Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.
Involuntary discharge of URINE that is associated with an abrupt and strong desire to void. It is usually related to the involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle of the bladder (detrusor hyperreflexia or detrusor instability).
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.
Absorbent pads used for URINARY INCONTINENCE and usually worn as underpants or pants liners by the ELDERLY.
The mechanical laws of fluid dynamics as they apply to urine transport.
Support structures, made from natural or synthetic materials, that are implanted below the URETHRA to treat URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.
Soft tissue formed mainly by the pelvic diaphragm, which is composed of the two levator ani and two coccygeus muscles. The pelvic diaphragm lies just below the pelvic aperture (outlet) and separates the pelvic cavity from the PERINEUM. It extends between the PUBIC BONE anteriorly and the COCCYX posteriorly.
Surgery performed on the urinary tract or its parts in the male or female. For surgery of the male genitalia, UROLOGIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES, MALE is available.
A tube that transports URINE from the URINARY BLADDER to the outside of the body in both the sexes. It also has a reproductive function in the male by providing a passage for SPERM.
A musculomembranous sac along the URINARY TRACT. URINE flows from the KIDNEYS into the bladder via the ureters (URETER), and is held there until URINATION.
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.
Downward displacement of the UTERUS. It is classified in various degrees: in the first degree the UTERINE CERVIX is within the vaginal orifice; in the second degree the cervix is outside the orifice; in the third degree the entire uterus is outside the orifice.
An artifical implanted device, usually in the form of an inflatable silicone cuff, inserted in or around the bladder neck in the surgical treatment of urinary incontinence caused by sphincter weakness. Often it is placed around the bulbous urethra in adult males. The artificial urinary sphincter is considered an alternative to urinary diversion.
The terminal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE, beginning from the ampulla of the RECTUM and ending at the anus.
Devices worn in the vagina to provide support to displaced uterus or rectum. Pessaries are used in conditions such as UTERINE PROLAPSE; CYSTOCELE; or RECTOCELE.
Absorbent pads designed to be worn as underpants or pants liners by adults.
Discharge of URINE, liquid waste processed by the KIDNEY, from the body.
Abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. Symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, DYSPAREUNIA; URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE; and FECAL INCONTINENCE.
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.
The body region lying between the genital area and the ANUS on the surface of the trunk, and to the shallow compartment lying deep to this area that is inferior to the PELVIC DIAPHRAGM. The surface area is between the VULVA and the anus in the female, and between the SCROTUM and the anus in the male.
Surgery performed on the urinary tract or its organs and on the male or female genitalia.
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.
Passage of a CATHETER into the URINARY BLADDER or kidney.
Conditioning to defecate and urinate in culturally acceptable places.
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.
The duct which coveys URINE from the pelvis of the KIDNEY through the URETERS, BLADDER, and URETHRA.
Injury, weakening, or PROLAPSE of the pelvic muscles, surrounding connective tissues or ligaments (PELVIC FLOOR).
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).
Benzilates are organic compounds that contain the structure of benzil, characterized by two benzoyl groups (-COPh) bonded to a central carbon atom, and can be esters of benzilic acid with various alcohols.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of ACETYLCHOLINE or cholinergic agonists.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Involuntary discharge of URINE during the daytime while one is awake.
Pathological processes of the URINARY BLADDER.
The therapy technique of providing the status of one's own AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM function (e.g., skin temperature, heartbeats, brain waves) as visual or auditory feedback in order to self-control related conditions (e.g., hypertension, migraine headaches).
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Butylamines are a class of organic compounds where a butyl group is attached to an amine functional group, with the general structure (C4H9)NHR or (C4H9)NR'R", commonly used as stimulants, entactogens, and psychedelics.
A HERNIA-like condition in which the weakened pelvic muscles cause the URINARY BLADDER to drop from its normal position. Fallen urinary bladder is more common in females with the bladder dropping into the VAGINA and less common in males with the bladder dropping into the SCROTUM.
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.
A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes, and the genital tract in the male. Common urological problems include urinary obstruction, URINARY INCONTINENCE, infections, and UROGENITAL NEOPLASMS.
Cresols, also known as hydroxytoluene, are a group of phenolic compounds including ortho-cresol, meta-cresol, and para-cresol, which differ in the position of the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring.
The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.
Propylene or propene polymers. Thermoplastics that can be extruded into fibers, films or solid forms. They are used as a copolymer in plastics, especially polyethylene. The fibers are used for fabrics, filters and surgical sutures.
Surgery performed on the female genitalia.
Application of electric current in treatment without the generation of perceptible heat. It includes electric stimulation of nerves or muscles, passage of current into the body, or use of interrupted current of low intensity to raise the threshold of the skin to pain.
A nerve which originates in the sacral spinal cord (S2 to S4) and innervates the PERINEUM, the external GENITALIA, the external ANAL SPHINCTER and the external urethral sphincter. It has three major branches: the perineal nerve, inferior anal nerves, and the dorsal nerve of penis or clitoris.
Surgery performed on the male genitalia.
Pads made of various materials used for personal hygiene usually for absorbing URINE or FECES. They can be worn as underpants or pants liners by various age groups, from NEWBORNS to the ELDERLY. Absorbent pads can be made of fluff wood pulp and HYDROGEL absorbent covered with viscose rayon, polyester, polypropylene, or POLYETHYLENE coverstock.
A regimen or plan of physical activities designed and prescribed for specific therapeutic goals. Its purpose is to restore normal musculoskeletal function or to reduce pain caused by diseases or injuries.
An incision of the posterior vaginal wall and a portion of the pudenda which enlarges the vaginal introitus to facilitate delivery and prevent lacerations.
The lumbar and sacral plexuses taken together. The fibers of the lumbosacral plexus originate in the lumbar and upper sacral spinal cord (L1 to S3) and innervate the lower extremities.
The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Any woven or knit material of open texture used in surgery for the repair, reconstruction, or substitution of tissue. The mesh is usually a synthetic fabric made of various polymers. It is occasionally made of metal.
The use of fragrances and essences from plants to affect or alter a person's mood or behavior and to facilitate physical, mental, and emotional well-being. The chemicals comprising essential oils in plants has a host of therapeutic properties and has been used historically in Africa, Asia, and India. Its greatest application is in the field of alternative medicine. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; from Dr. Atiba Vheir, Dove Center, Washington, D.C.)
Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control.
Evaluation of the nature and extent of nursing problems presented by a patient for the purpose of patient care planning.
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.
Delivery of the FETUS and PLACENTA under the care of an obstetrician or a health worker. Obstetric deliveries may involve physical, psychological, medical, or surgical interventions.
The normal process of elimination of fecal material from the RECTUM.
A flat, flexible strip of material used to cover or fasten together damaged tissue.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the urinary tract or its organs or demonstration of its physiological processes.
Complete or partial surgical removal of the prostate. Three primary approaches are commonly employed: suprapubic - removal through an incision above the pubis and through the urinary bladder; retropubic - as for suprapubic but without entering the urinary bladder; and transurethral (TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE).
The process of giving birth to one or more offspring.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Analogs or derivatives of mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid).
Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.
The study of muscles and the movement of the human body. In holistic medicine it is the balance of movement and the interaction of a person's energy systems. Applied kinesiology is the name given by its inventor, Dr. George Goodheart, to the system of applying muscle testing diagnostically and therapeutically to different aspects of health care. (Thorsons Introductory Guide to Kinesiology, 1992, p13)
Measurement of the pressure or tension of liquids or gases with a manometer.
Frequent URINATION at night that interrupts sleep. It is often associated with outflow obstruction, DIABETES MELLITUS, or bladder inflammation (CYSTITIS).
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is above its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the top or the side of the PENIS, but the urethra can also be open the entire length of the penis. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is often between the CLITORIS and the labia, or in the ABDOMEN.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous ACETYLCHOLINE or exogenous agonists. Muscarinic antagonists have widespread effects including actions on the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye, the heart and blood vessels, secretions of the respiratory tract, GI system, and salivary glands, GI motility, urinary bladder tone, and the central nervous system.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Facilities which provide nursing supervision and limited medical care to persons who do not require hospitalization.
Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.
Herniation of the RECTUM into the VAGINA.
The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders.
The simultaneous use of multiple laboratory procedures for the detection of various diseases. These are usually performed on groups of people.
Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Medical problems associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR, such as BREECH PRESENTATION; PREMATURE OBSTETRIC LABOR; HEMORRHAGE; or others. These complications can affect the well-being of the mother, the FETUS, or both.
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.
Geriatric long-term care facilities which provide supervision and assistance in activities of daily living with medical and nursing services when required.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A serotype of botulinum toxins that has specificity for cleavage of SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25.
The distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE, between the SIGMOID COLON and the ANAL CANAL.
A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.
Compounds which contain the methyl radical substituted with two benzene rings. Permitted are any substituents, but ring fusion to any of the benzene rings is not allowed.
Pathological processes of the URINARY TRACT in both males and females.
Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs), often referred to as "nortropanes," are a class of drugs that function by selectively binding to and partially blocking the α2-adrenergic receptors and 5-HT2 receptors, thereby increasing the concentration of norepinephrine and serotonin in the synaptic cleft, which helps alleviate symptoms of depression.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Artificial substitutes for body parts, and materials inserted into tissue for functional, cosmetic, or therapeutic purposes. Prostheses can be functional, as in the case of artificial arms and legs, or cosmetic, as in the case of an artificial eye. Implants, all surgically inserted or grafted into the body, tend to be used therapeutically. IMPLANTS, EXPERIMENTAL is available for those used experimentally.
Surgical instrument designed to extract the newborn by the head from the maternal passages without injury to it or the mother.
Agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS.
The space or compartment surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis). It is subdivided into the greater pelvis and LESSER PELVIS. The pelvic girdle is formed by the PELVIC BONES and SACRUM.
The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of women.
The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.
Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).
Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile.
Surgical creation of an opening (stoma) in the URINARY BLADDER for drainage.
Pathological processes of the female URINARY TRACT and the reproductive system (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.
The minimum acceptable patient care, based on statutes, court decisions, policies, or professional guidelines.
Drugs used for their actions on skeletal muscle. Included are agents that act directly on skeletal muscle, those that alter neuromuscular transmission (NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS), and drugs that act centrally as skeletal muscle relaxants (MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRAL). Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders are ANTI-DYSKINESIA AGENTS.
Forced expiratory effort against a closed GLOTTIS.
The transitional period before and after MENOPAUSE. Perimenopausal symptoms are associated with irregular MENSTRUAL CYCLE and widely fluctuated hormone levels. They may appear 6 years before menopause and subside 2 to 5 years after menopause.
Surgical insertion of a prosthesis.
Removal of all or part of the PROSTATE, often using a cystoscope and/or resectoscope passed through the URETHRA.
Belief in a positive outcome.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Drugs used in the treatment of urogenital conditions and diseases such as URINARY INCONTINENCE; PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA; and ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Protrusion of the rectal mucous membrane through the anus. There are various degrees: incomplete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle but with herniation of the bowel; and internal complete with rectosigmoid or upper rectum intussusception into the lower rectum.
A quality-of-life scale developed in the United States in 1972 as a measure of health status or dysfunction generated by a disease. It is a behaviorally based questionnaire for patients and addresses activities such as sleep and rest, mobility, recreation, home management, emotional behavior, social interaction, and the like. It measures the patient's perceived health status and is sensitive enough to detect changes or differences in health status occurring over time or between groups. (From Medical Care, vol.xix, no.8, August 1981, p.787-805)
Therapeutic modalities frequently used in PHYSICAL THERAPY SPECIALTY by PHYSICAL THERAPISTS or physiotherapists to promote, maintain, or restore the physical and physiological well-being of an individual.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
The sexual functions, activities, attitudes, and orientations of an individual. Sexuality, male or female, becomes evident at PUBERTY under the influence of gonadal steroids (TESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL), and social effects.
Excision of the uterus.
Removal of the uterus through the vagina.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
The climax of sexual excitement in either humans or animals.
Temporary or permanent diversion of the flow of urine through the ureter away from the URINARY BLADDER in the presence of a bladder disease or after cystectomy. There is a variety of techniques: direct anastomosis of ureter and bowel, cutaneous ureterostomy, ileal, jejunal or colon conduit, ureterosigmoidostomy, etc. (From Campbell's Urology, 6th ed, p2654)
Persistent, unwanted idea or impulse which is considered normal when it does not markedly interfere with mental processes or emotional adjustment.
Agents that reduce the excretion of URINE, most notably the octapeptide VASOPRESSINS.
Layers of connective tissue of variable thickness. The superficial fascia is found immediately below the skin; the deep fascia invests MUSCLES, nerves, and other organs.
An emotional attitude excited by realization of a shortcoming or impropriety.
Removal of the fetus from the uterus or vagina at or near the end of pregnancy with a metal traction cup that is attached to the fetus' head. Negative pressure is applied and traction is made on a chain passed through the suction tube. (From Stedman, 26th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)
The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, or eating.
Procedures used by chiropractors to treat neuromusculoskeletal complaints.
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.
A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
A plant genus of the LAMIACEAE family.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
Liquid by-product of excretion produced in the kidneys, temporarily stored in the bladder until discharge through the URETHRA.
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the urinary bladder.
Strategy for the analysis of RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC that compares patients in the groups to which they were originally randomly assigned.
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.
Great Britain is not a medical term, but a geographical name for the largest island in the British Isles, which comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, forming the major part of the United Kingdom.
In females, the period that is shortly after giving birth (PARTURITION).
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.
A birth defect in which the URINARY BLADDER is malformed and exposed, inside out, and protruded through the ABDOMINAL WALL. It is caused by closure defects involving the top front surface of the bladder, as well as the lower abdominal wall; SKIN; MUSCLES; and the pubic bone.
Falls due to slipping or tripping which may result in injury.
Evaluation of the level of physical, physiological, or mental functioning in the older population group.
Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.
The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.
Pain associated with a damaged PUDENDAL NERVE. Clinical features may include positional pain with sitting in the perineal and genital areas, sexual dysfunction and FECAL INCONTINENCE and URINARY INCONTINENCE.
The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.
The observable, measurable, and often pathological activity of an organism that portrays its inability to overcome a habit resulting in an insatiable craving for a substance or for performing certain acts. The addictive behavior includes the emotional and physical overdependence on the object of habit in increasing amount or frequency.
Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Congenital defects of closure of one or more vertebral arches, which may be associated with malformations of the spinal cord, nerve roots, congenital fibrous bands, lipomas, and congenital cysts. These malformations range from mild (e.g., SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA) to severe, including rachischisis where there is complete failure of neural tube and spinal cord fusion, resulting in exposure of the spinal cord at the surface. Spinal dysraphism includes all forms of spina bifida. The open form is called SPINA BIFIDA CYSTICA and the closed form is SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p34)
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Procedures that avoid use of open, invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery. These generally involve use of laparoscopic devices and remote-control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope or similar device.
Radiographic examination of the process of defecation after the instillation of a CONTRAST MEDIA into the rectum.
Thiophenes are aromatic heterocyclic organic compounds containing a five-membered ring with four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom, which are found in various natural substances and synthesized for use in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
A painful linear ulcer at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal. (Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)
The consumption of liquids.
Techniques for securing together the edges of a wound, with loops of thread or similar materials (SUTURES).
A procedure in which a laparoscope (LAPAROSCOPES) is inserted through a small incision near the navel to examine the abdominal and pelvic organs in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. If appropriate, biopsy or surgery can be performed during laparoscopy.
Older adults or aged individuals who are lacking in general strength and are unusually susceptible to disease or to other infirmity.
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.
Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.
Maintenance of the hygienic state of the skin under optimal conditions of cleanliness and comfort. Effective in skin care are proper washing, bathing, cleansing, and the use of soaps, detergents, oils, etc. In various disease states, therapeutic and protective solutions and ointments are useful. The care of the skin is particularly important in various occupations, in exposure to sunlight, in neonates, and in PRESSURE ULCER.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The process in which specialized SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS transduce peripheral stimuli (physical or chemical) into NERVE IMPULSES which are then transmitted to the various sensory centers in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
An abnormal passage in any part of the URINARY TRACT between itself or with other organs.
Blocked urine flow through the bladder neck, the narrow internal urethral opening at the base of the URINARY BLADDER. Narrowing or strictures of the URETHRA can be congenital or acquired. It is often observed in males with enlarged PROSTATE glands.
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety.
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standard of acceptable or desirable weight. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal "over fat".
Quinuclidines are organic compounds consisting of a tricyclic structure with a three-membered ring fused to a piperidine ring, often used as building blocks in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and bioactive molecules.
Surgical creation of a communication between a cerebral ventricle and the peritoneum by means of a plastic tube to permit drainage of cerebrospinal fluid for relief of hydrocephalus. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
Symptoms of disorders of the lower urinary tract including frequency, NOCTURIA; urgency, incomplete voiding, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. They are often associated with OVERACTIVE BLADDER; URINARY INCOMPETENCE; and INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS. Lower urinary tract symptoms in males were traditionally called PROSTATISM.

Effectiveness of tolterodine in nonneurogenic voiding dysfunction. (1/62)

The efficacy of tolterodine was analysed in children with non-neurogenic voiding dysfunction, using dysfunctional voiding symptom score (DVSS). Of 44 patients (mean age 9.3 yrs; M:F = 25:19), 36 received long acting tolterodine tartrate at a dose of 2mg OD and 8 at a dose of 4mg OD. The mean (SD) DVSS before and after the treatment was 17.1 (2.8) and 12.0 (2.4). There was a significant improvement in the mean DVSS score at the end of the treatment (Students t test P < 0.01). The dysfunctional symptoms were cured in 28(63.6 %), improved in 14(31.8 %) and failed to show improvement in 2 (4.6 %). Over all 95 % were compliant with the single daily medication. Our results demonstrate that long acting tolterodine is effective in children with voiding dysfunction. The single daily dose has good compliance and minimal side effect profile.  (+info)

Assessing urgency in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. (2/62)

OBJECTIVES: Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) at present is a symptom-based diagnosis. The Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index (ICSI), also known as the O'Leary-Sant Symptom Index, is a widely used scale that assesses the four cardinal symptoms of IC/PBS (ie, bladder pain, urgency, frequency, and nocturia), by asking how often each is experienced. In an ongoing case-control study of recent-onset IC/PBS, we compared the ICSI with a series of questions that addressed the severity of these symptoms. METHODS: Recruiting nationally, we enrolled women with IC/PBS symptoms of 12 months' duration or less. We assessed the severity of pain, frequency, and urgency using Likert and categorical scales, and how often these symptoms were experienced using the ICSI. We compared these scales by frequency distributions and interscale correlations. RESULTS: In 138 women with recent-onset IC/PBS, the scores for frequency were correlated and, for pain, appeared to be complementary. However, for urgency, the ICSI question of "the strong need to urinate with little or no warning" consistently yielded lower scores than the severity question of "the compelling urge to urinate that is difficult to postpone." Some patients denied urgency to the ICSI question yet reported intense urgency to the severity question. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the severity question, the ICSI underestimated the prevalence and degree of urgency. This observation is consistent with the views of others that sudden urgency does not define the sensation experienced by many patients with IC/PBS. Clarifying this symptom description may assist in developing a usable case definition for IC/PBS.  (+info)

Evaluation of voiding dysfunctions in children with chronic functional constipation. (3/62)

There are controversial results about the role of dysfunctional bowel emptying in disorders of the urinary tract like urinary tract infection (UTI), vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and enuresis. Constipation may cause UTI, enuresis and VUR due to the uninhibited bladder contraction. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of nocturnal enuresis, UTI and instability symptoms in chronic functional constipation (CFC). This study included 38 children with CFC and 31 children as the control group. Detailed past and present history of UTIs or symptoms pointing to this diagnosis, enuresis, encopresis, urgency and urge incontinence was obtained from both groups as well as the family history of UTI. Urinalysis, urine culture and stool parasite analysis as well as abdominal ultrasonography were performed on both groups. Age range of the children with CFC was 6-192 months (mean +/- standard deviation (SD) 63.5 +/- 51 months); that of the control group was 4-180 months (mean +/- SD 82 +/- 46.2 months). Frequency of UTI and urgency was significantly higher in the CFC group. However, frequencies of urge incontinence, nocturnal enuresis, and genitourinary abnormalities were not different between the two groups. In conclusion, risk of UTI and urgency is increased in CFC, but that of other voiding dysfunctions like urge incontinence do not change significantly. Therefore, we suggest that UTI and urgency should be questioned in children with CFC and vice versa.  (+info)

Papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the prostate: a case report. (4/62)

A 91-year-old man presented with nocturnal frequency and urge incontinence of a few days duration due to involvement of prostate cancer (PCa) accompanied by a large cyst in the left lobe of the prostate gland and urinary bladder wall. Channeling transurethral resection of prostate was performed to relieve the main symptoms and the resected material was histologically diagnosed as papillary cystadenocarcinoma arising from the epithelium of microscopic retention cysts. Following shrinkage of the large cyst, the patient is doing well on a combination regimen of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue and bicaltamide. Papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the prostate was originally defined as papillary PCa arising from, not accompanied by, prostatic cysts. Cysts associated with PCa are subdivided into primary (or true) and secondary (or pseudo) cysts. Cancer cells in primary cysts originate from the epithelial lining. Papillary growth type cysts belong to this group and are regarded as papillary cystadenocarcinoma. The secondary (or pseudo) cysts, which have no epithelial lining and consist of hemorrhagic and/or necrotic contents are associated with invasive PCa. In the present case, the microscopic retention cysts revealed by histologic examination were of the primary type. This case of papillary cystadenocarcinoma, arising from a primary cyst, is the 13th such report from among previously reported cases in Japan.  (+info)

Evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms and how bothersome it was with or without urinary incontinence in apparently healthy persons of both sexes. (5/62)

We evaluated the effect of urinary incontinence on the degree of being bothersome in apparently healthy males and females by a questionnaire survery. From March to May, 2003 apparently healthy subjects underwent multiphasic health screening after informed of the nature of this study and were asked to fill out the questionnaires of International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) with IPSS QOL index (IPSS-QI) and the short form version of the Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6). The data were subjected to analytical studies. Of the 388 participants who responded completely to both questionnaires, 172 (44.3%) had urinary incontinence; 143 were women (36.9%) and 29 men (7.5%). The mean age of the women was 46.0 years (range 18.0 to 76.0) and that of men was 47.5 years (range 22.0 to 76.0). Compared with continent participants, women and men with mixed urinary incontinence had a significantly higher IPSS severity (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0014, respectively). In terms of contribution on QOL impairment, the women and men with mixed urinary incontinence considered it significantly more bothersome compared with continent participants (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0003, respectively). These data showed that urinary incontinence was relatively common among apparently healthy women, but not men, and type of incontinence had a different impact on the degree of being bothersome in both sexes.  (+info)

Burch colposuspension versus fascial sling to reduce urinary stress incontinence. (6/62)

BACKGROUND: Many surgical procedures are available for women with urinary stress incontinence, yet few randomized clinical trials have been conducted to provide a basis for treatment recommendations. METHODS: We performed a multicenter, randomized clinical trial comparing two procedures--the pubovaginal sling, using autologous rectus fascia, and the Burch colposuspension--among women with stress incontinence. Women were eligible for the study if they had predominant symptoms associated with the condition, a positive stress test, and urethral hypermobility. The primary outcomes were success in terms of overall urinary-incontinence measures, which required a negative pad test, no urinary incontinence (as recorded in a 3-day diary), a negative cough and Valsalva stress test, no self-reported symptoms, and no retreatment for the condition, and success in terms of measures of stress incontinence specifically, which required only the latter three criteria. We also assessed postoperative urge incontinence, voiding dysfunction, and adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 655 women were randomly assigned to study groups: 326 to undergo the sling procedure and 329 to undergo the Burch procedure; 520 women (79%) completed the outcome assessment. At 24 months, success rates were higher for women who underwent the sling procedure than for those who underwent the Burch procedure, for both the overall category of success (47% vs. 38%, P=0.01) and the category specific to stress incontinence (66% vs. 49%, P<0.001). However, more women who underwent the sling procedure had urinary tract infections, difficulty voiding, and postoperative urge incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: The autologous fascial sling results in a higher rate of successful treatment of stress incontinence but also greater morbidity than the Burch colposuspension. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00064662 [ClinicalTrials.gov] .).  (+info)

Bladder sensory desensitization decreases urinary urgency. (7/62)

BACKGROUND: Bladder desensitization has been investigated as an alternative treatment for refractory detrusor overactivity. Most open and controlled clinical trials conducted with intravesical RTX showed that desensitization delays the appearance of involuntary detrusor contractions during bladder filling and decreases the number of episodes of urgency incontinence. Urgency is being recognised as the fundamental symptom of overactive bladder (OAB), a symptomatic complex which recent epidemiological studies have shown to affect more than 10% of the Western population. As anti-muscarinic drugs, the first line treatment for OAB, are far from being able to fully control urgency, the opportunity to test other therapeutic approaches is created. The present work was, therefore, designed as an exploratory investigation to evaluate the effect of bladder desensitization on urinary urgency. METHODS: Twenty-three OAB patients with refractory urgency entered, after given informed consent, a 30 days run-in period in which medications influencing the bladder function were interrupted. At the end of this period patients filled a seven-day voiding chart where they scored, using a 0-4 scale, the bladder sensations felt before each voiding. Then, patients were instilled with 100 ml of 10% ethanol in saline (vehicle solution) and 30 days later a second seven-day voiding chart was collected. Finally, patients were instilled with 100 ml of 50 nM RTX in 10% ethanol in saline. At 1 and 3 months additional voiding charts were collected. At the end of the vehicle and 3 months period patients were asked to give their subjective impression about the outcome of the treatment and about the willingness to repeat the previous instillation. RESULTS: At the end of the run-in period the mean number of episodes of urgency per week was 71 +/- 12 (mean +/- SEM). After vehicle instillation, the mean number of episodes of urgency was 56 +/- 11, but only 4 patients (17%) considered that their urinary condition had improved enough to repeat the treatment. At 1 and 3 months after RTX the number of episodes of urgency decreased to 39 +/- 9 (p = 0.002) and 37 +/- 6 (p = 0.02), respectively (p indicates statistical differences against vehicle). The percentage of patients with subjective improvement after RTX and willing to repeat the instillation at a later occasion was 69%. CONCLUSION: In OAB patients with refractory urgency bladder desensitization should be further investigated as an alternative to the standard management. Additionally, the specific effect of RTX on TRPV1 receptors suggests that urothelium and sub-urothelial C-fibers play an important role to the generation of urgency sensation.  (+info)

Cerebral control of the bladder in normal and urge-incontinent women. (8/62)

AIM: To identify age-related changes in the normal brain/bladder control system, and differences between urge incontinence in younger and older women, as shown by brain responses to bladder filling; and to use age, bladder volume, urge incontinence and detrusor overactivity (DO) as probes to reveal control system function. Functional MRI was used to examine regional brain responses to bladder infusion in 21 females (26-85 years): 11 "cases" with urge incontinence and DO (proven previously) and 10 normal "controls". Responses and their age dependence were determined at small and large bladder volumes, in whole brain and in regions of interest representing right insula and anterior cingulate (ACG). In "controls", increasing bladder volume/sensation led to increasing insular responses; with increasing age, insular responses became weaker. In younger "cases", ACG responded abnormally strongly at large bladder volumes/strong sensation. Elderly "cases" showed strong ACG responses even at small bladder volume but more moderate responses at larger volumes; if DO occurred, pontine micturition center (PMC) activation did not increase. CONCLUSION: Among normal "controls", increasing age leads to decreased responses in brain regions involved in bladder control, including right insula, consistent with its role in mapping normal bladder sensations. Strong ACG activation occurs in urge-incontinent "cases" and may be a sign of urgency, indicating recruitment of alternative pathways when loss of bladder control is feared. Easier ACG provocation in older "cases" reflects lack of physiological reserve or different etiology. ACG responses seem associated with PMC inhibition: reduced ACG activity accompanies failure of inhibition (DO).  (+info)

Urinary incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss or leakage of urine that is sufficient to be a social or hygienic problem. It can occur due to various reasons such as weak pelvic muscles, damage to nerves that control the bladder, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson's disease.

