affected site and they are most often unilateral. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 5th ed, p483)
Veins draining the cerebrum.
Acquired degenerative dilation or expansion (ectasia) of normal BLOOD VESSELS, often associated with aging. They are isolated, tortuous, thin-walled vessels and sources of bleeding. They occur most often in mucosal capillaries of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT leading to GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE and ANEMIA.
A congenital disorder that is characterized by a triad of capillary malformations (HEMANGIOMA), venous malformations (ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA), and soft tissue or bony hypertrophy of the limb. This syndrome is caused by mutations in the VG5Q gene which encodes a strong angiogenesis stimulator.
Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.
A group of congenital malformations involving the brainstem, cerebellum, upper spinal cord, and surrounding bony structures. Type II is the most common, and features compression of the medulla and cerebellar tonsils into the upper cervical spinal canal and an associated MENINGOMYELOCELE. Type I features similar, but less severe malformations and is without an associated meningomyelocele. Type III has the features of type II with an additional herniation of the entire cerebellum through the bony defect involving the foramen magnum, forming an ENCEPHALOCELE. Type IV is a form a cerebellar hypoplasia. Clinical manifestations of types I-III include TORTICOLLIS; opisthotonus; HEADACHE; VERTIGO; VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS; APNEA; NYSTAGMUS, CONGENITAL; swallowing difficulties; and ATAXIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p261; Davis, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp236-46)
A method of hemostasis utilizing various agents such as Gelfoam, silastic, metal, glass, or plastic pellets, autologous clot, fat, and muscle as emboli. It has been used in the treatment of spinal cord and INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS, renal arteriovenous fistulas, gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, hypersplenism, certain highly vascular tumors, traumatic rupture of blood vessels, and control of operative hemorrhage.
Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures.
Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
A non-inherited congenital condition with vascular and neurological abnormalities. It is characterized by facial vascular nevi (PORT-WINE STAIN), and capillary angiomatosis of intracranial membranes (MENINGES; CHOROID). Neurological features include EPILEPSY; cognitive deficits; GLAUCOMA; and visual defects.
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
Chemical agents injected into blood vessels and lymphatic sinuses to shrink or cause localized THROMBOSIS; FIBROSIS, and obliteration of the vessels. This treatment is applied in a number of conditions such as VARICOSE VEINS; HEMORRHOIDS; GASTRIC VARICES; ESOPHAGEAL VARICES; PEPTIC ULCER HEMORRHAGE.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term referring to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual, which may be genetic or environmental in origin, and can affect various systems and organs of the body.
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.
A vascular anomaly characterized by a radial or wedge-shaped arrangement of dilated VEINS draining into a larger vein in the brain, spinal cord, or the meninges. Veins in a venous angioma are surrounded by normal nervous tissue, unlike a CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA that lacks intervening nervous tissue. Drainage of venous angioma is fully integrated with the body's venous system, therefore, in most cases there is no clinical signs and rare bleeding.
A condition with multiple tumor-like lesions caused either by congenital or developmental malformations of BLOOD VESSELS, or reactive vascular proliferations, such as in bacillary angiomatosis. Angiomatosis is considered non-neoplastic.
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.
Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
Hamartoneoplastic malformation syndrome of uncertain etiology characterized by partial GIGANTISM of the hands and/or feet, asymmetry of the limbs, plantar hyperplasia, hemangiomas (HEMANGIOMA), lipomas (LIPOMA), lymphangiomas (LYMPHANGIOMA), epidermal NEVI; MACROCEPHALY; cranial HYPEROSTOSIS, and long-bone overgrowth. Joseph Merrick, the so-called "elephant man", apparently suffered from Proteus syndrome and not NEUROFIBROMATOSIS, a disorder with similar characteristics.
The outermost of the three MENINGES, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord.
A method of delineating blood vessels by subtracting a tissue background image from an image of tissue plus intravascular contrast material that attenuates the X-ray photons. The background image is determined from a digitized image taken a few moments before injection of the contrast material. The resulting angiogram is a high-contrast image of the vessel. This subtraction technique allows extraction of a high-intensity signal from the superimposed background information. The image is thus the result of the differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues.
The vessels carrying blood away from the capillary beds.
A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)
Usually a benign tumor, that commonly presents as a solitary blue nodule with spindled MELANOCYTES covered by smooth SKIN. Several variants have been identified, one variant being malignant. The blue color is caused by large, densely packed melanocytes deep in the DERMIS of the nevus. In CHILDREN, they usually occur on the BUTTOCKS and LUMBOSACRAL REGION and are referred to as cellular blue nevi. Malignant blue nevi are more commonly found on the SCALP.
A state of elevated cardiac output due to conditions of either increased hemodynamic demand or reduced cardiac oxygen output. These conditions may include ANEMIA; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; THYROTOXICOSIS; PREGNANCY; EXERCISE; FEVER; and ANOXIA. In time, compensatory changes of the heart can lead to pathological form of high cardiac output and eventual HEART FAILURE.
Any of the tubular vessels conveying the blood (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins).
A group of compounds having the general formula CH2=C(CN)-COOR; it polymerizes on contact with moisture; used as tissue adhesive; higher homologs have hemostatic and antibacterial properties.
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.
Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.
Secondary headache disorders attributed to a variety of cranial or cervical vascular disorders, such as BRAIN ISCHEMIA; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS.
Neoplasms located in the vasculature system, such as ARTERIES and VEINS. They are differentiated from neoplasms of vascular tissue (NEOPLASMS, VASCULAR TISSUE), such as ANGIOFIBROMA or HEMANGIOMA.
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.
A vein which arises from the right ascending lumbar vein or the vena cava, enters the thorax through the aortic orifice in the diaphragm, and terminates in the superior vena cava.
The arterial blood vessels supplying the CEREBRUM.
Structural abnormalities of the central or peripheral nervous system resulting primarily from defects of embryogenesis.
An infant during the first month after birth.
The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image. This type of ultrasonography is well-suited to identifying the location of high-velocity flow (such as in a stenosis) or of mapping the extent of flow in a certain region.
An abnormality in lung development that is characterized by a multicystic mass resulting from an adenomatous overgrowth of the terminal BRONCHIOLES with a consequent reduction of PULMONARY ALVEOLI. This anomaly is classified into three types by the cyst size.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.
Abnormalities in the development of the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These include malformations arising from abnormal neuronal and glial CELL PROLIFERATION or APOPTOSIS (Group I); abnormal neuronal migration (Group II); and abnormal establishment of cortical organization (Group III). Many INBORN METABOLIC BRAIN DISORDERS affecting CNS formation are often associated with cortical malformations. They are common causes of EPILEPSY and developmental delay.
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy.
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)
A TIE receptor tyrosine kinase that is found almost exclusively on ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. It is required for both normal embryonic vascular development (NEOVASCULARIZATION, PHYSIOLOGIC) and tumor angiogenesis (NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC).
Operative procedures for the treatment of vascular disorders.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Congenital structural abnormalities of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.
Longitudinal cavities in the spinal cord, most often in the cervical region, which may extend for multiple spinal levels. The cavities are lined by dense, gliogenous tissue and may be associated with SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS; spinal cord traumatic injuries; and vascular malformations. Syringomyelia is marked clinically by pain and PARESTHESIA, muscular atrophy of the hands, and analgesia with thermoanesthesia of the hands and arms, but with the tactile sense preserved (sensory dissociation). Lower extremity spasticity and incontinence may also develop. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1269)
Congenital structural deformities of the upper and lower extremities collectively or unspecified.
A congenital abnormality characterized by the persistence of the anal membrane, resulting in a thin membrane covering the normal ANAL CANAL. Imperforation is not always complete and is treated by surgery in infancy. This defect is often associated with NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS; MENTAL RETARDATION; and DOWN SYNDROME.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.
A congenital abnormality of the central nervous system marked by failure of the midline structures of the cerebellum to develop, dilation of the fourth ventricle, and upward displacement of the transverse sinuses, tentorium, and torcula. Clinical features include occipital bossing, progressive head enlargement, bulging of anterior fontanelle, papilledema, ataxia, gait disturbances, nystagmus, and intellectual compromise. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp294-5)
Congenital structural abnormalities and deformities of the musculoskeletal system.
Congenital arteriovenous malformation involving the VEIN OF GALEN, a large deep vein at the base of the brain. The rush of arterial blood directly into the vein of Galen, without passing through the CAPILLARIES, can overwhelm the heart and lead to CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot occurring at or before birth.
Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.
Congenital structural abnormalities of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the hand occurring at or before birth.
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.
A characteristic symptom complex.
Gross hypo- or aplasia of one or more long bones of one or more limbs. The concept includes amelia, hemimelia, phocomelia, and sirenomelia.
Pathophysiological conditions of the FETUS in the UTERUS. Some fetal diseases may be treated with FETAL THERAPIES.

CT and MRI of acquired portal venous system anomalies. (1/186)

In this educational presentation, we offer an overview of acquired anomalies of the portal venous system explored by biphasic helical CT and MRI. Portosystemic collateral vessels, cavernous transformation of the portal vein, intrahepatic vascular shunts, aneurysms of the portal venous system, thrombosis of the portal venous system, and gas in the portal venous system will be discussed. For liver surgery and interventional procedures it is necessary to have a correct mapping of normal anatomy, variants, and different pathologies involving the portal venous system.  (+info)

Common carotid agenesis and internal carotid stenting. (2/186)

Agenesis of common carotid artery is rare and no report of stenting procedures (carotid artery stenting) for associated stenosis of the internal carotid have been published. We report a case of internal carotid stenosis associated with this anomaly. A 73-year-old male with left internal carotid artery originating from the arch, with significant stenosis, was referred to us. Wallstent was deployed with success. Carotid artery stenting should be reserved to uncomplicated arch anatomy and plaques with low fragmentation risk.  (+info)

Portal cavernomatous transformation leading to variceal hemorrhage in Sturge-Webber syndrome. A rare, but possible association. (3/186)

Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare disorder consisting of a port-wine nevus in the distribution of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve and central nervous system malformations. Facial cutaneous vascular malformation, seizures, and glaucoma are among the most common symptoms and signs. The syndrome results from malformation of the cerebral vasculature located within the pia mater, most commonly over the occipital region. These malformations led to venous hypertension and subsequent hypoperfusion on the underlying cortex, causing chronic cerebral ischemia, atrophy, calcification and neurological deterioration. We describe 18-years-old young girl hospitalized for upper digestive hemorrhage that revealed a cavernomatous transformation of portal vein. At the same time, she presents extensive congenital, bilateral port wine stains on the face, epilepsy and glaucoma of the right eye. Computer tomography showed intracranial vascular abnormalities with calcifications, particularly in the right occipital lobe. The clinical presentation and imagistic assessment confirmed the diagnosis of Sturge-Weber syndrome associated with upper non-cirrhotic portal hypertension generated by a malformation of portal vein. CONCLUSIONS: Upper digestive hemorrhage is a quite rare eventuality in the Sturge-Webber syndrome. Moreover, portal tract malformations with cavernomatous transformation are exceptionally cited in the literature. Despite this rare association, abdominal investigation, as well as computed cranial tomography should be performed in all cases of children that present a facial cutaneous vascular malformation.  (+info)

A systematic approach to the use of the multiplanar display in evaluation of abnormal vascular connections to the fetal heart using 4-dimensional ultrasonography. (4/186)

OBJECTIVE: The multiplanar display is a modality that allows the simultaneous visualization of 3 orthogonal planes from volume data sets obtained with 3- and 4-dimensional ultrasonography. Simultaneous display of standard views used in fetal echocardiography and their orthogonal planes may provide novel ultrasonographic views for examination of the fetal heart and its vascular connections. This study was designed to determine the clinical utility of the multiplanar display in the examination of abnormal vascular connections to the fetal heart. METHODS: We reviewed 4-dimensional volume data sets, acquired with the spatiotemporal image correlation technique, from patients with abnormal vascular connections to the fetal heart. Multiplanar views of the fetal heart were used to simultaneously display standard planes used in fetal echocardiography and their corresponding orthogonal planes. RESULTS: This study included 4 volume data sets from fetuses with confirmed abnormal vascular connections to the heart, including: (1) an interrupted inferior vena cava with azygos or hemiazygos vein continuation; (2) a persistent left superior vena cava draining into a dilated coronary sinus; and (3) a dilated superior vena cava associated with a thoracic lymphangioma. Simultaneous visualization of orthogonal planes displaying abnormal vascular connections to the fetal heart facilitated identification of the abnormal vessels and their spatial relationships with other vascular structures. CONCLUSIONS: Multiplanar imaging can be used to assess abnormal vascular connections to the fetal heart and may provide novel ultrasonographic planes for fetal echocardiography using 3- and 4-dimensional ultrasonography.  (+info)

Unilateral absence of the pulmonary artery incidentally found after an episode of hemoptysis. (5/186)

A 29-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of hemoptysis and dyspnea. A chest radiographic study revealed an enlargement of the right lung hilum, and the left pulmonary artery could not be clearly visualized on contrast-enhanced CT scan. Both perfusion scintigraphy and pulmonary angiography confirmed the absence of the left pulmonary artery, and agenesis of the right upper pulmonary artery. Her clinical status has been stable for the previous two years of follow-up, even though she required long-term oxygen therapy. This is a rare case of a young woman with the unilateral absence of the left pulmonary artery incidentally found after an episode of hemoptysis.  (+info)

Effectiveness of low flow vascular lesions sclerosis with monoethanolamine: report of six cases. (6/186)

Vascular malformations or even hemangiomas need therapeutic intervention if they start to cause clinical symptoms or personal discomfort. Different therapeutic modalities, including cryotherapy, corticosteroids, laser therapy, sclerotherapy, surgery, and/or embolization, can be performed successfully. Sclerotherapy with monoethanolamine is a relatively simple and effective method to treat low flow vascular lesions. We presented a report of six cases of vascular malformations treated with monoethanolamine. There were 3 male and 3 female patients, with an age range of 20 to 68 years. The patients were submitted to applications according to clinical response and/or tolerability. In all cases, low-flow vascular lesions were recorded and submitted to infiltration with 2.5% monoethanolamine, directly into the lesions. The volume applied was approximately the middle of affected area. Vascular lesions were characterized as low-flow due to absence of arterial pulsation and flat consistence. The sclerosis with 2.5% monoethanolamine resulted in complete or partial involution, without severe complications.  (+info)

Angiogenesis and vascular malformations: antiangiogenic drugs for treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding. (7/186)

Treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with angiodysplasias and Osler's disease (hereditary hemorrhagic teleangiectasia) is clinically challenging. Frequently, vascular malformations occur as multiple disseminated lesions, making local treatment an unfavorable choice or impossible. After local therapy, lesions often recur at other sites of the intestine. However, as there are few therapeutic alternatives, repeated endoscopic coagulations or surgical resections are still performed to prevent recurrent bleeding. Hormonal therapy has been employed for more than 50 years but has recently been shown to be ineffective. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are required. Understanding of the pathophysiology of angiogenesis and vascular malformations has recently substantially increased. Currently, multiple inhibitors of angiogenesis are under development for treatment of malignant diseases. Experimental and clinical data suggest that antiangiogenic substances, which were originally developed for treatment of malignant diseases, may also represent long-awaited specific drugs for the treatment of vascular malformations. However, antiangiogenics display significantly different actions and side-effects. Although antiangiogenics like thalidomide seem to inhibit gastrointestinal bleeding, other substances like bevacizumab can cause mucosal bleeding. Therefore differential and cautious evaluation of this therapeutic strategy is necessary.  (+info)

A Japanese family of typical Loeys-Dietz syndrome with a TGFBR2 mutation. (8/186)

This report describes a Japanese family with vessel and craniofacial abnormalities. Although the clinical findings of the patient's father fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for Marfan syndrome, arterial tortuosity, aneurysms, hypertelorism and a bifid uvula were noted in both the patient and his father. These findings were compatible with the clinical manifestations that were previously reported in Loeys-Dietz syndrome. A molecular genetic analysis demonstrated a heterozygous missense mutation of the transforming growth factor-beta receptor II gene in both the patient and his father, which thus caused Loeys-Dietz syndrome. This is the first Japanese family case report of typical Loeys-Dietz syndrome.  (+info)

Vascular malformations are abnormalities in the development and growth of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that can occur anywhere in the body. They can be present at birth or develop later in life, and they can affect both the form and function of the affected tissues and organs. Vascular malformations can involve arteries, veins, capillaries, and/or lymphatic vessels, and they can range from simple, localized lesions to complex, multifocal disorders.

