Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.
A species in the genus GARDNERELLA previously classified as Haemophilus vaginalis. This bacterium, also isolated from the female genital tract of healthy women, is implicated in the cause of bacterial vaginosis (VAGINOSIS, BACTERIAL).
The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract.
Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are found in the human vagina, particularly in association with Gardnerella vaginalis in cases of bacterial vaginosis.
The washing of the VAGINA cavity or surface with a solution. Agents or drugs can be added to the irrigation solution.
A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.
A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare.
Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.
Phenazines are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds that have been widely studied for their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties, and can be found in various natural sources such as bacteria and fungi, or synthesized chemically.
A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed).
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.
A genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family ACIDAMINOCOCCACEAE, found in the RUMEN of SHEEP and CATTLE, and also in humans.
Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.
The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.
A common inhabitant of the vagina and cervix and a potential human pathogen, causing infections of the male and female reproductive tracts. It has also been associated with respiratory disease and pharyngitis. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Medicated dosage forms for topical application in the vagina. A cream is a semisolid emulsion containing suspended or dissolved medication; a foam is a dispersion of a gas in a medicated liquid resulting in a light, frothy mass; a jelly is a colloidal semisolid mass of a water soluble medicated material, usually translucent.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
A genus of anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria in the family Fusobacteriaceae. Some species cause BACTEREMIA and some intra-amniotic infections.
A species of TRICHOMONAS that produces a refractory vaginal discharge in females, as well as bladder and urethral infections in males.
Collection of pooled secretions of the posterior vaginal fornix for cytologic examination.
An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.
Bacterial diseases transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.
'Anaerobic Bacteria' are types of bacteria that do not require oxygen for growth and can often cause diseases in humans, including dental caries, gas gangrene, and tetanus, among others.
Onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR before term (TERM BIRTH) but usually after the FETUS has become viable. In humans, it occurs sometime during the 29th through 38th week of PREGNANCY. TOCOLYSIS inhibits premature labor and can prevent the BIRTH of premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE).
Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS.
Local antiprotozoal and antifungal agent that may also be given orally.
Class of BACTERIA with diverse morphological properties. Strains of Actinobacteria show greater than 80% 16S rDNA/rRNA sequence similarity among each other and also the presence of certain signature nucleotides. (Stackebrandt E. et al, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1997) 47:479-491)
Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.
Inflammation of the UTERINE CERVIX.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.
Personal care items used during MENSTRUATION.
Sexual attraction or relationship between females.
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.
Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.
A clear or white discharge from the VAGINA, consisting mainly of MUCUS.
A collective genome representative of the many organisms, primarily microorganisms, existing in a community.
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods. Organisms of this genus had originally been classified as members of the BACTEROIDES genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings in 1990 indicated the need to separate them from other Bacteroides species, and hence, this new genus was established.
A slightly alkaline secretion of the endocervical glands. The consistency and amount are dependent on the physiological hormone changes in the menstrual cycle. It contains the glycoprotein mucin, amino acids, sugar, enzymes, and electrolytes, with a water content up to 90%. The mucus is a useful protection against the ascent of bacteria and sperm into the uterus. (From Dictionary of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1988)
Aerobic bacteria are types of microbes that require oxygen to grow and reproduce, and use it in the process of respiration to break down organic matter and produce energy, often found in environments where oxygen is readily available such as the human body's skin, mouth, and intestines.
Married or single individuals who share sexual relations.
The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing water or solution for therapy or diagnosis.
The degree of closeness or acceptance an individual or group feels toward another individual or group.
Sexual activities of humans.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.
Infections with species of the genus MYCOPLASMA.
A species of gram-negative bacteria found in the human genitourinary tract (UROGENITAL SYSTEM), oropharynx, and anal canal. Serovars 1, 3, 6, and 14 have been reclassed into a separate species UREAPLASMA parvum.
Agents used to treat trichomonas infections.
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Live microbial DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Antibiotics and other related compounds are not included in this definition. In humans, lactobacilli are commonly used as probiotics, either as single species or in mixed culture with other bacteria. Other genera that have been used are bifidobacteria and streptococci. (J. Nutr. 1995;125:1401-12)
A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.
Personal care items for women.
Liquid components of living organisms.
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.
The female reproductive organs. The external organs include the VULVA; BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS; and CLITORIS. The internal organs include the VAGINA; UTERUS; OVARY; and FALLOPIAN TUBES.
The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.

Bacterial vaginosis: review of treatment options and potential clinical indications for therapy. (1/533)

We reviewed data on the treatment of bacterial vaginosis published from 1993 through 1996. For nonpregnant women, we recommend use of metronidazole (500 mg orally twice daily for 7 days), clindamycin vaginal cream (2%, once daily for 7 days), or metronidazole vaginal gel (0.75%, twice daily for 5 days) as the preferred treatment for bacterial vaginosis. For pregnant high-risk women (women with a prior preterm birth), the objective of the treatment is to prevent adverse outcomes of pregnancy, in addition to relief of symptoms. Thus, systemic therapy for possible subclinical upper tract infection as well as medication that has been studied in pregnant women are preferable. Therefore, we recommend metronidazole (250 mg orally three times a day for 7 days). For pregnant low-risk women (women without a prior preterm birth) with symptomatic disease, the main objective of the treatment is to relieve symptoms. We recommend metronidazole (250 mg orally three times a day for 7 days). Data do not support routine treatment of male sex partners.  (+info)

Differential sensitivity of distinct Chlamydia trachomatis isolates to IFN-gamma-mediated inhibition. (2/533)

Resistance to the mouse pneumonitis (MoPn) strain of Chlamydia trachomatis has been mapped to MHC class II-restricted, IL-12-dependent CD4+ T cells that secrete a type 1 profile of proinflammatory cytokines, which includes IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. The relative contribution of IFN-gamma is controversial, however, due to variation in results presented by different laboratories. To determine whether C. trachomatis strain differences contributed to this apparent conflict, the relative resistance of IFN-gamma-deficient mice to murine and human strains of C. trachomatis was compared. All human serovars were much more sensitive to the direct inhibitory actions of IFN-gamma than the MoPn strain. Furthermore, genital clearance of human serovar D in the C57BL/6 mouse was mediated by class II-independent mechanisms that probably involved local production of IFN-gamma by cells of the innate immune system. TNF-alpha also contributed indirectly to host resistance against all strains tested. The differential susceptibility of distinct C. trachomatis strains to effector cytokines such as IFN-gamma could not have been predicted by interstrain biologic variation or by the profile of cytokines stimulated during infection. These findings indicate that strain variation should be considered in situations where related isolates of a given parasite produce conflicting data in models of infection and immunity. They also suggest that stimulation of mucosal IFN-gamma activity is a relevant goal for a human chlamydial vaccine.  (+info)

Asymptomatic non-ulcerative genital tract infections in a rural Ugandan population. (3/533)

OBJECTIVE: To document the prevalence of asymptomatic non-ulcerative genital tract infections (GTI) in a rural African cohort. METHODS: The study population consisted of all adults aged 15-59 residing in 56 rural communities of Rakai District, southwest Uganda, enrolled in the Rakai STD Control for AIDS Prevention Study. Participants were interviewed about the occurrence of vaginal or urethral discharge and frequent or painful urination in the previous 6 months. Respondents were asked to provide blood and a first catch urine sample. Serum was tested for HIV-1. Urine was tested with ligase chain reaction (LCR) for N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis. Women provided two self administered vaginal swabs; one for T vaginalis culture and the other for a Gram stained slide for bacterial vaginosis (BV) diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 12,827 men and women were enrolled. Among 5140 men providing specimens, 0.9% had gonorrhoea and 2.1% had chlamydia. Among 6356 women, 1.5% had gonorrhoea, 2.4% had chlamydia, 23.8% were infected with trichomonas and 50.9% had BV.53% of men and 66% of women with gonorrhoea did not report genital discharge or dysuria at anytime within the previous 6 months. 92% of men and 76% of women with chlamydia and over 80% of women with trichomonas or BV were asymptomatic. The sensitivities of dysuria or urethral discharge for detection of infection with either gonorrhoea or chlamydia among men were only 21.4% and 9.8% respectively; similarly, among women the sensitivity of dysuria was 21.0% while that of vaginal discharge was 11.6%. For trichomonas or BV the sensitivity of dysuria was 11.7% and that of vaginal discharge was 10.5%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of non-ulcerative GTIs is very high in this rural African population and the majority are asymptomatic. Reliance on reported symptoms alone would have missed 80% of men and 72% of women with either gonorrhoea or chlamydia, and over 80% of women with trichomonas or BV. To achieve STD control in this and similar populations public health programmes must target asymptomatic infections.  (+info)

Circulating heat shock proteins in women with a history of recurrent vulvovaginitis. (4/533)

OBJECTIVE: Predisposing factors influencing recurrences of bacterial vaginosis (BV) or vaginitis from Candida remain unidentified for most women. As a component of studies to determine host susceptibility factors to genital tract infections in women, we measured expression of the 60-kDa and 70-kDa heat shock proteins (hsp60 and hsp70, respectively) in the circulation of women with or without a history of recurrent BV or candidal vaginitis and with or without a current lower genital tract infection. Heat shock protein expression is associated with a down-regulation of pro-inflammatory immune responses that would inhibit microbial infection. METHOD: The investigators measured hsp60 and hsp70, antibodies to these proteins, the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in sera by ELISA. The study population consisted of 100 women who attended a gynecology clinic in Campinas, Brazil. Of those, 55 had a history of recurrent vulvovaginitis (RV), while 45 were controls with no such history. Only women who were asymptomatic for at least 1 month were studied. RESULTS: Although all were asymptomatic, clinical and microbiological examination revealed that five of the women with a history of RV and two controls had a current candidal vaginal infection; 16 RV patients and 12 controls had BV; and six RV patients had both BV and candidiasis. Twenty-eight RV patients and 31 controls had no clinical or microbiological detectable vaginal infection. Among the RV patients, hsp60 and hsp70 were more prevalent in those with current BV (40.9% and 50.0%, respectively) or a candidal infection (45.5% and 54.5%) than in women with no current infection (21.4% and 17.9%). In the women with no history of RV, BV was not associated with a high prevalence of hsp60 (8.3%) or hsp70 (8.3%). Interleukin-10 and TNF were not more prevalent in vaginitis patients or controls with a current candidal infection or BV than in uninfected subjects. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of circulating hsp60 and hsp70 in women with a history of RV and current BV or vaginal candidiasis, but not in women with no history of RV, suggests that differences in heat shock protein induction may be related to susceptibility to recurrent vaginal infections.  (+info)

The role of bacterial vaginosis in infection after major gynecologic surgery. (5/533)

PURPOSE: Previous studies have reported an association between bacterial vaginosis (BV) and postoperative fever and infection. This prospective study investigated whether the intermediate or definite stages of BV are risk factors for postoperative infection after major gynecologic surgery. METHODS: Vaginal cultures were obtained preoperatively from 175 women undergoing gynecologic surgery. The diagnostic criteria for BV were based on Nugent's standardized method of Gram stain interpretation. Postoperative fever was defined as at least one temperature equal to 101.0 degrees F or greater, or two or more temperatures more than 6 hours apart equal to 100.4 degrees F or greater. RESULTS: Thirty-six percent of the positive-BV group developed a postoperative fever, compared with 20% of the Lactobacillus-predominant group and 12% of the intermediate-BV group (P = 0.017). The differences between the positive-BV group and the Lactobacillus-predominant group, and between the positive-BV group and the intermediate-BV group, with respect to postoperative fever, were statistically significant (P = 0.045 and P = 0.007, respectively). The difference between the intermediate-BV group and the Lactobacillus-predominant group was not statistically significant (P = 0.28). CONCLUSIONS: Although the association between BV and postoperative febrile morbidity could be a spurious result of confounding with other variables, it may be prudent for the surgeon to identify patients with BV and treat them preoperatively.  (+info)

Influence of bacterial vaginosis on conception and miscarriage in the first trimester: cohort study. (6/533)