There are different types of urinary incontinence, including stress incontinence (leakage of urine during physical activities like coughing, sneezing, or exercising), urge incontinence (a sudden and strong need to urinate that results in leakage), overflow incontinence (constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that doesn't empty completely), functional incontinence (inability to reach the bathroom in time due to physical or mental impairments), and mixed incontinence (a combination of any two or more types of incontinence).

Urinary incontinence can significantly impact a person's quality of life, causing embarrassment, social isolation, and depression. However, it is a treatable condition, and various treatment options are available, including bladder training, pelvic floor exercises, medications, medical devices, and surgery.

Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) is a type of urinary incontinence that occurs when physical activities or movements, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising, or lifting heavy objects, put pressure on the bladder, causing unintentional leakage of urine. It is caused by weakened pelvic floor muscles and/or a malfunctioning urethral sphincter, which normally help maintain urinary continence. SUI is more common in women than men, especially those who have gone through pregnancy, childbirth, or menopause, but it can also affect older men with prostate gland issues.

Urge urinary incontinence is a type of urinary incontinence where there is a sudden, strong need to urinate that cannot be postponed, leading to an involuntary loss of urine. It is also known as overactive bladder (OAB) or detrusor instability. The underlying cause is often due to uninhibited contractions of the detrusor muscle, which is the main muscle in the bladder that helps with urination. This can be caused by various factors such as nerve damage, bladder infections, bladder stones, or certain medications. Treatment options may include behavioral modifications, pelvic floor exercises, medication, and in some cases, surgery.

Fecal incontinence is the involuntary loss or leakage of stool (feces) from the rectum. It is also known as bowel incontinence. This condition can range from occasional leakage of stool when passing gas to a complete loss of bowel control. Fecal incontinence can be an embarrassing and distressing problem, but there are treatments available that can help improve symptoms and quality of life.

The causes of fecal incontinence can vary, but some common factors include:

* Damage to the muscles or nerves that control bowel function, such as from childbirth, surgery, spinal cord injury, or long-term constipation or diarrhea.
* Chronic digestive conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or celiac disease.
* Neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, or spina bifida.
* Aging, which can lead to a decrease in muscle strength and control.

Treatment for fecal incontinence depends on the underlying cause of the condition. Treatments may include:

* Bowel training exercises to improve muscle strength and control.
* Changes in diet to help regulate bowel movements.
* Medications to treat constipation or diarrhea.
* Surgery to repair damaged muscles or nerves, or to create a new opening for stool to exit the body.

If you are experiencing symptoms of fecal incontinence, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider. They can help determine the cause of your symptoms and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Incontinence pads are medical devices designed to absorb and retain urine or feces due to bladder or bowel incontinence. They are typically made of an outer waterproof layer, a middle layer that absorbs the liquid, and a inner layer that wicks the moisture away from the skin to keep it dry. Incontinence pads can be worn inside regular underwear, or with special adaptive underwear or briefs. Some pads have adhesive strips to help them stay in place. They come in various sizes, absorbencies and shapes to accommodate different needs and levels of incontinence.

Urodynamics is a medical test that measures the function and performance of the lower urinary tract, which includes the bladder, urethra, and sphincters. It involves the use of specialized equipment to record measurements such as bladder pressure, urine flow rate, and residual urine volume. The test can help diagnose various urinary problems, including incontinence, urinary retention, and overactive bladder.

During the test, a small catheter is inserted into the bladder through the urethra to measure bladder pressure while filling it with sterile water or saline solution. Another catheter may be placed in the rectum to record abdominal pressure. The patient is then asked to urinate, and the flow rate and any leaks are recorded.

Urodynamics can help identify the underlying cause of urinary symptoms and guide treatment decisions. It is often recommended for patients with complex or persistent urinary problems that have not responded to initial treatments.

A suburethral sling is a type of surgical mesh used in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women. It is a narrow strip of synthetic material or tissue that is placed under the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body, to provide support and restore normal function.

The sling helps to keep the urethra in its proper position during physical activities, such as coughing, sneezing, or exercising, which can put pressure on the bladder and cause urine leakage in women with SUI. Suburethral slings are typically made of non-absorbable synthetic materials, such as polypropylene or polyester, and can be attached to surrounding tissue or bone for added support.

The procedure to implant a suburethral sling is usually performed on an outpatient basis, and most women are able to return to their normal activities within a few weeks. While suburethral slings have been shown to be effective in treating SUI, they are not without risks, including infection, bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse, and in rare cases, erosion of the mesh into surrounding tissues.

The pelvic floor is a group of muscles, ligaments, and connective tissues that form a sling or hammock across the bottom of the pelvis. It supports the organs in the pelvic cavity, including the bladder, rectum, and uterus or prostate. The pelvic floor helps control urination, defecation, and sexual function by relaxing and contracting to allow for the release of waste and during sexual activity. It also contributes to postural stability and balance. Weakness or damage to the pelvic floor can lead to various health issues such as incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and sexual dysfunction.

Urologic surgical procedures refer to various types of surgeries that are performed on the urinary system and male reproductive system. These surgeries can be invasive (requiring an incision) or minimally invasive (using small incisions or scopes). They may be performed to treat a range of conditions, including but not limited to:

1. Kidney stones: Procedures such as shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy are used to remove or break up kidney stones.
2. Urinary tract obstructions: Surgeries like pyeloplasty and urethral dilation can be done to correct blockages in the urinary tract.
3. Prostate gland issues: Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), simple prostatectomy, and robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy are some procedures used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer.
4. Bladder problems: Procedures such as cystectomy (removal of the bladder), bladder augmentation, and implantation of an artificial urinary sphincter can be done for conditions like bladder cancer or incontinence.
5. Kidney diseases: Nephrectomy (removal of a kidney) may be necessary for severe kidney damage or cancer.
6. Testicular issues: Orchiectomy (removal of one or both testicles) can be performed for testicular cancer.
7. Pelvic organ prolapse: Surgeries like sacrocolpopexy and vaginal vault suspension can help correct this condition in women.

These are just a few examples; there are many other urologic surgical procedures available to treat various conditions affecting the urinary and reproductive systems.

The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. In males, it also serves as the conduit for semen during ejaculation. The male urethra is longer than the female urethra and is divided into sections: the prostatic, membranous, and spongy (or penile) urethra. The female urethra extends from the bladder to the external urethral orifice, which is located just above the vaginal opening.

The urinary bladder is a muscular, hollow organ in the pelvis that stores urine before it is released from the body. It expands as it fills with urine and contracts when emptying. The typical adult bladder can hold between 400 to 600 milliliters of urine for about 2-5 hours before the urge to urinate occurs. The wall of the bladder contains several layers, including a mucous membrane, a layer of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle), and an outer fibrous adventitia. The muscles of the bladder neck and urethra remain contracted to prevent leakage of urine during filling, and they relax during voiding to allow the urine to flow out through the urethra.

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a urological condition characterized by the involuntary contraction of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder, leading to symptoms such as urgency, frequency, and nocturia (the need to wake up at night to urinate), with or without urge incontinence (the involuntary loss of urine associated with a strong desire to void). It is important to note that OAB is not necessarily related to bladder volume or age-related changes, and it can significantly impact an individual's quality of life. The exact cause of OAB is not fully understood, but it may be associated with neurological disorders, certain medications, infections, or other underlying medical conditions. Treatment options for OAB include behavioral modifications, pelvic floor exercises, bladder training, medications, and, in some cases, surgical interventions.

Uterine prolapse is a condition where the uterus descends or slips down from its normal position in the pelvic cavity into or through the cervix and sometimes even outside the vaginal opening. This occurs due to the weakening of the muscles and ligaments that support the uterus, often as a result of childbirth, aging, menopause, obesity, or prior hysterectomy. Uterine prolapse can lead to various symptoms such as a feeling of heaviness in the pelvis, difficulty in urinating or having bowel movements, and uncomfortable sexual intercourse. The severity of the condition may vary from mild to severe, and treatment options range from lifestyle changes and physical therapy to surgery.

An artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) is not a living tissue but a surgically implanted medical device used to help manage urinary incontinence, particularly for individuals with stress incontinence or overflow incontinence. The device consists of three main components: a cuff that encircles the urethra, a balloon regulator placed in the abdomen, and a control pump located in the scrotum (in men) or labia (in women).

The cuff is inflated with fluid, which constricts the urethra and prevents urine leakage. When the individual wants to urinate, they manually compress the control pump, which transfers the fluid from the cuff to the balloon regulator, allowing the urethra to open and enabling urination. After a short period, the fluid automatically flows back from the balloon to the cuff, re-establishing continence.

It is essential to note that an artificial urinary sphincter is not a native or biological tissue but a prosthetic device designed to mimic the function of the natural urinary sphincter.

The anal canal is the terminal portion of the digestive tract, located between the rectum and the anus. It is a short tube-like structure that is about 1 to 1.5 inches long in adults. The main function of the anal canal is to provide a seal for the elimination of feces from the body while also preventing the leakage of intestinal contents.

The inner lining of the anal canal is called the mucosa, which is kept moist by the production of mucus. The walls of the anal canal contain specialized muscles that help control the passage of stool during bowel movements. These muscles include the internal and external sphincters, which work together to maintain continence and allow for the voluntary release of feces.

The anal canal is an important part of the digestive system and plays a critical role in maintaining bowel function and overall health.

A pessary is a medical device that is inserted into the vagina to provide support for the uterus, vaginal vault, or bladder. It is often used in the management of pelvic organ prolapse, urinary incontinence, and other gynecological conditions. Pessaries come in various shapes and sizes, and they are typically made of silicone, rubber, or plastic. They can be worn for extended periods of time and are usually removable and cleanable. The selection and fitting of a pessary should be performed by a healthcare professional, such as a gynecologist or nurse midwife.

Adult diapers are a type of absorbent garment worn by individuals who have difficulty controlling their bladine or bowel movements due to various medical conditions such as incontinence, mobility limitations, or cognitive impairments. They are designed to resemble and function similar to baby diapers but are made to fit the size and shape of an adult body.

Adult diapers come in various styles, including pull-ups, tab-style, and all-in-one briefs, and are available in different levels of absorbency to meet individual needs. They typically feature a waterproof outer layer to prevent leakage, while the inner layer is made of absorbent material that can quickly soak up fluids and wick moisture away from the skin.

In addition to providing protection against accidents, adult diapers can also help maintain skin integrity by keeping it dry and clean, reducing the risk of rashes and infections. They are commonly used in healthcare settings such as hospitals, nursing homes, and assisted living facilities but are also available for home use.

Urination, also known as micturition, is the physiological process of excreting urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra. It is a complex process that involves several systems in the body, including the urinary system, nervous system, and muscular system.

In medical terms, urination is defined as the voluntary or involuntary discharge of urine from the urethra, which is the final pathway for the elimination of waste products from the body. The process is regulated by a complex interplay between the detrusor muscle of the bladder, the internal and external sphincters of the urethra, and the nervous system.

During urination, the detrusor muscle contracts, causing the bladder to empty, while the sphincters relax to allow the urine to flow through the urethra and out of the body. The nervous system plays a crucial role in coordinating these actions, with sensory receptors in the bladder sending signals to the brain when it is time to urinate.

Urination is essential for maintaining the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body, as well as eliminating waste products such as urea, creatinine, and other metabolic byproducts. Abnormalities in urination can indicate underlying medical conditions, such as urinary tract infections, bladder dysfunction, or neurological disorders.

Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) is a medical condition where the supporting muscles and ligaments in a woman's pelvis weaken, causing one or more of the pelvic organs - including the bladder, uterus, rectum, or small intestine - to drop or press into or out of the vagina. This can result in various symptoms such as a feeling of heaviness or fullness in the pelvis, pressure or pain in the lower back, painful intercourse, and problems with urination or bowel movements. POP is often associated with childbirth, menopause, aging, and certain medical conditions that increase abdominal pressure, like obesity or chronic coughing. Treatment options can range from lifestyle changes and physical therapy to surgery.

Neurogenic bladder is a term used to describe bladder dysfunction due to neurological damage or disease. The condition can result in problems with bladder storage and emptying, leading to symptoms such as urinary frequency, urgency, hesitancy, incontinence, and retention.

Neurogenic bladder can occur due to various medical conditions, including spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, diabetic neuropathy, and stroke. The damage to the nerves that control bladder function can result in overactivity or underactivity of the bladder muscle, leading to urinary symptoms.

Management of neurogenic bladder typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medications, bladder training, catheterization, and surgery in some cases. The specific treatment plan depends on the underlying cause of the condition and the severity of the symptoms.

The perineum is the region between the anus and the genitals. In anatomical terms, it refers to the diamond-shaped area located in the lower part of the pelvis and extends from the coccyx (tailbone) to the pubic symphysis, which is the joint in the front where the two pubic bones meet. This region contains various muscles that support the pelvic floor and contributes to maintaining urinary and fecal continence. The perineum can be further divided into two triangular regions: the urogenital triangle (anterior) and the anal triangle (posterior).

Urogenital surgical procedures refer to surgeries that are performed on the urinary and genital systems. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, while the genital system includes the reproductive organs such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, and penis.

Urogenital surgical procedures can be performed for various reasons, including the treatment of diseases, injuries, or congenital abnormalities. Some examples of urogenital surgical procedures include:

1. Cystectomy: the removal of the bladder.
2. Nephrectomy: the removal of a kidney.
3. Prostatectomy: the removal of all or part of the prostate gland.
4. Hysterectomy: the removal of the uterus and sometimes the ovaries and fallopian tubes.
5. Vasectomy: a surgical procedure for male sterilization, in which the vas deferens is cut and tied.
6. Vaginoplasty: a surgical procedure to construct or repair a vagina.
7. Urethroplasty: a surgical procedure to reconstruct or repair the urethra.
8. Pyeloplasty: a surgical procedure to correct a congenital or acquired narrowing of the renal pelvis, the area where urine collects before flowing into the ureter.

These procedures can be performed using various surgical techniques, including open surgery, laparoscopic surgery, and robotic-assisted surgery. The choice of technique depends on several factors, including the patient's overall health, the location and extent of the disease or injury, and the surgeon's expertise.

Urination disorders, also known as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), refer to a range of clinical conditions that affect the bladder and urethra, resulting in abnormalities in the storage, transportation, and evacuation of urine. These disorders can be categorized into voiding symptoms, such as hesitancy, straining, slow stream, intermittency, and terminal dribble; and storage symptoms, including frequency, urgency, nocturia, and urge incontinence.

The causes of urination disorders are diverse, encompassing congenital abnormalities, neurological conditions, infections, inflammation, medications, and age-related changes. Common underlying pathologies include bladder overactivity, detrusor muscle instability, underactive bladder, and obstruction of the urethra.

Urination disorders can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, causing physical discomfort, sleep disturbances, emotional distress, and social isolation. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate management require a comprehensive assessment of the patient's medical history, physical examination, urinalysis, and urodynamic studies. Treatment options may include behavioral modifications, pelvic floor exercises, bladder training, medications, neuromodulation, and surgical interventions.

Urinary catheterization is a medical procedure in which a flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into the bladder through the urethra to drain urine. This may be done to manage urinary retention, monitor urine output, or obtain a urine sample for laboratory testing. It can be performed as a clean, intermittent catheterization, or with an indwelling catheter (also known as Foley catheter) that remains in place for a longer period of time. The procedure should be performed using sterile technique to reduce the risk of urinary tract infection.

Toilet training, also known as potty training, is the process of teaching children to use the toilet for urination and defecation, rather than using diapers or pull-ups. It involves helping the child recognize the urge to go to the bathroom, learning how to communicate that need, and developing the physical skills necessary to use the toilet independently. The goal of toilet training is to help the child achieve continence during daytime hours, although some children may also learn to stay dry at night as well.

Toilet training typically begins when a child shows signs of readiness, such as staying dry for longer periods of time, showing interest in the toilet, or expressing discomfort with soiled diapers. Parents and caregivers can use a variety of techniques to help their child learn to use the toilet, including positive reinforcement, modeling, and gradual exposure to the bathroom and toilet.

It's important to note that every child is different, and some may take longer than others to master toilet training. It's essential to approach toilet training with patience and flexibility, avoiding punishment or negative reinforcement, which can lead to anxiety and setbacks. With time, support, and encouragement, most children will eventually learn to use the toilet successfully.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are defined as the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, typically bacteria, in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, resulting in infection and inflammation. The majority of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, but other organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterococcus can also cause UTIs.

UTIs can be classified into two types based on the location of the infection:

1. Lower UTI or bladder infection (cystitis): This type of UTI affects the bladder and urethra. Symptoms may include a frequent and urgent need to urinate, pain or burning during urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and discomfort in the lower abdomen or back.

2. Upper UTI or kidney infection (pyelonephritis): This type of UTI affects the kidneys and can be more severe than a bladder infection. Symptoms may include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and pain in the flanks or back.

UTIs are more common in women than men due to their shorter urethra, which makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder. Other risk factors for UTIs include sexual activity, use of diaphragms or spermicides, urinary catheterization, diabetes, and weakened immune systems.

UTIs are typically diagnosed through a urinalysis and urine culture to identify the causative organism and determine the appropriate antibiotic treatment. In some cases, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan may be necessary to evaluate for any underlying abnormalities in the urinary tract.

The urinary tract is a system in the body responsible for producing, storing, and eliminating urine. It includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. The kidneys filter waste and excess fluids from the blood to produce urine, which then travels down the ureters into the bladder. When the bladder is full, urine is released through the urethra during urination. Any part of this system can become infected or inflamed, leading to conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) or kidney stones.

Pelvic floor disorders (PFD) refer to a group of conditions that affect the muscles and tissues supporting the pelvic organs, including the bladder, rectum, uterus, and vagina. These disorders can result in various symptoms such as urinary or fecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and painful sexual intercourse.

The causes of PFD are varied and may include childbirth, aging, obesity, chronic constipation, menopause, and certain neurological conditions. Treatment options for PFD depend on the severity and type of disorder but may include physical therapy, medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes such as weight loss and smoking cessation.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of pelvic floor disorders, as early intervention can help prevent further damage and improve quality of life.

Quality of Life (QOL) is a broad, multidimensional concept that usually includes an individual's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs, and their relationship to salient features of their environment. It reflects the impact of disease and treatment on a patient's overall well-being and ability to function in daily life.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines QOL as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns." It is a subjective concept, meaning it can vary greatly from person to person.

In healthcare, QOL is often used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and other research studies to assess the impact of interventions or treatments on overall patient well-being.

Phenylpropanolamine is a decongestant and appetite suppressant that has been used in over-the-counter and prescription medications. It works by narrowing blood vessels in the nose, which can help to relieve nasal congestion. As an appetite suppressant, it is thought to work by affecting certain chemicals in the brain that control appetite.

However, phenylpropanolamine has been associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke (bleeding in the brain) and other cardiovascular events, particularly in women who are otherwise healthy but have a history of high blood pressure or smoking. As a result, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advised manufacturers to stop selling over-the-counter products containing phenylpropanolamine in 2005.

It is important to note that this substance should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, and individuals should always follow their doctor's instructions carefully when taking any medication.

Urinary retention is a medical condition in which the bladder cannot empty completely or at all, resulting in the accumulation of urine in the bladder. This can lead to discomfort, pain, and difficulty in passing urine. Urinary retention can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long-term). Acute urinary retention is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention, while chronic urinary retention may be managed with medications or surgery. The causes of urinary retention include nerve damage, bladder muscle weakness, prostate gland enlargement, and side effects of certain medications.

I could not find a medical definition for "Benzilates" as it is not a recognized term in medicine or pharmacology. It seems that you may have made a typographical error, and the correct term you are looking for might be "benzoylates." Benzoylates refer to salts or esters of benzoic acid, which have various uses including as preservatives and pharmaceutical ingredients.

If you meant something else by "Benzilates," please provide more context so I can give a more accurate response.

Cholinergic antagonists, also known as anticholinergics or parasympatholytics, are a class of drugs that block the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the nervous system. They achieve this by binding to and blocking the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which are found in various organs throughout the body, including the eyes, lungs, heart, gastrointestinal tract, and urinary bladder.

The blockade of these receptors results in a range of effects depending on the specific organ system involved. For example, cholinergic antagonists can cause mydriasis (dilation of the pupils), cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), reduced gastrointestinal motility and secretion, urinary retention, and respiratory tract smooth muscle relaxation.

Cholinergic antagonists are used in a variety of clinical settings, including the treatment of conditions such as Parkinson's disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, gastrointestinal disorders, and urinary incontinence. Some common examples of cholinergic antagonists include atropine, scopolamine, ipratropium, and oxybutynin.

It's important to note that cholinergic antagonists can have significant side effects, particularly when used in high doses or in combination with other medications that affect the nervous system. These side effects can include confusion, memory impairment, hallucinations, delirium, and blurred vision. Therefore, it's essential to use these drugs under the close supervision of a healthcare provider and to follow their instructions carefully.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Diurnal enuresis is a medical term that refers to the involuntary or unconscious passage of urine during waking hours. It is also known as "daytime wetting." This condition is most commonly seen in children, but it can affect people of any age. Diurnal enuresis can be caused by a variety of factors, including constipation, urinary tract infections, and certain neurological conditions. In some cases, it may be a sign of an underlying medical issue, so it is important to speak with a healthcare provider if you or someone you know is experiencing this problem. Treatment for diurnal enuresis may include behavioral modifications, such as bladder training exercises, and/or medication.

Urinary bladder diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the urinary bladder, a muscular sac located in the pelvis that stores urine before it is excreted from the body. These diseases can impair the bladder's ability to store or empty urine properly, leading to various symptoms and complications. Here are some common urinary bladder diseases with their medical definitions:

1. Cystitis: This is an inflammation of the bladder, often caused by bacterial infections (known as UTI - Urinary Tract Infection). However, it can also be triggered by irritants, radiation therapy, or chemical exposure.
2. Overactive Bladder (OAB): A group of symptoms that include urgency, frequency, and, in some cases, urge incontinence. The bladder muscle contracts excessively, causing a strong, sudden desire to urinate.
3. Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS): A chronic bladder condition characterized by pain, pressure, or discomfort in the bladder and pelvic region, often accompanied by urinary frequency and urgency. Unlike cystitis, IC/BPS is not caused by infection, but its exact cause remains unknown.
4. Bladder Cancer: The abnormal growth of cancerous cells within the bladder lining or muscle. It can present as non-muscle-invasive (superficial) or muscle-invasive, depending on whether the tumor has grown into the bladder muscle.
5. Bladder Diverticula: Small sac-like pouches that form in the bladder lining and protrude outward through its wall. These may result from increased bladder pressure due to conditions like OAB or an enlarged prostate.
6. Neurogenic Bladder: A condition where nerve damage or dysfunction affects the bladder's ability to store or empty urine properly. This can lead to symptoms such as incontinence, urgency, and retention.
7. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Although not a bladder disease itself, BPH is a common condition in older men where the prostate gland enlarges, putting pressure on the bladder and urethra, leading to urinary symptoms like frequency, urgency, and hesitancy.

Understanding these various bladder conditions can help individuals identify potential issues early on and seek appropriate medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Biofeedback is a psychological and physiological intervention that involves the use of electronic devices to measure and provide real-time feedback to individuals about their bodily functions, such as heart rate, muscle tension, skin conductance, and brain activity. The goal of biofeedback is to help individuals gain awareness and control over these functions, with the aim of improving physical and mental health outcomes.