Vascular malformations are typically classified based on their location, size, flow characteristics, and the type of blood or lymphatic vessels involved. Some common types of vascular malformations include:

1. Capillary malformations (CMs): These are characterized by abnormal dilated capillaries that can cause red or pink discoloration of the skin, typically on the face or neck.
2. Venous malformations (VMs): These involve abnormal veins that can cause swelling, pain, and disfigurement in the affected area.
3. Lymphatic malformations (LMs): These involve abnormal lymphatic vessels that can cause swelling, infection, and other complications.
4. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs): These involve a tangled mass of arteries and veins that can cause high-flow lesions, bleeding, and other serious complications.
5. Combined vascular malformations: These involve a combination of different types of blood or lymphatic vessels, such as capillary-lymphatic-venous malformations (CLVMs) or arteriovenous-lymphatic malformations (AVLMs).

The exact cause of vascular malformations is not fully understood, but they are believed to result from genetic mutations that affect the development and growth of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Treatment options for vascular malformations depend on the type, size, location, and severity of the lesion, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment may include medication, compression garments, sclerotherapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal tangles of blood vessels that directly connect arteries and veins, bypassing the capillary system. This results in a high-flow and high-pressure circulation in the affected area. AVMs can occur anywhere in the body but are most common in the brain and spine. They can vary in size and may cause symptoms such as headaches, seizures, or bleeding in the brain. In some cases, AVMs may not cause any symptoms and may only be discovered during imaging tests for other conditions. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, or embolization to reduce the flow of blood through the malformation and prevent complications.

Intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal, tangled connections between the arteries and veins in the brain. These connections bypass the capillary system, which can lead to high-flow shunting and potential complications such as hemorrhage, stroke, or neurological deficits. AVMs are congenital conditions, meaning they are present at birth, although symptoms may not appear until later in life. They are relatively rare, affecting approximately 0.1% of the population. Treatment options for AVMs include surgery, radiation therapy, and endovascular embolization, depending on the size, location, and specific characteristics of the malformation.

Central nervous system (CNS) vascular malformations are abnormal tangles or masses of blood vessels in the brain or spinal cord. These malformations can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life). They can vary in size, location, and symptoms, which may include headaches, seizures, weakness, numbness, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, and vision problems.

There are several types of CNS vascular malformations, including:

1. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs): These are tangles of arteries and veins with a direct connection between them, bypassing the capillary network. AVMs can cause bleeding in the brain or spinal cord, leading to stroke or neurological deficits.
2. Cavernous malformations: These are clusters of dilated, thin-walled blood vessels that form a sac-like structure. They can rupture and bleed, causing symptoms such as seizures, headaches, or neurological deficits.
3. Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs): These are benign vascular malformations characterized by an abnormal pattern of veins that drain blood from the brain. DVAs are usually asymptomatic but can be associated with other vascular malformations.
4. Capillary telangiectasias: These are small clusters of dilated capillaries in the brain or spinal cord. They are usually asymptomatic and found incidentally during imaging studies.
5. Moyamoya disease: This is a rare, progressive cerebrovascular disorder characterized by the narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid arteries and their branches. This can lead to decreased blood flow to the brain, causing symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and strokes.

The diagnosis of CNS vascular malformations typically involves imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and sometimes angiography. Treatment options may include observation, medication, surgery, or endovascular procedures, depending on the type, location, and severity of the malformation.

A hemangioma is a benign (noncancerous) vascular tumor or growth that originates from blood vessels. It is characterized by an overgrowth of endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels. Hemangiomas can occur in various parts of the body, but they are most commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes.

Hemangiomas can be classified into two main types:

1. Capillary hemangioma (also known as strawberry hemangioma): This type is more common and typically appears during the first few weeks of life. It grows rapidly for several months before gradually involuting (or shrinking) on its own, usually within the first 5 years of life. Capillary hemangiomas can be superficial, appearing as a bright red, raised lesion on the skin, or deep, forming a bluish, compressible mass beneath the skin.

2. Cavernous hemangioma: This type is less common and typically appears during infancy or early childhood. It consists of large, dilated blood vessels and can occur in various organs, including the skin, liver, brain, and gastrointestinal tract. Cavernous hemangiomas on the skin appear as a rubbery, bluish mass that does not typically involute like capillary hemangiomas.

Most hemangiomas do not require treatment, especially if they are small and not causing any significant problems. However, in cases where hemangiomas interfere with vital functions, impair vision or hearing, or become infected, various treatments may be considered, such as medication (e.g., corticosteroids, propranolol), laser therapy, surgical excision, or embolization.

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the blood vessels. It is also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome. This condition is characterized by the formation of abnormal blood vessels called telangiectases, which are small red spots or tiny bulges that can be found in the skin, mucous membranes (like those inside the nose, mouth, and GI tract), and sometimes in vital organs like the lungs and brain.

These telangiectases have a tendency to bleed easily, leading to potentially serious complications such as anemia due to chronic blood loss, and in some cases, strokes or brain abscesses if the telangiectases in the brain rupture. HHT is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene from an affected parent. There are several genes associated with HHT, the most common being ACVRL1, ENG, and SMAD4.

A cavernous hemangioma in the central nervous system (CNS) refers to a type of benign vascular tumor that is made up of dilated and thin-walled blood vessels. These tumors are called "cavernous" because they are filled with blood-filled sacs or "caverns."

When these hemangiomas occur in the CNS, which includes the brain and spinal cord, they can cause various neurological symptoms depending on their size and location. Small hemangiomas may not cause any symptoms at all, while larger ones can cause seizures, headaches, weakness, or sensory changes.

Cavernous hemangiomas in the CNS are typically congenital, meaning that they are present at birth. However, they may not become symptomatic until later in life. Treatment options for cavernous hemangiomas in the CNS include observation, surgery, or radiation therapy, depending on the size, location, and symptoms caused by the tumor.

Lymphatic abnormalities refer to conditions or defects that affect the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune and circulatory systems. The lymphatic system includes a network of vessels, tissues, and organs that help rid the body of waste and toxins, fight infections, and maintain fluid balance.

Lymphatic abnormalities can occur due to genetic mutations, infections, inflammation, or cancer. These abnormalities may affect various components of the lymphatic system, including:

1. Lymph vessels: Abnormalities in lymph vessels can lead to a buildup of lymph fluid in certain parts of the body, causing swelling known as lymphedema.
2. Lymph nodes: Enlarged or abnormally shaped lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) may indicate an infection, inflammation, or cancer.
3. Spleen: An enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) can be a sign of various conditions, such as infections, blood disorders, or cancer.
4. Thymus: Abnormalities in the thymus gland, which is part of the immune system, can lead to immunodeficiency disorders.
5. Tonsils and adenoids: Enlarged tonsils and adenoids can cause breathing and swallowing difficulties, especially in children.
6. Aggregated lymphatic tissue: Abnormalities in aggregated lymphatic tissue, such as Peyer's patches in the small intestine or the appendix, can increase the risk of infections and autoimmune disorders.

Lymphatic abnormalities can present with various symptoms, including swelling, pain, recurrent infections, and fatigue. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

The parotid region is the area on either side of the face, anterior to (in front of) the ear, and below the zygomatic arch (cheekbone). It is named after the parotid gland, which is a salivary gland located within this region. The parotid gland produces saliva that helps in digestion, particularly of starches.

The parotid region contains not only the parotid gland but also other important structures such as the facial nerve, external carotid artery, and retromandibular vein. Injuries or diseases affecting this region may cause problems with chewing, speaking, or moving the face.

A cavernous hemangioma is a type of benign vascular tumor that is made up of large, dilated blood vessels. It is characterized by the presence of large, "cavernous" spaces or sacs filled with blood. These lesions can occur in various parts of the body, but when they occur in the skin or mucous membranes, they appear as well-circumscribed rubbery masses that are compressible and blanchable (turn pale when pressed).

Cavernous hemangiomas are most commonly found on the face and neck, but they can also occur in other parts of the body such as the liver. They typically grow slowly during infancy or early childhood and then stabilize or even regress spontaneously over time. However, if they are located in critical areas such as the airway or near vital organs, they may require treatment to prevent complications.

Histologically, cavernous hemangiomas are composed of large, irregularly shaped vascular spaces lined by a single layer of endothelial cells and surrounded by fibrous tissue. Treatment options for cavernous hemangiomas include observation, compression therapy, laser therapy, surgical excision, or embolization.

Double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) is a medical procedure used to examine the small intestine, which is difficult to reach with traditional endoscopes due to its length and twists and turns. DBE uses a specialized endoscope with two inflatable balloons on its tip. The endoscope is inserted through the mouth or the rectum and advanced slowly into the small intestine while alternately inflating and deflating the balloons to help move the endoscope forward and provide better visualization of the intestinal lining.

DBE can be used for diagnostic purposes, such as evaluating obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, Crohn's disease, tumors, or polyps in the small intestine. It can also be used for therapeutic interventions, such as removing polyps, taking biopsies, or placing feeding tubes.

The procedure is usually done under sedation and takes several hours to complete. While it is considered a safe procedure, potential risks include perforation of the intestinal wall, bleeding, and adverse reactions to the anesthesia.

An arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway between an artery and a vein. This connection causes blood to flow directly from the artery into the vein, bypassing the capillary network that would normally distribute the oxygen-rich blood to the surrounding tissues.

Arteriovenous fistulas can occur as a result of trauma, disease, or as a planned surgical procedure for patients who require hemodialysis, a treatment for advanced kidney failure. In hemodialysis, the arteriovenous fistula serves as a site for repeated access to the bloodstream, allowing for efficient removal of waste products and excess fluids.

The medical definition of an arteriovenous fistula is:

"An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein, usually created by surgical means for hemodialysis access or occurring as a result of trauma, congenital defects, or disease processes such as vasculitis or neoplasm."

Sclerotherapy is a medical procedure used to treat varicose veins and spider veins. It involves the injection of a solution (called a sclerosant) directly into the affected vein, which causes the vein to collapse and eventually fade away. The sclerosant works by irritating the lining of the vein, causing it to swell and stick together, which then leads to clotting and the eventual reabsorption of the vein by the body.

The procedure is typically performed in a doctor's office or outpatient setting and may require multiple sessions depending on the severity and number of veins being treated. Common side effects include bruising, swelling, and discomfort at the injection site, as well as the possibility of developing brownish pigmentation or small ulcers near the treatment area. However, these side effects are usually temporary and resolve on their own within a few weeks.

Sclerotherapy is considered a safe and effective treatment for varicose veins and spider veins, with high success rates and low complication rates. It is important to note that while sclerotherapy can improve the appearance of affected veins, it does not prevent new veins from developing in the future.

A port-wine stain is a type of birthmark that appears at birth or shortly thereafter. It's caused by an abnormal development of blood vessels in the skin, leading to a permanently reddish-purple discoloration. Port-wine stains are generally found on the face but can occur anywhere on the body. They tend to grow as the child grows and may become darker and thicker over time.

Unlike some other types of birthmarks, port-wine stains usually do not fade or go away on their own. In some cases, they can be associated with various syndromes or conditions that affect the development of blood vessels or nerves. Treatment options include laser therapy, which can help to reduce the size and color of the stain, especially when started in early childhood.

Cerebral veins are the blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the brain to the dural venous sinuses, which are located between the layers of tissue covering the brain. The largest cerebral vein is the superior sagittal sinus, which runs along the top of the brain. Other major cerebral veins include the straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and cavernous sinus. These veins receive blood from smaller veins called venules that drain the surface and deep structures of the brain. The cerebral veins play an important role in maintaining normal circulation and pressure within the brain.

Angiodysplasia is a vascular disorder characterized by the dilation and abnormal formation of blood vessels, particularly in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These abnormal blood vessels are prone to leakage or rupture, which can lead to bleeding. Angiodysplasia is most commonly found in the colon but can occur in other parts of the GI tract as well. It is more common in older adults and can cause symptoms such as anemia, fatigue, and bloody stools. The exact cause of angiodysplasia is not known, but it may be associated with chronic low-grade inflammation or increased pressure in the blood vessels. Treatment options include endoscopic therapies to stop bleeding, medications to reduce acid production in the stomach, and surgery in severe cases.

Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome (KTWS) is a rare and complex congenital vascular disorder that affects the development of blood vessels, soft tissues, and bones. It is also known as Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome or KTS.

The medical definition of KTWS includes the following features:
1. Port-wine stain (capillary malformation): A red or purple birthmark caused by an abnormal collection of blood vessels in the skin, often present at birth and usually affecting one limb or part of the body.
2. Venous and lymphatic abnormalities: Varicose veins, dilated veins, or abnormal vein patterns may be present, along with lymphatic malformations that can cause swelling in the affected area.
3. Soft tissue and bone hypertrophy: Overgrowth of soft tissues and bones in the affected limb or region, leading to asymmetry and sometimes functional impairment.
4. Other possible features: May include skin abnormalities, such as increased hair growth or changes in texture; joint deformities; and orthopedic problems, like scoliosis or hip dysplasia.

It is important to note that the severity of KTWS can vary significantly from person to person, ranging from mild symptoms to severe cases with significant functional impairment. The condition is not typically life-threatening but may require ongoing medical management and surveillance to address potential complications, such as infections, bleeding, or deep vein thrombosis.

Vascular skin diseases are a group of medical conditions that affect the blood vessels in the skin. These disorders can be caused by problems with the structure or function of the blood vessels, which can lead to various symptoms such as redness, discoloration, pain, itching, and ulcerations. Some examples of vascular skin diseases include:

1. Rosacea: a chronic skin condition that causes redness, flushing, and visible blood vessels in the face.
2. Eczema: a group of inflammatory skin conditions that can cause redness, itching, and dryness. Some types of eczema, such as varicose eczema, are associated with problems with the veins.
3. Psoriasis: an autoimmune condition that causes red, scaly patches on the skin. Some people with psoriasis may also develop psoriatic arthritis, which can affect the blood vessels in the skin and joints.
4. Vasculitis: a group of conditions that cause inflammation of the blood vessels. This can lead to symptoms such as redness, pain, and ulcerations.
5. Livedo reticularis: a condition that causes a net-like pattern of discoloration on the skin, usually on the legs. It is caused by abnormalities in the small blood vessels.
6. Henoch-Schönlein purpura: a rare condition that causes inflammation of the small blood vessels, leading to purple spots on the skin and joint pain.
7. Raynaud's phenomenon: a condition that affects the blood vessels in the fingers and toes, causing them to become narrow and restrict blood flow in response to cold temperatures or stress.

Treatment for vascular skin diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. It may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

Arnold-Chiari malformation is a structural abnormality of the brain and skull base, specifically the cerebellum and brainstem. It is characterized by the descent of the cerebellar tonsils and sometimes parts of the brainstem through the foramen magnum (the opening at the base of the skull) into the upper spinal canal. This can cause pressure on the brainstem and cerebellum, potentially leading to a range of symptoms such as headaches, neck pain, unsteady gait, swallowing difficulties, hearing or balance problems, and in severe cases, neurological deficits. There are four types of Arnold-Chiari malformations, with type I being the most common and least severe form. Types II, III, and IV are progressively more severe and involve varying degrees of hindbrain herniation and associated neural tissue damage. Surgical intervention is often required to alleviate symptoms and prevent further neurological deterioration.