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether bacterial vaginosis affects the rates of conception and miscarriage in the first trimester. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Assisted conception unit of a teaching hospital in Leeds. PARTICIPANTS: 867 consecutive women undergoing in vitro fertilisation. INTERVENTIONS: Screening for bacterial vaginosis with a Gram stained vaginal smear before egg collection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The presence of bacterial vaginosis or normal vaginal flora, and the rate of conception and miscarriage in the first trimester. RESULTS: 190 of 771 (24.6%) women had bacterial vaginosis. No difference in conception rate was found between those women with bacterial vaginosis and those with normal vaginal flora: 61 women (32.1%) and 146 of 493 women (29.6%) respectively (relative risk 1. 08, 95% confidence interval 0.85 to 1.39; odds ratio 1.12, 0.77 to 1. 64). However, 22 women (31.6%) with bacterial vaginosis who conceived had a significantly increased risk of miscarriage in the first trimester compared with 27 women (18.5%) with normal vaginal flora (crude relative risk 1.95, 1.11 to 3.42; crude odds ratio 2.49, 1.21 to 5.12). This increased risk remained significant after adjustment for factors known to increase the rate of miscarriage: increasing maternal age, smoking, history of three or more miscarriages, no previous live birth, and polycystic ovaries (adjusted relative risk 2.03, 1.09 to 3.78; adjusted odds ratio 2.67, 1.26 to 5.63). CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial vaginosis does not affect conception but is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage in the first trimester in women undergoing in vitro fertilisation, independent of other risk factors.  (+info)

Bacterial isolates from patients with preterm labor with and without preterm rupture of the fetal membranes. (7/533)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe the bacterial flora of women in preterm labor with or without premature rupture of membranes. METHODS: Retrospective studies of 239 patients with preterm labor were performed. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-three of 239 patients with preterm labor (51.5%) had bacterial vaginosis. Seventy of the 239 patients with preterm labor (29.3%) developed premature rupture of the membranes (preterm PROM). Of the 70 patients with preterm PROM, 51 (72.9%) had bacterial vaginosis. Therefore, 51 of the 123 patients with bacterial vaginosis (41.5%) developed preterm PROM. An increased number of organisms detected from the vaginal discharge in patients with preterm labor was associated with preterm PROM by Cochran-Armitage test. An increased number of organisms detected from the vaginal discharge in patients with preterm labor complicated with bacterial vaginosis was significantly associated with preterm PROM by Cochran-Armitage test. CONCLUSIONS: In preterm labor, the number of different species detected in the vagina provide sensitive and specific prediction of preterm PROM in patients with preterm labor.  (+info)

Evaluation of the Strep B OIA test compared to standard culture methods for detection of group B streptococci. (8/533)

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the accuracy of the commercial product Strep B OIA (optical immunoassay) compared to the standard agar and broth culture methods for detecting vaginal colonization with group B streptococcus (GBS). METHODS: Preoperative vaginal cultures were obtained from 141 nonpregnant gynecological patients undergoing major gynecologic surgery. Major gynecologic surgery was defined as benign gynecologic, gyne-oncology, and urogynecologic procedures. The results of the Strep B OIA test were compared to the results obtained from SXT agar (selective for GBS), colistin-nalidixic acid ((CNA) agar, and Todd-Hewitt broth cultures. RESULTS: The prevalence of vaginal GBS colonization in this population was 20.6%. The sample sensitivity and specificity of the OIA method were 58.6% and 85.7%, respectively. These values are lower than the sensitivity and specificity of 85.4% and 91.5%, respectively, given in the OIA package insert. Although the sample negative predictive value was fairly high (88.9%), the positive predictive value was low (51.5%). CONCLUSION: Although a previous study stated that the product Strep B OIA reduces the time required to obtain results (30 minutes versus days) and can, therefore, function as a useful diagnostic tool in the management of early-onset GBS disease, the present study's finding of low sensitivity and low positive predictive value indicates that this test may have very limited clinical value.  (+info)

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition that occurs when there's an imbalance or overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina. It's not technically considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but certain activities such as unprotected sex can increase the risk of developing BV. The normal balance of bacteria in the vagina is disrupted, leading to symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge with a strong fishy odor, burning during urination, and itching or irritation around the outside of the vagina. Bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed through a pelvic examination and laboratory tests to identify the type of bacteria present in the vagina. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, either in the form of pills or creams that are inserted into the vagina. It's important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have bacterial vaginosis, as it can increase the risk of complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease and preterm labor during pregnancy.

Gardnerella vaginalis is a gram-variable, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium that is part of the normal microbiota of the human vagina. However, an overgrowth of this organism can lead to a condition known as bacterial vaginosis (BV), which is characterized by a shift in the balance of vaginal flora, resulting in a decrease in beneficial lactobacilli and an increase in Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic bacteria. This imbalance can cause symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge with a fishy odor, itching, and burning. It's important to note that while G. vaginalis is commonly associated with BV, its presence alone does not necessarily indicate the presence of the condition.

The vagina is the canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal because babies pass through it during childbirth. The vagina is where sexual intercourse occurs and where menstrual blood exits the body. It has a flexible wall that can expand and retract. During sexual arousal, the vaginal walls swell with blood to become more elastic in order to accommodate penetration.

It's important to note that sometimes people use the term "vagina" to refer to the entire female genital area, including the external structures like the labia and clitoris. But technically, these are considered part of the vulva, not the vagina.

Vaginal discharge refers to the fluid that comes out of the vagina on a regular basis. It's a normal and healthy process for the body to keep the vagina clean and maintain its pH balance. The amount, color, and consistency of vaginal discharge can vary throughout a woman's menstrual cycle and can also be influenced by various factors such as pregnancy, sexual arousal, and infections.

Normal vaginal discharge is typically clear or white and may have a mild odor. However, if the discharge changes in color, consistency, or smell, or if it's accompanied by symptoms such as itching, burning, or pain, it could be a sign of an infection or other medical condition that requires treatment.

It is important to note that while vaginal discharge is a normal bodily function, any abnormal changes should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to ensure appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

Vaginitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the vagina, often accompanied by an alteration in the normal vaginal flora and an associated discharge. It can result from infectious (bacterial, viral, or fungal) or noninfectious causes, such as chemical irritants, allergies, or hormonal changes. Common symptoms include abnormal vaginal discharge with varying colors, odors, and consistencies; itching; burning; and pain during urination or sexual intercourse. The specific diagnosis and treatment of vaginitis depend on the underlying cause, which is typically determined through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests.

"Mobiluncus" is a genus of gram-variable, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are part of the normal vaginal flora in women. There are two species, Mobiluncus curtisii and Mobiluncus mulieris. These bacteria are often associated with bacterial vaginosis, a condition characterized by a shift in the balance of vaginal bacteria, leading to symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge and odor. However, it's important to note that not all women who have these bacteria in their vagina will develop bacterial vaginosis.

Vaginal douching is the practice of cleaning out the vagina with water or a mixture of water and other substances, such as vinegar or baking soda. The solution is typically inserted into the vagina using a douche, which is a device that looks like a squeeze bottle or a syringe.

It's important to note that douching is not recommended by medical professionals. The vagina is self-cleaning and does not require any additional cleaning products. Douching can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina, which can increase the risk of infection and other health problems. It can also increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, and low birth weight in babies born to women who douche during pregnancy.

If you have any concerns about your vaginal health or hygiene, it's best to speak with a healthcare provider for advice and recommendations tailored to your specific needs.

Gentian Violet is not a medical term per se, but it is a substance that has been used in medicine. According to the US National Library of Medicine's MedlinePlus, Gentian Violet is a type of crystal violet dye that has antifungal and antibacterial properties. It is often used as a topical treatment for minor cuts, burns, and wounds, as well as for fungal infections such as thrush (oral candidiasis) and athlete's foot. Gentian Violet can also be used to treat ringworm and impetigo. However, it should not be used in the eyes or mouth, and it should be used with caution on broken skin, as it can cause irritation. Additionally, there is some concern that long-term use of Gentian Violet may be carcinogenic (cancer-causing), so its use should be limited to short periods of time and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Lactobacillus is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic or microaerophilic, non-spore-forming bacteria. They are part of the normal flora found in the intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts of humans and other animals. Lactobacilli are also commonly found in some fermented foods, such as yogurt, sauerkraut, and sourdough bread.

Lactobacilli are known for their ability to produce lactic acid through the fermentation of sugars, which contributes to their role in maintaining a healthy microbiota and lowering the pH in various environments. Some species of Lactobacillus have been shown to provide health benefits, such as improving digestion, enhancing immune function, and preventing infections, particularly in the urogenital and intestinal tracts. They are often used as probiotics, either in food or supplement form, to promote a balanced microbiome and support overall health.

Trichomonas vaginitis is a type of vaginal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It is transmitted through sexual contact and primarily affects the urogenital tract. The infection can cause various symptoms in women, such as vaginal discharge with an unpleasant smell, itching, redness, and pain during urination or sex. However, up to 50% of infected individuals may be asymptomatic. In men, it often does not cause any symptoms but can lead to urethritis (inflammation of the urethra). Diagnosis is usually made through microscopic examination of vaginal secretions or a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT). Treatment typically involves prescription antibiotics like metronidazole or tinidazole, targeting both sexual partners to prevent reinfection.

Phenazines are a class of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds that consist of two nitrogen atoms connected by a five-membered ring. They are naturally occurring in various species of bacteria and fungi, where they play a role in chemical defense and communication. Some phenazines have been found to have antibiotic, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties. Synthetic phenazines are also used in various industrial applications, such as dyes and pigments, and as components in some pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Metronidazole is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication. It is primarily used to treat infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and certain parasites. Metronidazole works by interfering with the DNA of these organisms, which inhibits their ability to grow and multiply.

It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, creams, and gels, and is often used to treat conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, amebiasis, giardiasis, and pseudomembranous colitis.

Like all antibiotics, metronidazole should be taken only under the direction of a healthcare provider, as misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance and other complications.

Vaginal diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the vagina, which is the female reproductive organ that extends from the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to the external part of the genitalia (vulva). These diseases can cause a range of symptoms, including discharge, itching, burning, pain, and discomfort. Some common vaginal diseases include:

1. Vaginitis: It is an inflammation or infection of the vagina that can cause abnormal discharge, itching, and irritation. The most common causes of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, and trichomoniasis.
2. Vulvovaginitis: It is an inflammation or infection of both the vagina and vulva that can cause redness, swelling, itching, and pain. The causes of vulvovaginitis are similar to those of vaginitis and include bacterial infections, yeast infections, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
3. Vaginal dryness: It is a common condition that affects many women, especially after menopause. It can cause discomfort during sexual intercourse and lead to other symptoms such as itching and burning.
4. Vaginal cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that develop in the vagina due to various reasons, including inflammation, injury, or congenital abnormalities.
5. Vaginal cancer: It is a rare type of cancer that affects the vagina. The most common symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding, discharge, and pain during sexual intercourse.
6. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Several STIs, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes, and human papillomavirus (HPV), can affect the vagina and cause various symptoms, including discharge, pain, and sores.

It is essential to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of vaginal diseases to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

"Megasphaera" is a genus of Gram-negative, anaerobic, coccoid or rod-shaped bacteria found in various environments, including the human mouth and gastrointestinal tract. These bacteria are commonly associated with dental caries, periodontal disease, and bacterial vaginosis. They have the ability to produce both acid and gas from carbohydrate fermentation, which can contribute to the development of dental plaque and tissue destruction in periodontal disease. In addition, certain species of Megasphaera have been implicated in the pathogenesis of intra-abdominal infections and other anaerobic infections in humans.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a medical condition that refers to an infection in the vagina and vulva caused by Candida fungus, most commonly Candida albicans. This type of infection is also commonly known as a yeast infection. The symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis can include itching, redness, swelling, pain, and soreness in the affected area, as well as thick, white vaginal discharge that may resemble cottage cheese. In some cases, there may also be burning during urination or sexual intercourse. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a common condition that affects many women at some point in their lives, and it can be treated with antifungal medications.

Intravaginal administration refers to the delivery of medications or other substances directly into the vagina. This route of administration can be used for local treatment of vaginal infections or inflammation, or to deliver systemic medication that is absorbed through the vaginal mucosa.

Medications can be administered intravaginally using a variety of dosage forms, including creams, gels, foams, suppositories, and films. The choice of dosage form depends on several factors, such as the drug's physicochemical properties, the desired duration of action, and patient preference.