In psychology, biofeedback is often used as a treatment for a variety of conditions, including anxiety, stress, headaches, chronic pain, and mood disorders. By learning to regulate their physiological responses through biofeedback training, individuals can reduce symptoms and improve their overall well-being. The process typically involves working with a trained healthcare provider who guides the individual in practicing various relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or progressive muscle relaxation, while monitoring their physiological responses using biofeedback equipment. Over time, the individual learns to associate these techniques with positive changes in their body and can use them to manage symptoms on their own.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Butylamines are a class of organic compounds that contain a butyl group (a chain of four carbon atoms) attached to an amine functional group, which consists of nitrogen atom bonded to one or more hydrogen atoms. The general structure of a primary butylamine is R-NH2, where R represents the butyl group.

Butylamines can be found in various natural and synthetic substances. Some of them have important uses in industry as solvents, intermediates in chemical synthesis, or building blocks for pharmaceuticals. However, some butylamines are also known to have psychoactive effects and may be used as recreational drugs or abused.

It is worth noting that the term "butylamine" can refer to any of several specific compounds, depending on the context. For example, n-butylamine (also called butan-1-amine) has the formula CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2, while tert-butylamine (also called 2-methylpropan-2-amine) has the formula (CH3)3CNH2. These two compounds have different physical and chemical properties due to their structural differences.

In a medical context, butylamines may be encountered as drugs of abuse or as components of pharmaceuticals. Some examples of butylamine-derived drugs include certain antidepressants, anesthetics, and muscle relaxants. However, it is important to note that these compounds are often highly modified from their parent butylamine structure, and may not resemble them closely in terms of their pharmacological properties or toxicity profiles.

A cystocele is a type of pelvic organ prolapse that occurs when the wall between the bladder and the vagina weakens and allows the bladder to bulge into the vagina. This condition is also sometimes referred to as a "prolapsed bladder." Cystoceles can cause various symptoms, including urinary incontinence, difficulty emptying the bladder completely, and discomfort or pain during sexual activity. The severity of a cystocele can vary, and treatment options may include lifestyle changes, pelvic floor exercises, or surgery.

Constipation is a condition characterized by infrequent bowel movements or difficulty in passing stools that are often hard and dry. The medical definition of constipation varies, but it is generally defined as having fewer than three bowel movements in a week. In addition to infrequent bowel movements, other symptoms of constipation can include straining during bowel movements, feeling like you haven't completely evacuated your bowels, and experiencing hard or lumpy stools.

Constipation can have many causes, including a low-fiber diet, dehydration, certain medications, lack of physical activity, and underlying medical conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome or hypothyroidism. In most cases, constipation can be treated with lifestyle changes, such as increasing fiber intake, drinking more water, and getting regular exercise. However, if constipation is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other symptoms, it's important to seek medical attention to rule out any underlying conditions that may require treatment.

Urology is a surgical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions related to the male and female urinary tract system and the male reproductive organs. This includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, prostate gland, and testicles. Urologists are medical doctors who have completed specialized training in this field, and they may perform various surgical procedures such as cystoscopy, lithotripsy, and radical prostatectomy to treat conditions like kidney stones, urinary tract infections, bladder cancer, enlarged prostate, and infertility.

Cresols are a group of chemical compounds that are phenolic derivatives of benzene, consisting of methyl substituted cresidines. They have the formula C6H4(OH)(\_3CH3). There are three isomers of cresol, depending on the position of the methyl group: ortho-cresol (m-cresol), meta-cresol (p-cresol), and para-cresol (o-cresol). Cresols are used as disinfectants, antiseptics, and preservatives in various industrial and commercial applications. They have a characteristic odor and are soluble in alcohol and ether. In medical terms, cresols may be used as topical antiseptic agents, but they can also cause skin irritation and sensitization.

The vagina is the canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal because babies pass through it during childbirth. The vagina is where sexual intercourse occurs and where menstrual blood exits the body. It has a flexible wall that can expand and retract. During sexual arousal, the vaginal walls swell with blood to become more elastic in order to accommodate penetration.

It's important to note that sometimes people use the term "vagina" to refer to the entire female genital area, including the external structures like the labia and clitoris. But technically, these are considered part of the vulva, not the vagina.

Puerperal disorders are a group of medical conditions that can affect women during the period following childbirth, also known as the puerperium. The puerperium typically lasts for six to eight weeks after delivery. These disorders can be complications of childbirth or postpartum infections and include:

1. Puerperal fever: This is a febrile illness that occurs during the puerperium, usually caused by a bacterial infection. The most common causative organisms are group A streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli.

2. Puerperal sepsis: This is a severe form of puerperal fever characterized by the presence of bacteria in the blood (bacteremia) and widespread inflammation throughout the body. It can lead to organ failure and even death if not treated promptly with antibiotics.

3. Puerperal endometritis: This is an infection of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) that occurs during the puerperium. Symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, and foul-smelling vaginal discharge.

4. Puerperal mastitis: This is an inflammation of the breast tissue that can occur during lactation, often caused by a bacterial infection. It is more common in women who are breastfeeding but can also occur in non-lactating women.

5. Puerperal psychosis: This is a rare but serious mental health disorder that can occur after childbirth. It is characterized by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.

6. Puerperal thromboembolism: This is a blood clot that forms during the puerperium, usually in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). It can be a serious complication of childbirth and requires prompt medical attention.

Overall, puerperal disorders are a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low-income countries where access to healthcare is limited. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of long-term complications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polypropylenes" does not have a medical definition as it is not a medical term. Polypropylene is a type of plastic that is used in various medical and non-medical applications. It is a thermoplastic polymer resin that is produced by the polymerization of propylene.

In the medical field, polypropylene is sometimes used to make single-use surgical instruments, sutures, and medical devices due to its resistance to heat, chemicals, and electricity. It is also biocompatible, meaning it can be safely used in the body without causing adverse reactions. However, "Polypropylenes" as a medical term is not recognized or used in the medical community.

Gynecologic surgical procedures refer to the operations that are performed on the female reproductive system and related organs. These surgeries can be either minimally invasive or open procedures, depending on the condition and the patient's health status.

The indications for gynecologic surgical procedures may include but are not limited to:

1. Diagnosis and treatment of various benign and malignant conditions such as uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometriosis, and cancers of the reproductive organs.
2. Management of abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility.
3. Treatment of ectopic pregnancies and miscarriages.
4. Pelvic organ prolapse repair.
5. Sterilization procedures such as tubal ligation.
6. Investigation and treatment of suspicious lesions or abnormal Pap smears.

Some common gynecologic surgical procedures include hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), oophorectomy (removal of the ovary), salpingectomy (removal of the fallopian tube), cystectomy (removal of a cyst), myomectomy (removal of fibroids while preserving the uterus), and endometrial ablation (destruction of the lining of the uterus).

Minimally invasive surgical techniques such as laparoscopy and hysteroscopy have gained popularity in recent years due to their advantages over traditional open surgeries, including smaller incisions, less postoperative pain, quicker recovery times, and reduced risk of complications.

Electric stimulation therapy, also known as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) or electromyostimulation, is a therapeutic treatment that uses electrical impulses to stimulate muscles and nerves. The electrical signals are delivered through electrodes placed on the skin near the target muscle group or nerve.

The therapy can be used for various purposes, including:

1. Pain management: Electric stimulation can help reduce pain by stimulating the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body. It can also help block the transmission of pain signals to the brain.
2. Muscle rehabilitation: NMES can be used to prevent muscle atrophy and maintain muscle tone in individuals who are unable to move their muscles due to injury or illness, such as spinal cord injuries or stroke.
3. Improving circulation: Electric stimulation can help improve blood flow and reduce swelling by contracting the muscles and promoting the movement of fluids in the body.
4. Wound healing: NMES can be used to promote wound healing by increasing blood flow, reducing swelling, and improving muscle function around the wound site.
5. Muscle strengthening: Electric stimulation can be used to strengthen muscles by causing them to contract and relax repeatedly, which can help improve muscle strength and endurance.

It is important to note that electric stimulation therapy should only be administered under the guidance of a trained healthcare professional, as improper use can cause harm or discomfort.

The Pudendal Nerve is a somatic nerve that carries sensory and motor fibers to the genital region in both males and females. It originates from the sacral plexus, specifically from nerves S2, S3, and S4. The pudendal nerve provides innervation to the skin of the perineum, labia majora/scrotum, and the lower portions of the vagina/penis. Additionally, it supplies motor function to the external anal and urethral sphincters, as well as to some muscles of the pelvic floor, such as the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles. The pudendal nerve plays a crucial role in sexual response and urinary and fecal continence.

Urologic surgical procedures in males refer to various surgical operations performed on the male urinary system and reproductive organs. These may include:

1. Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP): A procedure used to treat an enlarged prostate, where excess tissue is removed through the urethra using a specialized instrument.
2. Radical Prostatectomy: The surgical removal of the entire prostate gland and some surrounding tissues, usually performed as a treatment for prostate cancer.
3. Cystectomy: Surgical removal of the bladder, often due to bladder cancer. In males, this procedure may also involve removing the prostate and seminal vesicles.
4. Nephrectomy: The surgical removal of a kidney, usually performed due to kidney disease or cancer.
5. Pyeloplasty: A procedure to correct a blockage in the renal pelvis, the part of the kidney where urine collects before flowing into the ureter.
6. Ureterostomy: A surgical procedure that creates an opening from the ureter to the outside of the body, often performed when a portion of the urinary system needs to be bypassed or drained.
7. Orchiectomy: The surgical removal of one or both testicles, often performed as a treatment for testicular cancer.
8. Vasectomy: A minor surgical procedure for male sterilization, where the vas deferens are cut and sealed to prevent sperm from reaching the semen.
9. Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE): A surgical procedure used to extract sperm directly from the testicles, often performed as part of assisted reproductive techniques for infertile couples.

These procedures may be performed using open surgery, laparoscopy, or robotic-assisted surgery, depending on the specific circumstances and patient factors.

Absorbent pads are medical supplies that are designed to absorb and retain fluids, such as blood, vomit, or other bodily fluids. They are often made of materials that are highly absorbent, yet breathable, and can come in various shapes and sizes to accommodate different needs. Some common uses for absorbent pads in a medical setting include:

1. Post-surgical care: After surgery, patients may experience wound drainage or bleeding. Absorbent pads can be placed around the surgical site to help keep it clean and dry, reducing the risk of infection.
2. Incontinence care: For individuals who have difficulty controlling their bladder or bowel movements, absorbent pads can provide a discreet and comfortable solution for managing accidents.
3. Skin protection: Absorbent pads can be used to protect the skin from excessive moisture, which can help prevent skin breakdown and pressure injuries.
4. Wound care: Some types of absorbent pads are designed specifically for use in wound care, such as foam dressings that can absorb large amounts of exudate while maintaining a moist wound environment.
5. Emergency situations: Absorbent pads can be used in emergency situations to help control bleeding and prevent further injury.

Overall, absorbent pads are a versatile medical supply that can help maintain cleanliness, prevent infection, and promote comfort and dignity for patients in a variety of settings.

Exercise therapy is a type of medical treatment that uses physical movement and exercise to improve a patient's physical functioning, mobility, and overall health. It is often used as a component of rehabilitation programs for individuals who have experienced injuries, illnesses, or surgeries that have impaired their ability to move and function normally.

Exercise therapy may involve a range of activities, including stretching, strengthening, balance training, aerobic exercise, and functional training. The specific exercises used will depend on the individual's needs, goals, and medical condition.

The benefits of exercise therapy include:

* Improved strength and flexibility
* Increased endurance and stamina
* Enhanced balance and coordination
* Reduced pain and inflammation
* Improved cardiovascular health
* Increased range of motion and joint mobility
* Better overall physical functioning and quality of life.

Exercise therapy is typically prescribed and supervised by a healthcare professional, such as a physical therapist or exercise physiologist, who has experience working with individuals with similar medical conditions. The healthcare professional will create an individualized exercise program based on the patient's needs and goals, and will provide guidance and support to ensure that the exercises are performed safely and effectively.

An episiotomy is a surgical incision made in the perineum, the area between the vagina and the anus, during childbirth to widen the opening of the vagina and facilitate the delivery of the baby. It is typically performed when there is a risk of severe tearing or if the baby is showing signs of distress and needs to be delivered quickly. The incision is usually made with scissors or a scalpel, and it can be either midline (cut along the midline of the perineum) or mediolateral (cut diagonally from the vaginal opening toward the side of the buttocks). After delivery, the incision is stitched up.

Episiotomy was once a routine procedure during childbirth, but its use has become less common in recent years due to increasing evidence that it may not provide any significant benefits and can actually increase the risk of complications such as pain, infection, and difficulty with urination or bowel movements. Current guidelines recommend that episiotomies should only be performed when medically necessary and after informed consent from the mother.

The lumbosacral plexus is a complex network of nerves that arises from the lower part of the spinal cord, specifically the lumbar (L1-L5) and sacral (S1-S4) roots. This plexus is responsible for providing innervation to the lower extremities, including the legs, feet, and some parts of the abdomen and pelvis.

The lumbosacral plexus can be divided into several major branches:

1. The femoral nerve: It arises from the L2-L4 roots and supplies motor innervation to the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh, as well as sensation to the anterior and medial aspects of the leg and thigh.
2. The obturator nerve: It originates from the L2-L4 roots and provides motor innervation to the adductor muscles of the thigh and sensation to the inner aspect of the thigh.
3. The sciatic nerve: This is the largest nerve in the body, formed by the union of the tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerves. It arises from the L4-S3 roots and supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the lower leg and foot, as well as sensation to the posterior aspect of the leg and foot.
4. The pudendal nerve: It originates from the S2-S4 roots and is responsible for providing motor innervation to the pelvic floor muscles and sensory innervation to the genital region.
5. Other smaller nerves, such as the ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and genitofemoral nerves, also arise from the lumbosacral plexus and supply sensation to various regions in the lower abdomen and pelvis.

Damage or injury to the lumbosacral plexus can result in significant neurological deficits, including muscle weakness, numbness, and pain in the lower extremities.

In medical terms, parity refers to the number of times a woman has given birth to a viable fetus, usually defined as a pregnancy that reaches at least 20 weeks' gestation. It is often used in obstetrics and gynecology to describe a woman's childbearing history and to assess potential risks associated with childbirth.

Parity is typically categorized as follows:

* Nulliparous: A woman who has never given birth to a viable fetus.
* Primiparous: A woman who has given birth to one viable fetus.
* Multiparous: A woman who has given birth to more than one viable fetus.

In some cases, parity may also consider the number of pregnancies that resulted in stillbirths or miscarriages, although this is not always the case. It's important to note that parity does not necessarily reflect the total number of pregnancies a woman has had, only those that resulted in viable births.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Surgical mesh is a medical device that is used in various surgical procedures, particularly in reconstructive surgery, to provide additional support to weakened or damaged tissues. It is typically made from synthetic materials such as polypropylene or polyester, or from biological materials such as animal tissue or human cadaveric tissue.

The mesh is designed to be implanted into the body, where it can help to reinforce and repair damaged tissues. For example, it may be used in hernia repairs to support the weakened abdominal wall, or in pelvic floor reconstruction surgery to treat conditions such as pelvic organ prolapse or stress urinary incontinence.

Surgical mesh can come in different forms, including sheets, plugs, and patches, and may be either absorbable or non-absorbable. The choice of mesh material and type will depend on the specific surgical indication and the patient's individual needs. It is important for patients to discuss the risks and benefits of surgical mesh with their healthcare provider before undergoing any surgical procedure that involves its use.

Aromatherapy is defined as the use of essential oils from plants for therapeutic purposes. The essential oils are typically extracted through steam distillation or cold pressing, and they can be used in a variety of ways, including inhalation, topical application, or oral consumption. Aromatherapy is believed to promote physical and psychological well-being by engaging the smell receptors in the nose, which then send messages to the limbic system in the brain, which is responsible for emotions and memories. Some people use aromatherapy to help manage stress, improve sleep, or alleviate symptoms of various health conditions. However, it's important to note that while some studies suggest that aromatherapy may have certain health benefits, more research is needed to fully understand its effects and safety.

Nocturnal enuresis, also known as bedwetting, is a medical condition where an individual, usually a child, urinates involuntarily during sleep. It is considered to be a disorder when it occurs in children over the age of 5 years old, and is more common in boys than girls. Nocturnal enuresis can have various causes, including delayed development of bladder control, small bladder capacity, sleep disorders, urinary tract infections, structural or neurological abnormalities, and family history. Treatment options may include behavioral interventions, such as bladder training and fluid restriction, medications, or a combination of both.

A nursing assessment is the process of collecting and analyzing data about a patient's health status, including their physical, psychological, social, cultural, and emotional needs. This information is used to identify actual or potential health problems, develop a plan of care, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. Nursing assessments may include observing and documenting the patient's vital signs, appearance, behavior, mobility, nutrition, elimination, comfort level, cognitive status, and emotional well-being. They are typically conducted upon admission to a healthcare facility, during transitions of care, and on a regular basis throughout the course of treatment to ensure that the patient's needs are being met and that any changes in their condition are promptly identified and addressed.

Flatulence is the medical term for the release of intestinal gas from the rectum, commonly known as passing gas or farting. It is a normal bodily function that occurs when the body digests food in the stomach and intestines.

During digestion, the body breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. However, not all food particles can be fully broken down, and some of them reach the large intestine, where they are fermented by bacteria. This fermentation process produces gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane.

The buildup of these gases in the digestive tract can cause discomfort, bloating, and the urge to pass gas. The average person passes gas about 10-20 times a day, although this can vary widely from person to person.

While flatulence is a normal bodily function, excessive or frequent passing of gas can be a sign of an underlying digestive issue such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), lactose intolerance, or gastrointestinal infections. If you are experiencing persistent or severe symptoms, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

"Delivery, Obstetric" is a medical term that refers to the process of giving birth to a baby. It involves the passage of the fetus through the mother's vagina or via Caesarean section (C-section), which is a surgical procedure.

The obstetric delivery process typically includes three stages:

1. The first stage begins with the onset of labor and ends when the cervix is fully dilated.
2. The second stage starts with full dilation of the cervix and ends with the birth of the baby.
3. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta, which is the organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus during pregnancy.

Obstetric delivery requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby. Various interventions and techniques may be used during the delivery process to facilitate a safe and successful outcome, including the use of medications, assisted delivery with forceps or vacuum extraction, and C-section.

Defecation is the medical term for the act of passing stools (feces) through the anus. It is a normal bodily function that involves the contraction of muscles in the colon and anal sphincter to release waste from the body. Defecation is usually a regular and daily occurrence, with the frequency varying from person to person.

The stool is made up of undigested food, bacteria, and other waste products that are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus. The process of defecation is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion.

Difficulties with defecation can occur due to various medical conditions, including constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. These conditions can cause symptoms such as hard or painful stools, straining during bowel movements, and a feeling of incomplete evacuation. If you are experiencing any problems with defecation, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Surgical tape, also known as surgical adhesive tape or hypoallergenic tape, is a type of adhesive tape that is specifically designed for use in surgical settings. It is typically made from a thin, porous material such as rayon, cotton, or polyester, which allows air to circulate and moisture to escape. The adhesive used in surgical tape is designed to be gentle on the skin and to minimize the risk of allergic reactions or irritation.

Surgical tape is used to hold dressings or bandages in place, to close wounds or incisions, or to secure IV lines or other medical devices to the skin. It is available in a variety of sizes, shapes, and colors, and can be cut or shaped to fit the specific needs of the patient.

When applied properly, surgical tape can provide a secure and comfortable hold, while also minimizing the risk of damage to the skin or infection. It is important to follow proper technique when applying and removing surgical tape, as improper use can lead to discomfort, irritation, or other complications.

Diagnostic techniques in urology are methods used to identify and diagnose various urological conditions affecting the urinary tract and male reproductive system. These techniques include:

1. Urinalysis: A laboratory examination of a urine sample to detect abnormalities such as infection, kidney stones, or other underlying medical conditions.
2. Urine Culture: A test used to identify and grow bacteria from the urine to determine the type of bacterial infection present in the urinary tract.
3. Imaging Studies: Various imaging techniques such as X-rays, ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI scans are used to visualize the internal structures of the urinary tract and identify any abnormalities.
4. Cystoscopy: A procedure that involves inserting a thin tube with a camera into the bladder through the urethra to examine the bladder and urethra for signs of disease or abnormality.
5. Urodynamics: A series of tests used to evaluate bladder function, including measuring bladder pressure and urine flow rate.
6. Biopsy: The removal and examination of tissue from the urinary tract or male reproductive system to diagnose conditions such as cancer.
7. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: A blood test used to screen for prostate cancer by measuring the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.
8. Voiding Diary: A record of urinary habits, including the frequency and volume of urination, that can help diagnose conditions such as overactive bladder or urinary incontinence.

A prostatectomy is a surgical procedure where all or part of the prostate gland is removed. This surgery can be performed through various approaches such as open surgery, laparoscopic surgery, or robotic-assisted surgery. The type of prostatectomy performed depends on the reason for the surgery and the patient's individual circumstances.

There are two main types of prostatectomies: radical and simple. A radical prostatectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the entire prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and surrounding lymph nodes. This type of prostatectomy is typically performed as a treatment for prostate cancer.

A simple prostatectomy, on the other hand, involves removing only the inner part of the prostate gland that is causing symptoms such as difficulty urinating or bladder obstruction. Simple prostatectomies are usually performed to alleviate benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland.

Regardless of the type of prostatectomy, potential risks and complications include bleeding, infection, urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and changes in sexual function. It is important for patients to discuss these risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing surgery.

Parturition is the process of giving birth, or the act of delivering newborn offspring. In medical terms, it refers to the expulsion of the products of conception (such as the fetus, placenta, and membranes) from the uterus of a pregnant woman during childbirth. This process is regulated by hormonal changes and involves complex interactions between the mother's body and the developing fetus. Parturition typically occurs after a full-term pregnancy, which is approximately 40 weeks in humans.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mandelic Acids" is not a recognized medical term or concept in dermatology or medicine. Mandelic acid, however, is a type of chemical compound used in skincare products for various purposes such as exfoliation and reducing hyperpigmentation. It is an aromatic hydroxyacetic acid derived from mandelic almonds. If you have any questions about skincare ingredients or treatments, I'd be happy to help clarify those for you!

Urethral diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as pain or discomfort during urination, difficulty in urinating, blood in urine, and abnormal discharge. Some common urethral diseases include urethritis (inflammation of the urethra), urethral stricture (narrowing of the urethra due to scar tissue or inflammation), and urethral cancer. The causes of urethral diseases can vary, including infections, injuries, congenital abnormalities, and certain medical conditions. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing urethral diseases and preventing complications.

Applied Kinesiology (AK) is a system of diagnosis and treatment based on the belief that various muscles are linked to particular organs and glands, and that specific muscle weakness can signal distant internal problems such as nerve damage or illness. Developed by chiropractor George Goodheart in the 1960s, AK is often used in conjunction with other therapies, such as chiropractic manipulation and nutritional counseling. Practitioners use manual muscle testing to evaluate a patient's physical health and emotional well-being, looking for imbalances that can be addressed through various interventions. It's important to note that Applied Kinesiology is not generally recognized as a valid or reliable diagnostic tool within the mainstream medical community.

Manometry is a medical test that measures pressure inside various parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It is often used to help diagnose digestive disorders such as achalasia, gastroparesis, and irritable bowel syndrome. During the test, a thin, flexible tube called a manometer is inserted through the mouth or rectum and into the area being tested. The tube is connected to a machine that measures and records pressure readings. These readings can help doctors identify any abnormalities in muscle function or nerve reflexes within the digestive tract.

Nocturia is a common symptom characterized by the need to wake up during the night one or more times to urinate. While it's normal to urinate a few times during the night, nocturia is defined as having to urinate more than twice per night, which can disrupt sleep and lead to daytime fatigue and sleepiness.

Nocturia can be caused by various factors, including underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, bladder infections, enlarged prostate, or sleep disorders like sleep apnea. It can also be a side effect of certain medications. In some cases, nocturia may be a symptom of more serious conditions, so it's important to speak with a healthcare provider if you experience frequent nighttime urination.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Epispadias is a rare congenital abnormality of the urinary tract in which the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body) does not develop properly. In epispadias, the urethral opening is located on the dorsal (top) surface of the penis instead of at the tip. This condition usually affects boys, but it can also occur in girls, although this is much less common.

Epispadias can vary in severity and may be associated with other genitourinary abnormalities, such as bladder exstrophy, in which the bladder is located outside the body. Treatment for epispadias typically involves surgical reconstruction to create a functional urethra and improve urinary continence. The timing of surgery depends on the severity of the condition and whether it is associated with other abnormalities.

Muscarinic antagonists, also known as muscarinic receptor antagonists or parasympatholytics, are a class of drugs that block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the parasympathetic nervous system, which helps to regulate various bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration.

Muscarinic antagonists work by binding to muscarinic receptors, which are found in various organs throughout the body, including the eyes, lungs, heart, and gastrointestinal tract. By blocking the action of acetylcholine at these receptors, muscarinic antagonists can produce a range of effects depending on the specific receptor subtype that is affected.

For example, muscarinic antagonists may be used to treat conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma by relaxing the smooth muscle in the airways and reducing bronchoconstriction. They may also be used to treat conditions such as urinary incontinence or overactive bladder by reducing bladder contractions.

Some common muscarinic antagonists include atropine, scopolamine, ipratropium, and tiotropium. It's important to note that these drugs can have significant side effects, including dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and confusion, especially when used in high doses or for prolonged periods of time.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

A nursing home, also known as a skilled nursing facility, is a type of residential healthcare facility that provides round-the-clock care and assistance to individuals who require a high level of medical care and support with activities of daily living. Nursing homes are designed for people who cannot be cared for at home or in an assisted living facility due to their complex medical needs, mobility limitations, or cognitive impairments.