Therapeutic embolization is a medical procedure that involves intentionally blocking or obstructing blood vessels to stop excessive bleeding or block the flow of blood to a tumor or abnormal tissue. This is typically accomplished by injecting small particles, such as microspheres or coils, into the targeted blood vessel through a catheter, which is inserted into a larger blood vessel and guided to the desired location using imaging techniques like X-ray or CT scanning. The goal of therapeutic embolization is to reduce the size of a tumor, control bleeding, or block off abnormal blood vessels that are causing problems.

Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the blood vessels or arteries within the body. It is a type of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) that focuses specifically on the circulatory system.

MRA can be used to diagnose and evaluate various conditions related to the blood vessels, such as aneurysms, stenosis (narrowing of the vessel), or the presence of plaques or tumors. It can also be used to plan for surgeries or other treatments related to the vascular system. The procedure does not use radiation and is generally considered safe, although people with certain implants like pacemakers may not be able to have an MRA due to safety concerns.

Congenital abnormalities, also known as birth defects, are structural or functional anomalies that are present at birth. These abnormalities can develop at any point during fetal development, and they can affect any part of the body. They can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both.

Congenital abnormalities can range from mild to severe and may include structural defects such as heart defects, neural tube defects, and cleft lip and palate, as well as functional defects such as intellectual disabilities and sensory impairments. Some congenital abnormalities may be visible at birth, while others may not become apparent until later in life.

In some cases, congenital abnormalities may be detected through prenatal testing, such as ultrasound or amniocentesis. In other cases, they may not be diagnosed until after the baby is born. Treatment for congenital abnormalities varies depending on the type and severity of the defect, and may include surgery, therapy, medication, or a combination of these approaches.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare neurocutaneous disorder characterized by the combination of a facial port-wine birthmark and neurological abnormalities. The facial birthmark, which is typically located on one side of the face, occurs due to the malformation of small blood vessels (capillaries) in the skin and eye.

Neurological features often include seizures that begin in infancy, muscle weakness or paralysis on one side of the body (hemiparesis), developmental delay, and intellectual disability. These neurological symptoms are caused by abnormal blood vessel formation in the brain (leptomeningeal angiomatosis) leading to increased pressure, reduced blood flow, and potential damage to the brain tissue.

Sturge-Weber syndrome can also affect the eyes, with glaucoma being a common occurrence due to increased pressure within the eye. Early diagnosis and appropriate management of this condition are crucial for improving the quality of life and reducing potential complications.

Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is a term used to describe any bleeding that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The bleeding can range from mild to severe and can produce symptoms such as vomiting blood, passing black or tarry stools, or having low blood pressure.

GI hemorrhage can be classified as either upper or lower, depending on the location of the bleed. Upper GI hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs above the ligament of Treitz, which is a point in the small intestine where it becomes narrower and turns a corner. Common causes of upper GI hemorrhage include gastritis, ulcers, esophageal varices, and Mallory-Weiss tears.

Lower GI hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs below the ligament of Treitz. Common causes of lower GI hemorrhage include diverticulosis, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and vascular abnormalities such as angiodysplasia.

The diagnosis of GI hemorrhage is often made based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy, CT scan, or radionuclide scanning. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the bleeding and may include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Sclerosing solutions are medications or substances that are used to intentionally cause the scarring and hardening (sclerosis) of tissue, usually in the context of treating various medical conditions. These solutions work by irritating the interior lining of blood vessels or other targeted tissues, leading to the formation of a fibrous scar and the eventual closure of the affected area.

One common use of sclerosing solutions is in the treatment of abnormal veins, such as varicose veins or spider veins. A solution like sodium tetradecyl sulfate or polidocanol is injected directly into the problematic vein, causing inflammation and eventual closure of the vein. The body then gradually absorbs the closed vein, reducing its appearance and associated symptoms.

Other medical applications for sclerosing solutions include the treatment of lymphatic malformations, hydroceles, and certain types of tumors or cysts. It is essential to administer these substances under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, as improper use can lead to complications such as infection, tissue damage, or embolism.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term that refers to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or can develop later in life (acquired). They can affect various organs and systems of the body and can vary greatly in severity and impact on a person's health and well-being.

Multiple abnormalities can occur due to genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, exposure to teratogens (substances that cause birth defects), and maternal infections during pregnancy are some of the common causes of multiple congenital abnormalities.

Examples of multiple congenital abnormalities include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and VATER/VACTERL association. Acquired multiple abnormalities can result from conditions such as trauma, infection, degenerative diseases, or cancer.

The medical evaluation and management of individuals with multiple abnormalities depend on the specific abnormalities present and their impact on the individual's health and functioning. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals is often involved in the care of these individuals to address their complex needs.

A cerebral hemorrhage, also known as an intracranial hemorrhage or intracerebral hemorrhage, is a type of stroke that results from bleeding within the brain tissue. It occurs when a weakened blood vessel bursts and causes localized bleeding in the brain. This bleeding can increase pressure in the skull, damage nearby brain cells, and release toxic substances that further harm brain tissues.

Cerebral hemorrhages are often caused by chronic conditions like hypertension (high blood pressure) or cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which weakens the walls of blood vessels over time. Other potential causes include trauma, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, illicit drug use, and brain tumors. Symptoms may include sudden headache, weakness, numbness, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, loss of balance, and altered level of consciousness. Immediate medical attention is required to diagnose and manage cerebral hemorrhage through imaging techniques, supportive care, and possible surgical interventions.

A Central Nervous System Venous Angioma (CNS VA), also known as a cerebral venous angioma or developmental venous anomaly (DVA), is a benign vascular malformation of the central nervous system. It is a congenital condition, which means it is present at birth.

A CNS VA is characterized by a cluster of veins that converge into a single larger vein, creating a radial pattern that resembles a Medusa head or a spoked wheel. This venous anomaly typically drains blood from normal brain tissue and usually does not cause any symptoms or neurological deficits. However, in rare cases, CNS VAs may be associated with intracranial hemorrhage, seizures, or development of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).

CNS VAs are usually discovered incidentally during imaging studies performed for other medical reasons. Diagnostic imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans with contrast can help identify and characterize CNS VAs. No specific treatment is required for asymptomatic CNS VAs, but follow-up imaging may be recommended to monitor the condition over time. In cases where symptoms are present or there is a risk of complications, various treatment options may be considered, including surgical removal, endovascular embolization, or radiation therapy.

Angiomatosis is a medical term that refers to a benign condition characterized by the proliferation of blood vessels in various tissues and organs. It is typically composed of small, tangled blood vessels called capillaries, which can form clusters or networks. The condition can affect skin, internal organs, bones, and other tissues.

Angiomatosis is often asymptomatic and may be discovered incidentally during medical imaging or surgical procedures. In some cases, it may cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, or bleeding, depending on the location and extent of the lesions.

While angiomatosis is generally a benign condition, in rare cases, it can be associated with malignant tumors or other medical conditions. Treatment options for angiomatosis depend on the size, location, and symptoms of the lesions and may include observation, medication, or surgical removal.

Telangiectasia is a medical term that refers to the dilation and widening of small blood vessels called capillaries, leading to their visibility under the skin or mucous membranes. These dilated vessels often appear as tiny red lines or patterns, measuring less than 1 millimeter in diameter.

Telangiectasias can occur in various parts of the body, such as the face, nose, cheeks, legs, and fingers. They are typically harmless but may cause cosmetic concerns for some individuals. In certain cases, telangiectasias can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, like rosacea, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), or liver disease.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if you notice any unusual changes in your skin or mucous membranes, as they can provide appropriate evaluation and treatment recommendations based on the underlying cause of the telangiectasias.

Angiography is a medical procedure in which an x-ray image is taken to visualize the internal structure of blood vessels, arteries, or veins. This is done by injecting a radiopaque contrast agent (dye) into the blood vessel using a thin, flexible catheter. The dye makes the blood vessels visible on an x-ray image, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat various medical conditions such as blockages, narrowing, or malformations of the blood vessels.

There are several types of angiography, including:

* Cardiac angiography (also called coronary angiography) - used to examine the blood vessels of the heart
* Cerebral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels of the brain
* Peripheral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels in the limbs or other parts of the body.

Angiography is typically performed by a radiologist, cardiologist, or vascular surgeon in a hospital setting. It can help diagnose conditions such as coronary artery disease, aneurysms, and peripheral arterial disease, among others.

Proteus Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive overgrowth of skin, bones, muscles, and other tissues. It is caused by a mutation in the AKT1 gene, which regulates cell growth and division. The disorder is named after the Greek sea-god Proteus, who could change his shape at will, as people with this condition often have highly variable and asymmetric features.

The symptoms of Proteus Syndrome can vary widely from person to person, but may include:

1. Overgrowth of skin, which can lead to the formation of thickened, rough, or irregular areas of skin (known as "cerebriform" skin) and deep creases or folds.
2. Asymmetric overgrowth of bones, muscles, and other tissues, leading to differences in size and shape between the two sides of the body.
3. The formation of benign tumors (such as lipomas and lymphangiomas) and abnormal blood vessels.
4. Abnormalities of the brain, eyes, and other organs.
5. Increased risk of developing certain types of cancer.

Proteus Syndrome is typically diagnosed based on a combination of clinical features, medical imaging, and genetic testing. There is no cure for the disorder, but treatment is focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may involve surgery to remove tumors or correct bone deformities, physical therapy to improve mobility and strength, and medications to control pain and other symptoms.

Dura Mater is the thickest and outermost of the three membranes (meninges) that cover the brain and spinal cord. It provides protection and support to these delicate structures. The other two layers are called the Arachnoid Mater and the Pia Mater, which are thinner and more delicate than the Dura Mater. Together, these three layers form a protective barrier around the central nervous system.

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the blood vessels and blood flow within the body. It combines the use of X-ray technology with digital image processing to produce detailed images of the vascular system.

In DSA, a contrast agent is injected into the patient's bloodstream through a catheter, which is typically inserted into an artery in the leg and guided to the area of interest using fluoroscopy. As the contrast agent flows through the blood vessels, X-ray images are taken at multiple time points.

The digital subtraction process involves taking a baseline image without contrast and then subtracting it from subsequent images taken with contrast. This allows for the removal of background structures and noise, resulting in clearer images of the blood vessels. DSA can be used to diagnose and evaluate various vascular conditions, such as aneurysms, stenosis, and tumors, and can also guide interventional procedures such as angioplasty and stenting.

Veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart. They have a lower pressure than arteries and contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Veins have a thin, flexible wall with a larger lumen compared to arteries, allowing them to accommodate more blood volume. The color of veins is often blue or green due to the absorption characteristics of light and the reduced oxygen content in the blood they carry.

Hemangioendothelioma is a rare type of vascular tumor, which means it arises from the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels. It can occur in various parts of the body, but it most commonly involves the soft tissues and bones. Hemangioendotheliomas are often classified as borderline malignant tumors because they can behave either indolently (like a benign tumor) or aggressively (like a malignant tumor), depending on their specific type and location.

There are several subtypes of hemangioendothelioma, including:

1. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: This subtype typically affects young adults and can involve various organs, such as the liver, lungs, or soft tissues. It tends to have a more indolent course but can metastasize in some cases.
2. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma: This is an aggressive subtype that usually occurs in infants and children. It often involves the skin and soft tissues, causing local invasion and consumptive coagulopathy (Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon).
3. Retiform hemangioendothelioma: A rare and low-grade malignant tumor that typically affects the skin and subcutaneous tissue of adults. It has a favorable prognosis with a low risk of metastasis.
4. Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma (PILA): This is a rare, slow-growing tumor that usually occurs in the head and neck region of children and young adults. It has an excellent prognosis with no reported cases of metastasis or recurrence after complete surgical resection.

Treatment for hemangioendotheliomas typically involves surgical excision when possible. Other treatment options, such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapies, may be considered depending on the tumor's location, size, and behavior. Regular follow-up is essential to monitor for potential recurrence or metastasis.

A blue nevus, also known as a "naevus" or "mole," is a type of melanocytic nevus, which means it contains the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. The term "blue" refers to its characteristic color, which results from the way light penetrates and scatters in the deep layers of the skin where the nevus is located.

Blue nevi are typically benign, meaning they are not cancerous and do not usually pose a threat to health. They can appear as solitary lesions or multiple lesions and may be present at birth (congenital) or develop during childhood or adulthood.

While blue nevi are generally harmless, it is important to monitor them for any changes in size, shape, color, or texture, as well as the development of new symptoms such as pain, itching, or bleeding. In rare cases, a blue nevus may undergo malignant transformation and develop into a type of skin cancer called melanoma.

If you have a blue nevus that is changing or causing concern, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and management.

Cardiac output is a measure of the amount of blood that is pumped by the heart in one minute. It is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each beat) by the heart rate (the number of times the heart beats per minute).

A "high" cardiac output refers to a situation where the cardiac output is greater than normal. This can occur in various conditions such as hyperthyroidism, anemia, fever, pregnancy, or any other condition that increases the body's metabolic demand and requires more blood flow to tissues. It can also be seen in patients with certain heart conditions like a severely narrowed aortic valve or high output cardiac failure.

However, it is important to note that while a high cardiac output may be beneficial in some cases, such as during exercise or pregnancy, chronically elevated levels can lead to increased workload on the heart and potentially contribute to heart failure over time.

Blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the body. They form a network of tubes that carry blood to and from the heart, lungs, and other organs. The main types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body, while veins return deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries connect arteries and veins and facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials between the blood and the body's tissues.

Cyanoacrylates are a type of fast-acting adhesive that polymerize in the presence of moisture. They are commonly used in medical settings as tissue adhesives or surgical glues to close wounds and promote healing. The most well-known cyanoacrylate is probably "super glue," which is not intended for medical use.

In a medical context, cyanoacrylates are often used as an alternative to sutures or staples to close minor cuts and wounds. They can also be used in certain surgical procedures to help stop bleeding and hold tissue together while it heals. The adhesive forms a strong bond that helps to keep the wound closed and reduce the risk of infection.

It's important to note that cyanoacrylates should only be used under the direction of a healthcare professional, as improper use can lead to skin irritation or other complications. Additionally, cyanoacrylates are not suitable for all types of wounds, so it's important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully when using these products.

Spinal cord diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the spinal cord, which is a part of the central nervous system responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body. These diseases can cause damage to the spinal cord, leading to various symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, pain, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and difficulty with movement and coordination.

Spinal cord diseases can be congenital or acquired, and they can result from a variety of causes, including infections, injuries, tumors, degenerative conditions, autoimmune disorders, and genetic factors. Some examples of spinal cord diseases include multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, spinal cord injury, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

The treatment for spinal cord diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Treatment options may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, and rehabilitation. In some cases, the damage to the spinal cord may be irreversible, leading to permanent disability or paralysis.

Cerebral angiography is a medical procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the blood vessels in the brain after injecting a contrast dye into them. This procedure helps doctors to diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the blood vessels in the brain, such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and stenosis (narrowing of the blood vessels).

During the procedure, a catheter is inserted into an artery in the leg and threaded through the body to the blood vessels in the neck or brain. The contrast dye is then injected through the catheter, and X-ray images are taken to visualize the blood flow through the brain's blood vessels.

Cerebral angiography provides detailed images of the blood vessels in the brain, allowing doctors to identify any abnormalities or blockages that may be causing symptoms or increasing the risk of stroke. Based on the results of the cerebral angiography, doctors can develop a treatment plan to address these issues and prevent further complications.

A vascular headache is a type of headache that is primarily caused by disturbances in the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain and surrounding tissues. The two most common types of vascular headaches are migraines and cluster headaches.

Migraines are characterized by intense, throbbing pain on one or both sides of the head, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound, and visual disturbances known as auras. They can last from several hours to days.