Intravaginal administration offers several advantages over other routes of administration. It allows for direct delivery of medication to the site of action, which can result in higher local concentrations and fewer systemic side effects. Additionally, some medications may be more effective when administered intravaginally due to their ability to bypass first-pass metabolism in the liver.

However, there are also potential disadvantages to intravaginal administration. Some women may find it uncomfortable or inconvenient to use this route of administration, and there is a risk of leakage or expulsion of the medication. Additionally, certain medications may cause local irritation or allergic reactions when administered intravaginally.

Overall, intravaginal administration can be a useful route of administration for certain medications and conditions, but it is important to consider the potential benefits and risks when choosing this method.

Mycoplasma hominis is a species of bacteria that lack a cell wall and are among the smallest free-living organisms. They are commonly found as part of the normal flora in the genitourinary tract of humans, particularly in the urethra, cervix, and vagina. However, they can also cause various infections, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems or in the presence of other risk factors.

M. hominis has been associated with several types of infections, including:

1. Genital tract infections: M. hominis can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), cervicitis, urethritis, and endometritis in women. In men, it may lead to urethritis and prostatitis.
2. Postpartum and post-abortion fever: M. hominis can contribute to febrile morbidity following delivery or abortion.
3. Respiratory tract infections: While rare, M. hominis has been implicated in some cases of respiratory tract infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
4. Joint and soft tissue infections: M. hominis can cause septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and other soft tissue infections, especially in patients with underlying joint diseases or compromised immune systems.
5. Central nervous system (CNS) infections: Although uncommon, M. hominis has been associated with CNS infections such as meningitis and brain abscesses, primarily in immunocompromised individuals.
6. Bloodstream infections: Bacteremia due to M. hominis is rare but can occur in immunocompromised patients or those with indwelling catheters.

Diagnosis of M. hominis infections typically involves the detection of the organism through various laboratory methods, such as culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or serological tests. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics that target mycoplasmas, such as macrolides (e.g., azithromycin) or tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline). However, resistance to certain antibiotics has been reported in some M. hominis strains.

Vaginal creams, foams, and jellies are topical formulations specifically designed for vaginal application. These products contain various active ingredients intended to treat or manage various vaginal conditions such as infections, dryness, or irritation. The choice of formulation depends on the specific indication, patient preference, and the properties of the active ingredient.

1. Vaginal Creams: These are smooth, thick, and creamy preparations that often contain a water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsion. They are typically used to deliver medications for treating vaginal infections like candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, or trichomoniasis. Vaginal creams can also be used as lubricants or moisturizers to alleviate dryness and discomfort.

2. Vaginal Foams: These are aerosolized formulations that contain a propellant gas, which creates a light and airy consistency when dispensed. The foam formulation facilitates the even distribution of the active ingredient throughout the vaginal area. Vaginal foams are often used to deliver medications for treating vaginal infections or as contraceptive foams.

3. Vaginal Jellies: These are semi-solid preparations with a smooth, slippery consistency, similar to gelatin. They are typically water-based and can easily spread and coat the vaginal mucosa. Vaginal jellies are often used as lubricants or to deliver medications for local action in the vagina, such as antifungal, antibacterial, or anesthetic agents.

It is essential to follow the instructions provided by a healthcare professional when using these products, as improper use may lead to reduced effectiveness or increased side effects.

Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:

1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.

Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.

Leptotrichia is a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found as part of the normal flora in the oral cavity and urogenital tract of humans and animals. Some species of Leptotrichia have been associated with various infections, including endocarditis, periodontal disease, and bloodstream infections, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems. However, they are generally considered to be commensals and are not typically pathogenic in healthy individuals.

It's important to note that medical definitions can vary depending on the context and source, and this definition may not be all-encompassing or universally accepted.

Trichomonas vaginalis is a species of protozoan parasite that causes the sexually transmitted infection known as trichomoniasis. It primarily infects the urogenital tract, with women being more frequently affected than men. The parasite exists as a motile, pear-shaped trophozoite, measuring about 10-20 micrometers in size.

T. vaginalis infection can lead to various symptoms, including vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor, itching, and irritation in women, while men may experience urethral discharge or discomfort during urination. However, up to 50% of infected individuals might not develop any noticeable symptoms, making the infection challenging to recognize and treat without medical testing.

Diagnosis typically involves microscopic examination of vaginal secretions or urine samples, although nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are becoming more common due to their higher sensitivity and specificity. Treatment usually consists of oral metronidazole or tinidazole, which are antibiotics that target the parasite's ability to reproduce. It is essential to treat both partners simultaneously to prevent reinfection and ensure successful eradication of the parasite.

A vaginal smear, also known as a Pap test or Pap smear, is a medical procedure in which a sample of cells is collected from the cervix (the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina) and examined under a microscope. The purpose of this test is to detect abnormal cells, including precancerous changes, that may indicate the presence of cervical cancer or other conditions such as infections or inflammation.

During the procedure, a speculum is inserted into the vagina to allow the healthcare provider to visualize the cervix. A spatula or brush is then used to gently scrape cells from the surface of the cervix. The sample is spread onto a microscope slide and sent to a laboratory for analysis.

Regular Pap smears are recommended for women as part of their routine healthcare, as they can help detect abnormalities at an early stage when they are more easily treated. The frequency of Pap smears may vary depending on age, medical history, and other factors. It is important to follow the recommendations of a healthcare provider regarding the timing and frequency of Pap smears.

Clindamycin is a antibiotic medication used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It is a type of antibiotic known as a lincosamide, which works by binding to the bacterial ribosome and inhibiting protein synthesis. This leads to the death of the bacteria and helps to clear the infection.

Clindamycin is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and some anaerobic bacteria, making it a useful antibiotic for treating many different types of infections, including skin and soft tissue infections, bone and joint infections, respiratory infections, and dental infections. It is also sometimes used to treat certain types of bacterial vaginal infections.

Like all antibiotics, clindamycin should be used only under the direction of a healthcare provider, as misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance. Additionally, clindamycin can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, and it may increase the risk of developing a serious intestinal infection called Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when taking this medication.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are infections that can be passed from one person to another through sexual contact. When referring to bacterial STDs, these are infections caused by bacteria. Examples of bacterial STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). These infections can be treated with antibiotics, but if left untreated, they can cause serious health problems, such as infertility, organ damage, and even death. It is important to practice safe sex and get regular STD screenings to prevent and promptly treat bacterial STDs.

Anaerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not require oxygen to grow and survive. Instead, they can grow in environments that have little or no oxygen. Some anaerobic bacteria can even be harmed or killed by exposure to oxygen. These bacteria play important roles in many natural processes, such as decomposition and the breakdown of organic matter in the digestive system. However, some anaerobic bacteria can also cause disease in humans and animals, particularly when they infect areas of the body that are normally oxygen-rich. Examples of anaerobic bacterial infections include tetanus, gas gangrene, and dental abscesses.

Premature obstetric labor, also known as preterm labor, is defined as regular contractions leading to cervical changes that begin before 37 weeks of gestation. This condition can result in premature birth and potentially complications for the newborn, depending on how early the delivery occurs. It's important to note that premature labor requires medical attention and intervention to try to stop or delay it, if possible, to allow for further fetal development.

Vulvovaginitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the vulva and vagina. It is often characterized by symptoms such as itching, burning, redness, swelling, discomfort, pain, and abnormal vaginal discharge. The condition can be caused by various factors, including infections (such as bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, or sexually transmitted infections), irritants (like chemicals found in soaps, douches, or sanitary products), allergies, or hormonal changes.

The symptoms of vulvovaginitis can vary depending on the cause and severity of the inflammation. In some cases, it may resolve on its own or with simple home remedies, while in other cases, medical treatment may be necessary to clear up any underlying infection or address any specific causes of the inflammation.

If you are experiencing symptoms of vulvovaginitis, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

Nifuratel is an antimicrobial drug that belongs to the class of nitrofurans. It is primarily used as a topical agent for the treatment of various skin infections, including bacterial and fungal infections. Nifuratel works by inhibiting certain bacterial enzymes, which interferes with their ability to grow and multiply.

It's important to note that nifuratel is not commonly used systemically (i.e., taken orally or injected) due to its limited absorption in the body. It is primarily available as a cream or ointment for topical use. As with any medication, it should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, and its use may be subject to specific regulations and restrictions depending on the country and region.

Actinobacteria are a group of gram-positive bacteria that are widely distributed in nature, including in soil, water, and various organic substrates. They are characterized by their high G+C content in their DNA and complex cell wall composition, which often contains mycolic acids. Some Actinobacteria are known to form branching filaments, giving them a characteristic "actinomycete" morphology. Many species of Actinobacteria have important roles in industry, agriculture, and medicine. For example, some produce antibiotics, enzymes, and other bioactive compounds, while others play key roles in biogeochemical cycles such as the decomposition of organic matter and the fixation of nitrogen. Additionally, some Actinobacteria are pathogenic and can cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants.

Trichomonas infection, also known as trichomoniasis, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It primarily affects the urogenital tract and is more common in women than men. The symptoms in women can include vaginal discharge with an unpleasant smell, itching, redness, and pain during sexual intercourse or urination. Many men with trichomoniasis do not develop any symptoms, although some may experience discomfort, burning after urination, or a slight discharge from the penis. If left untreated, trichomoniasis can increase the risk of acquiring or transmitting other sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV. Diagnosis is usually made through microscopic examination of a sample of vaginal or urethral discharge, and treatment typically involves prescription antibiotics like metronidazole or tinidazole.

Uterine cervicitis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the uterine cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. It can be caused by various factors, including bacterial or viral infections, allergies, or irritants. The symptoms of cervicitis may include abnormal vaginal discharge, pain during sexual intercourse, bleeding after sex, and irregular menstrual bleeding. In some cases, cervicitis may not cause any noticeable symptoms. If left untreated, cervicitis can increase the risk of developing more severe complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease or infertility. Treatment for cervicitis typically involves antibiotics to eliminate any underlying infections and management of symptoms. Regular gynecological exams and Pap tests are essential for early detection and prevention of cervical diseases.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Genital diseases in females refer to various medical conditions that affect the female reproductive system, including the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, and ovaries. These conditions can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, hormonal imbalances, or structural abnormalities. Some common examples of genital diseases in females include bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human papillomavirus (HPV), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), endometriosis, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, and vulvar or vaginal cancer. Symptoms of genital diseases in females can vary widely depending on the specific condition but may include abnormal vaginal discharge, pain or discomfort during sex, irregular menstrual bleeding, painful urination, and pelvic pain. It is important for women to receive regular gynecological care and screenings to detect and treat genital diseases early and prevent complications.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), also known as Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), are a group of diseases or infections that spread primarily through sexual contact, including vaginal, oral, and anal sex. They can also be transmitted through non-sexual means such as mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding, or via shared needles.

STDs can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, and some may not show any symptoms at all. Common STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis B, and pubic lice.

If left untreated, some STDs can lead to serious health complications, such as infertility, organ damage, blindness, or even death. It is important to practice safe sex and get regular screenings for STDs if you are sexually active, especially if you have multiple partners or engage in high-risk behaviors.

Preventive measures include using barrier methods of protection, such as condoms, dental dams, and female condoms, getting vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B, and limiting the number of sexual partners. If you suspect that you may have an STD, it is important to seek medical attention promptly for diagnosis and treatment.

Menstrual hygiene products are items used by menstruating individuals to absorb or collect blood and maintain cleanliness and comfort during menstruation. These products typically include sanitary napkins, tampons, menstrual cups, and reusable cloth pads. They are designed to be safe, comfortable, and effective in managing menstrual flow and preventing leakage, while also being convenient and discreet to use. It is essential to maintain proper menstrual hygiene to prevent discomfort, skin irritation, and infection during menstruation.

Female homosexuality, also known as lesbianism, is a romantic and/or sexual attraction or behavior between females. It is one of the forms of human sexual orientation, which also includes heterosexuality and bisexuality. Homosexual women, like gay men, can form committed relationships, have families, and live happy and fulfilling lives. It's important to note that homosexuality is not considered a mental illness or disorder by any major medical or psychological organization, including the American Psychiatric Association and the World Health Organization.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the reproductive organs in women, specifically the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. It is often caused by an infection that ascends from the cervix or vagina into the upper genital tract. The infectious agents are usually sexually transmitted bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, but other organisms can also be responsible.