Nursing homes provide a range of services, including:

1. Skilled nursing care: Registered nurses and licensed practical nurses provide 24-hour medical care and monitoring for residents with chronic illnesses, disabilities, or those recovering from surgery or illness.
2. Rehabilitation services: Physical, occupational, and speech therapists help residents regain strength, mobility, and communication skills after an injury, illness, or surgery.
3. Personal care: Certified nursing assistants (CNAs) help residents with activities of daily living, such as bathing, dressing, grooming, and using the bathroom.
4. Meals and nutrition: Nursing homes provide three meals a day, plus snacks, and accommodate special dietary needs.
5. Social activities: Recreational programs and social events are organized to help residents stay active and engaged with their peers.
6. Hospice care: Some nursing homes offer end-of-life care for residents who require palliative or comfort measures.
7. Secure environments: For residents with memory impairments, specialized units called memory care or Alzheimer's units provide a secure and structured environment to help maintain their safety and well-being.

When selecting a nursing home, it is essential to consider factors such as the quality of care, staff-to-resident ratio, cleanliness, and overall atmosphere to ensure the best possible experience for the resident.

A laceration is a type of injury that results in a tear or ragged cut in the skin or mucous membrane, often caused by some form of trauma. This can include cuts from sharp objects, blunt force trauma, or accidents. Lacerations can vary greatly in severity, from minor injuries that only affect the top layer of skin to more serious wounds that penetrate deeper into underlying tissues and structures.

Lacerations are typically irregular in shape and may have jagged edges, unlike clean incisions caused by sharp objects. They can also be accompanied by bruising, swelling, and bleeding, depending on the severity of the injury. In some cases, lacerations may require medical attention to properly clean, close, and manage the wound to prevent infection and promote healing.

It is essential to assess the depth, location, and extent of a laceration to determine the appropriate course of action. Deeper lacerations that expose underlying tissues or structures, such as muscles, tendons, nerves, or blood vessels, may require sutures (stitches), staples, or adhesive strips to close the wound. In some instances, surgical intervention might be necessary to repair damaged tissues properly. Always consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment of lacerations.

A rectocele is a type of pelvic organ prolapse, which occurs when the rectum (the lower end of the colon) bulges into the back wall of the vagina. This condition most commonly affects women who have gone through childbirth, although it can also occur in older women or those with long-term constipation or other conditions that put pressure on the pelvic floor muscles.

Rectoceles can cause a variety of symptoms, including difficulty having bowel movements, feeling like something is sticking out of the vagina, and pain during sexual intercourse. In some cases, rectoceles may not cause any symptoms at all. Treatment options for rectoceles include pelvic floor physical therapy, lifestyle changes (such as avoiding heavy lifting or straining), and in severe cases, surgery.

The exact medical definition of a rectocele is: "A herniation of the rectal wall into the vaginal wall, often associated with disruption of the rectovaginal septum." This means that there is a protrusion or bulge of the rectal wall into the vaginal wall, which can be caused by a weakening or tearing of the tissue that separates the two structures.

Behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on modifying harmful or unhealthy behaviors, thoughts, and emotions by applying learning principles derived from behavioral psychology. The goal of behavior therapy is to reinforce positive behaviors and eliminate negative ones through various techniques such as systematic desensitization, aversion therapy, exposure therapy, and operant conditioning.

Systematic desensitization involves gradually exposing the individual to a feared situation or stimulus while teaching them relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety. Aversion therapy aims to associate an undesirable behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to discourage the behavior. Exposure therapy exposes the individual to a feared situation or object in a controlled and safe environment to help them overcome their fear. Operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to encourage desirable behaviors and discourage undesirable ones.

Behavior therapy has been found to be effective in treating various mental health conditions, including anxiety disorders, phobias, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders. It is often used in combination with other forms of therapy and medication to provide a comprehensive treatment plan for individuals seeking help for mental health concerns.

Multiphasic screening is a type of medical testing that involves the administration of several tests or examinations simultaneously or in rapid succession. These screenings can include laboratory tests, imaging studies, physical examinations, and psychological assessments. The goal of multiphasic screening is to efficiently assess an individual's overall health status and identify any potential risk factors, diseases, or conditions that may require further evaluation or treatment.

Multiphasic screening is often used in preventive medicine and public health programs to screen large populations for common health issues such as diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, and cancer. The use of multiphasic screening can help identify individuals who are at risk for these conditions before they develop symptoms, allowing for earlier intervention and potentially better outcomes.

It is important to note that while multiphasic screening can provide valuable information about an individual's health status, it is not a substitute for regular medical check-ups and consultations with healthcare professionals. Any abnormal results from a multiphasic screening should be followed up with further testing and evaluation by a qualified healthcare provider.

Dyspareunia is a medical term that describes painful sexual intercourse. This condition can affect both men and women, but it is more commonly reported by women. The pain can occur in various locations, such as the vaginal opening, deep inside the vagina, or in the pelvic region. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including physical conditions like vulvodynia, endometriosis, or vaginal infections, as well as psychological factors like anxiety, depression, or relationship issues. Treatment for dyspareunia depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, therapy, or lifestyle changes.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Obstetric labor complications refer to any physical or physiological difficulties that arise during the process of childbirth (labor) and can pose risks to the health of the mother, baby, or both. These complications may result from various factors such as pre-existing medical conditions, fetal distress, prolonged labor, abnormal positioning of the fetus, or issues related to the size or weight of the baby.

Some examples of obstetric labor complications include:

1. Fetal distress: This occurs when the fetus is not receiving adequate oxygen supply or is in danger during labor. It can be caused by various factors such as umbilical cord compression, placental abruption, or maternal anemia.
2. Prolonged labor: When labor lasts for more than 20 hours in first-time mothers or more than 14 hours in subsequent pregnancies, it is considered prolonged labor. This can lead to fatigue, infection, and other complications for both the mother and baby.
3. Abnormal positioning of the fetus: Normally, the fetus should be positioned head-down (vertex) before delivery. However, if the fetus is in a breech or transverse position, it can lead to difficult labor and increased risk of complications during delivery.
4. Shoulder dystocia: This occurs when the baby's shoulders get stuck behind the mother's pubic bone during delivery, making it challenging to deliver the baby. It can cause injuries to both the mother and the baby.
5. Placental abruption: This is a serious complication where the placenta separates from the uterus before delivery, leading to bleeding and potential oxygen deprivation for the fetus.
6. Uterine rupture: A rare but life-threatening complication where the uterus tears during labor, causing severe bleeding and potentially endangering both the mother and baby's lives.
7. Preeclampsia/eclampsia: This is a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder that can lead to complications such as seizures, organ failure, or even maternal death if left untreated.
8. Postpartum hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding after delivery can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
9. Infections: Maternal infections during pregnancy or childbirth can lead to complications for both the mother and baby, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and even fetal death.
10. Anesthesia complications: Adverse reactions to anesthesia during delivery can cause respiratory depression, allergic reactions, or other complications that may endanger the mother's life.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. It can have physical and psychological causes, such as underlying health conditions like diabetes, heart disease, obesity, and mental health issues like stress, anxiety, and depression. ED can also be a side effect of certain medications. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, medication, counseling, and in some cases, surgery.

I couldn't find a specific medical definition for "Homes for the Aged," as it is more commonly referred to in social work or public health contexts. However, I can provide you with some related information:

"Homes for the Aged" are typically residential facilities designed to provide housing, support services, and care for older adults, often with lower levels of medical needs compared to nursing homes. These facilities might offer assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs) such as bathing, dressing, grooming, and managing medications. They can be an alternative to aging in place or moving in with family members.

In a broader public health context, "Homes for the Aged" may fall under the category of congregate housing or assisted living facilities. These settings aim to promote social interaction, autonomy, and independence while offering help with daily tasks and ensuring the safety of their residents.

It is essential to research and visit various facilities to ensure they meet individual needs, preferences, and healthcare requirements when considering Homes for the Aged for yourself or a loved one.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

In medical terms, pressure is defined as the force applied per unit area on an object or body surface. It is often measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) in clinical settings. For example, blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries and is recorded as two numbers: systolic pressure (when the heart beats and pushes blood out) and diastolic pressure (when the heart rests between beats).

Pressure can also refer to the pressure exerted on a wound or incision to help control bleeding, or the pressure inside the skull or spinal canal. High or low pressure in different body systems can indicate various medical conditions and require appropriate treatment.

Botulinum toxins type A are neurotoxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. These toxins act by blocking the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle paralysis. Botulinum toxin type A is used in medical treatments for various conditions characterized by muscle spasticity or excessive muscle activity, such as cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, strabismus, and chronic migraine. It is also used cosmetically to reduce the appearance of wrinkles by temporarily paralyzing the muscles that cause them. The commercial forms of botulinum toxin type A include Botox, Dysport, and Xeomin.

The rectum is the lower end of the digestive tract, located between the sigmoid colon and the anus. It serves as a storage area for feces before they are eliminated from the body. The rectum is about 12 cm long in adults and is surrounded by layers of muscle that help control defecation. The mucous membrane lining the rectum allows for the detection of stool, which triggers the reflex to have a bowel movement.

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a type of hydrocephalus that occurs in older adults and is characterized by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain's ventricles, leading to enlargement of the ventricles while maintaining normal or near-normal CSF pressure. This condition can cause a triad of symptoms including gait disturbance, cognitive impairment, and urinary incontinence.

The exact cause of NPH is not well understood, but it may be associated with conditions such as previous meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or head trauma. In some cases, the cause may be idiopathic, meaning there is no known underlying condition.

Diagnosis of NPH typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), and sometimes lumbar puncture to measure CSF pressure and assess the patient's response to removal of CSF. Treatment usually involves surgical implantation of a shunt system that diverts excess CSF from the ventricles to another part of the body where it can be absorbed, such as the abdominal cavity. This procedure can help alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life for some patients with NPH.

Urinary calculi, also known as kidney stones or nephrolithiasis, are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the urinary system. These calculi can develop in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

The formation of urinary calculi typically occurs when there is a concentration of certain substances, such as calcium, oxalate, uric acid, or struvite, in the urine. When these substances become highly concentrated, they can crystallize and form small seeds that gradually grow into larger stones over time.

The size of urinary calculi can vary from tiny, sand-like particles to large stones that can fill the entire renal pelvis. The symptoms associated with urinary calculi depend on the stone's size, location, and whether it is causing a blockage in the urinary tract. Common symptoms include severe pain in the flank, lower abdomen, or groin; nausea and vomiting; blood in the urine (hematuria); fever and chills; and frequent urge to urinate or painful urination.

Treatment for urinary calculi depends on the size and location of the stone, as well as the severity of symptoms. Small stones may pass spontaneously with increased fluid intake and pain management. Larger stones may require medical intervention, such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) to break up or remove the stone. Preventive measures include maintaining adequate hydration, modifying dietary habits, and taking medications to reduce the risk of stone formation.

Benzhydryl compounds are organic chemical compounds that contain the benzhydryl group, which is a functional group consisting of a diphenylmethane moiety. The benzhydryl group can be represented by the formula Ph2CH, where Ph represents the phenyl group (C6H5).

Benzhydryl compounds are characterized by their unique structure, which consists of two aromatic rings attached to a central carbon atom. This structure gives benzhydryl compounds unique chemical and physical properties, such as stability, rigidity, and high lipophilicity.

Benzhydryl compounds have various applications in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. For example, they are used as building blocks in the synthesis of complex natural products, drugs, and functional materials. They also serve as useful intermediates in the preparation of other chemical compounds.

Some examples of benzhydryl compounds include diphenylmethane, benzphetamine, and diphenhydramine. These compounds have been widely used in medicine as stimulants, appetite suppressants, and antihistamines. However, some benzhydryl compounds have also been associated with potential health risks, such as liver toxicity and carcinogenicity, and their use should be carefully monitored and regulated.

Urologic diseases refer to a variety of conditions that affect the urinary tract, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra in both males and females, as well as the male reproductive system. These diseases can range from relatively common conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), to more complex diseases like kidney stones, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer.

Some of the common urologic diseases include:

1. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): These are infections that occur in any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. UTIs are more common in women than men.
2. Kidney Stones: These are small, hard mineral deposits that form inside the kidneys and can cause pain, nausea, and blood in the urine when passed.
3. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): This is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that can cause difficulty urinating, frequent urination, and a weak urine stream.
4. Bladder Cancer: This is a type of cancer that begins in the bladder, usually in the lining of the bladder.
5. Prostate Cancer: This is a type of cancer that occurs in the prostate gland, which is a small walnut-shaped gland in men that produces seminal fluid.
6. Erectile Dysfunction (ED): This is a condition where a man has trouble achieving or maintaining an erection.
7. Overactive Bladder (OAB): This is a condition characterized by the sudden and strong need to urinate frequently, as well as involuntary loss of urine (incontinence).

Urologic diseases can affect people of all ages and genders, although some conditions are more common in certain age groups or among men or women. Treatment for urologic diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity, but may include medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Noradrenergic agents, often referred to as "noradrenalines" or "nortropanes," are a class of medications that work by modulating the noradrenergic system in the body. Noradrenaline, also known as norepinephrine, is a neurotransmitter and hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, attention, and arousal.

Noradrenergic agents exert their effects by either increasing the release of noradrenaline from nerve terminals, blocking its reuptake into the presynaptic neuron, or antagonizing its interaction with specific receptors. These medications are used in various clinical settings, including the treatment of depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and certain neurological disorders.

Examples of noradrenergic agents include:

* Atomoxetine: a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used to treat ADHD
* Desipramine: a tricyclic antidepressant that increases the availability of noradrenaline in the synaptic cleft by blocking its reuptake
* Methylphenidate: a stimulant medication used to treat ADHD, which increases the release of both dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain
* Reboxetine: another selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used to treat depression.

It is important to note that while these medications are often referred to as "nortropanes," this term is not a formally recognized medical or pharmacological classification. Instead, it is a colloquial term used to describe drugs that primarily affect the noradrenergic system.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Prostheses: Artificial substitutes or replacements for missing body parts, such as limbs, eyes, or teeth. They are designed to restore the function, appearance, or mobility of the lost part. Prosthetic devices can be categorized into several types, including:

1. External prostheses: Devices that are attached to the outside of the body, like artificial arms, legs, hands, and feet. These may be further classified into:
a. Cosmetic or aesthetic prostheses: Primarily designed to improve the appearance of the affected area.
b. Functional prostheses: Designed to help restore the functionality and mobility of the lost limb.
2. Internal prostheses: Implanted artificial parts that replace missing internal organs, bones, or tissues, such as heart valves, hip joints, or intraocular lenses.

Implants: Medical devices or substances that are intentionally placed inside the body to replace or support a missing or damaged biological structure, deliver medication, monitor physiological functions, or enhance bodily functions. Examples of implants include:

1. Orthopedic implants: Devices used to replace or reinforce damaged bones, joints, or cartilage, such as knee or hip replacements.
2. Cardiovascular implants: Devices that help support or regulate heart function, like pacemakers, defibrillators, and artificial heart valves.
3. Dental implants: Artificial tooth roots that are placed into the jawbone to support dental prostheses, such as crowns, bridges, or dentures.
4. Neurological implants: Devices used to stimulate nerves, brain structures, or spinal cord tissues to treat various neurological conditions, like deep brain stimulators for Parkinson's disease or cochlear implants for hearing loss.
5. Ophthalmic implants: Artificial lenses that are placed inside the eye to replace a damaged or removed natural lens, such as intraocular lenses used in cataract surgery.

Obstetrical forceps are a surgical instrument used in childbirth to help deliver a baby when there are difficulties in the normal birthing process. They are a pair of curved metal instruments that resemble tongs, with each part designed to grip onto specific areas of the baby's head. The forceps are carefully applied to the baby's head during a contraction, and then used to gently guide the baby out of the mother's birth canal. This procedure is called an assisted vaginal delivery or operative vaginal delivery.

Obstetrical forceps require precise knowledge and skill to use safely and effectively, as their misuse can lead to complications such as facial injuries, skull fractures, or nerve damage in the baby. Therefore, they are typically used by experienced obstetricians in specific clinical situations, such as when the labor is prolonged, when the baby shows signs of distress, or when there is a need for a quick delivery due to maternal health concerns.

Parasympatholytics are a type of medication that blocks the action of the parasympathetic nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's rest and digest response, which includes slowing the heart rate, increasing intestinal and glandular activity, and promoting urination and defecation.

Parasympatholytics work by selectively binding to muscarinic receptors, which are found in various organs throughout the body, including the heart, lungs, and digestive system. By blocking these receptors, parasympatholytics can cause a range of effects, such as an increased heart rate, decreased glandular secretions, and reduced intestinal motility.

Some common examples of parasympatholytics include atropine, scopolamine, and ipratropium. These medications are often used to treat conditions such as bradycardia (slow heart rate), excessive salivation, and gastrointestinal cramping or diarrhea. However, because they can have significant side effects, parasympatholytics are typically used only when necessary and under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

The pelvis is the lower part of the trunk, located between the abdomen and the lower limbs. It is formed by the fusion of several bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis (which together form the hip bone on each side), and the sacrum and coccyx in the back. The pelvis has several functions including supporting the weight of the upper body when sitting, protecting the lower abdominal organs, and providing attachment for muscles that enable movement of the lower limbs. In addition, it serves as a bony canal through which the reproductive and digestive tracts pass. The pelvic cavity contains several vital organs such as the bladder, parts of the large intestine, and in females, the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.

Women's health is a branch of healthcare that focuses on the unique health needs, conditions, and concerns of women throughout their lifespan. It covers a broad range of topics including menstruation, fertility, pregnancy, menopause, breast health, sexual health, mental health, and chronic diseases that are more common in women such as osteoporosis and autoimmune disorders. Women's health also addresses issues related to gender-based violence, socioeconomic factors, and environmental impacts on women's health. It is aimed at promoting and maintaining the physical, emotional, and reproductive well-being of women, and preventing and treating diseases and conditions that disproportionately affect them.

Patient satisfaction is a concept in healthcare quality measurement that reflects the patient's perspective and evaluates their experience with the healthcare services they have received. It is a multidimensional construct that includes various aspects such as interpersonal mannerisms of healthcare providers, technical competence, accessibility, timeliness, comfort, and communication.

Patient satisfaction is typically measured through standardized surveys or questionnaires that ask patients to rate their experiences on various aspects of care. The results are often used to assess the quality of care provided by healthcare organizations, identify areas for improvement, and inform policy decisions. However, it's important to note that patient satisfaction is just one aspect of healthcare quality and should be considered alongside other measures such as clinical outcomes and patient safety.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

A prolapse is a medical condition where an organ or tissue in the body slips from its normal position and drops down into a lower part of the body. This usually occurs when the muscles and ligaments that support the organ become weak or stretched. The most common types of prolapses include:

* Uterine prolapse: When the uterus slips down into or protrudes out of the vagina.
* Rectal prolapse: When the rectum (the lower end of the colon) slips outside the anus.
* Bladder prolapse (cystocele): When the bladder drops into the vagina.
* Small bowel prolapse (enterocele): When the small intestine bulges into the vagina.

Prolapses can cause various symptoms, such as discomfort, pain, pressure, and difficulty with urination or bowel movements. Treatment options depend on the severity of the prolapse and may include lifestyle changes, physical therapy, medication, or surgery.

Enuresis is a medical term that refers to the involuntary or unconscious release of urine, especially at night during sleep, in children who are at least 5 years old. It's commonly known as bedwetting. Enuresis can be classified into two types: primary and secondary. Primary enuresis occurs when a child has never achieved consistent dryness during sleep, while secondary enuresis happens when a child starts wetting the bed again after having been dry for at least six months.

Enuresis can have various causes, including developmental delays, small bladder capacity, urinary tract infections, constipation, sleep disorders, and emotional stress. In some cases, it may also be associated with genetic factors. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include behavioral interventions, bladder training, alarm systems, medication, or a combination of these approaches.

Ligaments are bands of dense, fibrous connective tissue that surround joints and provide support, stability, and limits the range of motion. They are made up primarily of collagen fibers arranged in a parallel pattern to withstand tension and stress. Ligaments attach bone to bone, and their function is to prevent excessive movement that could cause injury or dislocation.

There are two main types of ligaments: extracapsular and intracapsular. Extracapsular ligaments are located outside the joint capsule and provide stability to the joint by limiting its range of motion. Intracapsular ligaments, on the other hand, are found inside the joint capsule and help maintain the alignment of the joint surfaces.

Examples of common ligaments in the body include the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in the knee, the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) in the elbow, and the coracoacromial ligament in the shoulder.

Injuries to ligaments can occur due to sudden trauma or overuse, leading to sprains, strains, or tears. These injuries can cause pain, swelling, bruising, and limited mobility, and may require medical treatment such as immobilization, physical therapy, or surgery.

A cystostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an opening through the wall of the bladder to allow urine to drain out. This opening, or stoma, is usually connected to a external collection device, such as a bag or a tube. The purpose of a cystostomy is to provide a stable and reliable way for urine to leave the body when a person is unable to urinate naturally due to injury, illness, or other medical conditions that affect bladder function.

There are several types of cystostomies, including temporary and permanent procedures. A temporary cystostomy may be performed as a short-term solution while a patient recovers from surgery or an injury, or when a person is unable to urinate temporarily due to an obstruction in the urinary tract. In these cases, the cystostomy can be closed once the underlying issue has been resolved.

A permanent cystostomy may be recommended for individuals who have irreversible bladder damage or dysfunction, such as those with spinal cord injuries, neurological disorders, or certain types of cancer. In these cases, a cystostomy can help improve quality of life by allowing for regular and reliable urinary drainage, reducing the risk of complications like urinary tract infections and kidney damage.

It's important to note that a cystostomy is a significant surgical procedure that carries risks and potential complications, such as bleeding, infection, and injury to surrounding tissues. As with any surgery, it's essential to discuss the benefits and risks of a cystostomy with a healthcare provider to determine whether it's the right option for an individual's specific medical needs.

Female urogenital diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the female urinary and genital systems. These systems include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, vulva, vagina, and reproductive organs such as the ovaries and uterus.

Some common female urogenital diseases include:

1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): These are infections that occur in any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra.
2. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): This is an infection of the reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
3. Endometriosis: This is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, often on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other pelvic structures.
4. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries.
5. Uterine fibroids: These are noncancerous growths that develop in the muscular wall of the uterus.
6. Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS): This is a chronic bladder condition characterized by pain, pressure, and discomfort in the bladder and pelvic area.
7. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): These are infections that are passed from person to person during sexual contact. Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV.
8. Vulvodynia: This is chronic pain or discomfort of the vulva, the external female genital area.
9. Cancers of the reproductive system, such as ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and uterine cancer.

These are just a few examples of female urogenital diseases. It's important for women to receive regular medical care and screenings to detect and treat these conditions early, when they are often easier to manage and have better outcomes.

Dysuria is a medical term that describes painful or difficult urination. This symptom can be caused by various conditions, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), bladder infections, kidney stones, enlarged prostate, and certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Dysuria can also occur as a side effect of certain medications or medical procedures.

The pain or discomfort associated with dysuria can range from a burning sensation to a sharp stabbing pain, and it may occur during urination, immediately after urination, or throughout the day. Other symptoms that may accompany dysuria include frequent urination, urgency to urinate, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, blood in the urine, and lower abdominal or back pain.

If you are experiencing dysuria, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment. In many cases, dysuria can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other interventions.

The "Standard of Care" is a legal term that refers to the level and type of medical care that a reasonably prudent physician with similar training and expertise would provide under similar circumstances. It serves as a benchmark for determining whether a healthcare provider has been negligent in their duties. In other words, if a healthcare professional fails to meet the standard of care and their patient is harmed as a result, they may be held liable for medical malpractice.

It's important to note that the standard of care can vary depending on factors such as the patient's age, medical condition, and geographic location. Additionally, the standard of care is not static and evolves over time as new medical research and technologies become available. Healthcare professionals are expected to stay current with advances in their field and provide care that reflects the most up-to-date standards.

Neuromuscular agents are drugs or substances that affect the function of the neuromuscular junction, which is the site where nerve impulses are transmitted to muscles. These agents can either enhance or inhibit the transmission of signals across the neuromuscular junction, leading to a variety of effects on muscle tone and activity.

Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are a type of neuromuscular agent that is commonly used in anesthesia and critical care settings to induce paralysis during intubation or mechanical ventilation. NMBAs can be classified into two main categories: depolarizing and non-depolarizing agents.

Depolarizing NMBAs, such as succinylcholine, work by activating the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle contraction followed by paralysis. Non-depolarizing NMBAs, such as rocuronium and vecuronium, block the activation of these receptors, preventing muscle contraction and leading to paralysis.

Other types of neuromuscular agents include cholinesterase inhibitors, which increase the levels of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and can be used to reverse the effects of NMBAs, and botulinum toxin, which is a potent neurotoxin that inhibits the release of acetylcholine from nerve terminals and is used in the treatment of various neurological disorders.

The Valsalva maneuver is a medical procedure that involves forced exhalation against a closed airway, typically by closing one's mouth, pinching the nose shut, and then blowing. This maneuver increases the pressure in the chest and affects the heart's filling and pumping capabilities, as well as the pressures within the ears and eyes.

It is often used during medical examinations to test for conditions such as heart murmurs or to help clear the ears during changes in air pressure (like when scuba diving or flying). It can also be used to help diagnose or monitor conditions related to the autonomic nervous system, such as orthostatic hypotension or dysautonomia.

However, it's important to perform the Valsalva maneuver correctly and under medical supervision, as improper technique or overdoing it can lead to adverse effects like increased heart rate, changes in blood pressure, or even damage to the eardrum.