Cluster headaches, on the other hand, are characterized by severe, one-sided pain around the eye or temple that occurs in clusters, meaning they occur several times a day for weeks or months, followed by periods of remission. Cluster headaches are often accompanied by symptoms such as redness and tearing of the eye, nasal congestion, and sweating on the affected side of the face.

Other types of vascular headaches include toxic headaches caused by exposure to certain substances or drugs, and headaches associated with high blood pressure or other medical conditions that affect the blood vessels in the brain.

Vascular neoplasms are a type of tumor that develops from cells that line the blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign vascular neoplasms, such as hemangiomas and lymphangiomas, are usually harmless and may not require treatment unless they cause symptoms or complications. Malignant vascular neoplasms, on the other hand, are known as angiosarcomas and can be aggressive, spreading to other parts of the body and potentially causing serious health problems.

Angiosarcomas can develop in any part of the body but are most commonly found in the skin, particularly in areas exposed to radiation or chronic lymph edema. They can also occur in the breast, liver, spleen, and heart. Treatment for vascular neoplasms depends on the type, location, size, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a type of stroke caused by bleeding within the brain or its surrounding tissues. It's a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment. The bleeding can occur in various locations:

1. Epidural hematoma: Bleeding between the dura mater (the outermost protective covering of the brain) and the skull. This is often caused by trauma, such as a head injury.
2. Subdural hematoma: Bleeding between the dura mater and the brain's surface, which can also be caused by trauma.
3. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Bleeding in the subarachnoid space, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and surrounds the brain. This type of ICH is commonly caused by the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation.
4. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage: Bleeding within the brain tissue itself, which can be caused by hypertension (high blood pressure), amyloid angiopathy, or trauma.
5. Intraventricular hemorrhage: Bleeding into the brain's ventricular system, which contains CSF and communicates with the subarachnoid space. This type of ICH is often seen in premature infants but can also be caused by head trauma or aneurysm rupture in adults.

Symptoms of intracranial hemorrhage may include sudden severe headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, confusion, seizures, weakness, numbness, or paralysis on one side of the body, vision changes, or difficulty speaking or understanding speech. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further brain damage and potential long-term disabilities or death.

The azygos vein is a large, unpaired venous structure in the thoracic cavity of the human body. It begins as the ascending lumbar vein, which receives blood from the lower extremities and abdominal organs. As it enters the thorax through the diaphragm, it becomes the azygos vein and continues to ascend along the vertebral column.

The azygos vein receives blood from various tributaries, including the intercostal veins, esophageal veins, mediastinal veins, and bronchial veins. It then arches over the right mainstem bronchus and empties into the superior vena cava, which returns blood to the right atrium of the heart.

The azygos vein provides an important collateral pathway for venous return in cases where the inferior vena cava is obstructed or occluded. It also plays a role in the spread of certain thoracic diseases, such as tuberculosis and cancer.

Cerebral arteries refer to the blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the brain. These arteries branch off from the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries, which combine to form the basilar artery. The major cerebral arteries include:

1. Anterior cerebral artery (ACA): This artery supplies blood to the frontal lobes of the brain, including the motor and sensory cortices responsible for movement and sensation in the lower limbs.
2. Middle cerebral artery (MCA): The MCA is the largest of the cerebral arteries and supplies blood to the lateral surface of the brain, including the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes. It is responsible for providing blood to areas involved in motor function, sensory perception, speech, memory, and vision.
3. Posterior cerebral artery (PCA): The PCA supplies blood to the occipital lobe, which is responsible for visual processing, as well as parts of the temporal and parietal lobes.
4. Anterior communicating artery (ACoA) and posterior communicating arteries (PComAs): These are small arteries that connect the major cerebral arteries, forming an important circulatory network called the Circle of Willis. The ACoA connects the two ACAs, while the PComAs connect the ICA with the PCA and the basilar artery.

These cerebral arteries play a crucial role in maintaining proper brain function by delivering oxygenated blood to various regions of the brain. Any damage or obstruction to these arteries can lead to serious neurological conditions, such as strokes or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).

Nervous system malformations, also known as nervous system dysplasias or developmental anomalies, refer to structural abnormalities or defects in the development of the nervous system. These malformations can occur during fetal development and can affect various parts of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Nervous system malformations can result from genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. They can range from mild to severe and may cause a wide variety of symptoms, depending on the specific type and location of the malformation. Some common examples of nervous system malformations include:

* Spina bifida: a defect in the closure of the spinal cord and surrounding bones, which can lead to neurological problems such as paralysis, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and hydrocephalus.
* Anencephaly: a severe malformation where the brain and skull do not develop properly, resulting in stillbirth or death shortly after birth.
* Chiari malformation: a structural defect in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination, which can cause headaches, neck pain, and difficulty swallowing.
* Microcephaly: a condition where the head is smaller than normal due to abnormal development of the brain, which can lead to intellectual disability and developmental delays.
* Hydrocephalus: a buildup of fluid in the brain that can cause pressure on the brain and lead to cognitive impairment, vision problems, and other neurological symptoms.

Treatment for nervous system malformations depends on the specific type and severity of the condition and may include surgery, medication, physical therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

The pons is a part of the brainstem that lies between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain. Its name comes from the Latin word "ponte" which means "bridge," as it serves to connect these two regions of the brainstem. The pons contains several important structures, including nerve fibers that carry signals between the cerebellum (the part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements) and the rest of the nervous system. It also contains nuclei (clusters of neurons) that help regulate various functions such as respiration, sleep, and facial movements.

Ultrasonography, Doppler, color is a type of diagnostic ultrasound technique that uses the Doppler effect to produce visual images of blood flow in vessels and the heart. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave. In this context, it refers to the change in frequency of the ultrasound waves as they reflect off moving red blood cells.

In color Doppler ultrasonography, different colors are used to represent the direction and speed of blood flow. Red typically represents blood flowing toward the transducer (the device that sends and receives sound waves), while blue represents blood flowing away from the transducer. The intensity or brightness of the color is proportional to the velocity of blood flow.

Color Doppler ultrasonography is often used in conjunction with grayscale ultrasound imaging, which provides information about the structure and composition of tissues. Together, these techniques can help diagnose a wide range of conditions, including heart disease, blood clots, and abnormalities in blood flow.

Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM) of the lung is a rare developmental anomaly of the lungs that affects the terminal ends of the bronchus. It is characterized by the presence of abnormal masses or nodules filled with mucus or air-filled cysts in the lung tissue. These malformations are typically present at birth but may not cause any symptoms until later in life, if at all.

CCAMs are classified into three types based on their size, location, and the number of cysts present. Type I CCAMs have one or more large cysts (greater than 2 cm in diameter), type II CCAMs have multiple small cysts (less than 1 cm in diameter), and type III CCAMs are solid masses without any visible cysts.

CCAMs can cause a range of symptoms, including respiratory distress, coughing, wheezing, recurrent lung infections, and difficulty gaining weight. In severe cases, they may lead to heart failure or fetal hydrops (a condition characterized by fluid accumulation in the fetus).

The diagnosis of CCAMs is typically made through prenatal ultrasound or imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs after birth. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the affected lung tissue, which can be done safely with minimal risk to the child's health and development.

Neurosurgical procedures are operations that are performed on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These procedures are typically carried out by neurosurgeons, who are medical doctors with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgical procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including traumatic injuries, tumors, aneurysms, vascular malformations, infections, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities.

Some common types of neurosurgical procedures include:

* Craniotomy: A procedure in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to gain access to the brain. This type of procedure may be performed to remove a tumor, repair a blood vessel, or relieve pressure on the brain.
* Spinal fusion: A procedure in which two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together using bone grafts and metal hardware. This is often done to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain caused by degenerative conditions or spinal deformities.
* Microvascular decompression: A procedure in which a blood vessel that is causing pressure on a nerve is repositioned or removed. This type of procedure is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a condition that causes severe facial pain.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a battery-operated device called a neurostimulator. The neurostimulator sends electrical impulses to the brain to help alleviate symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
* Stereotactic radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to treat tumors, vascular malformations, and other abnormalities in the brain or spine. This type of procedure is often used for patients who are not good candidates for traditional surgery due to age, health status, or location of the lesion.

Neurosurgical procedures can be complex and require a high degree of skill and expertise. Patients considering neurosurgical treatment should consult with a qualified neurosurgeon to discuss their options and determine the best course of action for their individual situation.

Jejunal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the jejunum, which is the middle section of the small intestine. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Some examples of jejunal diseases include:

1. Jejunal inflammation or infection (jejunitis)
2. Crohn's disease, which can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract including the jejunum
3. Intestinal lymphoma, a type of cancer that can develop in the small intestine
4. Celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes damage to the small intestine when gluten is consumed
5. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), which can occur due to various reasons including structural abnormalities or motility disorders of the jejunum
6. Meckel's diverticulum, a congenital condition where a small pouch protrudes from the wall of the intestine, usually located in the ileum but can also affect the jejunum
7. Intestinal strictures or obstructions caused by scarring, adhesions, or tumors
8. Radiation enteritis, damage to the small intestine caused by radiation therapy for cancer treatment.

The diagnosis and management of jejunal diseases depend on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medications, dietary modifications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Malformations of Cortical Development (MCDs) are a group of congenital brain abnormalities that occur during the development and organization of the cerebral cortex, which is the brain region responsible for higher cognitive functions. These malformations result from disruptions in neuronal migration, proliferation, or organization, leading to varying degrees of cortical thickness, folding, and structural integrity.

MCDs can be classified into several subtypes based on their distinct neuroimaging and histopathological features. Some common MCD subtypes include:

1. Lissencephaly (smooth brain): A severe malformation characterized by the absence of normal gyral and sulcal patterns, resulting in a smooth cortical surface. This is caused by defects in neuronal migration during early development.
2. Polymicrogyria (many small folds): A condition where the cortex has an excessive number of small, irregular gyri, leading to thickened and disorganized cortical layers. This can be focal or diffuse and is caused by abnormal neuronal migration or organization during mid to late development.
3. Schizencephaly (cleft brain): A malformation characterized by a linear cleft or gap in the cerebral cortex, extending from the pial surface to the ventricular system. This can be unilateral or bilateral and is caused by disruptions in neuronal migration and/or cortical organization during early development.
4. Heterotopias (misplaced cells): A condition where groups of neurons are abnormally located within the white matter or at the gray-white matter junction, instead of their normal position in the cerebral cortex. This can be focal or diffuse and is caused by defects in neuronal migration during early development.
5. Focal cortical dysplasia (abnormal localized tissue): A condition characterized by abnormal cortical architecture, including disorganized lamination, enlarged neurons, and heterotopic neurons. This can be focal or multifocal and is caused by defects in cortical organization during late development.

MCDs are often associated with neurological symptoms such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, motor deficits, and behavioral abnormalities. The severity of these symptoms depends on the type, location, and extent of the malformation.

"Drug-induced abnormalities" refer to physical or physiological changes that occur as a result of taking medication or drugs. These abnormalities can affect various organs and systems in the body and can range from minor symptoms, such as nausea or dizziness, to more serious conditions, such as liver damage or heart rhythm disturbances.

Drug-induced abnormalities can occur for several reasons, including:

1. Direct toxicity: Some drugs can directly damage cells and tissues in the body, leading to abnormalities.
2. Altered metabolism: Drugs can interfere with normal metabolic processes in the body, leading to the accumulation of harmful substances or the depletion of essential nutrients.
3. Hormonal imbalances: Some drugs can affect hormone levels in the body, leading to abnormalities.
4. Allergic reactions: Some people may have allergic reactions to certain drugs, which can cause a range of symptoms, including rashes, swelling, and difficulty breathing.
5. Interactions with other drugs: Taking multiple medications or drugs at the same time can increase the risk of drug-induced abnormalities.

It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients closely for signs of drug-induced abnormalities and to adjust medication dosages or switch to alternative treatments as necessary. Patients should also inform their healthcare providers of any symptoms they experience while taking medication, as these may be related to drug-induced abnormalities.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.

During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.

Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

Diagnostic imaging is a medical specialty that uses various technologies to produce visual representations of the internal structures and functioning of the body. These images are used to diagnose injury, disease, or other abnormalities and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Common modalities of diagnostic imaging include:

1. Radiography (X-ray): Uses ionizing radiation to produce detailed images of bones, teeth, and some organs.
2. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: Combines X-ray technology with computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body.
3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to generate detailed images of soft tissues, organs, and bones.
4. Ultrasound: Employs high-frequency sound waves to produce real-time images of internal structures, often used for obstetrics and gynecology.
5. Nuclear Medicine: Involves the administration of radioactive tracers to assess organ function or detect abnormalities within the body.
6. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan: Uses a small amount of radioactive material to produce detailed images of metabolic activity in the body, often used for cancer detection and monitoring treatment response.
7. Fluoroscopy: Utilizes continuous X-ray imaging to observe moving structures or processes within the body, such as swallowing studies or angiography.

Diagnostic imaging plays a crucial role in modern medicine, allowing healthcare providers to make informed decisions about patient care and treatment plans.

An aneurysm is a localized, balloon-like bulge in the wall of a blood vessel. It occurs when the pressure inside the vessel causes a weakened area to swell and become enlarged. Aneurysms can develop in any blood vessel, but they are most common in arteries at the base of the brain (cerebral aneurysm) and the main artery carrying blood from the heart to the rest of the body (aortic aneurysm).

Aneurysms can be classified as saccular or fusiform, depending on their shape. A saccular aneurysm is a round or oval bulge that projects from the side of a blood vessel, while a fusiform aneurysm is a dilated segment of a blood vessel that is uniform in width and involves all three layers of the arterial wall.

The size and location of an aneurysm can affect its risk of rupture. Generally, larger aneurysms are more likely to rupture than smaller ones. Aneurysms located in areas with high blood pressure or where the vessel branches are also at higher risk of rupture.

Ruptured aneurysms can cause life-threatening bleeding and require immediate medical attention. Symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm may include sudden severe headache, neck stiffness, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, or loss of consciousness. Unruptured aneurysms may not cause any symptoms and are often discovered during routine imaging tests for other conditions.

Treatment options for aneurysms depend on their size, location, and risk of rupture. Small, unruptured aneurysms may be monitored with regular imaging tests to check for growth or changes. Larger or symptomatic aneurysms may require surgical intervention, such as clipping or coiling, to prevent rupture and reduce the risk of complications.

An intracranial aneurysm is a localized, blood-filled dilation or bulging in the wall of a cerebral artery within the skull (intracranial). These aneurysms typically occur at weak points in the arterial walls, often at branching points where the vessel divides into smaller branches. Over time, the repeated pressure from blood flow can cause the vessel wall to weaken and balloon out, forming a sac-like structure. Intracranial aneurysms can vary in size, ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.

There are three main types of intracranial aneurysms:

1. Saccular (berry) aneurysm: This is the most common type, characterized by a round or oval shape with a narrow neck and a bulging sac. They usually develop at branching points in the arteries due to congenital weaknesses in the vessel wall.
2. Fusiform aneurysm: These aneurysms have a dilated segment along the length of the artery, forming a cigar-shaped or spindle-like structure. They are often caused by atherosclerosis and can affect any part of the cerebral arteries.
3. Dissecting aneurysm: This type occurs when there is a tear in the inner lining (intima) of the artery, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the vessel wall. It can lead to narrowing or complete blockage of the affected artery and may cause subarachnoid hemorrhage if it ruptures.

Intracranial aneurysms can be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during imaging studies for other conditions. However, when they grow larger or rupture, they can lead to severe complications such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, or even death. Treatment options include surgical clipping, endovascular coiling, or flow diversion techniques to prevent further growth and potential rupture of the aneurysm.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can result in a wide range of symptoms, including convulsions, loss of consciousness, and altered sensations or behaviors. Epilepsy can have many different causes, including genetic factors, brain injury, infection, or stroke. In some cases, the cause may be unknown.