Symptoms of PID may include lower abdominal pain, irregular menstrual bleeding, vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor, fever, painful sexual intercourse, or pain in the lower back. However, some women with PID may not experience any symptoms at all. If left untreated, PID can lead to serious complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.

Diagnosis of PID is typically based on a combination of clinical findings, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to eradicate the infection and may also include pain management and other supportive measures. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary for more intensive treatment or if complications arise.

Anti-infective agents are a class of medications that are used to treat infections caused by various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These agents work by either killing the microorganism or inhibiting its growth, thereby helping to control the infection and alleviate symptoms.

There are several types of anti-infective agents, including:

1. Antibiotics: These are medications that are used to treat bacterial infections. They work by either killing bacteria (bactericidal) or inhibiting their growth (bacteriostatic).
2. Antivirals: These are medications that are used to treat viral infections. They work by interfering with the replication of the virus, preventing it from spreading and causing further damage.
3. Antifungals: These are medications that are used to treat fungal infections. They work by disrupting the cell membrane of the fungus, killing it or inhibiting its growth.
4. Antiparasitics: These are medications that are used to treat parasitic infections. They work by either killing the parasite or inhibiting its growth and reproduction.

It is important to note that anti-infective agents are not effective against all types of infections, and it is essential to use them appropriately to avoid the development of drug-resistant strains of microorganisms.

Leukorrhea is a medical term that refers to a white or yellowish-white discharge from the vagina. It's composed of cells shed from the lining of the vagina, fluid, and bacteria. While it can be normal and occur throughout a woman's reproductive years due to hormonal changes, it can also indicate an infection or inflammation, particularly when it's accompanied by symptoms like itching, burning, foul odor, or pain. Common causes of abnormal leukorrhea include bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, and sexually transmitted infections.

A metagenome is the collective genetic material contained within a sample taken from a specific environment, such as soil or water, or within a community of organisms, like the microbiota found in the human gut. It includes the genomes of all the microorganisms present in that environment or community, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, and other microbes, whether they can be cultured in the lab or not. By analyzing the metagenome, scientists can gain insights into the diversity, abundance, and functional potential of the microbial communities present in that environment.

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also known as "gono" bacteria. It can infect various parts of the body including the genitals, rectum, and throat. The bacteria are typically transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person.

Symptoms may vary but often include abnormal discharge from the genitals or rectum, painful or burning sensations during urination, and in women, vaginal bleeding between periods. However, many people with gonorrhea do not develop symptoms, making it essential to get tested regularly if you are sexually active with multiple partners or have unprotected sex.

If left untreated, gonorrhea can lead to severe complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women and epididymitis in men, which may result in infertility. In rare cases, it can spread to the bloodstream and cause life-threatening conditions like sepsis.

Gonorrhea is curable with appropriate antibiotic treatment; however, drug-resistant strains of the bacteria have emerged, making accurate diagnosis and effective treatment increasingly challenging. Prevention methods include using condoms during sexual activity and practicing safe sex habits.

Preventella is a genus of Gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the human oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. They are part of the normal microbiota but can also be associated with various infections, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying medical conditions.

Prevotella species have been implicated in a variety of diseases, including periodontal disease, dental caries, respiratory tract infections, bacteremia, soft tissue infections, and joint infections. They can also be found in association with abscesses, wound infections, and other types of infections, particularly in the head and neck region.

Prevotella species are generally resistant to antibiotics commonly used to treat anaerobic infections, such as clindamycin and metronidazole, making them difficult to eradicate. Therefore, accurate identification and susceptibility testing of Prevotella isolates is important for the appropriate management of infections caused by these organisms.

The cervix is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. Cervical mucus is a clear or cloudy secretion produced by glands in the cervix. The amount and consistency of cervical mucus changes throughout a woman's menstrual cycle, influenced by hormonal fluctuations.

During the fertile window (approximately mid-cycle), estrogen levels rise, causing the cervical mucus to become more abundant, clear, and stretchy (often described as resembling raw egg whites). This "fertile" mucus facilitates the movement of sperm through the cervix and into the uterus, increasing the chances of fertilization.

As the menstrual cycle progresses and progesterone levels rise after ovulation, cervical mucus becomes thicker, cloudier, and less abundant, making it more difficult for sperm to penetrate. This change in cervical mucus helps prevent additional sperm from entering and fertilizing an already-fertilized egg.

Changes in cervical mucus can be used as a method of natural family planning or fertility awareness, with women checking their cervical mucus daily to identify their most fertile days. However, this method should be combined with other tracking methods for increased accuracy and reliability.

Aerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that require oxygen to live and grow. These bacteria use oxygen as the final electron acceptor in their respiratory chain to generate energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Aerobic bacteria can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the air, as well as on the surfaces of living things. Some examples of aerobic bacteria include species of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus.

It's worth noting that some bacteria can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the availability of oxygen. These bacteria are called facultative anaerobes. In contrast, obligate anaerobes are bacteria that cannot tolerate oxygen and will die in its presence.

In medical terminology, "sexual partners" refers to individuals who engage in sexual activity with each other. This can include various forms of sexual contact, such as vaginal, anal, or oral sex. The term is often used in the context of discussing sexual health and the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It's important to note that full disclosure of sexual partners to healthcare providers can help in diagnosing and treating STIs, as well as in understanding an individual's sexual health history.

Therapeutic irrigation, also known as lavage, is a medical procedure that involves the introduction of fluids or other agents into a body cavity or natural passageway for therapeutic purposes. This technique is used to cleanse, flush out, or introduce medication into various parts of the body, such as the bladder, lungs, stomach, or colon.

The fluid used in therapeutic irrigation can be sterile saline solution, distilled water, or a medicated solution, depending on the specific purpose of the procedure. The flow and pressure of the fluid are carefully controlled to ensure that it reaches the desired area without causing damage to surrounding tissues.

Therapeutic irrigation is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including infections, inflammation, obstructions, and toxic exposures. It can also be used as a diagnostic tool to help identify abnormalities or lesions within body cavities.

Overall, therapeutic irrigation is a valuable technique in modern medicine that allows healthcare providers to deliver targeted treatment directly to specific areas of the body, improving patient outcomes and quality of life.

"Social distancing" is not a term with a specific medical definition. However, in the context of public health and infectious diseases, it generally refers to measures taken to reduce close physical contact between people in order to prevent or slow down the spread of an infectious agent. This can include things like keeping a certain distance from others, avoiding crowded places, and limiting gatherings. The specific recommendations for social distancing can vary depending on the situation and the nature of the infectious agent.

Sexual behavior refers to any physical or emotional interaction that has the potential to lead to sexual arousal and/or satisfaction. This can include a wide range of activities, such as kissing, touching, fondling, oral sex, vaginal sex, anal sex, and masturbation. It can also involve the use of sexual aids, such as vibrators or pornography.

Sexual behavior is influenced by a variety of factors, including biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences. It is an important aspect of human development and relationships, and it is essential to healthy sexual functioning and satisfaction. However, sexual behavior can also be associated with risks, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies, and it is important for individuals to engage in safe and responsible sexual practices.

It's important to note that sexual behavior can vary widely among individuals and cultures, and what may be considered normal or acceptable in one culture or context may not be in another. It's also important to recognize that all individuals have the right to make informed decisions about their own sexual behavior and to have their sexual rights and autonomy respected.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Endometritis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the endometrium, which is the innermost layer of the uterus. It is often caused by infections, such as bacterial or fungal infections, that enter the uterus through various routes, including childbirth, miscarriage, or surgical procedures.

The symptoms of endometritis may include abnormal vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, fever, and abdominal cramping. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or sepsis. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics to clear the infection, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and promote healing.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of endometritis, as prompt treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Mycoplasma infections refer to illnesses caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Mycoplasma. These are among the smallest free-living organisms, lacking a cell wall and possessing a unique molecular structure. They can cause various respiratory tract infections (like pneumonia, bronchitis), urogenital infections, and other systemic diseases in humans, animals, and birds.

The most common Mycoplasma species that infect humans include M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Transmission usually occurs through respiratory droplets or sexual contact. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the site of infection but may include cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, fatigue, joint pain, rash, and genital discharge or pelvic pain in women. Diagnosis often requires specific laboratory tests due to their unique growth requirements and resistance to many common antibiotics. Treatment typically involves macrolide or fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

Ureaplasma urealyticum is a type of bacteria that belongs to the genus Ureaplasma and the family Mycoplasmataceae. It is a non-motile, non-spore forming, microaerophilic organism, which means it requires reduced oxygen levels for growth.

Ureaplasma urealyticum is unique because it can hydrolyze urea to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide, which helps create a more favorable environment for its growth. This bacterium is commonly found in the genitourinary tract of humans and other primates. It can be part of the normal flora but may also cause infections under certain circumstances.

Infections caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum are often associated with the respiratory and urogenital tracts, particularly in premature infants, immunocompromised individuals, or those with underlying medical conditions. The bacterium can lead to various clinical manifestations, such as pneumonia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis, meningitis, and urethritis. However, it is important to note that asymptomatic carriage of Ureaplasma urealyticum is also common, making the interpretation of its clinical significance challenging at times.

Diagnosis typically involves nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, to detect the bacterium's genetic material in clinical samples. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics that target mycoplasmas, like macrolides or tetracyclines, but the choice and duration of therapy depend on the patient's age, immune status, and underlying medical conditions.

Antitrichomonatal agents are a group of medications specifically used to treat infections caused by the protozoan parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis. The most common antitrichomonal agent is metronidazole, which works by disrupting the parasite's ability to reproduce and survive within the human body. Other antitrichomonal agents include tinidazole and secnidazole, which also belong to the nitroimidazole class of antibiotics. These medications are available in various forms, such as tablets, capsules, or topical creams, and are typically prescribed by healthcare professionals for the treatment of trichomoniasis, a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can affect both men and women. It is important to note that these medications should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider, as they may have potential side effects and drug interactions.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Probiotics are defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host." They are often referred to as "good" or "friendly" bacteria because they help keep your gut healthy. Probiotics are naturally found in certain foods such as fermented foods like yogurt, sauerkraut, and some cheeses, or they can be taken as dietary supplements.

The most common groups of probiotics are lactic acid bacteria (like Lactobacillus) and bifidobacteria. They can help restore the balance of bacteria in your gut when it's been disrupted by things like illness, medication (such as antibiotics), or poor diet. Probiotics have been studied for their potential benefits in a variety of health conditions, including digestive issues, skin conditions, and even mental health disorders, although more research is needed to fully understand their effects and optimal uses.

Dequalinium is an antimicrobial agent with both antibacterial and antifungal properties. It is commonly used in the form of a salt, such as dequalinium chloride, in various pharmaceutical and medical applications. Dequalinium works by disrupting the bacterial or fungal cell membrane, leading to their death. It is often found in topical creams, ointments, and oral suspensions for treating infections of the skin, mouth, and throat.

The medical definition of 'dequalinium' is:

A quaternary ammonium compound with antimicrobial properties, used as a topical antiseptic and in the treatment of oral candidiasis and other fungal infections. It works by disrupting the bacterial or fungal cell membrane, leading to their death. Dequalinium is available in various forms, including creams, ointments, and oral suspensions.

Feminine hygiene products are personal care items specifically designed for women to manage menstruation and maintain cleanliness and freshness of the female genital area. The most common types of feminine hygiene products include:

1. Sanitary napkins or pads: These are rectangular-shaped absorbent pads worn inside underwear to absorb menstrual flow. They come in various sizes, absorbencies, and designs, including wings to secure the pad in place.
2. Tampons: A tampon is a cylindrical-shaped, compact piece of soft, absorbent material inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual flow. They come with applicators or without, and in different absorbencies.
3. Menstrual cups: These are flexible, funnel-shaped cups made from silicone or rubber that are inserted into the vagina to collect menstrual flow. They can be reused after cleaning and are considered a more eco-friendly alternative to single-use pads and tampons.
4. Liners: Thinner and smaller than sanitary napkins, liners are used for light discharge or spotting between periods, after sexual intercourse, or during postpartum recovery.
5. Intimate wipes: These are pre-moistened towelettes designed for cleaning the external genital area. They can be useful for freshening up throughout the day, especially during menstruation, exercise, or travel.
6. Douches: A douche is a device used to introduce a stream of water or a medicated solution into the vagina to cleanse it. However, douching is not generally recommended by medical professionals as it can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina and potentially lead to infections.