Perimenopause is a term used to describe the phase before menopause where the ovaries gradually begin to produce less estrogen. It's also sometimes referred to as the "menopausal transition."

This stage can last for several years, typically starting in a woman's mid-40s, but it can begin in some women as early as their mid-30s or as late as their early 50s. During this time, menstrual cycles may become longer or shorter, and periods may be lighter or heavier.

The most significant sign of perimenopause is the irregularity of periods. However, other symptoms such as hot flashes, sleep disturbances, mood changes, and vaginal dryness can also occur, similar to those experienced during menopause.

Perimenopause ends after a woman has gone 12 months without having a period, which marks the start of menopause.

Prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure where an artificial device or component, known as a prosthesis, is placed inside the body to replace a missing or damaged body part. The prosthesis can be made from various materials such as metal, plastic, or ceramic and is designed to perform the same function as the original body part.

The implantation procedure involves making an incision in the skin to create a pocket where the prosthesis will be placed. The prosthesis is then carefully positioned and secured in place using screws, cement, or other fixation methods. In some cases, tissue from the patient's own body may be used to help anchor the prosthesis.

Once the prosthesis is in place, the incision is closed with sutures or staples, and the area is bandaged. The patient will typically need to undergo rehabilitation and physical therapy to learn how to use the new prosthesis and regain mobility and strength.

Prosthesis implantation is commonly performed for a variety of reasons, including joint replacement due to arthritis or injury, dental implants to replace missing teeth, and breast reconstruction after mastectomy. The specific procedure and recovery time will depend on the type and location of the prosthesis being implanted.

Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP) is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the inner part of an enlarged prostate gland using a resectoscope, a tool with a tiny loop of wire at its end that is inserted into the urethra through the penis. The loop of wire is used to cut and remove the excess tissue, which is then washed out of the body. This procedure is typically performed to relieve moderate to severe urinary symptoms caused by an enlarged prostate, such as difficulty in beginning the flow of urine, a weak stream, and frequent urination, especially at night. It is one of the most common surgical procedures for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hope" is a general term that refers to a positive expectation or desire for a certain outcome, and it is not a medical term with a specific definition. In a medical context, hope can refer to the optimism that patients and their families may have for recovery or improvement in health, which can be an important factor in coping with illness and treatment. However, there is no authoritative medical definition of the word "hope."

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Urological agents are a category of pharmaceuticals that are used to treat various conditions related to the urinary system. These medications can be used to manage symptoms or to treat underlying causes of urological disorders. The specific type of urological agent used will depend on the particular condition being treated, and may include:

* Anticholinergic agents: Used to treat overactive bladder by relaxing the muscles of the bladder.
* Alpha-blockers: Used to treat an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia) by relaxing the muscles around the urethra, making it easier to urinate.
* 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors: Also used to treat an enlarged prostate, these medications work by shrinking the prostate gland over time.
* Antibiotics: Used to treat urinary tract infections and other types of bacterial infections that can affect the urinary system.
* Analgesics: Used to relieve pain associated with urological conditions such as kidney stones or interstitial cystitis.
* Botulinum toxin (Botox): Injected into the bladder muscle to treat overactive bladder and reduce urinary incontinence.

It's important to note that these are just a few examples of urological agents, and there are many other medications available depending on the specific condition being treated. It is essential to consult with a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Physiological sexual dysfunction refers to any issues or problems that an individual experiences in their sexual response cycle, which can be broken down into four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. These difficulties may include a lack of desire or interest in sex (low libido), difficulty becoming aroused (erectile dysfunction in men or inadequate lubrication in women), challenges reaching orgasm, or pain during sexual activity (dyspareunia).

Physiological sexual dysfunctions can be caused by a variety of factors, including medical conditions (such as diabetes, heart disease, neurological disorders, or hormonal imbalances), medications (including some antidepressants and blood pressure drugs), substance abuse, surgical procedures, or aging. Psychological factors, such as stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or past traumatic experiences, can also contribute to sexual dysfunction.

It is important to note that sexual dysfunctions are common and nothing to be ashamed of. If you are experiencing symptoms of sexual dysfunction, it is recommended that you consult a healthcare professional for an evaluation and appropriate treatment options.

Logistic models, specifically logistic regression models, are a type of statistical analysis used in medical and epidemiological research to identify the relationship between the risk of a certain health outcome or disease (dependent variable) and one or more independent variables, such as demographic factors, exposure variables, or other clinical measurements.

In contrast to linear regression models, logistic regression models are used when the dependent variable is binary or dichotomous in nature, meaning it can only take on two values, such as "disease present" or "disease absent." The model uses a logistic function to estimate the probability of the outcome based on the independent variables.

Logistic regression models are useful for identifying risk factors and estimating the strength of associations between exposures and health outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders, and predicting the probability of an outcome given certain values of the independent variables. They can also be used to develop clinical prediction rules or scores that can aid in decision-making and patient care.

Rectal prolapse is a medical condition where the rectum, which is the lower end of the colon, slips outside the anus, the opening through which stool leaves the body. This usually occurs due to weakened muscles and supporting structures in the pelvic area, often as a result of aging, childbirth, or long-term constipation or diarrhea.

The rectal prolapse can be partial, where only a small portion of the rectum slips outside the anus, or complete, where the entire rectum protrudes. This condition can cause discomfort, pain, bleeding, and difficulty with bowel movements. Treatment options may include dietary changes, medication, or surgical intervention.

The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) is a widely used, standardized measure of health-related quality of life and functional status. It is a self-reporting questionnaire that assesses the impact of illness or disability on an individual's daily life and functioning across multiple dimensions. The SIP evaluates four primary domains: physical, psychosocial, independent functioning, and overall health perception. These domains are further divided into 12 subscales, including sleep and rest, eating, work, home management, recreation and pastimes, ambulation, mobility, body care and movement, social interaction, communication, alertness behavior, and emotional behavior. The SIP is designed to measure both the severity and breadth of disability or impairment in individuals with a wide range of medical conditions. It has been used in research and clinical settings to evaluate treatment outcomes, compare the effectiveness of interventions, and monitor changes in health status over time.

Physical therapy modalities refer to the various forms of treatment that physical therapists use to help reduce pain, promote healing, and restore function to the body. These modalities can include:

1. Heat therapy: This includes the use of hot packs, paraffin baths, and infrared heat to increase blood flow, relax muscles, and relieve pain.
2. Cold therapy: Also known as cryotherapy, this involves the use of ice packs, cold compresses, or cooling gels to reduce inflammation, numb the area, and relieve pain.
3. Electrical stimulation: This uses electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles, which can help to reduce pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and function.
4. Ultrasound: This uses high-frequency sound waves to penetrate deep into tissues, increasing blood flow, reducing inflammation, and promoting healing.
5. Manual therapy: This includes techniques such as massage, joint mobilization, and stretching, which are used to improve range of motion, reduce pain, and promote relaxation.
6. Traction: This is a technique that uses gentle pulling on the spine or other joints to help relieve pressure and improve alignment.
7. Light therapy: Also known as phototherapy, this involves the use of low-level lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to promote healing and reduce pain and inflammation.
8. Therapeutic exercise: This includes a range of exercises that are designed to improve strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination, and help patients recover from injury or illness.

Physical therapy modalities are often used in combination with other treatments, such as manual therapy and therapeutic exercise, to provide a comprehensive approach to rehabilitation and pain management.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

Sexuality is a multidimensional aspect of human life, which includes biological, psychological, social, and cultural dimensions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), sexuality is "a central aspect of being human throughout life encompasses sex, gender identities and roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy and reproduction." It involves a person's capacity for sexual feelings, their emotional and romantic attraction to other people, and their self-concept as a sexual being. Sexuality can also refer to a person's sense of identity based on their sex and gender, as well as their engagement in sexual activity or behavior.

It is important to note that sexuality is a normal and natural part of human development and experience, and it is influenced by a variety of factors, including biological, psychological, social, cultural, and environmental factors. Everyone has the right to explore and express their sexuality in a responsible and consensual manner, free from coercion, discrimination, and violence.

A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the uterus (womb). Depending on the specific medical condition and necessity, a hysterectomy may also include the removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and surrounding tissues. There are different types of hysterectomies, including:

1. Total hysterectomy: The uterus and cervix are removed.
2. Supracervical (or subtotal) hysterectomy: Only the upper part of the uterus is removed, leaving the cervix intact.
3. Radical hysterectomy: This procedure involves removing the uterus, cervix, surrounding tissues, and the upper part of the vagina. It is typically performed in cases of cervical cancer.
4. Oophorectomy: The removal of one or both ovaries can be performed along with a hysterectomy depending on the patient's medical condition and age.
5. Salpingectomy: The removal of one or both fallopian tubes can also be performed along with a hysterectomy if needed.

The reasons for performing a hysterectomy may include but are not limited to: uterine fibroids, heavy menstrual bleeding, endometriosis, adenomyosis, pelvic prolapse, cervical or uterine cancer, and chronic pelvic pain. The choice of the type of hysterectomy depends on the patient's medical condition, age, and personal preferences.

A vaginal hysterectomy is a surgical procedure in which the uterus is removed through the vagina. During this type of hysterectomy, an incision is made in the vagina, and the uterus is separated from its attachments and then removed. The cervix may also be removed during a vaginal hysterectomy. This procedure is typically used to treat conditions such as uterine fibroids, endometriosis, pelvic support problems, and gynecologic cancer.

It's important to note that after a hysterectomy, a woman will no longer have menstrual periods or be able to become pregnant. Additionally, the removal of the ovaries (oophorectomy) during a hysterectomy can lead to surgical menopause and associated symptoms such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and mood changes.

As with any surgery, there are risks involved with vaginal hysterectomy, including infection, bleeding, injury to surrounding organs, and reactions to anesthesia. It is important for patients to discuss the potential benefits and risks of this procedure with their healthcare provider before making a decision about treatment.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

An orgasm is a complex response to sexual stimulation that involves a series of physiological changes, including muscle contractions in the pelvic region, increased heart rate and blood pressure, and a release of endorphins and other neurotransmitters. It is often accompanied by intense feelings of pleasure and can be followed by a sense of relaxation. In men, orgasm is typically associated with ejaculation, but they are actually two distinct processes. While both males and females can experience orgasm, the specific physiological events that occur during an orgasm can vary between individuals and sexes.

Urinary diversion is a surgical procedure that involves the creation of a new way for urine to leave the body, bypassing the native urinary system. This is typically performed in individuals who have damaged or removed urinary systems due to conditions such as cancer, severe trauma, or congenital abnormalities.

There are several types of urinary diversions, including:

1. Ileal Conduit: A segment of the small intestine (ileum) is used to create a passageway for urine to flow from the ureters to an external collection bag or pouch worn on the abdomen.
2. Continent Urinary Reservoir: A pouch-like reservoir is created using a segment of the intestine, which is then connected to the ureters. The patient periodically empties the reservoir through a stoma (opening) in the abdominal wall using a catheter.
3. Orthotopic Neobladder: A pouch-like reservoir is created using a segment of the intestine, which is then connected to the urethra, allowing for normal urination through the native urethral opening.

These procedures can significantly improve the quality of life for patients with severe urinary system damage or disease, although they do come with potential complications such as infections, stone formation, and electrolyte imbalances.

Obsessive behavior is defined in the medical context as repetitive, persistent, and intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that cause distress or anxiety. These obsessions are not simply excessive worries about real-life problems, but rather they are irrational and uncontrollable. Often, individuals with obsessive behavior attempt to ignore or suppress their obsessions, which can lead to increased distress and anxiety. In some cases, the obsessions may become so overwhelming that they interfere with a person's daily life and ability to function.

Obsessive behavior is a key feature of several mental health conditions, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), and hoarding disorder. In these conditions, the obsessions are often accompanied by compulsive behaviors that are performed in an attempt to alleviate the anxiety or distress caused by the obsessions.

It is important to note that everyone experiences unwanted thoughts or urges from time to time. However, when these thoughts become so frequent and distressing that they interfere with a person's daily life, it may be indicative of an underlying mental health condition. In such cases, it is recommended to seek professional help from a qualified mental health provider.

Antidiuretic agents are medications or substances that reduce the amount of urine produced by the body. They do this by increasing the reabsorption of water in the kidneys, which leads to a decrease in the excretion of water and solutes in the urine. This can help to prevent dehydration and maintain fluid balance in the body.

The most commonly used antidiuretic agent is desmopressin, which works by mimicking the action of a natural hormone called vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH). Vasopressin is produced by the pituitary gland and helps to regulate water balance in the body. When the body's fluid levels are low, vasopressin is released into the bloodstream, where it causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water and produce less urine.

Antidiuretic agents may be used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including diabetes insipidus (a rare disorder that causes excessive thirst and urination), bedwetting in children, and certain types of headaches. They may also be used to manage fluid balance in patients with kidney disease or heart failure.

It is important to use antidiuretic agents only under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as they can have side effects and may interact with other medications. Overuse or misuse of these drugs can lead to water retention, hyponatremia (low sodium levels in the blood), and other serious complications.

A fascia is a band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, that covers, connects, and separates muscles, organs, and other structures in the body. It provides support and stability, allows for smooth movement between structures, and has the ability to transmit forces throughout the body. Fascia is found throughout the body, and there are several layers of it, including superficial fascia, deep fascia, and visceral fascia. Injury, inflammation, or strain to the fascia can cause pain and restriction of movement.

In medical or clinical terms, 'shame' is not typically defined as it is a psychological concept and a basic human emotion. Shame is the painful feeling or experience of believing that you are flawed and therefore unworthy of acceptance and belonging. It's often triggered by a perception of failing to meet certain standards or expectations, or by feeling exposed and vulnerable.

In a clinical context, shame may be discussed in relation to mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. For example, individuals with borderline personality disorder may experience intense feelings of shame, which can contribute to their difficulties with regulating emotions and maintaining stable relationships.

It's important to note that while shame is a universal emotion, excessive or chronic shame can be harmful to one's mental health and well-being. In such cases, seeking help from a mental health professional may be beneficial.

Vacuum extraction, obstetrical is a medical procedure used during childbirth to help deliver the baby when there are signs of fetal distress or if the mother is experiencing exhaustion during labor. This assisted delivery technique involves the application of suction through a vacuum device that attaches to the baby's head, allowing the healthcare provider to gently pull the baby out as the mother pushes.

The vacuum extractor consists of a soft or rigid cup connected to a pump, which creates negative pressure inside the cup. The cup is placed on the fetal scalp and engaged during a contraction when the cervix is fully dilated and the baby's head has descended into the pelvis. The healthcare provider then uses controlled traction to help deliver the baby while monitoring both the mother and the infant for any signs of distress or complications.

Vacuum extraction should only be performed by experienced healthcare providers, as it carries risks such as scalp trauma, cephalohematoma (a collection of blood under the skin on the baby's head), subgaleal hematoma (a more serious type of bleeding beneath the scalp), and intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding inside the skull). Proper evaluation, technique, and monitoring are crucial to minimize these risks and ensure a safe delivery for both mother and baby.

Activities of Daily Living (ADL) are routine self-care activities that individuals usually do every day without assistance. These activities are widely used as a measure to determine the functional status and independence of a person, particularly in the elderly or those with disabilities or chronic illnesses. The basic ADLs include:

1. Personal hygiene: Bathing, washing hands and face, brushing teeth, grooming, and using the toilet.
2. Dressing: Selecting appropriate clothes and dressing oneself.
3. Eating: Preparing and consuming food, either independently or with assistive devices.
4. Mobility: Moving in and out of bed, chairs, or wheelchairs, walking independently or using mobility aids.
5. Transferring: Moving from one place to another, such as getting in and out of a car, bath, or bed.

There are also more complex Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) that assess an individual's ability to manage their own life and live independently. These include managing finances, shopping for groceries, using the telephone, taking medications as prescribed, preparing meals, and housekeeping tasks.

Chiropractic manipulation, also known as spinal manipulative therapy, is a technique used by chiropractors to realign misaligned vertebrae in the spine (subluxations) with the goal of improving function, reducing nerve irritation, and alleviating pain. This technique involves using controlled force, direction, amplitude, and velocity to move joints beyond their passive range of motion but within their physiological limits. The purpose is to restore normal joint motion and function, which can help reduce pain and improve overall health and well-being. It is commonly used to treat musculoskeletal conditions such as low back pain, neck pain, and headaches.

Weight loss is a reduction in body weight attributed to loss of fluid, fat, muscle, or bone mass. It can be intentional through dieting and exercise or unintentional due to illness or disease. Unintentional weight loss is often a cause for concern and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Rapid or significant weight loss can also have serious health consequences, so it's important to approach any weight loss plan in a healthy and sustainable way.

Propantheline is an anticholinergic drug, which means it blocks the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the body. The specific action of propantheline is to inhibit the muscarinic receptors, leading to a decrease in glandular secretions and smooth muscle tone. It is primarily used as a treatment for peptic ulcers, as it reduces gastric acid secretion.

The medical definition of 'Propantheline' can be stated as:

A belladonna alkaloid with parasympatholytic effects, used as an antispasmodic and in the treatment of peptic ulcer to reduce gastric acid secretion. It inhibits the action of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors, leading to decreased glandular secretions and smooth muscle tone. Common side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, and constipation.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

"Lavandula" is the biological name for a genus of plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It includes around 39 species of flowering plants native to the Old World, primarily the Mediterranean region and parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe. The most common species is Lavandula angustifolia, also known as English lavender or true lavender. These plants are well-known for their fragrant purple flowers and have been used in various applications, such as perfumes, essential oils, and herbal remedies, due to their pleasant scent and potential medicinal properties. However, it is important to note that the term "Lavandula" itself does not constitute a medical definition but rather refers to a group of plants with diverse uses and benefits.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Urine is a physiological excretory product that is primarily composed of water, urea, and various ions (such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and others) that are the byproducts of protein metabolism. It also contains small amounts of other substances like uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, and various organic compounds. Urine is produced by the kidneys through a process called urination or micturition, where it is filtered from the blood and then stored in the bladder until it is excreted from the body through the urethra. The color, volume, and composition of urine can provide important diagnostic information about various medical conditions.

An abnormal reflex in a medical context refers to an involuntary and exaggerated response or lack of response to a stimulus that is not expected in the normal physiological range. These responses can be indicative of underlying neurological disorders or damage to the nervous system. Examples include hyperreflexia (overactive reflexes) and hyporeflexia (underactive reflexes). The assessment of reflexes is an important part of a physical examination, as it can provide valuable information about the functioning of the nervous system.

Cystoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end (cystoscope) into the bladder through the urethra. This procedure allows healthcare professionals to examine the lining of the bladder and urethra for any abnormalities such as inflammation, tumors, or stones. Cystoscopy can be used for diagnostic purposes, as well as for therapeutic interventions like removing small bladder tumors or performing biopsies. It is typically performed under local or general anesthesia to minimize discomfort and pain.

Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis is a principle used in the design and interpretation of clinical trials, where all participants who are randomly assigned to a treatment group, regardless of whether they receive or complete the intended intervention, are included in the final analysis. The primary aim of ITT analysis is to mirror real-world scenarios as closely as possible by preserving the original randomization scheme and accounting for potential confounding factors, such as dropouts, protocol deviations, or crossovers between treatment groups.

In an ITT analysis, participants are analyzed in their originally assigned groups, even if they do not receive the intended intervention or switch to another group during the study. This approach helps maintain the balance of prognostic factors across treatment groups and reduces bias that may arise from selective exclusion of non-compliant or non-adherent individuals.

The ITT principle is particularly important in superiority trials, where the primary goal is to demonstrate a significant difference between two interventions. By including all participants in the analysis, researchers can minimize potential biases and maintain statistical power, ensuring that the results are more generalizable to the broader target population. However, it is essential to recognize that ITT analyses may underestimate treatment effects compared to per-protocol or as-treated analyses, which only include participants who adhere to their assigned intervention.

In summary, an intention-to-treat analysis is a medical research principle in clinical trials where all randomly assigned participants are analyzed in their original groups, regardless of whether they receive or complete the intended intervention. This approach helps maintain statistical power and reduce bias, providing results that are more generalizable to real-world scenarios.

Urinary Bladder Neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors in the urinary bladder, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant neoplasms can be further classified into various types of bladder cancer, such as urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. These malignant tumors often invade surrounding tissues and organs, potentially spreading to other parts of the body (metastasis), which can lead to serious health consequences if not detected and treated promptly and effectively.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Great Britain" is not a medical concept or condition. It is a geographical and political term referring to the largest island in the British Isles, on which the majority of England, Scotland, and Wales are located. It's also used to refer to the political union of these three countries, which is called the United Kingdom. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.

The postpartum period refers to the time frame immediately following childbirth, typically defined as the first 6-12 weeks. During this time, significant physical and emotional changes occur as the body recovers from pregnancy and delivery. Hormone levels fluctuate dramatically, leading to various symptoms such as mood swings, fatigue, and breast engorgement. The reproductive system also undergoes significant changes, with the uterus returning to its pre-pregnancy size and shape, and the cervix closing.

It is essential to monitor physical and emotional health during this period, as complications such as postpartum depression, infection, or difficulty breastfeeding may arise. Regular check-ups with healthcare providers are recommended to ensure a healthy recovery and address any concerns. Additionally, proper rest, nutrition, and support from family and friends can help facilitate a smooth transition into this new phase of life.

Bacteriuria is a medical term that refers to the presence of bacteria in the urine. The condition can be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and it can occur in various populations, including hospitalized patients, pregnant women, and individuals with underlying urologic abnormalities.

There are different types of bacteriuria, including:

1. Significant bacteriuria: This refers to the presence of a large number of bacteria in the urine (usually greater than 100,000 colony-forming units per milliliter or CFU/mL) and is often associated with urinary tract infection (UTI).
2. Contaminant bacteriuria: This occurs when bacteria from the skin or external environment enter the urine sample during collection, leading to a small number of bacteria present in the urine.
3. Asymptomatic bacteriuria: This refers to the presence of bacteria in the urine without any symptoms of UTI. It is more common in older adults, pregnant women, and individuals with diabetes or other underlying medical conditions.

The diagnosis of bacteriuria typically involves a urinalysis and urine culture to identify the type and quantity of bacteria present in the urine. Treatment depends on the type and severity of bacteriuria and may involve antibiotics to eliminate the infection. However, asymptomatic bacteriuria often does not require treatment unless it occurs in pregnant women or individuals undergoing urologic procedures.

Bladder exstrophy is a congenital birth defect that affects the urinary and reproductive systems, as well as the abdominal wall. In this condition, the bladder is not fully formed and is turned inside out and exposed on the outside of the body at birth. This results in the inability to control urination and can also lead to other complications such as infection and kidney damage if left untreated.

Bladder exstrophy occurs due to a problem with the development of the fetus during pregnancy, specifically during the formation of the lower abdominal wall. It is more common in boys than girls, and can occur on its own or as part of a spectrum of defects known as the exstrophy-epispadias complex.

Treatment for bladder exstrophy typically involves surgical reconstruction to repair the bladder and lower abdominal wall. This may be done in stages, starting with the closure of the abdominal wall and then followed by bladder reconstruction at a later time. In some cases, additional surgeries may be necessary to address other associated defects or complications. With proper treatment, most children with bladder exstrophy can lead normal lives, although they may require ongoing medical management and monitoring throughout their lives.

An accidental fall is an unplanned, unexpected event in which a person suddenly and involuntarily comes to rest on the ground or other lower level, excluding intentional changes in position (e.g., jumping to catch a ball) and landings that are part of a planned activity (e.g., diving into a pool). Accidental falls can occur for various reasons, such as environmental hazards, muscle weakness, balance problems, visual impairment, or certain medical conditions. They are a significant health concern, particularly among older adults, as they can lead to serious injuries, loss of independence, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality.

A geriatric assessment is a comprehensive, multidimensional evaluation of an older adult's functional ability, mental health, social support, and overall health status. It is used to identify any medical, psychological, or social problems that could affect the person's ability to live independently and safely, and to develop an individualized plan of care to address those issues.

The assessment typically includes a review of the person's medical history, medications, cognitive function, mobility, sensory function, nutrition, continence, and mood. It may also include assessments of the person's social support network, living situation, and financial resources. The goal of the geriatric assessment is to help older adults maintain their independence and quality of life for as long as possible by addressing any issues that could put them at risk for disability or institutionalization.

A Cesarean section, often referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. It involves making an incision through the mother's abdomen and uterus to remove the baby. This procedure may be necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the mother or the baby at risk.

There are several reasons why a C-section might be recommended, including:

* The baby is in a breech position (feet first) or a transverse position (sideways) and cannot be turned to a normal head-down position.
* The baby is too large to safely pass through the mother's birth canal.
* The mother has a medical condition, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, that could make vaginal delivery risky.
* The mother has an infection, such as HIV or herpes, that could be passed to the baby during a vaginal delivery.
* The labor is not progressing and there are concerns about the health of the mother or the baby.

C-sections are generally safe for both the mother and the baby, but like any surgery, they do carry some risks. These can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and injury to nearby organs. In addition, women who have a C-section are more likely to experience complications in future pregnancies, such as placenta previa or uterine rupture.

If you have questions about whether a C-section is necessary for your delivery, it's important to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.

"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.

For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.

It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.

Muscle contraction is the physiological process in which muscle fibers shorten and generate force, leading to movement or stability of a body part. This process involves the sliding filament theory where thick and thin filaments within the sarcomeres (the functional units of muscles) slide past each other, facilitated by the interaction between myosin heads and actin filaments. The energy required for this action is provided by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary, and they play a crucial role in various bodily functions such as locomotion, circulation, respiration, and posture maintenance.

The odds ratio (OR) is a statistical measure used in epidemiology and research to estimate the association between an exposure and an outcome. It represents the odds that an event will occur in one group versus the odds that it will occur in another group, assuming that all other factors are held constant.