There are many different types of seizures that can occur in people with epilepsy, and the specific type of seizure will depend on the location and extent of the abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Some people may experience only one type of seizure, while others may have several different types. Seizures can vary in frequency, from a few per year to dozens or even hundreds per day.

Epilepsy is typically diagnosed based on the patient's history of recurrent seizures and the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures the electrical activity in the brain. Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans may also be used to help identify any structural abnormalities in the brain that may be contributing to the seizures.

While there is no cure for epilepsy, it can often be effectively managed with medication. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the area of the brain responsible for the seizures. With proper treatment and management, many people with epilepsy are able to lead normal, productive lives.

TEC (Tyrosine kinase with Immunoglobulin-like and EGF homology domains-2) or TIE-2 is a type of receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a crucial role in the regulation of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and vascular maintenance. It is primarily expressed on the surface of endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels.

The TIE-2 receptor binds to its ligand, angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), promoting vessel stability and quiescence by reducing endothelial cell permeability and enhancing their survival. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) can also bind to the TIE-2 receptor but with lower affinity than Ang1, acting as a context-dependent agonist or antagonist. In the presence of VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), Ang2 functions as an antagonist, inducing vascular instability and increasing endothelial cell permeability, which contributes to angiogenesis during development and in pathological conditions like tumor growth, inflammation, and ischemia.

Abnormal TIE-2 signaling has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, and diabetic retinopathy. Targeting the TIE-2 signaling pathway presents an attractive therapeutic strategy for treating these conditions.

Vascular surgical procedures are operations that are performed to treat conditions and diseases related to the vascular system, which includes the arteries, veins, and capillaries. These procedures can be invasive or minimally invasive and are often used to treat conditions such as peripheral artery disease, carotid artery stenosis, aortic aneurysms, and venous insufficiency.

Some examples of vascular surgical procedures include:

* Endarterectomy: a procedure to remove plaque buildup from the inside of an artery
* Bypass surgery: creating a new path for blood to flow around a blocked or narrowed artery
* Angioplasty and stenting: using a balloon to open a narrowed artery and placing a stent to keep it open
* Aneurysm repair: surgically repairing an aneurysm, a weakened area in the wall of an artery that has bulged out and filled with blood
* Embolectomy: removing a blood clot from a blood vessel
* Thrombectomy: removing a blood clot from a vein

These procedures are typically performed by vascular surgeons, who are trained in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.

The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.

The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:

1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.

Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.

Urogenital abnormalities refer to structural or functional anomalies that affect the urinary and genital systems. These two systems are closely linked during embryonic development, and sometimes they may not develop properly, leading to various types of congenital defects. Urogenital abnormalities can range from minor issues like a bifid scrotum (a condition where the scrotum is split into two parts) to more severe problems such as bladder exstrophy (where the bladder develops outside the body).

These conditions may affect urination, reproduction, and sexual function. They can also increase the risk of infections and other complications. Urogenital abnormalities can be diagnosed through physical examination, imaging tests, or genetic testing. Treatment options depend on the specific condition but may include surgery, medication, or lifestyle changes.

Syringomyelia is a medical condition characterized by the formation of a fluid-filled cavity or cavities (syrinx) within the spinal cord. This syrinx can lead to various symptoms depending on its size and location, which may include pain, muscle weakness, numbness, and stiffness in the neck, back, shoulders, arms, or legs. In some cases, it may also affect bladder and bowel function, sexual performance, and the ability to maintain normal body temperature. Syringomyelia is often associated with Chiari malformation, a condition where the lower part of the brain extends into the spinal canal. However, other conditions such as spinal cord injuries, tumors, or infections may also cause syringomyelia.

Congenital limb deformities refer to abnormalities in the structure, position, or function of the arms or legs that are present at birth. These deformities can vary greatly in severity and may affect any part of the limb, including the bones, muscles, joints, and nerves.

Congenital limb deformities can be caused by genetic factors, exposure to certain medications or chemicals during pregnancy, or other environmental factors. Some common types of congenital limb deformities include:

1. Clubfoot: A condition in which the foot is twisted out of shape, making it difficult to walk normally.
2. Polydactyly: A condition in which a person is born with extra fingers or toes.
3. Radial clubhand: A rare condition in which the radius bone in the forearm is missing or underdeveloped, causing the hand to turn inward and the wrist to bend.
4. Amniotic band syndrome: A condition in which strands of the amniotic sac wrap around a developing limb, restricting its growth and leading to deformities.
5. Agenesis: A condition in which a limb or part of a limb is missing at birth.

Treatment for congenital limb deformities may include surgery, bracing, physical therapy, or other interventions depending on the severity and nature of the deformity. In some cases, early intervention and treatment can help to improve function and reduce the impact of the deformity on a person's daily life.

Imperforate anus is a congenital condition in which the opening of the anus is absent or abnormally closed or narrowed, preventing the normal passage of stool. This results in a blockage in the digestive tract and can lead to serious health complications if not treated promptly.

The anus is the external opening of the rectum, which is the lower end of the digestive tract. During fetal development, the rectum and anus normally connect through a canal called the anal canal or the recto-anal canal. In imperforate anus, this canal may be completely closed or narrowed, or it may not form properly.

Imperforate anus can occur as an isolated condition or as part of a genetic syndrome or other congenital abnormalities. The exact cause is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Treatment for imperforate anus typically involves surgery to create an opening in the anus and restore normal bowel function. In some cases, additional procedures may be necessary to correct related abnormalities or complications. The prognosis for individuals with imperforate anus depends on the severity of the condition and any associated abnormalities. With prompt and appropriate treatment, most people with imperforate anus can lead normal lives.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities in the heart that are present at birth. They can affect any part of the heart's structure, including the walls of the heart, the valves inside the heart, and the major blood vessels that lead to and from the heart.

Congenital heart defects can range from mild to severe and can cause various symptoms depending on the type and severity of the defect. Some common symptoms of CHDs include cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails), shortness of breath, fatigue, poor feeding, and slow growth in infants and children.

There are many different types of congenital heart defects, including:

1. Septal defects: These are holes in the walls that separate the four chambers of the heart. The two most common septal defects are atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD).
2. Valve abnormalities: These include narrowed or leaky valves, which can affect blood flow through the heart.
3. Obstruction defects: These occur when blood flow is blocked or restricted due to narrowing or absence of a part of the heart's structure. Examples include pulmonary stenosis and coarctation of the aorta.
4. Cyanotic heart defects: These cause a lack of oxygen in the blood, leading to cyanosis. Examples include tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries.

The causes of congenital heart defects are not fully understood, but genetic factors and environmental influences during pregnancy may play a role. Some CHDs can be detected before birth through prenatal testing, while others may not be diagnosed until after birth or later in childhood. Treatment for CHDs may include medication, surgery, or other interventions to improve blood flow and oxygenation of the body's tissues.

Dandy-Walker Syndrome is a congenital brain malformation characterized by the absence or underdevelopment of the cerebellar vermis (the part of the brain that helps coordinate movement) and an enlarged fluid-filled space (fourth ventricle) surrounding it. This condition can also be associated with an upward bulging of the back of the skull (occipital bone), and in some cases, hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain). The syndrome can vary in severity, and symptoms may include problems with balance, coordination, developmental delays, and increased intracranial pressure. It is usually diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and addressing complications, which may include surgical procedures to relieve hydrocephalus if present.

Musculoskeletal abnormalities refer to structural and functional disorders that affect the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, muscles, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other related tissues. These abnormalities can result from genetic factors, trauma, overuse, degenerative processes, infections, or tumors. They may cause pain, stiffness, limited mobility, deformity, weakness, and susceptibility to injuries. Examples of musculoskeletal abnormalities include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, fractures, dislocations, tendinitis, bursitis, myopathies, and various congenital conditions.

A Vein of Galen Malformation (VOGM) is a rare type of congenital vascular anomaly, specifically an arteriovenous malformation (AVM), which affects the cerebral circulation. This complex tangle of abnormal blood vessels develops around or near the Vein of Galen, a fetal vessel that normally closes and transforms into a small venous structure in the brain after birth.

In VOGM, the Vein of Galen remains dilated due to the direct feeding from arteries, usually from the choroidal or cerebral arterial systems. This results in an abnormal connection (shunt) between the arterial and venous circulations, causing high-flow, high-pressure blood flow through the Vein of Galen and into the heart.

VOGMs can be classified as either "mascular" or "extracardiac," depending on whether they involve only the Vein of Galen (mascular) or if they also include other structures like the straight sinus, torcular Herophili, or other venous sinuses (extracardiac).

VOGMs can lead to various clinical presentations, including congestive heart failure, hydrocephalus, developmental delays, seizures, and neurological deficits. Symptoms may appear early in infancy or even prenatally, as the increased blood flow through the Vein of Galen puts a strain on the heart and can lead to high output cardiac failure.

Diagnosis is often made using imaging techniques such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or angiography. Treatment options include endovascular embolization, surgical intervention, or a combination of both, depending on the severity and location of the malformation.

Congenital foot deformities refer to abnormal structural changes in the foot that are present at birth. These deformities can vary from mild to severe and may affect the shape, position, or function of one or both feet. Common examples include clubfoot (talipes equinovarus), congenital vertical talus, and cavus foot. Congenital foot deformities can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences during fetal development, or a combination of both. Treatment options may include stretching, casting, surgery, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the severity and type of the deformity.

Cardiovascular abnormalities refer to structural or functional anomalies in the heart or blood vessels. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life. They can affect the heart's chambers, valves, walls, or blood vessels, leading to various complications such as heart failure, stroke, or even death if left untreated.

Examples of congenital cardiovascular abnormalities include:

1. Septal defects - holes in the walls separating the heart's chambers (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect)
2. Valvular stenosis or insufficiency - narrowing or leakage of the heart valves
3. Patent ductus arteriosus - a persistent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery
4. Coarctation of the aorta - narrowing of the aorta
5. Tetralogy of Fallot - a combination of four heart defects, including ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy

Examples of acquired cardiovascular abnormalities include:

1. Atherosclerosis - the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to narrowing or blockage
2. Cardiomyopathy - disease of the heart muscle, causing it to become enlarged, thickened, or stiffened
3. Hypertension - high blood pressure, which can damage the heart and blood vessels over time
4. Myocardial infarction (heart attack) - damage to the heart muscle due to blocked blood supply
5. Infective endocarditis - infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves

These abnormalities can be diagnosed through various tests, such as echocardiography, electrocardiogram (ECG), stress testing, cardiac catheterization, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the abnormality and may include medications, medical procedures, or surgery.

Brain neoplasms, also known as brain tumors, are abnormal growths of cells within the brain. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign brain tumors typically grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause serious problems if they press on sensitive areas of the brain. Malignant brain tumors, on the other hand, are cancerous and can grow quickly, invading surrounding brain tissue and spreading to other parts of the brain or spinal cord.

Brain neoplasms can arise from various types of cells within the brain, including glial cells (which provide support and insulation for nerve cells), neurons (nerve cells that transmit signals in the brain), and meninges (the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord). They can also result from the spread of cancer cells from other parts of the body, known as metastatic brain tumors.

Symptoms of brain neoplasms may vary depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, weakness or paralysis in the limbs, difficulty with balance and coordination, changes in speech or vision, confusion, memory loss, and changes in behavior or personality.

Treatment for brain neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

The digestive system is a complex series of organs and glands that process food. Abnormalities in the digestive system can refer to a wide range of conditions that affect any part of the system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life due to various factors such as infection, inflammation, injury, or disease.

Some examples of digestive system abnormalities include:

1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A condition where the stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and damage to the esophageal lining.
2. Peptic Ulcers: Open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infections or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
5. Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.
6. Diverticulosis: The presence of small pouches or sacs that form on the lining of the intestine, which can become inflamed or infected (diverticulitis).
7. Hiatal Hernia: A condition where a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity.
8. Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections or toxins.
9. Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease characterized by scarring and loss of liver function, often due to long-term alcohol abuse or hepatitis.
10. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder and can cause pain and inflammation.

These are just a few examples of gastrointestinal disorders, and there are many others. If you are experiencing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, or difficulty swallowing, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider to determine the cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Teratogens are substances, such as certain medications, chemicals, or infectious agents, that can cause birth defects or abnormalities in the developing fetus when a woman is exposed to them during pregnancy. They can interfere with the normal development of the fetus and lead to a range of problems, including physical deformities, intellectual disabilities, and sensory impairments. Examples of teratogens include alcohol, tobacco smoke, some prescription medications, and infections like rubella (German measles). It is important for women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant to avoid exposure to known teratogens as much as possible.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Congenital hand deformities refer to physical abnormalities or malformations of the hand, wrist, and/or digits (fingers) that are present at birth. These deformities can result from genetic factors, environmental influences during pregnancy, or a combination of both. They may affect the bones, muscles, tendons, joints, and other structures in the hand, leading to varying degrees of impairment in function and appearance.

There are numerous types of congenital hand deformities, some of which include:

1. Polydactyly: The presence of extra digits on the hand, which can be fully formed or rudimentary.
2. Syndactyly: Webbing or fusion of two or more fingers, which may involve soft tissue only or bone as well.
3. Clinodactyly: A curved finger due to a sideways deviation of the fingertip, often affecting the little finger.
4. Camptodactyly: Permanent flexion or bending of one or more fingers, typically involving the proximal interphalangeal joint.
5. Trigger Finger/Thumb: A condition where a finger or thumb becomes locked in a bent position due to thickening and narrowing of the tendon sheath.
6. Radial Club Hand (Radial Ray Deficiency): Underdevelopment or absence of the radius bone, resulting in a short, curved forearm and hand deformity.
7. Ulnar Club Hand (Ulnar Ray Deficiency): Underdevelopment or absence of the ulna bone, leading to a short, curved forearm and hand deformity.
8. Cleidocranial Dysplasia: A genetic disorder affecting bone growth, resulting in underdeveloped or absent collarbones, dental abnormalities, and occasionally hand deformities.
9. Apert Syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by the fusion of fingers and toes (syndactyly) and other skeletal abnormalities.
10. Holt-Oram Syndrome: A genetic disorder involving heart defects and upper limb deformities, such as radial ray deficiency or thumb anomalies.

Treatment for hand deformities varies depending on the specific condition and severity. Options may include physical therapy, bracing, splinting, medications, or surgical intervention.

Eye abnormalities refer to any structural or functional anomalies that affect the eye or its surrounding tissues. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life due to various factors such as injury, disease, or aging. Some examples of eye abnormalities include:

1. Strabismus: Also known as crossed eyes, strabismus is a condition where the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions.
2. Nystagmus: This is an involuntary movement of the eyes that can be horizontal, vertical, or rotatory.
3. Cataracts: A cataract is a clouding of the lens inside the eye that can cause vision loss.
4. Glaucoma: This is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve and can lead to vision loss.
5. Retinal disorders: These include conditions such as retinal detachment, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.
6. Corneal abnormalities: These include conditions such as keratoconus, corneal ulcers, and Fuchs' dystrophy.
7. Orbital abnormalities: These include conditions such as orbital tumors, thyroid eye disease, and Graves' ophthalmopathy.
8. Ptosis: This is a condition where the upper eyelid droops over the eye.
9. Color blindness: A condition where a person has difficulty distinguishing between certain colors.
10. Microphthalmia: A condition where one or both eyes are abnormally small.

These are just a few examples of eye abnormalities, and there are many others that can affect the eye and its functioning. If you suspect that you have an eye abnormality, it is important to consult with an ophthalmologist for proper diagnosis and treatment.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

Ectromelia is a medical term that refers to the congenital absence or malformation of a limb or extremity. It is also known as "congenital amputation" or "limb reduction defect." This condition can affect any extremity, including arms, legs, hands, or feet, and can range from mild, such as a missing finger or toe, to severe, such as the absence of an entire limb.