It's essential to choose feminine hygiene products that are comfortable, reliable, and safe for personal use. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper usage and disposal, and consult a healthcare provider if you have any concerns or questions about your menstrual health or feminine hygiene.

Body fluids refer to the various liquids that can be found within and circulating throughout the human body. These fluids include, but are not limited to:

1. Blood: A fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body via the cardiovascular system. It is composed of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma.
2. Lymph: A clear-to-white fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system, helping to remove waste products, bacteria, and damaged cells from tissues while also playing a crucial role in the immune system.
3. Interstitial fluid: Also known as tissue fluid or extracellular fluid, it is the fluid that surrounds the cells in the body's tissues, allowing for nutrient exchange and waste removal between cells and blood vessels.
4. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): A clear, colorless fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord, providing protection, cushioning, and nutrients to these delicate structures while also removing waste products.
5. Pleural fluid: A small amount of lubricating fluid found in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall, allowing for smooth movement during respiration.
6. Pericardial fluid: A small amount of lubricating fluid found within the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, reducing friction during heart contractions.
7. Synovial fluid: A viscous, lubricating fluid found in joint spaces, allowing for smooth movement and protecting the articular cartilage from wear and tear.
8. Urine: A waste product produced by the kidneys, consisting of water, urea, creatinine, and various ions, which is excreted through the urinary system.
9. Gastrointestinal secretions: Fluids produced by the digestive system, including saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal secretions, which aid in digestion, absorption, and elimination of food particles.
10. Reproductive fluids: Secretions from the male (semen) and female (cervical mucus, vaginal lubrication) reproductive systems that facilitate fertilization and reproduction.

Bacterial infections are caused by the invasion and multiplication of bacteria in or on tissues of the body. These infections can range from mild, like a common cold, to severe, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis. The symptoms of a bacterial infection depend on the type of bacteria invading the body and the area of the body that is affected.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can live in many different environments, including in the human body. While some bacteria are beneficial to humans and help with digestion or protect against harmful pathogens, others can cause illness and disease. When bacteria invade the body, they can release toxins and other harmful substances that damage tissues and trigger an immune response.

Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics, which work by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. However, it is important to note that misuse or overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, making treatment more difficult. It is also essential to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if symptoms improve, to ensure that all bacteria are eliminated and reduce the risk of recurrence or development of antibiotic resistance.

Chlamydia infections are caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis and can affect multiple body sites, including the genitals, eyes, and respiratory system. The most common type of chlamydia infection is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that affects the genitals.

In women, chlamydia infections can cause symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge, burning during urination, and pain in the lower abdomen. In men, symptoms may include discharge from the penis, painful urination, and testicular pain or swelling. However, many people with chlamydia infections do not experience any symptoms at all.

If left untreated, chlamydia infections can lead to serious complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women, which can cause infertility and ectopic pregnancy. In men, chlamydia infections can cause epididymitis, an inflammation of the tube that carries sperm from the testicles, which can also lead to infertility.

Chlamydia infections are diagnosed through a variety of tests, including urine tests and swabs taken from the affected area. Once diagnosed, chlamydia infections can be treated with antibiotics such as azithromycin or doxycycline. It is important to note that treatment only clears the infection and does not repair any damage caused by the infection.

Prevention measures include practicing safe sex, getting regular STI screenings, and avoiding sharing towels or other personal items that may come into contact with infected bodily fluids.

Female genitalia refer to the reproductive and sexual organs located in the female pelvic region. They are primarily involved in reproduction, menstruation, and sexual activity. The external female genitalia, also known as the vulva, include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and the external openings of the urethra and vagina. The internal female genitalia consist of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. These structures work together to facilitate menstruation, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.

The cervix uteri, often simply referred to as the cervix, is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that connects to the vagina. It has an opening called the external os through which menstrual blood exits the uterus and sperm enters during sexual intercourse. During childbirth, the cervix dilates or opens to allow for the passage of the baby through the birth canal.

Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:

1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.