In medical research, the odds ratio is often used to quantify the strength of the relationship between a risk factor (exposure) and a disease outcome. An OR of 1 indicates no association between the exposure and the outcome, while an OR greater than 1 suggests that there is a positive association between the two. Conversely, an OR less than 1 implies a negative association.

It's important to note that the odds ratio is not the same as the relative risk (RR), which compares the incidence rates of an outcome in two groups. While the OR can approximate the RR when the outcome is rare, they are not interchangeable and can lead to different conclusions about the association between an exposure and an outcome.

Pudendal Neuralgia is a chronic pain condition characterized by the irritation or damage to the pudendal nerve, which supplies sensation and innervation to the perineum, genital region, and lower rectum. The symptoms often include burning pain, numbness, tingling, or shooting pain in these areas, which can be worsened by sitting or certain movements. It is important to note that Pudendal Neuralgia is not the same as Pudendal Nerve Entrapment (PNE), although PNE can lead to Pudendal Neuralgia. The diagnosis of this condition typically involves a thorough physical examination, medical history, and sometimes specialized tests like nerve blocks or electromyography (EMG) studies.

Patient acceptance of health care refers to the willingness and ability of a patient to follow and engage in a recommended treatment plan or healthcare regimen. This involves understanding the proposed medical interventions, considering their potential benefits and risks, and making an informed decision to proceed with the recommended course of action.

The factors that influence patient acceptance can include:

1. Patient's understanding of their condition and treatment options
2. Trust in their healthcare provider
3. Personal beliefs and values related to health and illness
4. Cultural, linguistic, or socioeconomic barriers
5. Emotional responses to the diagnosis or proposed treatment
6. Practical considerations, such as cost, time commitment, or potential side effects

Healthcare providers play a crucial role in facilitating patient acceptance by clearly communicating information, addressing concerns and questions, and providing support throughout the decision-making process. Encouraging shared decision-making and tailoring care plans to individual patient needs and preferences can also enhance patient acceptance of health care.

Addictive behavior is a pattern of repeated self-destructive behavior, often identified by the individual's inability to stop despite negative consequences. It can involve a variety of actions such as substance abuse (e.g., alcohol, drugs), gambling, sex, shopping, or using technology (e.g., internet, social media, video games).

These behaviors activate the brain's reward system, leading to feelings of pleasure and satisfaction. Over time, the individual may require more of the behavior to achieve the same level of pleasure, resulting in tolerance. If the behavior is stopped or reduced, withdrawal symptoms may occur.

Addictive behaviors can have serious consequences on an individual's physical, emotional, social, and financial well-being. They are often associated with mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder. Treatment typically involves a combination of behavioral therapy, medication, and support groups to help the individual overcome the addiction and develop healthy coping mechanisms.

A urethral stricture is a narrowing or constriction of the lumen (inner space) of the urethra, which can obstruct the normal flow of urine. This condition most commonly results from scarring due to injury, infection, inflammation, or previous surgeries in the region. Urethral strictures may cause various symptoms, such as weak urinary stream, straining to urinate, urinary frequency, urgency, hesitancy, and occasionally blood in the urine. The diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history assessment, and imaging studies like retrograde urethrography or urethral ultrasound. Treatment options may include dilations, internal urethrotomy, or urethral reconstruction surgery depending on the severity and location of the stricture.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure used to assess whether a person has a healthy weight for their height. It's calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. Here is the medical definition:

Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight(kg) / [height(m)]^2

According to the World Health Organization, BMI categories are defined as follows:

* Less than 18.5: Underweight
* 18.5-24.9: Normal or healthy weight
* 25.0-29.9: Overweight
* 30.0 and above: Obese

It is important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying weight issues in populations, it does have limitations when applied to individuals. For example, it may not accurately reflect body fat distribution or muscle mass, which can affect health risks associated with excess weight. Therefore, BMI should be used as one of several factors when evaluating an individual's health status and risk for chronic diseases.

Spinal dysraphism is a broad term used to describe a group of congenital malformations of the spine and spinal cord. These defects occur during embryonic development when the neural tube, which eventually forms the brain and spinal cord, fails to close properly. This results in an incomplete development or formation of the spinal cord and/or vertebral column.

There are two main categories of spinal dysraphism: open (also called exposed or overt) and closed (also called hidden or occult). Open spinal dysraphisms, such as myelomeningocele and myelocele, involve exposure of the spinal cord and/or its coverings through an opening in the back. Closed spinal dysraphisms, such as lipomyelomeningocele, tethered cord syndrome, and diastematomyelia, are more subtle and may not be visibly apparent at birth.

Symptoms of spinal dysraphism can vary widely depending on the type and severity of the defect. They may include motor and sensory impairments, bowel and bladder dysfunction, orthopedic deformities, and increased risk for neurological complications such as hydrocephalus (accumulation of fluid in the brain). Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to optimize outcomes and minimize potential complications.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

Minimally invasive surgical procedures are a type of surgery that is performed with the assistance of specialized equipment and techniques to minimize trauma to the patient's body. This approach aims to reduce blood loss, pain, and recovery time as compared to traditional open surgeries. The most common minimally invasive surgical procedure is laparoscopy, which involves making small incisions (usually 0.5-1 cm) in the abdomen or chest and inserting a thin tube with a camera (laparoscope) to visualize the internal organs.

The surgeon then uses long, slender instruments inserted through separate incisions to perform the necessary surgical procedures, such as cutting, coagulation, or suturing. Other types of minimally invasive surgical procedures include arthroscopy (for joint surgery), thoracoscopy (for chest surgery), and hysteroscopy (for uterine surgery). The benefits of minimally invasive surgical procedures include reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, quicker return to normal activities, and improved cosmetic results. However, not all surgeries can be performed using minimally invasive techniques, and the suitability of a particular procedure depends on various factors, including the patient's overall health, the nature and extent of the surgical problem, and the surgeon's expertise.

Defecography is a medical diagnostic procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the rectum and anus while a person is defecating. Also known as evacuation proctography, this test assesses how well the muscles and structures of the pelvic floor perform during a bowel movement. It can help identify issues such as rectal prolapse, intussusception, or abnormalities in muscle function that may be causing difficulties with defecation or fecal incontinence.

During the procedure, the individual is usually given an enema containing a contrast material, which makes the contents of the rectum visible on X-ray images. The person then sits on a special toilet seat placed within the X-ray machine, and is asked to strain and evacuate as if having a bowel movement. Fluoroscopic X-ray imaging is used to capture real-time images of the pelvic floor and surrounding structures during this process. The resulting images can help healthcare providers diagnose and treat various anorectal conditions.

Thiophenes are organic compounds that contain a heterocyclic ring made up of four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom. The structure of thiophene is similar to benzene, with the benzene ring being replaced by a thiophene ring. Thiophenes are aromatic compounds, which means they have a stable, planar ring structure and delocalized electrons.

Thiophenes can be found in various natural sources such as coal tar, crude oil, and some foods like onions and garlic. They also occur in certain medications, dyes, and pesticides. Some thiophene derivatives have been synthesized and studied for their potential therapeutic uses, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor activities.

In the medical field, thiophenes are used in some pharmaceuticals as building blocks to create drugs with various therapeutic effects. For example, tipepidine, a cough suppressant, contains a thiophene ring. Additionally, some anesthetics and antipsychotic medications also contain thiophene moieties.

It is important to note that while thiophenes themselves are not typically considered medical terms, they play a role in the chemistry of various pharmaceuticals and other medical-related compounds.

A fissure in ano, also known as anal fissure, is a linear tear or split in the lining of the anus, usually occurring in the posterior midline. It can cause pain and bleeding during bowel movements. Anal fissures are often caused by constipation, passing hard stools, or prolonged diarrhea. They can also be associated with underlying conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or anal cancer. Treatment typically involves increasing fiber intake, using stool softeners, and topical treatments to promote healing and relieve pain. In some cases, surgery may be required for severe or chronic fissures that do not respond to conservative treatment.

The term "drinking" is commonly used to refer to the consumption of beverages, but in a medical context, it usually refers to the consumption of alcoholic drinks. According to the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, "drinking" is defined as:

1. The act or habit of swallowing liquid (such as water, juice, or alcohol)
2. The ingestion of alcoholic beverages

It's important to note that while moderate drinking may not pose significant health risks for some individuals, excessive or binge drinking can lead to a range of negative health consequences, including addiction, liver disease, heart disease, and increased risk of injury or violence.

Suture techniques refer to the various methods used by surgeons to sew or stitch together tissues in the body after an injury, trauma, or surgical incision. The main goal of suturing is to approximate and hold the edges of the wound together, allowing for proper healing and minimizing scar formation.

There are several types of suture techniques, including:

1. Simple Interrupted Suture: This is one of the most basic suture techniques where the needle is passed through the tissue at a right angle, creating a loop that is then tightened to approximate the wound edges. Multiple stitches are placed along the length of the incision or wound.
2. Continuous Locking Suture: In this technique, the needle is passed continuously through the tissue in a zigzag pattern, with each stitch locking into the previous one. This creates a continuous line of sutures that provides strong tension and support to the wound edges.
3. Running Suture: Similar to the continuous locking suture, this technique involves passing the needle continuously through the tissue in a straight line. However, instead of locking each stitch, the needle is simply passed through the previous loop before being tightened. This creates a smooth and uninterrupted line of sutures that can be easily removed after healing.
4. Horizontal Mattress Suture: In this technique, two parallel stitches are placed horizontally across the wound edges, creating a "mattress" effect that provides additional support and tension to the wound. This is particularly useful in deep or irregularly shaped wounds.
5. Vertical Mattress Suture: Similar to the horizontal mattress suture, this technique involves placing two parallel stitches vertically across the wound edges. This creates a more pronounced "mattress" effect that can help reduce tension and minimize scarring.
6. Subcuticular Suture: In this technique, the needle is passed just below the surface of the skin, creating a smooth and barely visible line of sutures. This is particularly useful in cosmetic surgery or areas where minimizing scarring is important.

The choice of suture technique depends on various factors such as the location and size of the wound, the type of tissue involved, and the patient's individual needs and preferences. Proper suture placement and tension are crucial for optimal healing and aesthetic outcomes.

Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure that involves the insertion of a laparoscope, which is a thin tube with a light and camera attached to it, through small incisions in the abdomen. This allows the surgeon to view the internal organs without making large incisions. It's commonly used to diagnose and treat various conditions such as endometriosis, ovarian cysts, infertility, and appendicitis. The advantages of laparoscopy over traditional open surgery include smaller incisions, less pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times.

The term "frail elderly" is not a formal medical diagnosis, but rather a general description used to identify older adults who are vulnerable and at increased risk for negative health outcomes. Frailty is a complex syndrome characterized by decreased physiological reserve and resistance to stressors, which results in increased vulnerability to adverse outcomes.

The frail elderly often have multiple chronic conditions, cognitive impairment, functional limitations, social isolation, poor nutritional status, and sensory deficits. These factors contribute to a decline in their physical function, mobility, and overall health, making them more susceptible to falls, disability, hospitalization, institutionalization, and mortality.

There are several tools and criteria used to define frailty, including the Frailty Phenotype model proposed by Fried et al., which identifies frailty based on the presence of three or more of the following five criteria: unintentional weight loss, weakness (measured by grip strength), self-reported exhaustion, slow walking speed, and low physical activity. Another commonly used tool is the Clinical Frailty Scale, which assesses frailty based on a person's level of dependence and coexisting medical conditions.

It is important to note that frailty is not an inevitable part of aging, and interventions aimed at addressing its underlying causes can help improve outcomes for the frail elderly. These interventions may include exercise programs, nutritional support, medication management, and social engagement.

Prostatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the prostate gland, which can be benign or malignant. The term "neoplasm" simply means new or abnormal tissue growth. When it comes to the prostate, neoplasms are often referred to as tumors.

Benign prostatic neoplasms, such as prostate adenomas, are non-cancerous overgrowths of prostate tissue. They usually grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. While they can cause uncomfortable symptoms like difficulty urinating, they are generally not life-threatening.

Malignant prostatic neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous growths. The most common type of prostate cancer is adenocarcinoma, which arises from the glandular cells in the prostate. Prostate cancer often grows slowly and may not cause any symptoms for many years. However, some types of prostate cancer can be aggressive and spread quickly to other parts of the body, such as the bones or lymph nodes.

It's important to note that while prostate neoplasms can be concerning, early detection and treatment can significantly improve outcomes for many men. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are key to monitoring prostate health and catching any potential issues early on.

Smoking cessation is the process of discontinuing tobacco smoking. This can be achieved through various methods such as behavioral modifications, counseling, and medication. The goal of smoking cessation is to improve overall health, reduce the risk of tobacco-related diseases, and enhance quality of life. It is a significant step towards preventing lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other serious health conditions.

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

Health surveys are research studies that collect data from a sample population to describe the current health status, health behaviors, and healthcare utilization of a particular group or community. These surveys may include questions about various aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, chronic conditions, lifestyle habits, access to healthcare services, and demographic information. The data collected from health surveys can be used to monitor trends in health over time, identify disparities in health outcomes, develop and evaluate public health programs and policies, and inform resource allocation decisions. Examples of national health surveys include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

Electromyography (EMG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles during contraction and at rest. It involves inserting a thin needle electrode into the muscle to record the electrical signals generated by the muscle fibers. These signals are then displayed on an oscilloscope and may be heard through a speaker.

EMG can help diagnose various neuromuscular disorders, such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, and can distinguish between muscle and nerve disorders. It is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests, such as nerve conduction studies, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the nervous system.

EMG is typically performed by a neurologist or a physiatrist, and the procedure may cause some discomfort or pain, although this is usually minimal. The results of an EMG can help guide treatment decisions and monitor the progression of neuromuscular conditions over time.

Sneezing is an involuntary, forceful expulsion of air through the nose and mouth, often triggered by irritation or inflammation in the nasal passages. It is a protective reflex that helps to clear the upper respiratory tract of irritants such as dust, pollen, or foreign particles. The sneeze begins with a deep inspiration of air, followed by closure of the glottis (the opening between the vocal cords) and contraction of the chest and abdominal muscles. This builds up pressure in the lungs, which is then suddenly released through the nose and mouth as the glottis opens and the velum (the soft tissue at the back of the roof of the mouth) rises to block the nasal passage. The result is a powerful burst of air that can travel at speeds of up to 100 miles per hour, expelling mucus and any trapped irritants along with it.

Skin care, in a medical context, refers to the practice of maintaining healthy skin through various hygienic, cosmetic, and therapeutic measures. This can include:

1. Cleansing: Using appropriate cleansers to remove dirt, sweat, and other impurities without stripping the skin of its natural oils.
2. Moisturizing: Applying creams or lotions to keep the skin hydrated and prevent dryness.
3. Sun Protection: Using sunscreens, hats, and protective clothing to shield the skin from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays which can cause sunburn, premature aging, and skin cancer.
4. Skin Care Products: Using over-the-counter or prescription products to manage specific skin conditions like acne, eczema, psoriasis, or rosacea.
5. Regular Check-ups: Regularly examining the skin for any changes, growths, or abnormalities that may indicate a skin condition or disease.
6. Lifestyle Factors: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, and avoiding habits like smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, which can negatively impact skin health.

It's important to note that while some general skincare advice applies to most people, individual skincare needs can vary greatly depending on factors like age, skin type (oily, dry, combination, sensitive), and specific skin conditions or concerns. Therefore, it's often beneficial to seek personalized advice from a dermatologist or other healthcare provider.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

In medical terms, sensation refers to the ability to perceive and interpret various stimuli from our environment through specialized receptor cells located throughout the body. These receptors convert physical stimuli such as light, sound, temperature, pressure, and chemicals into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain via nerves. The brain then interprets these signals, allowing us to experience sensations like sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.

There are two main types of sensations: exteroceptive and interoceptive. Exteroceptive sensations involve stimuli from outside the body, such as light, sound, and touch. Interoceptive sensations, on the other hand, refer to the perception of internal bodily sensations, such as hunger, thirst, heartbeat, or emotions.

Disorders in sensation can result from damage to the nervous system, including peripheral nerves, spinal cord, or brain. Examples include numbness, tingling, pain, or loss of sensation in specific body parts, which can significantly impact a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.

A urinary fistula is an abnormal connection or passage between the urinary tract and another organ or tissue, such as the bladder, ureter, or kidney, and the skin, vagina, or intestine. This condition can lead to urine leakage through the abnormal opening, causing discomfort, infection, and other complications if not treated promptly and effectively. Urinary fistulas can be caused by various factors, including surgery, injury, radiation therapy, inflammation, or cancer. The type and location of the fistula will determine the specific symptoms and treatment options.

Urinary bladder neck obstruction is a medical condition that refers to a partial or complete blockage at the bladder neck, which is the area where the bladder connects to the urethra. This obstruction can be caused by various factors such as prostate enlargement, bladder tumors, scar tissue, or nerve damage.

The bladder neck obstruction can lead to difficulty in urinating, a weak urine stream, and the need to strain while urinating. In severe cases, it can cause urinary retention, kidney failure, and other complications. Treatment for this condition depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or minimally invasive procedures.

Obesity is a complex disease characterized by an excess accumulation of body fat to the extent that it negatively impacts health. It's typically defined using Body Mass Index (BMI), a measure calculated from a person's weight and height. A BMI of 30 or higher is indicative of obesity. However, it's important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying obesity in populations, it does not directly measure body fat and may not accurately reflect health status in individuals. Other factors such as waist circumference, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels should also be considered when assessing health risks associated with weight.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pilot projects" is not a medical term per se. Instead, it is a general term used in various fields, including healthcare and medicine, to describe a small-scale initiative that is implemented on a temporary basis to evaluate its feasibility, effectiveness, or impact before deciding whether to expand or continue it.

In the context of healthcare, pilot projects might involve testing new treatment protocols, implementing innovative care models, or introducing technology solutions in a limited setting to assess their potential benefits and drawbacks. The results of these projects can help inform decisions about broader implementation and provide valuable insights for improving the quality and efficiency of healthcare services.

Drinking behavior refers to the patterns and habits related to alcohol consumption. This can include the frequency, quantity, and context in which an individual chooses to drink alcohol. Drinking behaviors can vary widely among individuals and can be influenced by a variety of factors, including cultural norms, personal beliefs, mental health status, and genetic predisposition.

Problematic drinking behaviors can include heavy drinking, binge drinking, and alcohol use disorder (AUD), which is characterized by a pattern of alcohol use that involves problems controlling intake, being preoccupied with alcohol, continuing to use alcohol even when it causes problems, having to drink more to get the same effect, or having withdrawal symptoms when rapidly decreasing or stopping alcohol.

It's important to note that drinking behaviors can have significant impacts on an individual's health and well-being, as well as their relationships, work, and other aspects of their life. If you are concerned about your own drinking behavior or that of someone else, it is recommended to seek professional help from a healthcare provider or addiction specialist.

Medically, 'overweight' is a term used to describe a person whose body weight is greater than what is considered healthy for their height. This excess weight often comes from fat, muscle, bone, or water accumulation. The most commonly used measure to define overweight is the Body Mass Index (BMI), which is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. A BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 is considered overweight, while a BMI of 30.0 or higher is considered obese. However, it's important to note that BMI doesn't directly measure body fat and may not accurately reflect health status for all individuals, such as athletes with high muscle mass.

Quinuclidines are a class of organic compounds that contain a unique cage-like structure consisting of a tetrahydrofuran ring fused to a piperidine ring. The name "quinuclidine" is derived from the Latin word "quinque," meaning five, and "clidis," meaning key or bar, which refers to the five-membered ring system that forms the core of these compounds.

Quinuclidines have a variety of biological activities and are used in pharmaceuticals as well as agrochemicals. Some quinuclidine derivatives have been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer properties. They can also act as inhibitors of various enzymes and receptors, making them useful tools for studying biological systems and developing new drugs.

It is worth noting that quinuclidines are not typically used in medical diagnosis or treatment, but rather serve as building blocks for the development of new pharmaceutical compounds.

A Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is a surgical procedure that involves the insertion of a long, flexible tube (shunt) into the cerebral ventricles of the brain to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The other end of the shunt is directed into the peritoneal cavity, where the CSF can be absorbed.

The VP shunt is typically used to treat hydrocephalus, a condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of CSF within the ventricles of the brain, which can cause increased intracranial pressure and damage to the brain. By diverting the excess CSF from the ventricles into the peritoneal cavity, the VP shunt helps to relieve the symptoms of hydrocephalus and prevent further neurological damage.

The shunt system consists of several components, including a ventricular catheter that is placed in the ventricle, a one-way valve that regulates the flow of CSF, and a distal catheter that is directed into the peritoneal cavity. The valve helps to prevent backflow of CSF into the brain and ensures that the fluid flows in only one direction, from the ventricles to the peritoneal cavity.

VP shunts are generally safe and effective, but they can be associated with complications such as infection, obstruction, or malfunction of the shunt system. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is necessary to monitor the function of the shunt and ensure that any potential issues are addressed promptly.

Multivariate analysis is a statistical method used to examine the relationship between multiple independent variables and a dependent variable. It allows for the simultaneous examination of the effects of two or more independent variables on an outcome, while controlling for the effects of other variables in the model. This technique can be used to identify patterns, associations, and interactions among multiple variables, and is commonly used in medical research to understand complex health outcomes and disease processes. Examples of multivariate analysis methods include multiple regression, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis.

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) refer to a group of clinical symptoms related to the lower urinary tract, including the bladder and urethra. These symptoms can be categorized into storage, voiding, and post-micturition symptoms. Storage symptoms include frequency, urgency, nocturia, and urinary incontinence. Voiding symptoms consist of hesitancy, slow stream, straining, and intermittent flow. Post-micturition symptoms include a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying and post-void dribbling. LUTS can be caused by various underlying conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), overactive bladder (OAB), urinary tract infection, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, or bladder cancer. The evaluation and management of LUTS require a comprehensive assessment of the patient's medical history, physical examination, and appropriate diagnostic tests to determine the underlying cause and develop an effective treatment plan.