Ectromelia can be caused by various factors, including genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. In some cases, the cause may be unknown. Treatment options for ectromelia depend on the severity and location of the malformation and may include prosthetics, physical therapy, or surgery.

Fetal diseases are medical conditions or abnormalities that affect a fetus during pregnancy. These diseases can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. They can range from mild to severe and may impact various organ systems in the developing fetus. Examples of fetal diseases include congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, and infectious diseases such as toxoplasmosis or rubella. Fetal diseases can be diagnosed through prenatal testing, including ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or delivery of the fetus, depending on the nature and severity of the disease.

Low-flow vascular malformations include capillary malformations, venous malformations, and lymphatic malformations. Capillary ... A vascular anomaly can be either a vascular tumor or a birthmark, or a vascular malformation. In a tumor such as infantile ... A vascular malformation is a blood vessel or lymph vessel abnormality. Vascular malformations are one of the classifications of ... and are known as simple vascular malformations; high-flow malformations involve an artery. There are also malformations that ...
Belov, S. Classification of congenital vascular defects. Int Angiol 1990; 9: 141-146. Vascular Malformations. Edit. St. Belov ... Waner, M; Suen, JY (eds) Hemangiomas and vascular malformations of the head and week. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1999. Yang, D; ... In: Peripheral vascular sonography: a practical guide. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1992. Rose, SC; Zwiebel, WJ et al. ... Vascular surgery. New York: Harper and Row, 1975. Christopoulos, D; Nicolaides, AN. Air plethysmography. in: Raju S, ...
Vascular Malformations.". Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. 2012. ISBN 978-0-07- ...
"Giant splenic artery aneurysm associated with arteriovenous malformation". Journal of Vascular Surgery. 44 (6): 1345-9. doi: ... Usually congenital, this vascular anomaly is widely known because of its occurrence in the central nervous system (usually as a ... Often the malformation is discovered as part of an autopsy or during treatment of an unrelated disorder (an "incidental finding ... An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an abnormal connection between arteries and veins, bypassing the capillary system. ...
Mattassi R, Loose DA, Vaghi M (2009). Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations (PDF). Springer-Verlag Italia. ISBN 978-88-470- ... Cavernous hemangioma, also called cavernous angioma, venous malformation, or cavernoma, is a type of venous malformation due to ... Usually one malformation exists, but multiple lesions can occur in the left or right lobe of the liver in 40% of patients. ... Familial cerebral cavernous malformations are known to occur. The mutations may be inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion ...
Beer GM, Kompatscher P, Hergan K (1996). "Poland's syndrome and vascular malformations". Br J Plast Surg. 49 (7): 482-4. doi: ...
... sirolimus has emerged as a new medical treatment option for both vascular tumors and vascular malformations, as a mammalian ... "Theranostic Advances in Vascular Malformations." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 140.4 (2020): 756-763. Lee, Byung-Boong ... Sirolimus is a relatively new medical therapy for the treatment of vascular malformations, in recent years, ... These malformations can occur at any age and may involve any part of the body, but 90% occur in children less than 2 years of ...
... s make up one of the classifications of vascular anomalies. The other grouping is vascular malformations. ... Vascular tumors are described as proliferative, and vascular malformations as nonproliferative. A vascular tumor typically ... A vascular tumor is a tumor of vascular origin; a soft tissue growth that can be either benign or malignant, formed from blood ... Hemangioblastomas are vascular tumors of the central nervous system. A range of benign vascular tumors are described as ...
... has recently been used to treat low-flow vascular malformations such as venous malformations (VM) and fibroadipose ... "Cryoablation of low-flow vascular malformations". Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. Aves Yayincilik Ltd. STI. 25 (3): ... vascular anomalies (FAVA). Cryoablation has proved effective for treating these disorders both as primary treatment and after ...
Aminoff's clinical studies of spinal vascular malformations (dural arteriovenous fistulas) led to a new theory on their ... "Aminoff MJ, Bernard RO, Logue V, The pathophysiology of spinal vascular malformations". Journal of the Neurological Sciences ( ... Aminoff, MJ; Logue, V (1974). "Clinical features of spinal vascular malformations". Brain. 97 (1): 197-210. doi:10.1093/brain/ ... Aminoff, MJ; Logue, V (1974). "The prognosis of patients with spinal vascular malformations". Brain. 97 (1): 211-218. doi: ...
Cutaneous vascular anomalies. Part 1. Hamartomas, malformations and dilation of preexisting vessels. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37 ...
... is used to treat vascular malformations. Treatment with sirolimus can decrease pain and the fullness of vascular ... sirolimus has emerged as a new medical treatment option for both vascular tumors and vascular malformations, as a mammalian ... "A narrative review of the role of sirolimus in the treatment of congenital vascular malformations". Journal of Vascular Surgery ... Dekeuleneer V, Seront E, Van Damme A, Boon LM, Vikkula M (April 2020). "Theranostic Advances in Vascular Malformations". The ...
Brouillard P, Vikkula M (2003). "Vascular malformations: localized defects in vascular morphogenesis". Clin. Genet. 63 (5): 340 ... 2003). "Targeted disruption of p185/Cul7 gene results in abnormal vascular morphogenesis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 ( ... Brouillard P, Olsen BR, Vikkula M (2001). "High-resolution physical and transcript map of the locus for venous malformations ... McIntyre BA, Brouillard P, Aerts V, Gutierrez-Roelens I, Vikkula M (2004). "Glomulin is predominantly expressed in vascular ...
Pediatric Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations". Stroke in Children and Young Adults (2nd ed.). Saunders. pp. 315-326 ... pineal gland Arteriovenous malformations of the great cerebral vein can create an enlarged pouch of vein in the superior ...
Vascular anomalies are divided into vascular tumors/neoplasms which include infantile hemangiomas, and vascular malformations ... The terminology used to define, describe, and categorize vascular tumors and malformations has changed over time. The term ... such as vascular malformations. Infantile haemangiomas in the liver are found in 16% of all liver haemangiomas. Its sizes are ... was found to be positive in IHs and negative in other vascular tumors or malformations. This marker has revolutionized the ...
Overgrowth and malformations of solid tissues can be treated with surgery. Sclerotherapy can be used to treat vascular ... In PROS diseases individuals malformations are seen in several different tissues such as skin, vasculature, bones, fat and ... PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS) is an umbrella term for rare syndromes characterized by malformations and tissue ... "Classification , International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies". issva.org. Archived from the original on 2018-03- ...
Notably, the patient did not have retinal vascular malformations. Lesions are watched closely for changes in size. Prognosis is ... Since the retinal lesions categorized vary from large vascular malformations that affect a majority of the retina to ... In the retina, the syndrome causes retinocephalic vascular malformations that tend to be present with intracranial hemorrhage ... The abnormal development of vascular tissue leads to arteriovenous malformations, which affect both visual and cerebral ...
Coagulation of vascular malformations of stomach, duodenum, and colon. Lasers can be effectively used to treat early gastric ... Other applications include laser assisted angioplasties and laser-assisted vascular anastomosis. Lasers are used to treat ... vascular and pigmented lesions, and for photorejuvenation. The laser surgery for dermatology often bypasses the skin surface. ...
Vascular anomalies - vascular malformations, hemangiomas, and rare vascular tumors. Not only do vascular anomalies have often ... Specialists involve in vascular anomalies and hemangioma care often hail from the disciplines of general surgery, vascular ... The child needs treatment not only to minimize the physical side effects of a hemangioma or vascular anomalies, but also help ... "Vascular Anomalies Center". Children's Hospital Boston. Retrieved 2007-11-07. (CS1: long volume value, Wikipedia introduction ...
However, it can also be used to detect other forms of right-to-left shunts including pulmonary arteriovenous malformations ... Amin; Kresowik; Nicholson (2014). Current Therapy in Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Fifth Edition. Elsevier. pp. 629-631. ... Pollack, Jeffery (2021). Image-Guided Interventions: Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations. Elsevier. pp. 434-440. Maron, ...
"Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations: Pathophysiology and Hemodynamics." In: Barrow D, Awad I (eds), Spinal Vascular ... "Acute cerebral vascular injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage and its prevention by administration of a nitric oxide donor." J ... "Pathophysiology and Animal Models of Dural Arteriovenous Malformations." In: Awad I and Barrow D, eds, Dural Arteriovenous ... "Adenosine A(2A) receptors in early ischemic vascular injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage." J Neurosurg. 6 November 2009. PMID ...
Slow-flow vascular malformations include venous malformations, microcystic and macrocytic lymphatic malformations and capillary ... Fast-flow vascular malformations consist of arterial malformations, arteriovenous fistulae and arteriovenous malformations. ... Contemporary management of vascular malformations. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. Mar 2014; 72: 510-28 Happle R. What is a capillary ... Diffuse capillary malformation with overgrowth: a clinical subtype of vascular anomalies with hypertrophy. J Am Acad Dermatol. ...
Capillary malformations, hyperkeratotic stains, telangiectasias, and miscellaneous vascular blots". In Mulliken, John B.; ... Burrows, Patricia E.; Fishman, Steven J. (eds.). Mulliken and Young's Vascular Anomalies: Hemangiomas and Malformations (2nd ed ...
Capillary malformations, hyperkeratotic stains, telangiectasias, and miscellaneous vascular blots". In Mulliken, John B.; ... Burrows, Patricia E.; Fishman, Steven J. (eds.). Mulliken and Young's Vascular Anomalies: Hemangiomas and Malformations (2nd ed ... Bean WB (1958). Vascular spiders and related lesions of the skin. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C.Thomas. pp. 178-85. Blue ... A patient who is diagnosed with BRBNS likely has a family history of other multifocal venous malformations which are a symptom ...
Capillary malformations, hyperkeratotic stains, telangiectasias, and miscellaneous vascular blots". In Mulliken, John B.; ... Burrows, Patricia E.; Fishman, Steven J. (eds.). Mulliken and Young's Vascular Anomalies: Hemangiomas and Malformations (2nd ed ... The cause is unknown; however it is thought to be associated with sun exposure, leading to a dilated blood-filled vascular ... and indicate a vascular lesion. Additionally, lack of pulsation distinguishes this lesion of the lower lip from a tortuous ...
... and some have aggressive vascular malformation known as arteriovenous malformations (AVM). The effect of a vascular ... V is for vascular malformations, which are blood vessel abnormalities. Patients with CLOVES have different venous, capillary, ... Some patients with CLOVES have tethered spinal cord, vascular malformations in or around their spines, and other spinal ... CLOVES syndrome affects people with various symptoms, ranging from mild fatty soft-tissue tumors to vascular malformations ...
Capillary malformations, hyperkeratotic stains, telangiectasias, and miscellaneous vascular blots". In Mulliken, John B.; ... Burrows, Patricia E.; Fishman, Steven J. (eds.). Mulliken and Young's Vascular Anomalies: Hemangiomas and Malformations (2nd ed ...
Capillary malformations, hyperkeratotic stains, telangiectasias, and miscellaneous vascular blots". In Mulliken, John B.; ... Burrows, Patricia E.; Fishman, Steven J. (eds.). Mulliken and Young's Vascular Anomalies: Hemangiomas and Malformations (2nd ed ...
Capillary malformations, hyperkeratotic stains, telangiectasias, and miscellaneous vascular blots". In Mulliken, John B.; ... Burrows, Patricia E.; Fishman, Steven J. (eds.). Mulliken and Young's Vascular Anomalies: Hemangiomas and Malformations (2nd ed ... Vascular-related cutaneous conditions, All stub articles, Dermal and subcutaneous growth stubs). ...
Saleem Abdulrauf - developed "awake" craniotomy for complex aneurysms and vascular malformations. John R. Adler - Stanford ... or trauma patients and cranial/peripheral nerve pain Some forms of intractable psychiatric disorders Vascular malformations (i. ... Some of these divisions of neurosurgery are: Vascular neurosurgery includes clipping of aneurysms and performing carotid ... e., arteriovenous malformations, venous angiomas, cavernous angiomas, capillary telangectasias) of the brain and spinal cord ...
Low-flow vascular malformations include capillary malformations, venous malformations, and lymphatic malformations. Capillary ... A vascular anomaly can be either a vascular tumor or a birthmark, or a vascular malformation. In a tumor such as infantile ... A vascular malformation is a blood vessel or lymph vessel abnormality. Vascular malformations are one of the classifications of ... and are known as simple vascular malformations; high-flow malformations involve an artery. There are also malformations that ...
Congenital vascular lesions: The most common congenital vascular lesions are vascular malformations (VMs). ... Classification Vascular lesions of the skin can be divided into congenital and acquired lesions (see chart below).{file34237} ... encoded search term (Lymphatic Vascular Malformations) and Lymphatic Vascular Malformations What to Read Next on Medscape ... Jackson IT, Carreño R, Potparic Z, Hussain K. Hemangiomas, vascular malformations, and lymphovenous malformations: ...
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A true vascular malformation is usually present at birth, grows proportionally with the child, does not go through a rapid ... Combined Vascular Malformations. Many patients have vascular malformations that are made up of different types of abnormally ... Sometimes we can completely cure a vascular malformation. Many children and adults with vascular malformations achieve high ... Vascular Malformations We use the term "vascular anomalies" to describe a number of abnormalities that affect children and ...
Vascular Malformations Program (VaMP); Associate Professor of Surgery (Vascular), Vascular & Endovascular Surgery; Chief, ... Associate Professor of Surgery (Vascular); Co-Director, ... Muscle, Smooth, Vascular. *Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal ...
Contact the Boston Childrens Hospital Hemangioma and Vascular Malformation Program. ...
Learn more about the Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia and Vascular Malformations Registry at UPMC Children's Hospital of ... Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia and Vascular Malformations Registry. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia and Vascular ... and inherited vascular malformations. By studying information in the database, researchers hope to learn more about these ... Malformations Registry and Sample Repository. Protocol Description. Through this study, researchers will be collecting ...
Cryptic vascular malformations: controversies in terminology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. Message Subject (Your ... Cryptic vascular malformations: controversies in terminology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment.. W P Dillon ... Familial versus Sporadic Cavernous Malformations: Differences in Developmental Venous Anomaly Association and Lesion Phenotype ...
Categories: Arteriovenous Malformation Author: Awad IA, Biology of Vascular Malformations of the Brain NINDS Workshop ... Biology of vascular malformations of the brain.. ...
Recurrent massive haematemesis from Dieulafoy vascular malformations--a review of 101 cases. ... Recurrent massive haematemesis from Dieulafoy vascular malformations--a review of 101 cases. ...
Once thought to be rare, they are now considered to be the most common vascular malformation in the CNS. ... Venous vascular malformations, also known as venous angiomas or, more properly, developmental venous anomalies (DVAs), ... encoded search term (Brain Imaging in Venous Vascular Malformations) and Brain Imaging in Venous Vascular Malformations What to ... Once thought to be rare, they are now considered to be the most common vascular malformation in the CNS. [1] They may occur in ...
... has conducted clinical research and improved the care of patients with brain vascular malformations, conditions in which blood ... Since its initial funding in 2009, the Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium (BVMC) has conducted clinical research and ... Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM, cavernoma, or cavernous angioma) is a vascular lesion consisting of dilated, leaky ... The Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium (BVMC) is part of the Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network (RDCRN), which is ...
Economic Burden of Intracranial Vascular Malformations in Adults Prospective Population-Based Study. Author(s). ... Background and Purpose-Although intracranial vascular malformations (IVMs) are the leading cause of intracerebral hemorrhage ( ... or cavernous malformation (CM) in a prospective, population-based study. We estimated the indirect cost of lost productivity ... incurred by every adult within 3 years after their first presentation with a brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) ...
Feasibility of minocycline and doxycycline use as potential vasculostatic therapy for brain vascular malformations: pilot study ... Categories: Arteriovenous Malformation Author: Frenzel T, Guglielmo BJ, Hashimoto T, Kim H, Lawton MT, Lee CZ, McCulloch CE, ...
... also called cerebral vascular malformations, are abnormal collections of blood vessels that alters blood flow. ... Brain vascular malformations, also called cerebral vascular malformations, are abnormal collections of blood vessels that ... we treat all the major types of vascular malformation of the brain, including:. *Arteriovenous malformations (AVM), or enlarged ... Diagnosing a cerebral vascular malformation often begins with a physical exam and a full medical history. Sometimes your doctor ...