... is not considered a sexually transmitted infection, and treatment of a male sexual partner of a woman with ... Bacterial vaginosis is usually confirmed by a Gram stain of vaginal secretions. A characteristic "fishy" odor on wet mount. ... Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infection of the vagina caused by excessive growth of bacteria. Common symptoms include ... "Bacterial Vaginosis - CDC Fact Sheet". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on ...
Bacterial vaginosis is caused by an imbalance of the naturally occurring bacteria in the vagina. The normally predominant ... Bacterial vaginosis: a review on clinial trials with probiotics (2013) A Metagenomic Approach to Characterization of the ... This is the list of organisms that are found in the vagina that are associated with bacterial vaginosis, an infectious disease ... "Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Condition Information". National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2013-05-21. ...
"STD Facts - Bacterial Vaginosis". www.cdc.gov. 2019-01-11. "What causes bacterial vaginosis (BV)?". www.nichd.nih.gov. " ... "CDC - Bacterial Vaginosis Statistics". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-12-16. Keane F, Ison CA, Noble H, Estcourt C (December 2006 ... Infections that may cause changes in vaginal discharge include vaginal yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis, and sexually ... "What are the symptoms of bacterial vaginosis?". www.nichd.nih.gov. " ...
... it was believed that the bacterium Gardnerella caused bacterial vaginosis, but studies have shown that bacterial vaginosis can ... Bacterial vaginosis is a condition that occurs when there is an overgrowth of normal bacteria in the vagina. The community of ... Women are at an increased risk of having bacterial vaginosis if they smoke cigarettes, recently used antibiotics, use an ... The flora serves as a defense against the invasion and colonization of opportunistic pathogens including bacterial vaginosis, ...
Donders G. Diagnosis and management of bacterial vaginosis and other types of abnormal vaginal bacterial flora: a review. ... What's new in bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis? Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005; 19:387-406. Soper DE. Pelvic inflammatory ... can be associated with bacterial vaginosis. The aerobic bacteria also found mixed with these anaerobic bacteria include ... The newborn's exposure to the maternal vaginal bacterial flora which contains aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora can lead to ...
Bacterial diseases, Infections with a predominantly sexual mode of transmission, Bacterial vaginosis, Bacteria described in ... Bacterial vaginosis is commonly treated with antibiotics such as metronidazole or clindamycin, which works by targeting G. ... List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota Gardner HL, Dukes CD (1955). "Haemophilus vaginalis vaginitis. A newly defined specific ... Although G. vaginalis is a major species present in bacterial vaginosis, it can also be isolated from women without any signs ...
Bacterial Vaginosis Mycotic Keratitis. Enter pathogens in Children. Orthopedics Clinical Study - Management of fracture shaft ...
MSP increases the risk of developing bacterial vaginosis. MSP can result in pregnant women with a greater risk of contracting ... "STD Facts - Bacterial Vaginosis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2016-01-11. "Special Populations, 2010 ...
Mobiluncus and other bacterial species cultured from vaginal content of women with bacterial vaginosis". Acta Pathologica et ... Bacterial vaginosis is associated with the presence of Gardnerella vaginalis and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and a decrease ... "Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Condition Information". National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2013-05-21. ... O'Hanlon DE, Moench TR, Cone RA (July 2011). "In vaginal fluid, bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis can be suppressed ...
"Bacterial Vaginosis - STI Treatment Guidelines". www.cdc.gov. July 19, 2021. Cohen CR, Wierzbicki MR, French AL, Morris S, ... and bacterial vaginosis (BV). It is administered intravaginally and is described as the first vaginal microbiome (VMB)-based ... "Randomized Trial of Lactin-V to Prevent Recurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis". N Engl J Med. 382 (20): 1906-1915. doi:10.1056/ ...
"Bacterial vaginosis - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2020-07-31. "Vaginal atrophy - Symptoms and causes". Mayo ... Vaginal discharge and odor may be associated with bacterial vaginosis, characterized by an overgrowth of naturally occurring ...
Bacterial vaginosis is an imbalance of naturally occurring bacterial flora in the vagina. Bacterial vaginosis occurring during ... "Bacterial Vaginosis Treatment and Care". Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 24 October 2020. Bacterial ... vaginosis from National Health Service, UK. Page last reviewed: 03/10/2013 Tersigni, C.; Castellani, R.; de Waure, C.; ...
Prevention of bacterial vaginosis includes healthy diets and behaviors as well as minimizing stress as all these factors can ... List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota "Vaginitis". NICHD. 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2018. "What causes vaginitis?". NICHD. ... For bacterial vaginosis, these include "premature delivery, postpartum infections, clinically apparent and subclinical pelvic ... Senok AC; Verstraelen H; Temmerman M; Botta GA (October 2009). "Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis". Cochrane ...
It is typically isolated from 80% of women with bacterial vaginosis and it is implicated in treatment failures. Invasive ... Polatti, Franco (2012). "Bacterial Vaginosis, Atopobium vaginae and Nifuratel". Current Clinical Pharmacology. 7 (1): 36-40. ... Mastromarino, Paola; Vitali, Beatrice; Mosca, Luciana (2013). "Bacterial vaginosis: a review on clinical trials with probiotics ... Franco Polatti (February 2012). "Bacterial vaginosis, Atopobium vaginae and nifuratel". Current Clinical Pharmacology. 7 (1): ...
Bacterial vaginosis: Overgrowth of naturally occurring bacteria in the vagina that leads to a type of vaginal inflammation. The ... "Personal Hygienic Behaviors and Bacterial Vaginosis". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 37 (2): 94-99. doi:10.1097/OLQ. ... imbalance of bacteria from its natural state has been connected to bacterial vaginosis Exposure to chemicals: some period ... life-threatening complication of certain types of bacterial infections. To help prevent toxic shock syndrome, the lowest needed ...
Several infections that are notably associated with pregnancy include Group B streptococcus, Bacterial vaginosis, yeast ... "Bacterial vaginosis: a primer for clinicians". Postgraduate Medicine. 131 (1): 8-18. doi:10.1080/00325481.2019.1546534. PMID ...
Bacterial vaginosis Gardnerella usually causes a discharge, itching, and irritation. Aerobic vaginitis thinned reddish vaginal ... "Bacterial Vaginosis Symptoms, Treatment, Causes & Remedies". eMedicineHealth. Retrieved 2018-02-08. Donders G, Bellen G, ... "Emerging role of lactobacilli in the control and maintenance of the vaginal bacterial microflora". Rev. Infect. Dis. 12 (5): ...
Rüttgers H (1984). "Bacterial non-specific vaginitis ('bacterial' vaginosis)". Gynäkologisch-geburtshilfliche Rundschau. 24 ( ... Vieira-Baptista P, Bornstein J (2019). "Candidiasis, Bacterial Vaginosis, Trichomoniasis and Other Vaginal Conditions Affecting ... Doppelblinduntersuchung von Gynatren" [Vaccination against nonspecific bacterial vaginosis. Double-blind study of Gynatren]. ... and to bacterial vaginosis". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 31 (7): 393-400. doi:10.1097/01.OLQ.0000130454.83883.E9. ISSN 0148- ...
List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota Page Genus: Peptostreptococcus on "LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in ... "Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD006289. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006289. ... Bacterial synergy, the presence of which is determined by mutual induction of sepsis enhancement, increased mortality, ... Bacterial vaginosis, Bacteria genera, Taxa described in 1936). ... and enhancement of the growth of the bacterial components in ...
Bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and atrophic vaginitis often cause a vaginal pH higher than 4.5. If indicated, the sample ... Diagnosis is made if mobile trichomonads are visible on the slide Bacterial vaginosis generally produces a vaginal discharge ... It may assist in suspicion of vaginal yeast infection, trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis.[citation needed] Infections such ... which would indicate bacterial vaginosis. The latter procedure is called a Whiff test. Vaginal pH test. The normal vaginal pH ...
Bacterial vaginosis results in altered populations and ratios of the normal microbiota. There has been no link demonstrated ... Bacterial vaginosis: a review on clinical trials with probiotics (2013) Enhanced Trapping of HIV-1 by Human Cervicovaginal ... "Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD006289. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006289. ... Bacterial diseases, Bacteriology, Chlamydia infections, Feminine hygiene, Microbiology, Sexually transmitted diseases and ...
Senok AC, Verstraelen H, Temmerman M, Botta GA (October 2009). "Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis". The ... This pigment acts as a virulence factor, primarily by being a bacterial antioxidant which helps the microbe evade the reactive ... Le Pabic H, Germain-Amiot N, Bordeau V, Felden B (October 2015). "A bacterial regulatory RNA attenuates virulence, spread and ... Chabelskaya S, Gaillot O, Felden B (June 2010). "A Staphylococcus aureus small RNA is required for bacterial virulence and ...
"Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD006289. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006289. ... Bacterial diseases, Bacteria described in 1912, All stub articles, Clostridia stubs). ...
Senok AC, Verstraelen H, Temmerman M, Botta GA (October 2009). "Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis". The ... In Lactobacillus acidophilus, which can be found in the gastrointestinal tract, quorum sensing is important for bacterial ... the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Lactobacillus acidophilus - Benefits & Probiotic Uses at Pocket Reviewer (Articles with ...
Davis, Nicola (7 October 2019). "Vaginal fluid transplants could cure bacterial vaginosis". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 November ... Vaginal Microbiome Transplantation in women with intractable bacterial vaginosis. Nature Medicine, 25(10):1500-1504. PMID ...
Bacterial diseases, Bacterial vaginosis, Bacteria described in 1905, All stub articles, Clostridia stubs). ... List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota Page Species: Peptostreptococcus anaerobius on "LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with ... "Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD006289. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006289. ... lower reproductive tract of women and has been recovered from women with pelvic inflammatory disease and bacterial vaginosis. ...
... bacterial vaginosis and vertically-transmitted infectious diseases; prenatal diagnosis including US imaging, cytogenetics and ...
While antibiotics can get rid of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy, this does not appear to change the risk of preterm birth. It ... It is opined that bacterial vaginosis before or during pregnancy may affect the decidual inflammatory response that leads to ... However, the women without bacterial vaginosis did not have any reduction in preterm births or pre-labor preterm waters ... Brocklehurst P, Gordon A, Heatley E, Milan SJ (January 2013). "Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy". The ...
Bacterial vaginosis Burstein GR, Zenilman JM (January 1999). "Nongonococcal urethritis-a new paradigm". Clin. Infect. Dis. 28 ( ... The most common bacterial cause of NGU is Chlamydia trachomatis,[citation needed] but it can also be caused by Ureaplasma ...
However, PID can also be caused by other untreated infections, like bacterial vaginosis. Data suggest that PID is often ... Ness, RB; Hillier, SL; Kip, KE (2004). "Bacterial vaginosis and risk of pelvic inflammatory disease". Obstet Gynecol. 4 (Supp 3 ... The disturbance of the naturally occurring vaginal microbiota associated with bacterial vaginosis increases the risk of PID. N ... and bacterial vaginosis among others. Pelvic inflammatory disease is more likely to reoccur when there is a prior history of ...
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Fact Sheet from CDC. What is BV? How common is BV? How do people get BV? And more... ... What is bacterial vaginosis (BV)?. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition that happens when there is too much of certain ... Bacterial vaginosis is a common, treatable, vaginal condition. BV can increase your chance of getting a sexually transmitted ... Hillier S and Holmes K. Bacterial vaginosis. In: K. Holmes, P. Sparling, P. Mardh et al (eds). Sexually Transmitted Diseases, ...
Bacterial vaginosis is not considered a sexually transmitted infection, and treatment of a male sexual partner of a woman with ... Bacterial vaginosis is usually confirmed by a Gram stain of vaginal secretions. A characteristic "fishy" odor on wet mount. ... Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infection of the vagina caused by excessive growth of bacteria. Common symptoms include ... "Bacterial Vaginosis - CDC Fact Sheet". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on ...
These tests are based on detection of specific bacterial nucleic acids and have high sensitivity and specificity for BV (i.e., ... with an overall decrease in bacterial diversity at day 28 (1034). Male partner treatment also had an immediate effect on the ...
The treatment regimens for bacterial vaginosis are provided below, including primary, alternative, and adjunctive treatments, ... encoded search term (Bacterial Vaginosis Empiric Therapy) and Bacterial Vaginosis Empiric Therapy What to Read Next on Medscape ... Bacterial Vaginosis Empiric Therapy Updated: Aug 18, 2021 * Author: Thomas E Herchline, MD; Chief Editor: Michael Stuart Bronze ... Verstraelen H, Verhelst R. Bacterial vaginosis: an update on diagnosis and treatment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2009 Nov. 7( ...
Find out how having bacterial vaginosis can affect your pregnancy, whether youll be tested for this infection, and how its ... What is bacterial vaginosis?. Bacterial vaginosis (commonly known as BV) is the most common vaginal infection in women of ... Bacterial vaginosis (BV) during pregnancy. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection caused by an imbalance of ... Bacterial vaginosis. https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/bacterial-vaginosisOpens a new window [Accessed June 2023] ...
Although the term bacterial vaginosis was coined more than half a century ago, its etiology and natural history remains ... Bacterial vaginosis represents the most prevalent type of vaginal infection that occurs among reproductive-age women, and also ... In a majority of clinical settings, women are diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis by using the Amsel criteria when three or more ... Moreover, a thorough analysis of the vaginal microbiome may predict the recurrence of bacterial vaginosis if changes in the ...
Bacterial vaginosis is a common infection in women. Learn more about BV symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and ... What Is Bacterial Vaginosis?. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infection of the vagina. It results from a change in the normal ... Bacterial Vaginosis Complications. Bacterial vaginosis has been tied to a higher risk of other health problems, including: ... FamilyDoctor.org: "Bacterial Vaginosis (BV).". U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs: "Bacterial Vaginosis -- Womens Health Guide ...
What is bacterial vaginosis, and do home remedies really work? Learn more about the condition and various methods of prevention ... Bacterial vaginosis. (2018).. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bacterial-vaginosis/. *. Bacterial vaginosis. (2019).. https://www. ... What is bacterial vaginosis? Symptoms and causes. Bacterial vaginosis stems from an imbalance in the naturally occurring ... www.cdc.gov/std/bv/stdfact-bacterial-vaginosis.htm. *. Bautista, C. T., et al. (2016). Bacterial vaginosis: A synthesis of the ...
Bacterial vaginosis is a common infection in women who have reached reproductive age, and its presence has been associated with ... Women who had two or more episodes of bacterial vaginosis and still had symptoms were eligible for the multicenter study. ... Suppressive antibacterial therapy with 0.75% metronidazole vaginal gel to prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet ... Participants also were required to have three or more of the Amsel criteria for bacterial vaginosis: homogenous vaginal ...
... test uses a sample of fluid from the vagina to find out if a vaginal bacterial infection is causing your symptoms. Learn more. ... What is a bacterial vaginosis (BV) test?. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a bacterial infection in the vagina. A healthy vagina ... medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/bacterial-vaginosis-test/ Bacterial Vaginosis Test. ... Health Information:Bacterial Vaginosis Tests;[updated 2022 Aug 2; cited 2023 Jan 21]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: https ...