The most common types of urinary incontinence in women are stress urinary incontinence and urge urinary incontinence. Women ... Additionally, frequent exercise in high-impact activities can cause athletic incontinence to develop. Urge urinary incontinence ... Urinary incontinence is more common in older women. Urinary incontinence can result from both urologic and non-urologic causes ... There are four main types of incontinence: Urge incontinence due to an overactive bladder Stress incontinence due to "a poorly ...
Sacral nerve stimulation for treatment of refractory urinary urge incontinence. Sacral nerve study group. J Urol 1999 Aug;16(2 ... The related procedure of sacral nerve stimulation is to control incontinence in otherwise able-bodied patients. Brindley GS, ...
Sacral nerve stimulation for treatment of refractory urinary urge incontinence. Sacral nerve study group. J Urol 1999 Aug;16(2 ... The related procedure of sacral nerve stimulation is for the control of incontinence in able-bodied patients. Researchers are ...
Urinary frequency, urge incontinence and nocturnal incontinence occur.[medical citation needed] Abnormal bladder contractions ... urinary incontinence, or urinary urgency. Effects are seen within an hour. It is taken by mouth. Common side effects include ... Detrusor overactivity (DO, contraction of the muscular bladder wall) is the most common form of urinary incontinence (UI) in ... Serious side effects may include angioedema, urinary retention, and QT prolongation. Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding are of ...
1999). "Sacral Nerve Stimulation For Treatment Of Refractor Urinary Urge Incontinence". The Journal of Urology. 162 (2): 352- ... as a sacral nerve stimulator for treatment of urinary incontinence, high urinary frequency and urinary retention. Sacral nerve ... Urinary incontinence Fecal incontinence Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) Electrical muscle stimulation ... for the Treatment of Neurogenic Refractory Urge Incontinence Related to Detrusor Hyperreflexia". The Journal of Urology. 164 (5 ...
"Validity of utility measures for women with urge, stress, and mixed urinary incontinence". American Journal of Obstetrics and ... It has been used in clinical studies investigating knee osteoarthritis, urinary incontinence and children who have been ...
Patients with this complication typically show urge incontinence, stress urinary incontinence, urinary retention, hematuria or ... As pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence can be present separately or simultaneously, surgical mesh is ... and stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in the 90s. Over time, manufacturers seized the demand for specific mesh with desired ... and stress urinary incontinence (SUI) among female patients. The surgical mesh is placed transvaginally to reconstruct weakened ...
"Sacral nerve stimulation for urinary urge incontinence, urgency-frequency, urinary retention, and fecal incontinence: an ... SNS have been shown to be effective in patients with refractory urge incontinence, urinary retention and urinary frequency. ... Sacral nerve stimulators are used in many cases of incontinence to include urinary and fecal incontinence. Sacral nerve ... Urinary Incontinence Surgery - Mayo Clinic Medical Advisory Secretariat (2005). " ...
Urinary dysfunction begins as increased frequency often at night, and progresses to urge incontinence and permanent ... Urinary incontinence appears late in the illness, and is present in 50% of patients at time of treatment. ... and urinary frequency or incontinence. The triad is considered obsolete for diagnosis purposes and newer guidelines are ... and impairment of cognition or urinary incontinence Imaging from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) ...
A PTNS device received the CE mark for urinary urgency, urinary frequency and urge incontinence and fecal incontinence in 2005 ... and the associated symptoms of urinary urgency, urinary frequency and urge incontinence. These urinary symptoms may also occur ... A PTNS device received FDA-clearance for urinary urgency, urinary frequency and urge incontinence in 2000; in 2010, the ... nerve stimulation replace sacral nerve root stimulation as the salvage management of drug resistant urinary urge incontinence ...
... is indicated for the treatment of overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency and ... is a medication used to treat urinary incontinence due to an overactive bladder. It was discovered by scientists at the Pfizer ... Darifenacin should not be used in people with urinary retention. Anticholinergic agents, such as darifenacin, may also produce ...
August 5, 2008). Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network. "Behavioral therapy to enable women with urge incontinence to ... Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network. "Burch Colposuspension versus Fascial Sling to Reduce Urinary Stress Incontinence". New ... Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network. "Quality of life in women with stress urinary incontinence". International ... March 2008). Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network. "The expectations of patients who undergo surgery for stress incontinence ...
The complications include: Urinary problems may include urinary incontinence, mainly stress incontinence or urge incontinence, ... Urinary incontinence was found in up to 19% of patients treated by implant who had not had a previous TURP, however, the ... Surgical treatment in those who fail initial therapy can include the use of a urethral sling or an artificial urinary sphincter ... LDR brachytherapy has fewer side-effects with less risk of incontinence or impotence than other treatment options. It is a ...
... is indicated for the treatment of overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary ... Vibegron, once daily 75 mg provided significant reduction in micturition, urgency episodes and urge incontinence, and increased ... urinary tract infection and upper respiratory tract infection. In case of urinary retention, the patient should stop using the ... demonstrated a significant decrease in daily micturitions and urgent urinary incontinence episodes upon administration of ...
... is an anticholinergic drug used for the treatment of urinary urgency, frequency and urge incontinence, all symptoms ... and in men with lower urinary tract symptoms". Clinical Drug Investigation. 33 (1): 71-91. doi:10.1007/s40261-012-0046-9. PMID ...
Urinary incontinence can result from a weakening of the pelvic floor muscles caused by factors such as pregnancy, childbirth, ... especially for stress and urge UI, than medications alone. Pelvic floor exercises known as Kegel exercises can help in this ... There can also be underlying medical reasons for urinary incontinence which are often treatable. In children, the condition is ... Gynecologists may also treat female urinary incontinence. Diseases of other bodily systems also have a direct effect on ...
Urge incontinence - the presence of an overwhelming urge to urinate, frequent urination, attempts to hold the urine and urinary ... Giggling incontinence - incontinence that occurs when laughing. Secondary incontinence usually occurs in the context of a new ... Clinical definition of enuresis is urinary incontinence beyond age of 4 years for daytime and beyond 6 years for nighttime, or ... Nocturnal enuresis Urinary incontinence medical-dictionary.cc: What does the word Uracratia mean? "enuresis - Definition". ...
... characterized by the involuntary release of urine from an overfull urinary bladder, often in the absence of any urge to urinate ... Overflow incontinence is a concept of urinary incontinence, ... Overflow incontinence may also be a side effect of certain ... may cause urinary retention which may lead to overflow incontinence. Alpha-adrenergic agonists may cause urinary retention by ... causing urinary retention with overflow incontinence. Epidural anesthesia and delivery also can cause the overflow incontinence ...
... incontinence as a result of external mechanical disturbances Urge incontinence, incontinence that occurs as a result of the ... uncontrollable urge to urinate Mixed incontinence, a combination of the two types of incontinence Urinary retention, the ... "Measuring the sensations of urge and bladder filling during cystometry in urge incontinence and the effects of neuromodulation ... Urinary incontinence, the inability to hold urine Stress incontinence, ...
... of urine 788.3 Urinary incontinence 788.30 Urinary incontinence unspecified 788.31 Urge incontinence 788.32 Stress incontinence ... leakage 788.38 Overflow incontinence 788.39 Other urinary incontinence 788.4 Frequency of urination and polyuria 788.41 Urinary ... fecal incontinence 787.9 Other symptoms involving digestive system 787.91 Diarrhea, NOS 788 Symptoms involving urinary system ... 788.33 Mixed incontinence 788.34 Incontinence without sensory awareness 788.35 Post-void dribbling 788.36 Nocturnal enuresis ...
... and fecal incontinence, urinary incontinence, and pelvic pain. Physical therapists have also used EMG biofeedback for ... Busby-Whitehead J, Johnson T, Clarke MK (August 1996). "Re: Biofeedback for the treatment of stress and urge incontinence". The ... fecal incontinence in adults, insomnia, pediatric headache, traumatic brain injury, urinary incontinence in males, and vulvar ... Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women: management. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. ...
Urge incontinence is a form of urinary incontinence characterized by the involuntary loss of urine occurring for no apparent ... and urge incontinence. Urge incontinence is not present in the "dry" classification. Urgency is considered the hallmark symptom ... Urge incontinence can also be measured with pad tests, and these are often used for research purposes. Some people with urge ... of people with overactive bladder have incontinence. Conversely, about 40% to 70% of urinary incontinence is due to overactive ...
"Urge incontinence in the elderly - supraspinal reflex incontinence" World Journal of Urology, Volume 16, Number 7 / August, ... He has a plethora of publications on urinary incontinence and neuro-urology, a field which he largely influenced. He is also a ... clinical practice and removing the stigma of incontinence. Dr. Awad retired on July 31, 2003, and continues to live in Halifax ... "A comparison of the cough and standing urethral pressure profile in the diagnosis of stress incontinence" Neurourology and ...
Stress urinary incontinence Membranous Urethra Artificial Urinary Sphincter Maclean, Allan; Reid, Wendy (2011). "40". In Shaw, ... Urge incontinence can happen when the urethra can't hold the urine in as the bladder contracts uncontrollably. Retrograde ... "Urinary Incontinence in Men , Michigan Medicine". www.uofmhealth.org. Retrieved 2020-04-14. This article incorporates text in ... Any damage to these muscles can lead to urinary incontinence. In males, the internal urethral sphincter has the additional ...
Urinary incontinence. Poor appetite and early satiety when eating. Fecal incontinence to gas, liquid, solid stool, or mucus in ... Posturing (the need to assume "unusual" posture). Frequent urge to defecate, and frequent bowel movements/toilet visits, where ... There is a high risk of fecal incontinence after this surgery and it is generally no longer recommended. Ventral mesh rectopexy ... Especially in the case of poor sphincter function (e.g. some degree of fecal incontinence), they preferred to avoid transanal ...
These symptoms include urinary frequency and urgency, feeling of incomplete voiding, poor voluntary control, nocturia, and urge ... Urinary irregularities (incontinence or retention) Tethered spinal cord syndrome may go undiagnosed until adulthood, when ... including but not limited to chronic urinary incontinence. In adults, surgery to detether (free) the spinal cord can reduce the ... Bilateral muscle weakness and numbness Loss of feeling and movement in lower extremities Urinary irregularities (incontinence ...
Lower urinary tract symptoms in men: management, NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) "Urge incontinence". ... or urge incontinence (urine leak following a strong sudden need to urinate). Voiding symptoms include urinary hesitancy (a ... Intermittent urinary catheterization is used to relieve the bladder in people with urinary retention. Self-catheterization is ... These drugs may improve urinary symptoms slightly and reduce urinary bother but may also cause more side effects compared to ...
Urge, stress, and mixed incontinence all occur at higher rates in obese people. The rates of urinary incontinence are about ... Urinary incontinence improves with weight loss. Obesity increases one's risk of chronic kidney disease by three to four times. ... September 2008). "[Stress urinary incontinence and obesity]". Prog. Urol. (in French). 18 (8): 493-8. doi:10.1016/j.purol. ... January 2009). "Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women". N. Engl. J. Med. 360 (5): 481-90. doi ...
They are also used to treat urinary incontinence and diseases characterized by bowel hypermotility such as irritable bowel ... Gastric and small bowel colic leads to diarrhea, and there is a painful urge for urination. Bronchoconstriction leads to ... Also people with an obstruction in the gastrointestinal or urinary tract are not prescribed muscarine because it will aggravate ... Muscarinic agonists are used as drugs in treating glaucoma, postoperative ileus, congenital megacolon, urinary retention and ...
Common pelvic floor disorders include urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse and fecal incontinence. Increasingly, ... slings Relaxation techniques Robotic reconstruction Sacral nerve stimulation Urethral injections Urethral reconstruction Urge ... Pelvic organ prolapse Rectocele Rectovaginal fistula Recurrent urinary tract infections Urinary incontinence Urinary retention ... Cystocele Enterocele Female genital prolapse Fecal incontinence Urinary incontinence Interstitial cystitis Lichen planus Lichen ...
Urge urinary incontinence was associated with increased risk of falls and non-spinal, non-traumatic fractures in older women ... Urge urinary incontinence was associated with increased risk of falls and non-spinal, non-traumatic fractures in older women ... Urge urinary incontinence was associated with increased risk of falls and non-spinal, non-traumatic fractures in older women ...
Learn more about urge urinary incontinence to see if you might be suffering it. ... Is your urge to urinate triggered by the smallest stimuli like running water? ... These are all examples of urge incontinence. What is urge urinary incontinence? Its all in the name, "urge" incontinence is ... Urge incontinence vs overactive bladder? Urge incontinence is a type of urinary incontinence that involves leaking wee during a ...
Urge urinary incontinence is one of five types of incontinence.1 The assessment and therapeutic interventions associated with ... Urge Urinary Incontinence--Part III of V. Sonya Lytwynec, RegN, BScN,. Michael Borrie, BSc, MB, ChB, FRCPC. Southwestern ... the second discussed stress urinary incontinence.. Urge incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss of urine associated ... and stress incontinence (7.6%). The prevalence of urge incontinence in women is reported at 22%, and mixed incontinence at 29%. ...
Urinary incontinence happens when you lose control of your bladder. Discover potential causes, treatments, prevention tips, and ... Urge incontinence. Urge incontinence occurs when you lose control of your bladder after experiencing a sudden and strong urge ... Why Urinary Incontinence Is So Common in Women. Urinary incontinence in women is common. Possible causes include childbirth, ... What Doctors Can You See for Help for Urinary Incontinence?. Finding the right doctor for urinary incontinence will help you ...
Overactive bladder is a kind of urge incontinence, but not everyone with overactive bladder leaks urine.. Even without ... With overactive bladder, you have many strong, sudden urges to urinate during the day and night. You can get these urges even ... This can lead to urine leakage, called incontinence.. Overactive bladder is very common in older adults. Both men and women can ... Overactive bladder can also cause sleeping problems, depression and urinary tract infections.. Many people are too shy to talk ...
Learn all about bladder spasms or urge urinary incontinence & find out how they can be treated with the help of TENA. ... Bladder retraining is commonly used to improve urge urinary incontinence. . The purpose is to become aware of incontinence ... With urge urinary incontinence. or bladder spasms, also called overactive bladder. (OAB), you usually feel the need to go more ... Anyone at any age can get problems with bladder spasms or urge urinary incontinence with urine leakage, but here are some risk ...
... incontinence occurs when you are not able to keep urine from leaking out of your urethra. The urethra is the tube that carries ... incontinence occurs when you are not able to keep urine from leaking out of your urethra. The urethra is the tube that carries ... B. Urge incontinence. The correct answer is stress incontinence. When these muscles are weak, they cant prevent urine from ... Urge incontinence happens because the bladder muscles squeeze at the wrong time. You may not have enough time to get to the ...
Houman for proper diagnosis and treatment of male urinary incontinence in Los Angeles. ... What Causes Male Urinary Incontinence?. Male urinary incontinence occurs when there is involuntary loss of urine from the ... How is Male Urinary Incontinence Treated?. The treatment for male urinary incontinence depends on the underlying cause and ... What are Symptoms of Male Urinary Incontinence?. The main symptom of male urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of ...
Urinary incontinence can be the occasional leak when you laugh, cough, sneeze or exercise or the complete inability to control ... Urge incontinence. Urge incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine (wee) associated with urgency (a sudden and strong need ... Urinary incontinence. Urinary incontinence is common and can range from the occasional leak when you laugh, cough, sneeze or ... Functional incontinence. Functional incontinence is also known as disability associated urinary incontinence. It occurs when ...
Stress, Urge and Mixed Urinary Incontinence Explained. Urinary Incontinence is a very common complaint among women of all ages ... Urinary incontinence , healthdirect. Urinary Incontinence , Continence Foundation of Australia. Incontinence & Bladder Weakness ... of women who havent had a baby are affected by some type of urinary incontinence. Incontinence symptoms can range from small ... The urge typically does not match the output of urine. Urge might be triggered by external factors like running water or when ...
Looks at types of incontinence, including stress and urge incontinence. Covers causes and symptoms. Discusses treatment with ... A chronic cough from smoking can make stress incontinence worse.. Urge incontinence. Urge incontinence is caused when the ... Mixed incontinence means you have both stress incontinence and urge incontinence. Surgery may help women who have mixed ... What is urinary incontinence?. Urinary incontinence is the accidental release of urine. It can happen when you cough, laugh, ...
There are different types of urinary incontinence in women, including stress incontinence, urge incontinence, overactive ... Urinary Incontinence: More Common Than You Think. How to Stop Urinary Incontinence. Urinary incontinence is the involuntary and ... overflow incontinence, mixed incontinence, and transient incontinence.. *Diagnosis of urinary incontinence in women may involve ... The Types of Urinary Incontinence. The Types of Urinary Incontinence. Stress. Leakage of small amounts of urine during physical ...
Family history. If a close family member has urinary incontinence, especially urge incontinence, your risk of developing the ... Male urinary system Enlarge image Close Male urinary system. Male urinary system. Your urinary system includes the kidneys, ... Female urinary system Enlarge image Close Female urinary system. Female urinary system. Your urinary system includes the ... Male urinary incontinence. Mayo Clinic. 2019.. *McAninch JW, et al., eds. Urinary incontinence. In: Smith & Tanaghos General ...
Trial for Urgency Urinary Incontinence (BEST) Trial: Therapy for Urge Urinary Incontinence ... Therapy for Urge Urinary Incontinence. What is Urgency Urinary Incontinence? Urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) is a sudden, ... Beta-Agonist versus Botox A® Trial for Urgency Urinary Incontinence (BEST) Trial: ... strong urge to urinate that is hard to stop. Women with this type of incontinence may leak urine on the way to the bathroom, ...
Prasterone Studied for Treatment of Urinary Urge Incontinence Publish Date August 11, 2022 ... Observational study suggests symptoms of urinary urge incontinence reduced in postmenopausal women using prasterone ... Urinary Incontinence Poses Burden to Long-Term Care Publish Date July 29, 2022 ... Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Up Death Risk By John Schieszer, MA ...
The most common types of urinary incontinence in women are stress urinary incontinence and urge urinary incontinence. Women ... Additionally, frequent exercise in high-impact activities can cause athletic incontinence to develop. Urge urinary incontinence ... Urinary incontinence is more common in older women. Urinary incontinence can result from both urologic and non-urologic causes ... There are four main types of incontinence: Urge incontinence due to an overactive bladder Stress incontinence due to "a poorly ...
The ultimate goal of urodynamics is to aid in the correct diagnosis of urinary incontinence based on pathophysiology. ... relationship between the bladder and the urethra for the purpose of defining the functional status of the lower urinary tract. ... stress and urge urinary incontinence coexist as mixed urinary incontinence. In many instances, stress incontinence may be ... Urinary incontinence. Urodynamic study revealing detrusor instability in a 75-year-old man with urge incontinence. Note the ...
You have the urge to pee even though your bladder isnt full. OAB can lead to a condition called urinary incontinence where you ... Added pounds are linked to OAB and urine leaks (your doctor will call this urinary incontinence). We know excess weight puts ... Wet. This is when you get a sudden urge to go to the bathroom but you pee before you can get there. Its also called urge ... Try to hold your pee when you have the urge to pee. Overtime you can retrain your bladder to go less often and urgently. ...
Urinary Incontinence, Urge / therapy* ...
Urinary urgency/frequency. *Non-obstructive urinary retention. *Urinary urge incontinence. *Fecal incontinence (FI) ... Shamay B., Nonobstructive urinary retention patient treated by the rechargeable InterStimâ„¢ Micro system ... The effect of sacral nerve stimulation on distal colonic motility in patients with fecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2013;100(7): ... Fecal incontinence in US adults: epidemiology and risk factors. Gastroenterol. 2009;137(2):512-517.. ...
The normal function of the urinary bladder is to store and expel urine in a coordinated, controlled fashion. This coordinated ... Symptoms specific to the urinary bladder include urinary frequency, urinary urgency, nocturia, and urge incontinence. ... Thus, this technique may be used for urge symptoms, urge incontinence, and mixed incontinence (stress and urge incontinence). ... These rehabilitation exercises may be used for urge incontinence as well as mixed incontinence. For urge incontinence, pelvic ...
The normal function of the urinary bladder is to store and expel urine in a coordinated, controlled fashion. This coordinated ... Symptoms specific to the urinary bladder include urinary frequency, urinary urgency, nocturia, and urge incontinence. ... Thus, this technique may be used for urge symptoms, urge incontinence, and mixed incontinence (stress and urge incontinence). ... These rehabilitation exercises may be used for urge incontinence as well as mixed incontinence. For urge incontinence, pelvic ...
Urge incontinence. When the need to urinate comes on very quickly. Often, you may not be able to get to a restroom in time. ... Urinary Incontinence. Urinary incontinence (UI) is the loss of urine control. You may not be able to hold your urine until you ... Stress incontinence. The most common type of incontinence. Its more common in women. You may leak urine during exercise, ... Functional incontinence. When you have urine control, but cant get to a restroom in time. This may be due to conditions that ...
Symptoms may include urinary urgency (the sudden urge to urinate that is difficult to control), urgency incontinence ( ... urge urinary incontinence: a strong need to urinate with leaking or wetting accidents ... a FDA-approved prescription medication for the treatment of OAB in adults with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, ... OAB, which affects approximately 33 million people in the U.S., causes sudden urges to urinate that are difficult to control ...
Urinary incontinence (stress, urge, or mixed). *Overactive bladder (with or without incontinence) ...
Fecal incontinence, or the inability to control the bowels, is a highly underreported and stigmatized condition, according to ... This procedure also has been used for years at Loyola in patients with urinary urge incontinence. ... Fecal incontinence is highly underreported. Date:. September 26, 2012. Source:. Loyola University Health System. Summary:. ... Fecal incontinence is more common in older adults, and although it affects women more commonly, men can also suffer from this ...
Methods In a multicenter study, women with stress... , Pessaries, Incontinence and Vagina , ResearchGate, the professional ... Incontinence pessaries: Size, POPQ measures, and successful fitting , Introduction and hypothesis The aim of the study was to ... determine whether successful incontinence pessary fitting or pessary size can be predicted by specific POPQ measurements in ... Incontinence ring and incontinence dish (courtesy of Milex web site) from publication: ...
... urge urinary incontinence, and increased urinary frequency in three randomized, fixed-dose, placebo-controlled, multicenter, ... Urge urinary incontinence: a strong need to urinate with leaking or wetting accidents. ... A significant decrease in the primary endpoint, change from baseline in average weekly urge urinary incontinence episodes was ... Enablex is a muscarinic antagonist indicated for the treatment of overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence ...
Urge urinary incontinence: a strong need to urinate with leaking or wetting accidents. Urgency: a strong need to urinate right ... which are urinary frequency, urinary urgency, and urinary incontinence (leakage).. Additional patient labeling (Patient ... and/or urge or mixed incontinence (with a predominance of urge). Entry criteria required that patients have symptoms of ... succinate tablets are indicated for the treatment of adults with overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence ...
Medications may also be prescribed for urinary incontinence and bladder difficulties seen in hereditary ataxias. These agents ... are antimuscarinic and help relax the bladder and reduce the urge to urinate frequently. The bladder may be catheterized (a ... a urologist who treats problems like urinary incontinence in these patients, a cardiologist or heart specialist who deals with ...
  • With overactive bladder, you have many strong, sudden urges to urinate during the day and night. (virginiabeachobgyn.com)
  • Overactive bladder is a kind of urge incontinence, but not everyone with overactive bladder leaks urine. (virginiabeachobgyn.com)
  • Even without incontinence, overactive bladder can make it hard to do the things you enjoy. (virginiabeachobgyn.com)
  • Overactive bladder can also cause sleeping problems, depression and urinary tract infections. (virginiabeachobgyn.com)
  • Overactive bladder is a kind of urge incontinence. (healthwise.net)
  • Urge incontinence is caused by an overactive bladder muscle that pushes urine out of the bladder. (healthwise.net)
  • Weak bladder muscles, overactive bladder muscles, and nerve damage may also cause urinary incontinence in women. (hdkino.org)
  • There are four main types of incontinence: Urge incontinence due to an overactive bladder Stress incontinence due to "a poorly functioning urethral sphincter muscle (intrinsic sphincter deficiency) or to hypermobility of the bladder neck or urethra" Overflow incontinence due to either poor bladder contraction or blockage of the urethra Mixed incontinence involving features of different other types Treatments include pelvic floor muscle training, bladder training, surgery, and electrical stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Urge urinary incontinence, is caused by uninhibited contractions of the detrusor muscle, a condition known as overactive bladder syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • In men, the condition is commonly associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (an enlarged prostate), which causes bladder outlet obstruction, a dysfunction of the detrusor muscle (muscle of the bladder), eventually causing overactive bladder syndrome, and the associated incontinence. (wikipedia.org)
  • It's more common in older adults and may be a sign of a urinary tract infection or an overactive bladder. (sarahbush.org)
  • Enablex (darifenacin) is a muscarinic antagonist indicated for the treatment of overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency and frequency. (nih.gov)
  • Solifenacin succinate tablets are a muscarinic antagonist indicated for the treatment of adults with overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency. (nih.gov)
  • While the Emsella chair has been approved by the FDA for stress urinary incontinence it has been found effective for both urge incontinence as well as overactive bladder. (drberenholz.com)
  • For individuals who have non-neurogenic urinary dysfunction including overactive bladder and have failed behavioral and pharmacologic therapy who receive an initial course of PTNS, the evidence includes randomized sham-controlled trials, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with an active comparator, and systematic reviews. (southcarolinablues.com)
  • It is being developed to treat overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency. (biospace.com)
  • Overactive bladder is a common condition characterized by frequent urination, sudden urges to urinate, and in some cases, urinary incontinence. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Patients with overactive bladder (OAB) experience sudden, intense urges to urinate, which may include urge urinary incontinence and nocturia. (urotoday.com)
  • IMPORTANCE: Symptoms of urinary frequency, urgency, and urinary leakage are characteristic of overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome. (cdc.gov)
  • Sudden urge to urinate? (poise.com.au)
  • Urge incontinence occurs when you lose control of your bladder after experiencing a sudden and strong urge to urinate. (healthline.com)
  • Overflow incontinence can occur if you don't completely empty your bladder when you urinate. (healthline.com)
  • A stronger pelvic floor increases your ability to resist the urge to urinate. (tena.ie)
  • Urge incontinence is the sudden, strong need to urinate. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This can occur during physical activity, such as coughing, sneezing, or lifting heavy objects (stress incontinence), or when there is a sudden and strong urge to urinate that cannot be controlled (urge incontinence). (houmanmd.com)
  • Urge incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine (wee) associated with urgency (a sudden and strong need to urinate). (continence.org.au)
  • Certain foods and drinks like caffeine, can cause spasms in our bladder leading to sudden urges to urinate. (femalephysioco.com)
  • Urge incontinence happens when you have a strong need to urinate but can't reach the toilet in time. (healthwise.net)
  • If you have urge incontinence , you may feel a sudden urge to urinate and the need to urinate often. (healthwise.net)
  • The severity ranges from occasionally leaking urine when you cough or sneeze to having an urge to urinate that's so sudden and strong you don't get to a toilet in time. (mayoclinic.org)
  • You have a sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by an involuntary loss of urine. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) is a sudden, strong urge to urinate that is hard to stop. (ucsd.edu)
  • OAB, which affects approximately 33 million people in the U.S., causes sudden urges to urinate that are difficult to control and can result in leakage, as well as frequent urination - usually eight or more times a day. (kxan.com)
  • Symptoms may include urinary urgency (the sudden urge to urinate that is difficult to control), urgency incontinence (unintentional loss of urine immediately after an urgent need to urinate), and frequent urination (usually eight or more times in 24 hours). (kxan.com)
  • These agents are antimuscarinic and help relax the bladder and reduce the urge to urinate frequently. (news-medical.net)
  • You should feel the first urge to urinate when there is about 200 mL, just under 1 cup of urine stored in your bladder. (mountsinai.org)
