Toxaphene
Chlordan
Dieldrin
Carbaryl
Insecticides
Endosulfan
Endocrine Glands
Environmental occurrence, analysis, and toxicology of toxaphene compounds. (1/21)
Toxaphene production, in quantities similar to those of polychlorinated biphenyls, has resulted in high toxaphene levels in fish from the Great Lakes and in Arctic marine mammals (up to 10 and 16 microg g-1 lipid). Because of the large variabiliity in total toxaphene data, few reliable conclusions can be drawn about trends or geographic differences in toxaphene concentrations. New developments in mass spectrometric detection using either negative chemical ionization or electron impact modes as well as in multidimensional gas chromatography recently have led researchers to suggest congener-specific approaches. Recently, several nomenclature systems have been developed for toxaphene compounds. Although all systems have specific advantages and limitations, it is suggested that an international body such as the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry make an attempt to obtain uniformity in the literature. Toxicologic information on individual chlorobornanes is scarce, but some reports have recently appeared. Neurotoxic effects of toxaphene exposure such as those on behavior and learning have been reported. Technical toxaphene and some individual congeners were found to be weakly estrogenic in in vitro test systems; no evidence for endocrine effects in vivo has been reported. In vitro studies show technical toxaphene and toxaphene congeners to be mutagenic. However, in vivo studies have not shown genotoxicity; therefore, a nongenotoxic mechanism is proposed. Nevertheless, toxaphene is believed to present a potential carcinogenic risk to humans. Until now, only Germany has established a legal tolerance level for toxaphene--0.1 mg kg-1 wet weight for fish. (+info)Two organochlorine pesticides, toxaphene and chlordane, are antagonists for estrogen-related receptor alpha-1 orphan receptor. (2/21)
Estrogen-related receptor (ERR) alpha-1 shares a high amino acid sequence homology with estrogen receptor alpha. Although estrogens are not ligands of ERR alpha-1, our recent results suggest that toxaphene and chlordane, two organochlorine pesticides with estrogen-like activity, behave as antagonists for this orphan nuclear receptor. The two compounds increased ERR alpha-1-mediated expression of the reporter enzyme beta-galactosidase in a yeast-based assay. The screen was developed by expressing the hERR alpha-1-yeast Gal 4 activation domain fusion protein in yeast cells carrying the beta-galactosidase reporter plasmid, which contains an ERR alpha-1-binding element. In transfection experiments using mammalian cell lines, such as the SK-BR-3 breast cancer cell line, the compounds were found to have an antagonist activity against ERR alpha-1-mediated expression of the reporter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. In contrast to the findings with ERR alpha-1, the two compounds were found to slightly induce the estrogen receptor a-mediated expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in SK-BR-3 cells. In a ligand-independent manner, the ERR alpha-1 activity in SK-BR-3 cells was induced 3-fold by cotransfection with the GRIP1 coactivator expression plasmid. Toxaphene was found to be capable of suppressing the GRIP1 coactivator-induced ERR alpha-1 activity in SK-BR-3 cells. In addition, a stable ERR alpha-1 expressing HepG2 hepatoma cell line was generated, and the aromatase activity in the transfected cell line was found to be twice that in the untransfected cell line. The enzyme aromatase converts androgens to estrogens, and aromatase expression in HepG2 cells is regulated in part by an ERR alpha-1-modulating promoter. A 24-h incubation of an ERR alpha-1-transfected HepG2 cell line with 10 microM toxaphene reduced its aromatase activity to the level in the untransfected cell line. Because toxaphene is not an inhibitor of aromatase, it is thought that the decrease of the aromatase activity in ERR alpha-1 transfected HepG2 cells following toxaphene treatment resulted from a suppression of the aromatase expression by toxaphene acting as the antagonist of ERR alpha-1. Toxaphene and chlordane are among the 12 persistent organic pollutants identified by the United Nations Environment Programme as requiring urgent attention. Their antagonistic effects on ERR alpha-1 should not be overlooked. (+info)Examination of selected food additives and organochlorine food contaminants for androgenic activity in vitro. (3/21)
In order to produce a reporter gene assay for androgenic chemicals, a constitutive expression vector coding for the human androgen receptor and a reporter construct containing the firefly luciferase coding sequence under transcriptional control of the androgen responsive MMTV promoter were cotransfected into the androgen-insensitive human PC-3 prostate carcinoma cell line and stable transfectants selected. One colony of transfectants, PC-3 LUCAR+, was characterized further. 5alpha-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) enhanced luciferase activity in a linear fashion for up to 3 days of culture. The Kd for DHT activation was within the range of 25.0-60.0 pM (r2 values >0.95). Flutamide competitively inhibited DHT activation (mean Ki value of 0.89 microM). Progesterone, estradiol, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone were weak agonists (100-fold less effective than DHT) and diethylstilbestrol was without effect. The effects of organochlorine food contaminants (0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 microM) on luciferase activity in PC-3 LUCAR+ cells were determined after exposure to the chemical for 18 h in the presence and absence of DHT (50 pM). 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p'-DDE) induced luciferase activity in the absence of DHT (100 microM p,p'-DDE equivalent to 50 pM DHT), but in the presence of DHT (50 pM), p,p'-DDE acted antagonistically. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, kepone, butylated hydroxyanisole, and butylated hydroxytoluene all partially inhibited activation by DHT (50 pM) but alone had little or no effect. Toxaphene at 10 microM induced luciferase activity in the absence of DHT but decreased cell viability. Alpha- and delta-Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH) at 10 microM antagonized the DHT effect, but beta-HCH and gamma-HCH mirex, photomirex, oxychlordane, cis- and trans-nonachlor were without effect. Thus, of the chemicals tested, some interact with the human androgen receptor in vitro as agonists, others as antagonists, and some as partial agonists/antagonists. (+info)Reevaluation of the cancer potency factor of toxaphene: recommendations from a peer review panel. (4/21)