LBXBV - Bacterial Vaginosis. Variable Name: LBXBV. SAS Label: Bacterial Vaginosis. English Text: Bacterial Vaginosis Target: ... LBXBVPH - PH of Bacterial Vaginosis Specimen. Variable Name: LBXBVPH. SAS Label: PH of Bacterial Vaginosis Specimen. English ... PH of Bacterial Vaginosis Specimen. Target: Females only 14 YEARS - 49 YEARS. Code or Value. Value Description. Count. ... Bacterial vaginosis (BV) & Trichomonas vaginalis (l34_c) Data File: l34_c.xpt First Published: June 2005. Last Revised: October ...
Numerous bacterial genera or species were strongly associated with each other in a pattern that suggested a symbiotic ... The complex vaginal flora of West African women with bacterial vaginosis PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e25082. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone. ... Background: The spectrum of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) has recently expanded through taxonomic changes ... Conclusions: Numerous bacterial genera or species were strongly associated with each other in a pattern that suggested a ...
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infection that causes a fishy smelling vaginal discharge and occasional vaginal itching. ... Between 50%-75% of women with bacterial vaginosis may have no symptoms or signs. When symptoms and signs of bacterial vaginosis ... Bacterial vaginosis in itself may not cause complications, but it can lead to a higher risk of certain conditions:. *A type of ... www.uptodate.com/contents/bacterial-vaginosis-beyond-the-basics?search=Bacterial%20Vaginosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle ...
... From: Date: 12/27/2006. Time: 5:44:04 PM. Remote Name: 71.130.152.15. ...
Can bacterial vaginosis cause other health conditions? * Are there safe alternative home remedies to treat bacterial vaginosis ... What are the symptoms of bacterial vaginosis? The symptoms of bacterial vaginosis can range from none to mildly irritating to ... How can I find out if I have bacterial vaginosis? If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is best to contact your ... And sufferers may experience all or some of the following symptoms depending on the type of bacterial infection whether it ...
Apple Cider Vinegar Apple Cider Vinegar Variations for Bacterial Vaginosis treatment and natural cures. ... I have had bacterial vaginosis several times, so I figured I could cure it with yogurt as usual. When new years eve came and I ... I have been battling Bacterial Vaginosis for two yrs., tried almost all natural remedies that I could find out about, some ... Bacterial Vaginitis: Daily, I soak a cotton ball with organic ACV while I sit on the toilet, then I jump in the shower to rinse ...
One of Earth Clinics top cures for bacterial vaginosis is hydrogen peroxide, a home remedy used successfully by many of our ... Bacterial vaginosis, like a number of other vaginal issues, is often caused by common sexual practices, such as douching. The ... How Can I Naturally Treat Bacterial Vaginosis?. When it comes to treating sensitive parts of our bodies, we are even more ... So, you can safely count bacterial vaginosis as another win for the hydrogen peroxide hero of health and try it for yourself. ...
... scientific studies from several sources have linked bacterial vaginosis (BV) with premature labor 1-3. ... What is Bacterial Vaginosis?. Bacterial vaginosis is an infection of the vagina that has various symptoms including a milky ... Does Bacterial Vaginosis Contribute to Preterm Labor?. Nov 1, 2011. OBGYN.net Staff ... He informed me that I had bacterial vaginosis and that I was a centimeter dilated. He directed me to the hospital for ...
It may be bacterial vaginosis, which occurs when the good and bad bacteria in the vagina get out of balance. ... Bacterial Vaginosis: The Infection That Flies Under the Radar Whats that fishy smell? It may be bacterial vaginosis, which ... When theres an imbalance, the result is bacterial vaginosis, or BV. One in three women in the U.S. have had BV. While women of ... Read more about Bacterial Vaginosis: What It Is and How to Treat It. ...
For treatment of bacterial vaginosis (BV), secnidazole is a suitable single-dose oral drug having a longer serum half-life than ... For treatment of bacterial vaginosis (BV), secnidazole is a suitable single-dose oral drug having a longer serum half-life than ... Susceptibility of bacterial vaginosis (BV)-associated bacteria to secnidazole compared to metronidazole, tinidazole and ... Further, secnidazole spares lactobacilli, a characteristic which is desirable in drugs used to treat bacterial vaginosis. ...
An upset or imbalance of lactobacilli are linked to increased risks of bacterial vaginosis (or BV). BV is incredibly common - ...
Bacterial vaginosis: drivers of recurrence and challenges and opportunities in partner treatment. BMC Med. 2021;19(1)194. ... Bacterial vaginosis (BV) affects 15% to 50% of reproductive-aged women worldwide1 The recurrence rate is quite problematic, and ... Women who met at least 3 of 4 clinical Amsel criteria for bacterial vaginosis and had a Nugent score of 4 to 10 from Gram ... Preterm labor and bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria among urban women. J Perinat Med. 2009;37(2):130-134. ...
... you may have bacterial vaginosis, or BV. What is BV? Learn more at HealthyWomen. ... Bacterial Vaginosis: What It Is and How to Treat It If youre experiencing abnormal vaginal discharge, you may have bacterial ... Risk factors for bacterial vaginosis include:. Race: Non-white women have higher rates of BV than white women. About half (51 ... Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal infection in women.. Although a woman of any age can get it, its predominantly ...
... recommends against screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women not at increased preterm delivery risk, and more ... HealthDay)-The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends against screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnant ... Citation: USPSTF against bacterial vaginosis screening to prevent preterm delivery (2020, April 8) retrieved 9 December 2023 ... and colleagues updated the evidence on screening and treatment of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Data were ...
... Test Overview. Tests for bacterial vaginosis take samples of fluid from the vagina. The samples are ... Bacterial vaginosis often causes a pH that is higher than normal. *DNA test. A sample of vaginal discharge is tested for the ... Tests for bacterial vaginosis include: *Wet mount. A sample of vaginal discharge is checked for bacteria, white blood cells, ... A fishy odour usually means you have bacterial vaginosis. *Vaginal pH. The pH of a sample of vaginal discharge is measured. ...
I suffer from chronic bacterial vaginosis. It will clear with antibiotics but as soon as my cycle starts or my partner and I ... Bacterial vaginosis infections occur when the pH of the vagina exceeds 4.5, typically getting up to 6 or 6.5. This elevated pH ... I suffer from chronic bacterial vaginosis. It will clear with antibiotics but as soon as my cycle starts or my partner and I ... Comments for Do you suggest any of these products for bacterial vaginosis?. Average Rating ...
You can read more about Bacterial Vaginosis here.. Bacterial Vaginosis Self Tests. Bacterial vaginosis self-tests are safe and ... Shop our range of bacterial vaginosis tests at Home Health UK and take advantage of free delivery on your order. Plus, you can ... Pregnant women in particular choose to take bacterial vaginosis tests at home to decrease their risk of infection, which could ... If youre concerned about your vaginal health, stock up on bacterial vaginosis tests from Home Health UK. With regular testing ...
Bacteria which are normally present in small numbers can sometimes overgrow, causing bacterial vaginosis. This overgrowth can ... Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition where there are too many of a certain type of bacteria in the vagina. ... What is bacterial vaginosis?. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition where there are too many of a certain type of bacteria in ... Bacterial vaginosis also appears to be more common in people with a same sex partner.. Bacterial vaginosis is unlikely to be ...
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a common condition that affects many women at some point in their lives. It is a type of vaginal ... Causes of Bacterial Vaginosis. Symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis. The symptoms of bacterial vaginosis can vary from woman to ... Treatment Options for Bacterial Vaginosis. If you suspect that you have bacterial vaginosis, it is important to see your doctor ... Preventing Bacterial Vaginosis. While bacterial vaginosis is not always preventable, there are several things you can do to ...
... however no previous studies have comprehensively assessed the behavioural risk associations of these bacterial vaginosis- ... Bacterial vaginosis Is the Subject Area "Bacterial vaginosis" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ...
  • Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition that happens when there is too much of certain bacteria in the vagina. (cdc.gov)
  • Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infection of the vagina caused by excessive growth of bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection caused by an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina. (babycenter.com)
  • However, natural probiotics can also support the bacterial colony that keeps the vagina healthy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The cause of bacterial vaginosis is a change in the number and types of bacteria in the vagina, however, the reason these changes occur is unknown. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Bacterial vaginosis is an infection of the vagina that has various symptoms including a milky discharge and foul odor. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • It may be bacterial vaginosis, which occurs when the good and bad bacteria in the vagina get out of balance. (healthywomen.org)
  • This can upset the natural balance of your vagina, which may lead to an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria and cause bacterial vaginosis. (healthywomen.org)
  • Tests for bacterial vaginosis take samples of fluid from the vagina . (alberta.ca)
  • Bacterial vaginosis can happen when certain types of bacteria that are normally in the vagina overgrow. (alberta.ca)
  • Bacterial vaginosis infections occur when the pH of the vagina exceeds 4.5, typically getting up to 6 or 6.5. (yeastinfectionadvisor.com)
  • Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition where there are too many of a certain type of bacteria in the vagina. (shinesa.org.au)
  • Bacterial vaginosis can occur when conditions in the vagina change and upset the normal balance of bacteria. (shinesa.org.au)
  • A swab from the vagina is used to test for bacterial vaginosis. (shinesa.org.au)
  • It is a type of vaginal infection that occurs when there is an imbalance in the bacterial flora in the vagina. (alliedacademies.org)
  • They can be taken orally or applied directly to the vagina.Home remedies: Some women find relief from bacterial vaginosis by using home remedies such as tea tree oil or apple cider vinegar [ 3 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Avoid douching: Douching disrupts the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina.Use condoms: Condoms can help reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections, which can increase the risk of bacterial vaginosis. (alliedacademies.org)
  • The spread of microorganisms among people through sex might change the regular equilibrium of bacterial vegetation inside the vagina, and this unevenness seems to prompt the improvement of bacterial vaginosis. (alliedacademies.org)
  • In vagina, there are beneficial bacteria called "Lactobacilli" In people with bacterial vaginosis, the concentration of which decreases while the numbers of other "harmful" bacteria increase. (gov.sa)
  • Bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal inflammation caused by the abnormal growth of naturally occurring bacteria in the vagina. (marham.pk)
  • Bacterial vaginosis is an infection that occurs when too much of a certain bacteria change the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina. (walmarthealthvirtualcare.com)
  • Activities such as unprotected sexual intercourse, multiple sex partners, a new sex partner, having sex with someone who has bacterial vaginosis, or frequent douching can upset the balance of bacteria in the vagina and increase the risk of getting bacterial vaginosis. (walmarthealthvirtualcare.com)
  • Bacterial vaginosis occurs when the bacteria usually present in the vagina start overgrowing, disturbing the natural balance. (icliniq.com)
  • Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a medical condition in which the bacterias that normally reside in the vagina start overgrowing in numbers, which upsets the natural bacterial balance leading to infection and inflammation of the vaginal tissues. (icliniq.com)
  • What Is the Difference Between a Bacterial Vaginosis and Yeast Infections in Vagina? (icliniq.com)
  • Bacterial vaginosis is a bacterial infection, while yeast infection in the vagina is due to the overgrowth of a fungus called candida. (icliniq.com)
  • Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a bacterial infection in the vagina that occurs when there is an imbalance in the bacteria that are normally present. (sexinfoonline.com)
  • Find out if you have a bacterial infection in your vagina with a quick & private urine test from the comfort of your home. (fantesti.co)
  • Having a new sex partner or multiple sex partners and douching can upset the balance of bacteria in the vagina and put women at increased risk for getting bacterial vaginosis. (joinastudy.ca)
  • Bacterial vaginosis is an infection brought on by an imbalance in the usually healthy bacteria of the vagina. (iytmed.com)
  • Getting bacterial vaginosis might be worrying because the symptoms are not pleasant: you will notice a fishy, unpleasant smell and/or greyish, watery discharge in your vagina. (canesten.ie)
  • If the harmful bacteria enter the vagina, a woman suffers from bacterial vaginosis. (divinebeautytips.com)
  • Women with this condition are characterized by heterogeneous communities of bacteria that exhibit increased richness and diversity of existent bacterial species. (news-medical.net)
  • Nugent scores that are based on weighted tallies of various cellular morphotypes (most notably lactobacilli, Gardnerella vaginalis , Bacteroides , as well as curved Gram-variable rod-shaped bacteria) are also widely used in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. (news-medical.net)
  • These bacteria were often absent from gram stain smears of patients with other bacterial morphotypes. (cdc.gov)
  • The spectrum of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) has recently expanded through taxonomic changes and the use of molecular methods. (nih.gov)
  • If your natural vaginal environment doesn't produce enough of the good lactobacilli bacteria, you're more likely to develop bacterial vaginosis. (healthywomen.org)
  • A wet mount does not show clue cells or large numbers of bacteria that cause bacterial vaginosis. (alberta.ca)
  • Bacteria which are normally present in small numbers can sometimes overgrow, causing bacterial vaginosis. (shinesa.org.au)
  • An imbalance between these types of bacteria, leading to too many anaerobes, can result in bacterial vaginosis. (walmarthealthvirtualcare.com)
  • Some women's natural vaginal environment lacks an adequate number of lactobacilli bacteria, and this may predispose these women to bacterial vaginosis. (walmarthealthvirtualcare.com)
  • Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is caused by the overgrowth of normal vaginal bacteria. (goshh.ie)
  • There are no over-the-counter medications or home remedies for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, but consuming daily probiotics can help in restoring natural bacteria in the body. (icliniq.com)
  • When the production of these bacteria is imbalanced or uncontrolled, it can cause a condition known as bacterial vaginitis. (getcaremd.com)
  • Bacterial vaginosis (BV), or nonspecific vaginitis, was named because bacteria are the etiologic agents and an associated inflammatory response is lacking. (medscape.com)
  • It can become less acidic, which leads to the growth of bad bacteria causing bacterial vaginosis. (canesten.ie)
  • Furthermore, amine and salidase production increases, while the production of hydrogen peroxide and lactocin is diminished, leading to signs and symptoms of bacterial vaginosis. (news-medical.net)
  • Women who had two or more episodes of bacterial vaginosis and still had symptoms were eligible for the multicenter study. (aafp.org)
  • Unexpectedly, after treatment with a regimen that included either metronidazole or tinidazole, the proportion of patients with a complete resolution of symptoms by day 14 increased with the number of bacterial genera or species present at enrolment. (nih.gov)
  • What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis? (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Between 50%-75% of women with bacterial vaginosis may have no symptoms or signs. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • The symptoms of bacterial vaginosis can range from none to mildly irritating to severe. (medic8.com)
  • Tests for bacterial vaginosis are done to help find the cause of symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge, irritation, or pain. (alberta.ca)
  • Often there are no symptoms and bacterial vaginosis is sometimes found when testing for other conditions such as thrush. (shinesa.org.au)