  • When you have a sudden, strong need to urinate, but can't make it to the bathroom before you do urinate, it's called urge incontinence. (mountsinai.org)
  • They might have brain or nerve problems, dementia or other health problems that make it hard to feel and respond to the urge to urinate, or problems with the urinary system itself. (mountsinai.org)
  • Throughout the day, urinate at set times, even if you do not feel the urge. (mountsinai.org)
  • A person may also experience urge incontinence in which they experience a sudden need to urinate. (parentgiving.com)
  • It can occur with physical stress or exercise or with a sudden urge to urinate that cannot be deferred. (uclahealth.org)
  • Involuntary league of urine that is accompanied by urinary urgency, or a sudden compelling desire to urinate that is difficult to defer. (uclahealth.org)
  • Incontinence can range from occasional loss of bladder control when you cough or sneeze to a sudden urge to urinate that makes it nearly impossible to make it to the bathroom on time. (kelsey-seybold.com)
  • Urge incontinence is the sudden, intense urge to urinate with little to no bladder control. (kelsey-seybold.com)
  • This happens when you have a strong urge to urinate (pee) and can't stop it. (everettclinic.com)
  • You may also feel like you need to urinate (pee) often, or have a strong urge to urinate. (everettclinic.com)
  • Fecal incontinence in US adults: epidemiology and risk factors. (medtronic.com)
  • Prevalence, trends, and risk factors for fecal incontinence in United States adults, 2005-2010. (medtronic.com)
  • The effect of sacral nerve stimulation on distal colonic motility in patients with fecal incontinence. (medtronic.com)
  • Fecal incontinence, or the inability to control the bowels, is a highly underreported and stigmatized condition, according to colorectal surgeons. (sciencedaily.com)
  • People with fecal incontinence avoid leaving the house to prevent an embarrassing accident from happening in public. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Fecal incontinence is more common in older adults, and although it affects women more commonly, men can also suffer from this disorder. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The National Institutes of Health (NIH) estimates that more than 18 million Americans have fecal incontinence, yet Loyola doctors believe it is much higher. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Fecal incontinence isn't something that people talk about, yet we know from our practice that it is extremely common," said Dr. Hayden, who also is an assistant professor in the Division of Colorectal Surgery at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Loyola now offers a new procedure for patients with fecal incontinence called sacral nerve stimulation. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved this minimally invasive therapy for the treatment of chronic fecal incontinence in patients who have failed or are not candidates for more conservative treatments. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Studies have shown that sacral nerve stimulation reduces incontinent episodes and increases quality of life in a majority of patients with chronic fecal incontinence," Dr. Hayden said. (sciencedaily.com)
  • For individuals who have fecal incontinence who receive PTNS, the evidence includes several RCTs and systematic reviews. (southcarolinablues.com)
  • Neither of the sham-controlled trials found that active stimulation was superior to sham for achieving the primary outcome, at least a 50% reduction in mean weekly fecal incontinence episodes. (southcarolinablues.com)
  • These are called urinary or fecal incontinence. (hersolution.com)
  • It's all in the name, "urge" incontinence is leaking that occurs with a strong urgency to wee. (poise.com.au)
  • Urge incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss of urine associated with the urgency to void. (healthplexus.net)
  • What is Urgency Urinary Incontinence? (ucsd.edu)
  • As a result of dependence upon higher brain centers, certain lesions or diseases of the brain (eg, stroke, cancer, dementia) can result in a loss of voluntary control of the normal micturition reflex as well as symptoms such as urinary urgency. (medscape.com)
  • Time To Go is a platform designed to highlight the impact of OAB symptoms and provide education on disease management, including information on treatment options, such as GEMTESA® (vibegron), a FDA-approved prescription medication for the treatment of OAB in adults with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and frequency. (kxan.com)
  • This system is designed to treat urinary urgency, urinary frequency and urge incontinence. (ichelp.org)
  • This device is FDA approved for urinary urge incontinence, nonobstructive urinary retention, and significant symptoms of urgency-frequency in patients who have failed to respond to, or could not tolerate, more conservative treatments. (ichelp.org)
  • Some IC/BPS patients report that InterStim also helps to relieve their pain, as well as symptoms of urinary frequency and urgency. (ichelp.org)
  • The oil's natural compounds may also positively affect bladder muscle function, reducing urgency and frequency of urination, making it a valuable aid in treating urinary disorders. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Urgency incontinence can occur at any age but is more common as one gets older. (uclahealth.org)
  • Questions from the OAB questionnaire were used to analyze symptoms of urinary urgency and urge incontinence. (cdc.gov)
  • 2014). Symptoms often include vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, urinary urgency and frequency, urge urinary incontinence (UUI), and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) (Rahn et al. (medscape.com)
  • female, age between 18 and 90, presence of urinary urgency with urgency urinary incontinence, residual urine below 150 ml, previous non-pharmacological conservative treatments (e.g., pelvic floor muscle training) inefficiency, anticholinergic or beta-3 agonist treatment inefficiency. (who.int)
  • There are different types of urinary incontinence. (continence.org.au)
  • citation needed] The most common types of urinary incontinence in women are stress urinary incontinence and urge urinary incontinence. (wikipedia.org)
  • While surgery can fix pelvic organ prolapse, it may not always fix all types of urinary incontinence. (simonfoundation.org)
  • What are some of the different types of urinary incontinence? (uclahealth.org)
  • Overflow incontinence occurs when the bladder can't empty fully. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Male urinary incontinence occurs when there is involuntary loss of urine from the bladder. (houmanmd.com)
  • Stress incontinence occurs when you sneeze, cough, laugh, jog, or do other things that put pressure on your bladder . (healthwise.net)
  • Urinary incontinence occurs more often in women than in men. (hdkino.org)
  • Urinary incontinence occurs more often in women than in men, and it is a lot more common than you might expect. (hdkino.org)
  • Though it occurs more often as people get older, urinary incontinence isn't an inevitable consequence of aging. (mayoclinic.org)
  • This is important, as neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (such as occurs in multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and other conditions) can lead to deterioration of kidney function secondary to high bladder pressures transmitted to the upper urinary tract. (medscape.com)
  • Bladder (or urinary) incontinence is the unintentional loss of urine that occurs when the muscle (sphincter) that holds the bladder neck closed is not strong enough to keep urine in the bladder. (coloplast.us)
  • Stress urinary incontinence occurs when your bladder leaks urine during physical activity or exertion. (mountsinai.org)
  • Stress incontinence is an involuntary loss of control of urine that occurs at the same time abdominal pressure is increased as in coughing or sneezing. (mountsinai.org)
  • Stress incontinence usually occurs because of undue stress on the bladder that the patient cannot contain. (parentgiving.com)
  • Stress incontinence occurs when there's pressure on your bladder caused by coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising, or heavy lifting. (kelsey-seybold.com)
  • The most common symptom of urge incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine associated with a very strong and urgent desire to wee. (poise.com.au)
  • People who experience accidental or involuntary loss of urine (wee) from the bladder may be suffering from urinary incontinence. (continence.org.au)
  • Urinary incontinence (UI) is an involuntary loss of urine. (uclahealth.org)
  • The definition of urinary incontinence in women is the unintentional loss of urine. (hdkino.org)
  • Weakness in the muscles that support the bladder and urethra can lead to urinary incontinence. (houmanmd.com)
  • Pelvic floor exercises, also known as Kegel exercises, can help strengthen the muscles that support the bladder and urethra, improving urinary control. (houmanmd.com)
  • Weakness of the pelvic floor muscles and tissues that support the bladder and urethra causes stress incontinence. (hdkino.org)
  • Your urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Stress urinary incontinence in women is most commonly caused by loss of support of the urethra, which is usually a consequence of damage to pelvic support structures as a result of pregnancy, childbirth, obesity, age, among others. (wikipedia.org)
  • Urodynamics are a means of evaluating the pressure-flow relationship between the bladder and the urethra for the purpose of defining the functional status of the lower urinary tract. (medscape.com)
  • The female and male urinary tracts are relatively the same except for the length of the urethra. (mountsinai.org)
  • For example, most adults who go through radiation for prostate cancer treatment experience inflammation and pain in their urethra and urinary tract, which leads to urinary incontinence in some cases. (parentgiving.com)
  • On August 14, Entasis announced positive topline results from its Phase II clinical trial of ETX2514, a beta-lactamase inhibitor, in combination with sulbactam, to treat complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI) including acute pyelonephritis (kidney infection) in adults. (biospace.com)
  • Urinary retention is the inability to empty the bladder completely. (continence.org.au)
  • Loss of bowel/bladder/sexual function (especially: acute urinary retention). (emcrit.org)
  • The NUROâ„¢ system does not treat symptoms of urinary retention. (medtronic.com)
  • In rare cases the surgery can contribute to urinary retention from too tight of a sling. (simonfoundation.org)
  • Chronic coughing can cause stress urinary incontinence, where small amounts of urine leak out during activities such as coughing, sneezing, or laughing. (houmanmd.com)
  • Stress urinary incontinence is the leaking of small amounts of urine during activities such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, walking & lifting. (continence.org.au)
  • Stress incontinence is characterized by leaking of small amounts of urine with activities that increase abdominal pressure such as coughing, sneezing, laughing and lifting. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main symptom of male urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine from the bladder. (houmanmd.com)
  • Urinary incontinence (UI), also known as involuntary urination, is any uncontrolled leakage of urine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Incontinence is a condition where an individual cannot control their bladder or bowel movements, leading to involuntary leakage of urine. (precisionaestheticsmd.com)
  • It is the most common type of incontinence in those individuals over the age of 60. (healthplexus.net)
  • citation needed] Urge incontinence is the most common type of incontinence in men. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stress urinary incontinence is the other common type of incontinence in men, and it most commonly happens after prostate surgery. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common type of incontinence. (sarahbush.org)
  • This is the most common type of incontinence post-prostate cancer surgery. (coloplast.us)
  • Your GP (General Practitioner) is the best person to help rule out medical conditions requiring urgent care (such as a urinary tract infection) and then refer you onto a specialist who can help you work out the root cause of your leaking. (poise.com.au)
  • Dehydration is also a risk factor for constipation which is a known risk to get a urinary infection. (tena.ie)
  • Incontinence can be a short-term problem caused by a urinary tract infection , a medicine, or constipation. (healthwise.net)
  • Urge incontinence may be caused by a minor condition, such as infection, or a more severe condition such as a neurological disorder or diabetes. (mayoclinic.org)
  • and urinary tract infection and blurred vision at the 10 mg dose ( 6.1 ). (nih.gov)
  • In addition to risks related to surgery, complications can include pain at the implant sites, new pain, infection, lead (thin wire) movement/migration, device problems, undesirable changes in urinary or bowel function, and uncomfortable stimulation (sometimes described as a jolting or shocking feeling). (medtronic.com)
  • Sometimes it is the first and only symptom of a urinary tract infection. (uclahealth.org)
  • It can be caused by a minor condition such as a urinary tract infection or by something more serious. (kelsey-seybold.com)
  • Urinary incontinence is common and can range from the occasional leak when you laugh, cough, sneeze or exercise, to the complete inability to control your bladder . (continence.org.au)
  • If you have stress incontinence , you may leak a small to medium amount of urine when you cough, sneeze, laugh, exercise, or do similar things. (healthwise.net)
  • Women with this type of incontinence may leak urine on the way to the bathroom, and some may have nighttime problems. (ucsd.edu)
  • OAB can lead to a condition called urinary incontinence where you leak urine . (webmd.com)
  • A sudden urge to pee or leak stool. (hersolution.com)
  • If you're having trouble holding in your urine, or if you often leak urine, you probably have what's called urinary incontinence. (mountsinai.org)
  • Some people with urinary incontinence leak urine during activities like coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercise. (mountsinai.org)
  • Weak muscles in the lower urinary tract . (healthwise.net)
  • Bothersome or not, lower urinary tract symptoms increase mortality risk in men. (renalandurologynews.com)
  • A Japanese study is the first to demonstrate the potential of saw palmetto extract to ameliorate lower urinary tract symptoms in adult women, according to investigators. (renalandurologynews.com)
  • The ultimate goal of urodynamics is to aid in the correct diagnosis of lower urinary tract dusfunction based upon its pathophysiology. (medscape.com)
  • In general, urodynamic testing is pursued with a diagnostic question in mind or, at times, to obtain a baseline measure of bladder function, for instance in the setting of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Patient cannot be maintained on a stable dose and/or frequency of medication (including diuretics) known to affect lower urinary tract function, including but not limited to, anticholinergics, tricyclic antidepressants or alpha-adrenergic blockers, for at least 2 weeks prior to screening or is likely to change during the course of the study. (mayo.edu)
  • The lower urinary tract, vaginal, and perineal tissues are highly responsive to estrogen. (medscape.com)
  • You experience more than one type of urinary incontinence - most often this refers to a combination of stress incontinence and urge incontinence. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Research has shown that up to 1 in 3 women who have had a baby, and approximately 10% of women who haven't had a baby are affected by some type of urinary incontinence. (femalephysioco.com)
  • If you experience more than one type of urinary incontinence, it is considered a mixed condition. (kelsey-seybold.com)
  • If you have symptoms of urinary incontinence, don't be embarrassed to tell your doctor. (healthwise.net)
  • For most people, simple lifestyle and dietary changes or medical care can treat symptoms of urinary incontinence. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Did you know that incontinence is not a disease, and is actually a symptom? (coloplast.us)
  • Incontinence can be a symptom of several medical conditions, impact the quality of life, and cause embarrassment or distress. (precisionaestheticsmd.com)
  • It's important to remember that urinary incontinence is a symptom and not a disease in itself. (kelsey-seybold.com)
  • Women are more likely to have urinary incontinence than men. (medlineplus.gov)
  • About 33% of all women experience urinary incontinence after giving birth, and women who deliver vaginally are about twice as likely to have urinary incontinence as women who give birth via a Caesarean section. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patients with urge incontinence often suffer severe emotional distress, social embarrassment and isolation. (healthplexus.net)
  • This procedure also has been used for years at Loyola in patients with urinary urge incontinence. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A scientific predic- tion of successful incontinence pessary fitting based on a quantifiable prolapse exam could remove our biases of who will or will not be successful, decrease patient and clinician time needed for fitting, and serve as a useful tool in counseling patients regarding treatment options. (researchgate.net)
  • This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, confirmatory study will evaluate the efficacy and safety of Cook MyoSite Incorporated Autologous Muscle Derived Cells for Urinary Sphincter Repair (AMDC-USR) compared to a placebo (vehicle) control dose in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in adult female patients. (mayo.edu)
  • Laparoscopic resection rectopexy significantly affects preexisting urinary symptoms in female patients. (urotoday.com)
  • Is It Possible to Improve Urinary Incontinence and Quality of Life in Female Patients? (urotoday.com)
  • Patients who cannot stop urine from leaking may need surgery besides using pads, incontinence wipes , or similar products for the problem. (parentgiving.com)
  • Similarly, patients may need to consult with a professional to avoid using any meds that may cause incontinence. (parentgiving.com)
  • ABSTRACT The objective of this descriptive, hospital-based comparative cross-sectional survey was to determine gender differences in factors associated with patients' decisions to seek treatment for urinary incontinence (UI). (who.int)
  • Patients with urinary incontinence should undergo a basic evaluation that includes a history, physical examination, and urinalysis. (medscape.com)
  • INTRODUCTION: Despite various studies on the impact of incontinence on patients' lives, the existing literature has not investigated the contribution of nursing care during rehabilitation in terms of quality of life. (bvsalud.org)
  • The short form 12 questionnaire was administered upon admission of patients to the clinic, after 6 weeks, and during the last consultation to investigate the impact of urinary incontinence (UI) on daily activities and physical and psychological quality of life. (bvsalud.org)
  • Patients with stress urinary incontinence. (who.int)
  • Introduction and hypothesis The aim of the study was to determine whether successful incontinence pessary fitting or pessary size can be predicted by specific POPQ measurements in women without advanced pelvic organ prolapse. (researchgate.net)
  • vaginal pessary has been used for centuries as a conservative treatment of pelvic organ prolapse [1] and more recently for stress urinary incontinence [2 - 4]. (researchgate.net)
  • The primary aim of this study was to determine, in a group of women without advanced pelvic organ prolapse and with or without a uterus, (1) whether successful incontinence pessary fitting can be predicted by specific pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POPQ) measurements [8] and (2) whether POPQ measures predict pessary size. (researchgate.net)
  • Sometimes, when the patient is experiencing stress urinary incontinence, the surgeon can perform an anti-incontinence surgery, (most likely a loose sling under the neck of the bladder) during the prolapse surgery for treatment of stress urinary incontinence. (simonfoundation.org)
  • In severe cases of prolapse, surgery may be the only way to find relief from pelvic discomfort and stress incontinence. (simonfoundation.org)
  • She has extensive experience in clinical research for the treatment of women with stress urinary incontinence, detrusor overactivity and genital prolapse. (simonfoundation.org)
  • A regular contributor to the medical press, Ms. Sasso has authored and coauthored a number of articles on female urinary incontinence, genital prolapse and treatment options. (simonfoundation.org)
  • Overflow incontinence is most common in men. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Other people have what's called overflow incontinence, when the bladder cannot empty and they dribble. (mountsinai.org)
  • If you have overflow incontinence and cannot empty your bladder completely, you may need to use a catheter. (mountsinai.org)
  • Overflow incontinence is a frequent or constant dribble of urine due to the bladder not emptying completely. (kelsey-seybold.com)
  • To treat urinary incontinence, your doctor can help you form a treatment plan. (mountsinai.org)
  • Is It Possible to Treat Urinary Incontinence after a Prostate Surgery? (parentgiving.com)
  • Remission and Transition of Female Urinary Incontinence and Its Subtypes and the Impact of Body Mass Index on this Progression: A Nationwide Population-Based 4-Year Longitudinal Study in China. (urotoday.com)
  • Brazilian version of the King's Health Questionnaire: assessment of the structural validity and internal consistency in female urinary incontinence. (urotoday.com)
  • Infections in the urinary tract can cause temporary urinary incontinence. (houmanmd.com)
  • Problems or damage either in the urinary tract or in the nerves that control urination. (healthwise.net)
  • Urinary incontinence, or the loss of the ability to control urination, is common in men that have had surgery or radiation for prostate cancer. (malecare.org)
  • Although one valve is enough for the body to control urination, men usually have urinary trouble after prostate surgery. (parentgiving.com)
  • Your Urology specialist will likely recommend a urinalysis, keeping a diary of urination over several days, and possibly more tests to determine the underlying cause of the incontinence. (kelsey-seybold.com)
  • Incontinence symptoms can range from small leaks with increased pressure to a complete loss of bladder control. (femalephysioco.com)
  • Urinary incontinence - the loss of bladder control - is a common and often embarrassing problem. (mayoclinic.org)
  • We've got good news, urge incontinence can actually be managed (in most cases) with some simple lifestyle changes, bladder retraining and pelvic floor muscle exercise. (poise.com.au)
  • Urinary incontinence can be caused by weakened bladder muscles, damage to the pelvic floor, enlarged prostate, menopause, or bladder cancer. (healthline.com)
  • Training the pelvic floor muscles can help stress incontinence. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pelvic floor training should be tailored to each individual depending on the reason for the incontinence. (femalephysioco.com)
  • Emsella is a non-invasive electromagnetic therapy that helps strengthen pelvic floor muscles, effectively treating urinary incontinence and enhancing pelvic health without the need for surgery or downtime. (precisionaestheticsmd.com)
  • One such treatment is our Emsella in New York City - a breakthrough, non-invasive solution designed to improve urinary incontinence and strengthen pelvic floor muscles. (precisionaestheticsmd.com)
  • Emsella is a powerful tool for enhancing pelvic floor muscles, offering a completely non-surgical strategy for urinary incontinence. (precisionaestheticsmd.com)
  • Pregnancy and childbirth: Hormonal changes during pregnancy and the stress of childbirth can weaken pelvic floor muscles, contributing to incontinence. (precisionaestheticsmd.com)
  • If you are experiencing stress incontinence, then working out your pelvic floor muscles can help a lot, too. (hersolution.com)
  • Mechanisms of pelvic floor muscle training for managing urinary incontinence in women: a scoping review. (urotoday.com)
  • Her clinical practice involves the evaluation and treatment of women with urinary incontinence, voiding dysfunction, and pelvic floor disorders. (simonfoundation.org)
  • Depending upon the severity and cause of your urinary incontinence, treatment may include bladder training, scheduled bathroom trips, diet management, pelvic floor exercises, absorbent pads, the use of a catheter, and medication. (kelsey-seybold.com)
  • Pregnancy , childbirth , and menopause may contribute to urinary incontinence in women. (hdkino.org)
  • After menopause, estrogen production decreases and, in some women, urethral tissue will demonstrate atrophy, becoming weaker and thinner, possibly playing a role in the development of urinary incontinence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Women are most likely to develop incontinence either during pregnancy and childbirth or after the hormonal changes of menopause, because of weakened pelvic muscles. (uclahealth.org)
  • Prostate or bladder cancer can cause incontinence. (healthline.com)
  • Enlarged prostate or prostate cancer can cause urinary incontinence in men. (houmanmd.com)
  • It is also important to know that doctors continue to improve treatment for prostate cancer to lessen the chance of getting incontinence after surgery or radiation. (malecare.org)
  • Why do prostate cancer treatments cause urinary incontinence? (malecare.org)
  • To understand why urinary incontinence is common after prostate cancer treatment, it is important to know a little bit about how the bladder holds urine. (malecare.org)
  • However, on average, men who go through prostate surgery experience urinary incontinence for the first three months. (parentgiving.com)
  • Although most people think that radiation treatment for prostate cancer is a good alternative to avoid urinary incontinence, it is not the case. (parentgiving.com)
  • [ 1 ] Neurogenic bladder is a term applied to urinary bladder malfunction due to neurologic dysfunction emanating from internal or external trauma, disease, or injury. (medscape.com)
  • If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, please call our office to schedule your appointment for proper diagnosis and treatment of male urinary incontinence in Los Angeles. (houmanmd.com)
  • Treatment options for male urinary incontinence depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, lifestyle changes, pelvic muscle exercises, or surgery Dr. Houman will evaluate your particular case and provide a proper diagnosis and effective treatment plan for men experiencing urinary incontinence in Los Angeles. (houmanmd.com)
  • Diagnosis of urinary incontinence in women may involve a physical exam, an ultrasound , urodynamic testing , and tests including cystoscopy , urinalysis , and a bladder stress test. (hdkino.org)
  • The impact of physician-directed and patient-directed education on screening, diagnosis, treatment, and referral patterns for urinary incontinence. (urotoday.com)
  • Urinary incontinence (UI) is the most common diagnosis made by urologists and gynaecologists [1], but only about 20% of individuals with UI seek medical care for treatment of their symptoms [2,3]. (who.int)
  • However, treatment doesn't happen overnight, so the first steps to treating urge incontinence is to manage the leaks appropriately. (poise.com.au)
  • Added pounds are linked to OAB and urine leaks (your doctor will call this urinary incontinence). (webmd.com)
  • Treatment outcome of women with urodynamic mixed urinary incontinence: an observational study. (urotoday.com)
  • Urodynamic study revealing detrusor instability in a 75-year-old man with urge incontinence. (medscape.com)
  • Urge incontinence can be all consuming, and many women completely change their daily activities because they are worried about where the next toilet is. (poise.com.au)
  • Many women report "triggers" for urge incontinence. (poise.com.au)
  • 2 Older women often experience combined symptoms of stress and urge incontinence called mixed incontinence. (healthplexus.net)
  • Urinary incontinence affects women more often than men in a 2-to-1 ratio. (healthline.com)
  • Urinary incontinence is more common in older women, though anyone can have it. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Urinary Incontinence is a very common complaint among women of all ages. (femalephysioco.com)
  • Urinary incontinence in women is common and treatable. (hdkino.org)
  • Research is ongoing to discover new and better treatments for urinary incontinence in women. (hdkino.org)
  • Urinary incontinence is more common in older women. (wikipedia.org)
  • The causes leading to urinary incontinence are usually specific to each sex, however, some causes are common to both men and women. (wikipedia.org)
  • Women that have symptoms of both types are said to have "mixed" urinary incontinence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methods In a multicenter study, women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and POPQ stage ≤2 were randomized to three tre. (researchgate.net)
  • This analysis includes the 266 women assigned to receive an incontinence pessary (treatment arms 1 and 3). (researchgate.net)
  • Dr. Joseph Berenholz has been treating women with urge incontinence for years successfully using the Emsella chair. (drberenholz.com)
  • Analysis of Characteristics and Quality of Life of Elderly Women with Mild to Moderate Urinary Incontinence in Community Dwellings. (urotoday.com)
  • Incontinence outcomes in women undergoing retropubic mid-urethral sling: a retrospective cohort study comparing Safyreâ„¢ and handmade sling. (urotoday.com)
  • Quality of Life, Psychological Wellbeing, and Sexuality in Women with Urinary Incontinence-Where Are We Now: A Narrative Review. (urotoday.com)
  • Effect of Acupuncture for Mixed Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review. (urotoday.com)
  • Losing excess weight and increasing exercise both often improve incontinence, especially in women. (mountsinai.org)
  • Urinary incontinence is a common occurrence, particularly in older women, but when it begins to negatively affect your daily activities, it's time to see a Urology specialist. (kelsey-seybold.com)
  • There are two main types of urinary leakage in women, including urge incontinence and stress incontinence. (everettclinic.com)
  • Results from a recent pilot study by Kuismanen et al suggested that urethral injection of a combination of patient-derived adipose stem cells (ASCs) and collagen can improve the symptoms of stress urinary incontinence in women, possibly providing a nonsurgical alternative to sling procedures for this condition. (medscape.com)
  • All five women in the study, each of whom received ASCs and collagen for stress urinary incontinence, demonstrated subjective improvement. (medscape.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to describe the urge incontinence among women with IC/BPS, which may indicate true overlap of OAB and IC/BPS. (cdc.gov)
  • If you experience urge incontinence you likely also feel the need to wee more frequently than most people. (poise.com.au)
  • Retropubic suspension is a surgical technique used to improve urinary continence. (mountsinai.org)
  • Some people may also need to lose weight to deal with this problem as it can help improve urinary function. (parentgiving.com)
  • There are certain medications and medical interventions that can help with urinary incontinence. (femalephysioco.com)
  • Medications may also be prescribed for urinary incontinence and bladder difficulties seen in hereditary ataxias. (news-medical.net)
  • Cost-effectiveness of an app-based treatment for urinary incontinence in comparison to care as usual in Dutch general practice: A pragmatic randomised controlled trial over 12 months. (urotoday.com)
  • The severity of urge incontinence symptoms vary from occasional urine losses on the way to the bathroom to sudden, uncontrollable "flooding" without warning. (healthplexus.net)
  • surgery are all possible treatment options, depending upon the exact type and severity of the incontinence. (hdkino.org)
  • Major causes of urge incontinence include things that impact the bladder - brain messaging connection or anything that impacts functional bladder capacity. (poise.com.au)
  • Unlike other types of incontinence, functional incontinence is caused by physical or mental barriers that may prevent someone from making it to the bathroom in time. (healthline.com)
  • Functional incontinence is also known as disability associated urinary incontinence. (continence.org.au)
  • Functional incontinence is due to having a physical or mental impairment, such as severe arthritis or Parkinson's Disease, that causes a delayed ability to get to the bathroom. (kelsey-seybold.com)