Book an appointment or consult online with the top Vascular Surgeon in Pakistan. ... Find the best Vascular Surgeon for Vascular Malformations Surgery in Pakistan. ... Doctors for Vascular Malformations Surgery in Other Cities. * Doctors for Vascular Malformations Surgery in Gujranwala ... How can I find treatment of Vascular Malformations Surgery?. Here is the list of best Vascular Surgeons for Vascular ...
The conferences give people who think they may have a vascular malformation the chance to meet with a doctor who can give a ... Lex is also keenly aware of the potential impact of vascular malformations on the wider family. For example, brothers and ... The organisation was formally founded in 1997 as CMTC-OVM (OVM is an abbreviation of "other vascular malformations"). The rapid ... The organisation supports patients and families with the medical issues that arise from having a vascular malformation and with ...
BACKGROUND Slow-flow vascular malformations frequently harbor activating mutations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR cascade. Phase II ... Preliminary results of the European multicentric phase III trial regarding sirolimus in slow-flow vascular malformations. ... Preliminary results of the European multicentric phase III trial regarding sirolimus in slow-flow vascular malformations. ... patients.CONCLUSION Sirolimus has a high efficacy and good tolerance in treatment of slow-flow vascular malformations in ...
What are arteriovenous malformations?. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are vascular birth defects that have the ... What is the prognosis? Can vascular malformation be cure?. Outcomes vary considerably mostly due to the heterogeneous nature of ... Depending on the location or the type of the vascular malformation, a small tube is inserted in the groin, wrist, or directly ... We want to make sure the diagnosis is correct and we have not mistaken a tumor for a vascular malformation. ...
The most common type of vascular malformation is called a venous malformation and involves veins that develop abnormally and do ... The most common type of vascular malformation is called a venous malformation and involves veins that develop abnormally and do ... Ultrasound is a very useful tool in order to distinguish venous malformations from other vascular malformations and hemangiomas ... At the Jerusalem Vascular Anomalies Clinic, we will carefully evaluate the size and location of the venous malformation. If the ...
Tag Archives: vascular malformations. Vascular Anomalies and Malformations - PediaCast CME 087. Posted by Dr. Mike on July 21, ... Show Notes Description Drs Elizabeth Nourse and Esteban Fernandez Faith visit the studio as we review vascular anomalies in the ...
Vascular Malformations. Vascular malformations are benign (non-cancerous) lesions. These lesions are present at birth and grow ... Types of vascular malformations include:. * Port Wine Stains. These birthmarks are present at birth, are flat, and appear pink ... Vascular Malformations. Hemangioma. Hemangiomas are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that may not be apparent at birth, but ... Unlike hemangiomas, vascular malformations do not have a rapid growth cycle followed by regression-they continue to slowly grow ...
vascular, vertebromedullary. Vascular malformations, vertebromedullary are one of the many areas where interventional radiology ... Three groups of vascular malformations dominate: medullary arteriovenous malformations (AVM), peri-arterial arteriovenous ... They represent 50 to 80% of medullary vascular malformations following series. They are usually found in men (5 men / 1 woman) ... If the indication of an arteriogram that will make the diagnosis of vascular malformation during an acute spinal cord neurology ...
title = "Congenital Vascular Malformations: A Quick Recap",. abstract = "We present a glimpse of vascular malformations seen at ... Congenital Vascular Malformations: A Quick Recap. Oman Medical Journal. 2022 مارس;37(2):e347. e347. doi: 10.5001/omj.2021.46 ... Congenital Vascular Malformations: A Quick Recap. Ghaitha Al Mahruqi, Edwin Stephen*, Ibrahim Abdelhedy, Hanan Al Mawaali, ... Congenital Vascular Malformations: A Quick Recap. / Al Mahruqi, Ghaitha; Stephen, Edwin; Abdelhedy, Ibrahim وآخرون. في: Oman ...
For more than 40 years I have been working as a vascular surgeon and treating congenital vascular malformations, especially in ... Hardly any other vascular disease has such a varied clinical presentation as congenital vascular malformation. The disease ... Your specialists for congenital vascular malformations. For more than 40 years I have been working as a vascular surgeon and ... All about vascular Malformations - Polish Version. Appointments. by arrangement at. Tel.: +49 (0)40 84 50 29 34. info@prof- ...
Vascular Malformations. Basic Facts. *Vascular malformations are usually birth defects affecting arteries or veins. Among the ... Vascular malformations are almost always congenital. No genetic, demographic, or environmental risk factors for vascular ... These potentially dangerous malformations are called arteriovenous malformations, or AVMs.. *Other, rarer vascular ... Some arteriovenous malformations require emergency treatment; others may never require treatment. Other vascular malformations ...
Visit Evaluations for Vascular Malformations of the Brain Main Page Visit Treatments for Vascular Malformations of the Brain ... UT Southwestern Medical Center treats every kind of vascular malformation of the brain, including the rarest types of these ... In other cases, interventional treatment is warranted to minimize the risk of bleeding or stroke from a vascular malformation. ... Open surgery is the longest-established treatment for vascular malformations of the brain. In open surgery, one of our ...
... singapore vascular disease treatment Singapore Vascular Intervention Vascular Interventional Treatments in Singapore Vascular ... Understanding Venous Malformation Treatments in Singapore. Veins play a crucial role in carrying blood throughout our body. ... Aortic aneurysm best vascular surgeon singapore carotid artery disease treatment Clacs Singapore Deep Vein Thrombosis deep vein ... Singapore Fibroids Treatment Singapore How To Prevent Gangrene LYMPHOEDEMA PAD Peripheral Arterial Disease Peripheral Vascular ...
A Vascular Malformation is an abnormal collection of blood vessels. In everyday life they may be called ... What is a Vascular Malformation?. A Vascular Malformation is an abnormal collection of blood vessels. In everyday life they may ... Vascular Malformations may also be associated with trauma or exercise. They are not cancerous. However they have similar ... Vascular Malformations can be identified using ultrasound or MRI scans. A specialist radiologist may be called upon to ...
Slow flow venous malformation in rt gluteal region. Its extensive lesion, involving many muscles & nerve. Treated with absolute ... Gluteal malformation. Slow flow venous malformation in rt gluteal region. Its extensive lesion, involving many muscles & nerve ...
  • Vascular malformations are one of the classifications of vascular anomalies, the other grouping is vascular tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vascular malformations and tumors in children and infants can have high morbidity and mortality. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Vascular tumors are benign neoplasms, which result from proliferating endothelial cells. (nih.gov)
  • Vascular tumors should be differentiated from vascular malformations, which present at birth, have a quiescent endothelium, and grow in proportion to the child. (nih.gov)
  • Together, vascular tumors and malformations comprise the field of vascular anomalies. (nih.gov)
  • In contrast to hemangiomas, a separate category of vascular tumors which tend to involute spontaneously, VM often grow in proportion with the child but may expand at an accelerated pace [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Histopathology of Vascular Tumors. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hemangiomas are the most common nonmalignant vascular tumors of infants, characterized by rapid endothelial cell proliferation and hypercellularity 1,2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Hemangiomas, vascular malformations, and lymphovenous malformations: classification and methods of treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • The classification of vascular lesions is confusing, and puzzling terms such as "capillary hemangiomas" are found in some textbooks. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Exceptions exist to this division: some hemangiomas are congenital, and some vascular malformations (VMs) are not present at birth. (medscape.com)
  • The most significant acquired vascular lesions of infancy are hemangiomas . (medscape.com)
  • Ultrasound is a very useful tool in order to distinguish venous malformations from other vascular malformations and hemangiomas. (jerusalemvascular.com)
  • Unlike hemangiomas, vascular malformations do not have a rapid growth cycle followed by regression-they continue to slowly grow throughout life. (rochester.edu)
  • [ 2 ] DVAs are also associated with head and neck venous malformations and hemangiomas. (medscape.com)
  • To identify the prevalence of hemangiomas in children born at Amaury de Medeiros Integrated Health Center between 1998 and 2008 and evaluate the characteristics of the children with this malformation. (bvsalud.org)
  • The identification of hemangiomas by examining the record cards of the newly-born at the maternity hospital, noting the location of the lesion(s), child's gender and weight, prematurity, Apgar score and any additional malformations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Often confused with a hemangioma, these malformations will always grow, are soft to the touch, and the color disappears when compressed. (rochester.edu)
  • Our group is based in the Pulmonary Biology Division but has extensive collaborations with other investigators and physicians in the Hemangioma and Vascular Malformation Center (HVMC) at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center as well as in vascular anomaly centers around the US. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • We use the term "vascular anomalies" to describe a number of abnormalities that affect children and young adults. (mountsinai.org)
  • Many vascular anomalies are very complex, so we take a collaborative approach to diagnosis and treatment, working with specialists in pediatrics, pediatric orthopedics, plastic surgery, and endovascular surgery. (mountsinai.org)
  • Venous vascular malformations, also known as venous angiomas or, more properly, developmental venous anomalies (DVAs), represent congenital anatomically variant pathways in the normal venous drainage of an area of the brain. (medscape.com)
  • Coronal T1-weighted contrast-enhanced image obtained in a patient who had undergone surgery in the past for an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) shows bilateral developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) and the classic caput medusa appearance. (medscape.com)
  • At the Jerusalem Vascular Anomalies Clinic, we routinely perform ultrasound in the clinic as part of the physical exam. (jerusalemvascular.com)
  • At the Jerusalem Vascular Anomalies Clinic, we will carefully evaluate the size and location of the venous malformation. (jerusalemvascular.com)
  • Our extraordinary team at The Jerusalem Vascular Anomalies Clinic is here to help you in any way we can. (jerusalemvascular.com)
  • Show Notes Description Drs Elizabeth Nourse and Esteban Fernandez Faith visit the studio as we review vascular anomalies in the pediatric population. (pediacastcme.org)
  • As co-founder and former president of ISSVA (International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies) I am constantly exchanging interdisziplinary experiences with my specialized colleagues worldwide. (prof-loose.de)
  • Mechanisms driving abnormal vessel growth in vascular anomalies are unclear and therapeutic options are limited and often have deleterious side effects. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Faculty are also involved in research studies in a variety of different areas, including atopic dermatitis and vascular anomalies. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • It's still appropriate to use the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) vascular lesion classification system released in 1982. (medscape.com)
  • PHACE syndrome ( P osterior fossa malformations, h emangiomas, a rterial anomalies, c oarctation of the aorta and cardiac defects, e ye abnormalities). (medscape.com)
  • BACKGROUND Slow-flow vascular malformations frequently harbor activating mutations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR cascade. (jci.org)
  • Efficacy and safety of sirolimus thus need to be evaluated in large prospective phase III trials.METHODS The Vascular Anomaly-Sirolimus-Europe (VASE) trial, initiated in 2016, is a large multicentric prospective phase III trial (EudraCT 2015-001703-32), which evaluates efficacy and safety of sirolimus for 2 years in pediatric and adult patients with symptomatic slow-flow vascular malformations. (jci.org)
  • had slow flow vascular malformation in fore-arm. (bankersvascular.com)
  • How Effective is Sirolimus for Slow-Flow Vascular Malformations in Children? (dermsquared.com)
  • Sirolimus treatment has no effect on volume changes detected on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of children with slow-flow vascular malformations, according to a study published online Sept. 15 in JAMA Dermatology . (dermsquared.com)
  • Annabel Maruani, M.D., Ph.D., from the University of Nantes in France, and colleagues examined the efficacy and safety of sirolimus for children with slow-flow vascular malformations in a multicenter, observational clinical trial involving 59 children aged 6 to 18 years. (dermsquared.com)
  • Delayed imaging is important to capture complete filling of very slow flow vascular malformations. (elsevierpure.com)
  • A severe venous malformation can involve the lymph vessels as a lymphaticovenous malformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • A severe venous malformation is known as a lymphaticovenous malformation that also involves the lymph vessels. (wikipedia.org)
  • Evolution after 3 months of sirolimus treatment of an extensive capillary venous malformation of the lower extremity responsible for daily bleeding and severe consumptive coagulopathy with low fibrinogen and high D-dimer (3-month-old girl). (jci.org)
  • B ) Evolution after 3 months of sirolimus treatment of a tongue venous malformation (20-year-old girl). (jci.org)
  • C and D ) MRI axial ( C ) and sagittal view ( D ) showing the evolution of a venous malformation of the fourth cervical body that caused cervico-brachialgia in a 34-year-old man (left). (jci.org)
  • The most common type of vascular malformation is called a venous malformation and involves veins that develop abnormally and do not function as they should. (jerusalemvascular.com)
  • For example, if the venous malformation is located on the face, it will typically become more swollen when the head is lowered. (jerusalemvascular.com)
  • If the venous malformation is not causing you any symptoms, we may recommend watching it without any active treatment. (jerusalemvascular.com)
  • The options for treatment will depend on the impairment that the venous malformation is causing, including pain, swelling, airway blockage, internal bleeding, or impaired speech or vision. (jerusalemvascular.com)
  • Sclerotherapy is often combined with embolization (closing off) of veins that are associated with the venous malformation. (jerusalemvascular.com)
  • We will help walk you through every step of the way in navigating your venous malformation. (jerusalemvascular.com)
  • Slow flow venous malformation in rt gluteal region. (bankersvascular.com)
  • Vascular malformations often result from abnormal development in blood vessels, lymph vessels, veins, and/or arteries. (mountsinai.org)
  • We sometimes see vascular malformations in older people, as blood flow increases through abnormal connections between arteries and veins. (mountsinai.org)
  • Vascular malformations may become apparent later in life as blood flow increases through abnormal connections between arteries and veins. (mountsinai.org)
  • Brain vascular malformations, also called cerebral vascular malformations, are abnormal collections of blood vessels that alters blood flow. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • Embolization/Sclerotherapy: a procedure in which a material is injected in the abnormal vessels to block blood flow and essentially get rid of the vascular malformation with minimal damage to adjacent tissue. (irpamf.org)
  • it can highlight an image suggestive of large marrow associated with abnormal vascular images. (medical-actu.com)
  • The abnormal formation or development of blood vessels is generally referred to as vascular malformation. (cheyenneregional.org)
  • A Vascular Malformation is an abnormal collection of blood vessels. (manchesterlumpsclinic.com)
  • A cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the brain that usually forms before birth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Capillary malformations in the brain are known as cerebral cavernous malformations or capillary cavernous malformations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Those involving the mix of vessels are known as cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs or cAVMs). (wikipedia.org)
  • In the brain a cerebral arteriovenous malformation causes arterial blood to be directly shunted into the veins as there is an absence of a capillary bed. (wikipedia.org)
  • The BVMC facilitates and advances high-quality clinical research and training in three rare vascular diseases: familial cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM), Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). (rarediseasesnetwork.org)
  • Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM, cavernoma, or cavernous angioma) is a vascular lesion consisting of dilated, leaky capillaries, forming caverns containing blood products of various ages that have been forced out from the vessel that naturally contains them into the surrounding area (extravasated). (rarediseasesnetwork.org)
  • Diagnosing a cerebral vascular malformation often begins with a physical exam and a full medical history. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • Today I want to look at two other diseases that have struck Red Sox players in recent years - lymphoma, and cerebral cavernous malformation - to see if they might be caused by grain toxins and by vitamin D and K2 deficiencies. (perfecthealthdiet.com)
  • In everyday life they may be called "birthmarks" or "growths", although there are many different types of vascular malformation. (manchesterlumpsclinic.com)
  • A vascular anomaly can be either a vascular tumor or a birthmark, or a vascular malformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Every day, many children-as many as one in 10-are born with some type of birthmark (also called a vascular anomaly). (rochester.edu)