  • You should have a test for bacterial vaginosis if you are having symptoms such as discharge. (shinesa.org.au)
  • The symptoms of bacterial vaginosis can vary from woman to woman. (alliedacademies.org)
  • A doctor can treat bacterial vaginosis with certain antibiotics when symptoms are present, so it is important to take all prescribed medications even if symptoms disappear and your sexual partner does not need treatment. (gov.sa)
  • Complete treatment for bacterial vaginosis, even if symptoms disappear after several doses. (gov.sa)
  • Although bacterial vaginosis itself it not a serious condition, it can lead to more dangerous symptoms and conditions, especially if left untreated. (walmarthealthvirtualcare.com)
  • Some patients - in fact, about half of women with bacterial vaginosis - do not experience any symptoms with this condition. (walmarthealthvirtualcare.com)
  • If you notice the symptoms of bacterial vaginosis, we recommend treatment with Gynofit Lactic Acid Vaginal-Gel . (gynofit.com)
  • Learn what bacterial vaginosis is, its main symptoms, how to treat & prevent it. (canesten.ie)
  • It contains triple benefit formula that will help you treat your bacterial vaginosis symptoms effectively. (canesten.ie)
  • Although previously considered a mere nuisance infection, untreated bacterial vaginosis may cause increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, and pregnancy complications. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bacterial vaginosis represents the most prevalent type of vaginal infection that occurs among reproductive-age women, and also the most common condition that prompts women to seek medical care. (news-medical.net)
  • Bacterial vaginosis (commonly known as BV) is the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age. (babycenter.com)
  • Bacterial vaginosis is a common infection in women who have reached reproductive age, and its presence has been associated with an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and other sexually transmitted infections. (aafp.org)
  • Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a vaginal infection and a common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in women. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • To diagnose bacterial vaginosis, a doctor will first get a history and perform a pelvic examination, however, microscopic examination of the vaginal discharge is needed to determine if the vaginal discharge is caused by BV or another vaginal infection. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • In addition to treating BV with hydrogen peroxide, you may consider taking a regular probiotic or eating probiotic foods to avoid further issues with bacterial infection. (earthclinic.com)
  • Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal infection in women. (healthywomen.org)
  • Pregnant women in particular choose to take bacterial vaginosis tests at home to decrease their risk of infection, which could lead to risks such as premature birth, post-partum endometritis and infection passing to the foetus. (homehealth-uk.com)
  • Women who do not use dental dams or whose partners do not use condoms during sex may also be at increased risk of bacterial vaginosis infection. (walmarthealthvirtualcare.com)
  • Bacterial Vaginosis is an endogenous infection of the lower genital tract of women. (anejo.eu)
  • Vaginal discharge in bacterial vaginosis is thin and with a fishy smell, whereas vaginal discharge in yeast infection is thick and non-smelly. (icliniq.com)
  • This allows G. vaginalis to proliferate, causing Bacterial Vaginosis , or BV which is the most common vaginal infection in females of reproductive age. (osmosis.org)
  • M. genitalium is not a vaginal infection like Candida or bacterial vaginosis, although sometimes women with M. genitalium will have vaginal discharge, the same way women with chlamydia or gonorrhea will have vaginal discharge. (cdc.gov)
  • In a 2020 statement Opens a new window , the USPSTF concluded, 'the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnant persons at increased risk for preterm delivery. (babycenter.com)
  • HealthDay)-The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends against screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women not at increased preterm delivery risk, and more research is needed for those at increased risk. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Probiotics and other supplements may help treat bacterial vaginosis (BV) without antibiotics. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The standard treatment for bacterial vaginosis involves treatment with antibiotics and antifungals, usually metronidazole ( Flagyl ) or clindamycin (Cleocin). (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Bacterial vaginosis is unlikely to be caused by taking the contraceptive Pill or antibiotics. (shinesa.org.au)
  • Bacterial vaginosis is usually treated with a course of antibiotics (do not drink alcohol during this treatment). (shinesa.org.au)
  • Antibiotics: Antibiotics are the most common treatment for bacterial vaginosis. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Participants also were required to have three or more of the Amsel criteria for bacterial vaginosis: homogenous vaginal discharge, amine odor, vaginal pH greater than 4.5, and clue cells. (aafp.org)
  • Women who met at least 3 of 4 clinical Amsel criteria for bacterial vaginosis and had a Nugent score of 4 to 10 from Gram staining were eligible. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • Moreover, a thorough analysis of the vaginal microbiome may predict the recurrence of bacterial vaginosis if changes in the resident microflora are compared. (news-medical.net)
  • After the initial phase, the participants underwent 12 weeks without therapy, but they were evaluated for recurrence of bacterial vaginosis every four weeks. (aafp.org)
  • The authors conclude that suppressive therapy with twice-weekly intravaginal metronidazole gel does reduce the recurrence of bacterial vaginosis and is a well-tolerated therapy, but that vaginal candidiasis is a common complication. (aafp.org)
  • If you develop bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy, there is a small chance of complications, including premature birth or miscarriage. (canesten.ie)
  • It is essential to get a diagnosis before beginning treatment as other infections, such as bacterial vaginosis and chlamydia , can be confused with yeast infections. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • How Can I Naturally Treat Bacterial Vaginosis? (earthclinic.com)
  • Further, secnidazole spares lactobacilli, a characteristic which is desirable in drugs used to treat bacterial vaginosis. (nih.gov)
  • Bacterial vaginosis, also known as Gardnerella vaginalis, is one of the most common vaginal infections. (gynofit.com)
  • Yeast infections can be self-treated using over-the-counter medication, but bacterial vaginosis needs medical attention from a doctor. (icliniq.com)
  • Women often mistake bacterial vaginosis for thrush , but these are two different infections and they should be treated differently. (canesten.ie)
  • The 3 most common vaginal infections are candidiasis , bacterial vaginosis , and trichomoniasis . (medscape.com)
  • It has been shown that HIV-infected women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) are more likely to transmit HIV to their sexual partners than those without BV. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the United States, as many as 21.2 million women aged 14-49 have bacterial vaginosis (BV) . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and trichomoniasis are two of the most common vaginal conditions affecting women of childbearing age. (cdc.gov)
  • The original study recruited 228 women (aged 18-45 years) to partake in a phase 2b trial of LACTIN-V to reduce bacterial vaginosis recurrence. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • Bacterial vaginosis (BV) affects 15% to 50% of reproductive-aged women worldwide 1 The recurrence rate is quite problematic, and even after treatment with an indicated antibiotic agent, 20% to 75% of women have a recurrence within 3 months. (naturalmedicinejournal.com)
  • Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a common condition that affects many women at some point in their lives. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Plasma cell endometritis in women with bacterial vaginosis. (bmj.com)
  • Any woman can get bacterial vaginosis, but is most often seen in women ages 15-44. (walmarthealthvirtualcare.com)
  • It is also surprisingly prevalent in pregnant women, with about 25% of expectant mothers in the United States having bacterial vaginosis. (walmarthealthvirtualcare.com)
  • African American women also have a higher risk of getting bacterial vaginosis. (walmarthealthvirtualcare.com)
  • Women who smoke are also twice as likely to get bacterial vaginosis when compared to women who are non-smokers. (walmarthealthvirtualcare.com)
  • The likelihood of developing bacterial vaginosis is particularly high for women of reproductive age. (gynofit.com)
  • It is a treatable condition, but women with bacterial vaginosis are more likely to develop sexually transmitted diseases (STD). (icliniq.com)
  • In many women, bacterial vaginosis resolves on its own. (icliniq.com)
  • While there's a link between bacterial vaginosis and sex - for women with multiple sex partners or a new sex partner - remember that one doesn't have to be sexually active to get it. (getcaremd.com)
  • Bacterial vaginosis is asymptomatic in up to 50% of women. (medscape.com)
  • Bacterial vaginosis is common in pregnant women and is associated with preterm birth. (medscape.com)
  • In pregnant women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis who have a history of preterm birth, administration of treatment early in pregnancy has been shown to decrease the incidence of preterm birth. (medscape.com)
  • The influence of bacterial vaginosis on the response to Trichomonas vaginalis treatment among HIV-infected women. (bvsalud.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) on the response to TV treatment among HIV + women . (bvsalud.org)
  • ABSTRACT Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most prevalent form of vaginal disturbances in women of child- bearing age. (who.int)
  • Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a change in vag- in the evaluation of asymtomatic women inal ecosystem where the normally domi- because this organism is carried by 30%- nant lactobacilli are greatly reduced and 40% of women who do not have bacterial replaced with a number of other organ- vaginosis [ 8 ]. (who.int)
  • Risk of Bacterial Vaginosis in Users of the Intrauterine Device: A Longitudinal Study. (webmd.com)
  • Having an intrauterine device (IUD) may also increase your risk for bacterial vaginosis, especially if you also have irregular bleeding. (walmarthealthvirtualcare.com)
  • Although there is definite association of colonisation of the endometrium by mycoplasma and ureaplasma in patients with bacterial vaginosis, as we showed in our previous study, this study did not show any association of DUB with bacterial vaginosis, Gardnerella vaginalis , mycoplasma, or ureaplasma. (bmj.com)
  • Gardnerella vaginalis is a gram-variable coccobacillus, non-motile and facultative anaerobic bacterium, known to cause bacterial vaginosis (BV). (osmosis.org)
  • Verstraelen H, Verhelst R. Bacterial vaginosis: an update on diagnosis and treatment. (medscape.com)
  • If you suspect that you have bacterial vaginosis, it is important to see your doctor for diagnosis and treatment. (alliedacademies.org)
  • A preoperative high vaginal swab for microscopic diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis was taken. (bmj.com)
  • Efficacy of vaginal probiotic capsules for recurrent bacterial vaginosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. (medscape.com)
  • The authors evaluated suppressive intravaginal metronidazole (MetroGel) and its effect on recurrent episodes of bacterial vaginosis. (aafp.org)
  • The urinary microbiota is similarly complex as the vaginal and penile microbiota, yet its role as a reservoir for pathogens and for recurrent polymicrobial biofilm diseases like bacterial vaginosis (BV) is not clear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An upset or imbalance of lactobacilli are linked to increased risks of bacterial vaginosis (or BV). (womensvoices.org)
  • In addition, bacterial vaginosis as either pre-existing, or acquired, may increase the risk of pregnancy complications, most notably premature birth or miscarriage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Leila C. Kahwati, M.D., M.P.H., from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and colleagues updated the evidence on screening and treatment of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Treatment of the bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy is very important, as it may result in a premature born baby or with a low birth weight. (gov.sa)
  • Based on these findings, the USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that there is no net benefit in terms of preventing preterm delivery with screening for asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis in pregnant persons not at increased risk for preterm delivery. (medicalxpress.com)
  • You should consider seeing a doctor if you have bacterial vaginosis for the first time or if you are pregnant. (canesten.ie)
  • [ 2 ] These are some of the highlights of the recommendations for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. (medscape.com)
  • What Is the Treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis? (emedicinehealth.com)
  • For treatment of bacterial vaginosis (BV), secnidazole is a suitable single-dose oral drug having a longer serum half-life than metronidazole. (nih.gov)
  • It is common for same sex partners to also have bacterial vaginosis, and they may want to consider testing and treatment. (shinesa.org.au)
  • If you are diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis, there are several treatment options available [ 2 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
  • How can I find treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis? (marham.pk)
  • After treatment of bacterial vaginosis, recurrence within 3-12 months is common, and may require additional treatment. (walmarthealthvirtualcare.com)
  • For the treatment of bacterial vaginosis through normalisation of the vaginal pH. (polichem.com)
  • however, it is most commonly recognized for its role as one of the organisms responsible for bacterial vaginosis (BV). (medscape.com)
  • If you've ever experienced thin, milky vaginal discharge, possibly with a mild to strong fishy odor, you may have had bacterial vaginosis (BV). (healthywomen.org)
  • But, when the number of these lactobacillus bacterias decreases, other infectious bacterias start growing in numbers, leading to bacterial vaginosis. (icliniq.com)
  • A fishy odour usually means you have bacterial vaginosis. (alberta.ca)
  • Bacterial vaginosis causes a fishy, unpleasant odour and greyish watery discharge. (canesten.ie)
  • Intrauterine birth control devices and excessive bleeding can also lead to bacterial vaginosis. (icliniq.com)
  • If you're experiencing abnormal vaginal discharge, you may have bacterial vaginosis, or BV. (healthywomen.org)
  • A detailed history was taken, particularly obstetrics and gynaecological, and any history of bacterial vaginosis or troublesome vaginal discharge. (bmj.com)
  • None of the patient had any history of bacterial vaginosis, troublesome vaginal discharge, or any obstetric or gynaecological complications. (bmj.com)
  • Bacterial vaginitis ( BV ) often causes itching, pain, and abnormal discharge. (getcaremd.com)
  • Some cases of vaginosis are not bacterial at all, but are triggered by the fungus candida, or yeast. (iytmed.com)
  • Vitamin C supplements might assist treat both BV and candida-related vaginosis. (iytmed.com)
  • Bacterial vaginosis is a common, treatable, vaginal condition. (cdc.gov)
  • Bacterial vaginosis, like a number of other vaginal issues, is often caused by common sexual practices, such as douching. (earthclinic.com)
  • Hydrogen peroxide also helps eliminate inflammation-causing irritants and other common issues associated with bacterial vaginosis. (earthclinic.com)
  • Bacterial vaginosis also appears to be more common in people with a same sex partner. (shinesa.org.au)
  • To estimate the prevalence of the most common STIs and bacterial vaginosis (BV) among a representative sample of 14-19 year-old females in the U.S. (confex.com)
  • This article explores home remedies for preventing and treating bacterial vaginosis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • I have been battling Bacterial Vaginosis for two yrs., tried almost all natural remedies that I could find out about, some worked some didn't and the ones that did only lasted for a couple of days, then right back to the old drawing board. (earthclinic.com)
  • This published study about bacterial vaginosis talks about the possibility of it being a sexually transmitted disease. (yeastinfectionadvisor.com)
  • Many of the more than 30 bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens that are transmissible sexually, including HIV, are transmitted predominantly through sexual intercourse. (who.int)
  • What Are the Risk Factors Predisposing Bacterial Vaginosis? (icliniq.com)
  • Abnormal bacterial colonisation of genital tract and preterm delivery and late miscarriage. (bmj.com)
  • While bacterial vaginosis is not always preventable, there are several things you can do to reduce your risk of developing the condition: Practice good hygiene: Keep the genital area clean and dry. (alliedacademies.org)
  • The prevalence of various bacterial genera or species varied according to age, sexual activity and HIV status. (nih.gov)