  • For more than 40 years I have been working as a vascular surgeon and treating congenital vascular malformations, especially in children, and I know the distress this can cause to patients and their families. (prof-loose.de)
  • By as early as the initial examination, we can offer encouragement to the majority of those affected, as congenital vascular malformations can almost always at least be positively influenced during the course of treatment, or even significantly improved. (prof-loose.de)
  • Congenital vascular malformations can be detected relatively quickly by a specialist, by means of a simple clinical examination. (prof-loose.de)
  • A vascular malformation is a blood vessel or lymph vessel abnormality. (wikipedia.org)
  • UT Southwestern Medical Center treats every kind of vascular malformation of the brain, including the rarest types of these blood vessel disorders. (utswmed.org)
  • Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are vascular birth defects that have the characteristic of having direct connections between arteries and veins. (irpamf.org)
  • Vascular malformations of the brain include those involving capillaries, and those involving the veins and arteries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Capillary malformations involve the capillaries, and are the most common type. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the most common forms of combined vascular malformation is Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome , which involves malformations of the capillaries, lymphatics, and veins. (mountsinai.org)
  • The conferences give people who think they may have a vascular malformation the chance to meet with a doctor who can give a diagnosis. (rarerevolutionmagazine.com)
  • We want to make sure the diagnosis is correct and we have not mistaken a tumor for a vascular malformation. (irpamf.org)
  • Q27.9 is a valid billable ICD-10 diagnosis code for Congenital malformation of peripheral vascular system, unspecified . (icd10coded.com)
  • Although criteria have been developed for classifying vascular malformations according to flow velocity and vessel type [ 3 ], diagnosis of these heterogeneous lesions remains challenging. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Venous malformations are the type of vascular malformation that involves the veins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vascular malformations can also come from fluid or blood accumulating in poorly formed veins or lymphatic channels. (mountsinai.org)
  • Vascular malformations can be affected by hormonal changes during puberty and pregnancy and can result from fluid or blood accumulating in poorly formed veins or lymphatic channels. (mountsinai.org)
  • When symptoms are related to malformations of the veins, endovenous laser and venous embolization , or sclerotherapy can be effective. (mountsinai.org)
  • The arteriovenous malformations are classified depending on how many feeding arteries they have and the number of draining veins. (irpamf.org)
  • Because venous malformations are comprised of a detailed network of veins, they typically appear as blue or purple in color. (jerusalemvascular.com)
  • Vascular malformations are usually birth defects affecting arteries or veins. (cheyenneregional.org)
  • In some people with vascular malformations, blood travels directly from the arteries into the veins without ever having reached the capillary system. (cheyenneregional.org)
  • Vascular malformations can cause cosmetic deformities of the head and neck and can interfere with normal function in these areas. (mountsinai.org)
  • Venous malformations vary in size and are found anywhere in the body with the majority involving the head and neck area. (jerusalemvascular.com)
  • Most children who get IR have a tumor or a vascular problem that's treated with image-guided therapies instead of (or along with) traditional surgery or medical therapy. (kidshealth.org)
  • Say 'a vascular tumor' or a 'vascular malformation. (medscape.com)
  • Symptoms may be related to the type of malformation, its progression and related complications. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • The specific technique depends on the type of malformation, but the goal is complete removal of the malformation in an attempt to eliminate any future problems. (utswmed.org)
  • In these cases, we start with embolization, to shrink the malformation and reduce the risk of bleeding. (mountsinai.org)
  • This technique can help eliminate or shrink the malformation. (utswmed.org)
  • Sometimes we need to surgically remove the malformation or treat it with radiosurgery , a type of radiation. (mountsinai.org)
  • Pyogenic granuloma is another acquired vascular lesion that is frequently observed during childhood. (medscape.com)
  • It also may help to differentiate between a vascular lesion and a nonvascular lesion, such as those found in neurofibromatosis . (medscape.com)
  • Laser treatment can be effective for treating superficial venous malformations or the superficial component of a deep lesion. (mountsinai.org)
  • These potentially dangerous malformations are called arteriovenous malformations, or AVMs. (cheyenneregional.org)
  • In making treatment decisions, physicians evaluate the highly individual nature of AVMs and make recommendations case-by-case based on the exact location of any malformation and the specific symptoms and risks posed by the malformation. (cheyenneregional.org)
  • Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in or around the spinal cord can cause cord compression, ischemia, parenchymal hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or a combination. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Currently, there are no known causes or risk factors for developing vascular birthmarks. (rochester.edu)
  • [ 6 ] Combined lymphaticovenous malformation (LVM) occurs particularly in the craniofacial region. (medscape.com)
  • Surgery is the only way to "cure" a lymphatic malformation. (medscape.com)
  • We also combine laser treatment with surgery and sclerotherapy to successfully treat compound venous malformations. (mountsinai.org)
  • How can I find treatment of Vascular Malformations Surgery? (marham.pk)
  • Here is the list of best Vascular Surgeons for Vascular malformations surgery in Pakistan. (marham.pk)
  • How can I book appointment with specialist of Vascular Malformations Surgery? (marham.pk)
  • To book your appointment with a specialist of Vascular Malformations Surgery in Pakistan, call at 042-32591427 or 0311-1222398. (marham.pk)
  • What is the fee range of top specialists of Vascular Malformations Surgery in Pakistan? (marham.pk)
  • The fee for specialists of Vascular Malformations Surgery in Pakistan varies from PKR 500-3000 depending upon doctor's experience and qualification. (marham.pk)
  • Who are the top doctors for Vascular Malformations Surgery in Pakistan? (marham.pk)
  • Surgery: if the primary options when the vascular malformation can be completely removed whithout causing too much damage. (irpamf.org)
  • In the interim, the patient's history, physical exam findings, and MRI and angiographic images are reviewed by a team that includes interventional radiology and vascular surgery. (irpamf.org)
  • Some venous malformations are amenable to surgery, and surgery is often combined with endovascular therapy in order to make the surgery safer and more effective. (jerusalemvascular.com)
  • At Golisano Children's Hospital, we are fortunate to have a group of specialists in the fields of dermatology, pediatric surgery, plastic surgery, interventional radiology, and otolaryngology that meet regularly to discuss our patients with vascular birthmarks. (rochester.edu)
  • In cooperation with me, Dr. C. Gebhardt (specialist for vascular surgery) is avaible for you. (prof-loose.de)
  • Open surgery is the longest-established treatment for vascular malformations of the brain. (utswmed.org)
  • In open surgery, one of our neurosurgeons performs a craniotomy, in which a portion of the skull is removed to allow access to the vascular malformation. (utswmed.org)
  • In some cases, immediate treatment might not be necessary or recommended because the vascular malformation might not be in danger of rupturing or bleeding, or there are no symptoms, or surgery might be considered too dangerous. (utswmed.org)
  • A capillary malformation is also a feature of the disorder macrocephaly-capillary malformation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methods-We measured the direct healthcare costs (inpatient, outpatient, intervention, and brain imaging) incurred by every adult within 3 years after their first presentation with a brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) or cavernous malformation (CM) in a prospective, population-based study. (sinapse.ac.uk)
  • Top outfielder Ryan Westmoreland developed a cavernous malformation in his brain in March 2010. (perfecthealthdiet.com)
  • A cavernous malformation of the severity of Mr. Westmoreland's is an extremely rare occurrence. (perfecthealthdiet.com)
  • Arteriovenous malformations occur between an artery and a vein. (wikipedia.org)
  • This malformation drained into a cortical vein along the parietal convexity. (medscape.com)
  • I felt great - no headaches, nothing," says Anthony, "but after just looking at my vein, the vascular physician knew something was wrong. (altairhealth.com)
  • Arteriovenous fistula Lymphohemangioma Telangiectasia Vascular disease Jackson, Ian T., et al. (wikipedia.org)
  • Through this study, researchers will be collecting information and building a database registry about patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and inherited vascular malformations. (chp.edu)
  • DVAs are associated with cavernous angiomas or one of the other types of CNS vascular malformations (ie, arteriovenous malformation [AVM], capillary telangiectasia ) in approximately 15-30% of patients. (medscape.com)
  • Most vascular malformations require treatment, to improve appearance and alleviate pain, swelling, and bleeding. (mountsinai.org)
  • A ) Evolution of malformations before (left) and after sirolimus treatment (right). (jci.org)
  • Two-year sirolimus treatment showing regression of the malformation and restoration of the anatomy of the medullary canal (middle). (jci.org)
  • MRI is very often necessary in order to see the deeper tissues involved by venous malformations and when planning different treatment approaches. (jerusalemvascular.com)
  • In other cases, interventional treatment is warranted to minimize the risk of bleeding or stroke from a vascular malformation. (utswmed.org)
  • This hybrid operating room allows pinpoint accuracy when locating the vascular malformation and also allows the surgeon to confirm complete treatment without transferring the patient to another area of the hospital. (utswmed.org)
  • Questions remain on the optimal age to initiate sirolimus therapy to potentially prevent an increase in the volume of vascular malformations and on how long treatment must be maintained," the authors write. (dermsquared.com)
  • Purpose: To assess the performance of a recently developed 3D time-resolved CE-MRA technique, Cartesian Acquisition with Projection-Reconstruction-like sampling (CAPR), for accurate characterization and treatment planning of vascular malformations of the periphery. (elsevierpure.com)
  • There are many different categories of vascular malformations, and so treatments and management techniques will vary accordingly. (manchesterlumpsclinic.com)
  • We offer a full range of care for brain vascular malformations and related diseases, including nonsurgical approaches and the latest neurosurgical procedures. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • The Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium (BVMC) is part of the Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network (RDCRN), which is funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and led by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) through its Division of Rare Diseases Research Innovation (DRDRI) . (rarediseasesnetwork.org)
  • In rare instances, vascular malformations can be caused by trauma or are associated with inherited neurological disorders such as Sturge-Weber disease. (cheyenneregional.org)
  • Every neurosurgeon on our brain vascular malformations team has specialized fellowship training in the management of cerebrovascular disorders . (utswmed.org)
  • They treat kids who have lymphatic system and vascular (or circulatory) system disorders. (kidshealth.org)
  • Biology of Vascular Malformations of the Brain NINDS Workshop, Collaborators. (wikipedia.org)
  • Brain, venous vascular malformation. (medscape.com)
  • BVMC) has conducted clinical research and improved the care of patients with brain vascular malformations, conditions in which blood vessels of the brain are affected. (rarediseasesnetwork.org)
  • Each disease is characterized by the development of a distinct type of brain vascular malformation and a spectrum of clinical and phenotypic outcomes for which biological risk factors are poorly understood. (rarediseasesnetwork.org)
  • Feasibility of minocycline and doxycycline use as potential vasculostatic therapy for brain vascular malformations: pilot study of adverse events and tolerance. (snacc.org)
  • Left untreated, complications of a brain vascular malformation can be life-changing. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • Some brain vascular malformations are discovered at birth, while others show later in life. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • Recovery from a brain vascular malformation depends on the type, severity and the complications that arise. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • Penn State Health uses a multidisciplinary approach to evaluate and treat our brain vascular malformation patients. (pennstatehealth.org)
  • Radiosurgery (the physician aims highly focused radiation directly through the skull and brain and into the malformation itself to damage the blood vessels that comprise the malformation and eventually cause them to close). (cheyenneregional.org)
  • A neurointerventional radiologist inserts the catheter through the groin and threads it up into the arteries in the brain leading to the vascular malformation. (utswmed.org)
  • She ordered an MRI and could instantly see I had a pretty major vascular malformation in my brain. (altairhealth.com)
  • It is defined as the malformation of blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord. (yesdoct.com)
  • Sclerotherapy helps us treat venous malformations and lymphatic malformations. (mountsinai.org)
  • Most patients are referred for an opinion by a vascular interventional radiologist for consideration of sclerotherapy. (manchesterlumpsclinic.com)
  • Among venous malformations treated with sclerotherapy, smaller well-defined lesions have been associated with better outcomes than larger ill-defined lesions [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Low-flow vascular malformations include capillary malformations, venous malformations, and lymphatic malformations. (wikipedia.org)
  • This procedure involves injecting liquid glue or tiny metal coils via a catheter to block the blood supply to the malformation. (utswmed.org)
  • This is a minimally invasive procedure that involves the insertion of a small needle into the vascular malformation and injection of a medication (sclerosant) into the malformation. (manchesterlumpsclinic.com)
  • Background and Purpose-Although intracranial vascular malformations (IVMs) are the leading cause of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in young adults, there has not been a cost-of-illness study on an unselected cohort. (sinapse.ac.uk)
  • Upon Dr. Young's passing in 2013, Michael T. Lawton, MD , a long-time collaborator of Dr. Young at UCSF and vascular neurosurgeon (now at the Barrow Neurological Institute), took the helm and steered the BVMC into a successful renewal. (rarediseasesnetwork.org)
  • Lymphatic malformations are congenital, developing from badly-formed lymphatic vessels in early embryonic development. (wikipedia.org)
  • We describe the use of contrast-enhanced sonography as a novel tool to define vascular anatomy and localize arteriovenous shunting in a young patient with a symptomatic vascular malformation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vascular malformations are benign (non-cancerous) lesions. (rochester.edu)
  • The disease manifests itself in the form of a pathologically altered vascular layout and circulatory system, which in most cases causes continual growth. (prof-loose.de)
  • An 8-year-old boy presented with acute spinal cord infarction associated with a spinal arteriovenous malformation. (psu.edu)
  • Bandyopadhyay, S & Sheth, RD 1999, ' Acute spinal cord infarction: Vascular steal in arteriovenous malformation ', Journal of Child Neurology , vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 685-687. (psu.edu)
  • Spinal cord arteriovenous malformations may be detected incidentally during imaging. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Patients can experience strokes, seizures, or other neurological deficits from their vascular malformation that can significantly affect function and quality of life. (rarediseasesnetwork.org)
  • In study patients, malformations in the lateral neck were most often macrocystic, while those in the tongue and floor of the mouth tended to be microcystic. (medscape.com)
  • Many patients have vascular malformations that are made up of different types of abnormally formed vascular channels. (mountsinai.org)
  • In cases of increases in inflow, such as DVAs with arteriovenous shunts or arteriovenous malformations, patients may initially present with headache, neurologic deficit, seizures, and coma. (medscape.com)
  • While some believe that DVAs can hemorrhage on their own, most notably after venous infarction from spontaneous DVA thrombosis, most instances of hemorrhage with DVAs have been in patients with combined vascular malformations. (medscape.com)
  • The organisation supports patients and families with the medical issues that arise from having a vascular malformation and with their psychological effects too. (rarerevolutionmagazine.com)
  • Blood flows slowly through venous malformations, making patients susceptible to forming blood clots. (jerusalemvascular.com)
  • Most venous malformations due, however, cause symptoms or place patients at risk of potentially dangerous blood clots. (jerusalemvascular.com)
  • Molecular genetic studies can be conducted in patients with a family history of vascular malformations. (elsevierpure.com)
  • this may be particularly advantageous to populations in whom such exposure is of concern (such as children) or in whom serial examinations may be necessary (such as patients with vascular malformations). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The vascular system is built by 2 processes, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. (medscape.com)
  • Three groups of vascular malformations dominate: medullary arteriovenous malformations (AVM), peri-arterial arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) and spinal meningeal FAF. (medical-actu.com)
  • After infancy, acquired vascular lesions are associated with aging (senile angiomas), trauma (arteriovenous fistulas), systemic conditions (spider angioma), and malignancy ( Kaposi sarcoma ). (medscape.com)