This reevaluation of the current U.S. EPA cancer potency factor for toxaphene is based upon a review of toxaphene carcinogenesis bioassays in mice conducted by Litton Bionetics (unpublished report, 1978) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Technical Report Series No. 37, conducted by Gulf South Research Institute, 1979). The mechanistic data available for toxaphene, including consideration of the potential of the compound to induce genotoxicity, was examined with an emphasis on whether this information supports a change in the cancer potency factor. If a quantitative dose-response assessment for toxaphene is to be performed, the data from both the NCI and Litton cancer bioassays should be used. Additionally, liver tumor results from female mice, rather than male mice, should be used for estimating potential human cancer risk because the background rate of liver tumors in females is lower and less variable than that exhibited by males. An ED(10) was estimated as the point of departure. The mechanistic data were not sufficient to fully support a margin of exposure approach. Therefore, we believe that applying a linear extrapolation from the ED(10) to the origin is an appropriate means to estimate risk at low doses. This is a highly conservative approach and, when it is applied, we conclude that the current EPA cancer potency factor should be reduced from 1.1 (mg/kg/day)(-1) to 0.1 (mg/kg/day)(-1). (+info)Molecular basis for the constitutive activity of estrogen-related receptor alpha-1. (5/21)
Some orphan nuclear receptors, including estrogen-related receptor alpha-1 (ERRalpha-1), can activate gene transcription in a constitutive manner. Little is known about the molecular basis of the constitutive activity of these receptors. Our results from site-directed mutagenesis experiments have revealed that Phe-329 (analogous to Ala-350 in estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)) is responsible for the constitutive activity of ERRalpha-1. The ERRalpha-1 mutant F329A lost the transactivation activity and acted as a dominant negative mutant. The mammalian cell transfection experiments revealed that the ERRalpha-1 mutant F329A, like wild-type ERalpha, recognized toxaphene (an organochlorine pesticide) as an agonist. This compound was previously shown to be an antagonist of wild-type ERRalpha-1. On the other hand, like wild-type ERRalpha-1, the ERalpha mutant A350F was found to be constitutively active (as demonstrated by mammalian cell transfection and yeast two-hybrid assays). These results indicate that Phe-329 in ERRalpha-1 and Ala-350 in ERalpha play important roles in both ligand binding and transactivation function. (+info)Inhibition of E2-induced expression of BRCA1 by persistent organochlorines. (6/21)
BACKGROUND: Environmental persistent organochlorines (POCs) biomagnify in the food chain, and the chemicals are suspected of being involved in a broad range of human malignancies. It is speculated that some POCs that can interfere with estrogen receptor-mediated responses are involved in the initiation and progression of human breast cancer. The tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 plays a role in cell-cycle control, in DNA repair, and in genomic stability, and it is often downregulated in sporadic mammary cancers. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether POCs have the potential to alter the expression of BRCA1. METHODS: Using human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, the effect on BRCA1 expression of chemicals belonging to different classes of organochlorine chemicals (the pesticide toxaphene, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and three polychlorinated biphenyls [PCB#138, PCB#153 and PCB#180]) was measured by a reporter gene construct carrying 267 bp of the BRCA1 promoter. A twofold concentration range was analyzed in MCF-7, and the results were supported by northern blot analysis of BRCA1 mRNA using the highest concentrations of the chemicals. RESULTS: All three polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin reduced 17beta-estradiol (E2)-induced expression as well as basal reporter gene expression in both cell lines, whereas northern blot analysis only revealed a downregulation of E2-induced BRCA1 mRNA expression in MCF-7 cells. Toxaphene, like E2, induced BRCA1 expression in MCF-7. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that some POCs have the capability to alter the expression of the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 without affecting the cell-cycle control protein p21Waf/Cip1. Some POCs therefore have the potential to affect breast cancer risk. (+info)Effects of toxaphene on hepatic enzyme induction and circulating steroid levels in the rat. (7/21)
Rats were given a single dose of toxaphene (120 mg/kg, equivalent to 1/2 LD50) and sacrificed at 1, 5, and 15 days. Liver weight and hepatic microsomal enzyme activity were increased at day 5 and 15. The level of plasma testosterone was significantly decreased at day 15. In a second experiment rats were given 2.4 mg/kg daily and sacrificed at 1, 3 and 6 months. Liver weight and microsomal enzyme activity were significantly increased over controls; enzyme activity was, however, decreasing by the end of the experiment. Plasma testosterone levels were not affected. It is concluded that enhanced hepatic enzyme induction causes only a transient drop in circulating testosterone levels followed by a return to normal values. (+info)Effect of chlorocamphene on the isoenzyme spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase in rat serum and liver. (8/21)
Rats were used to study the general activity and the isoenzyme spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) during single-instance and long-term introduction of polychlorocamphene. Total lactate dehydrogenase activity decreases in the liver during the single-instance introduction of half the LD50 (120 mg/kg). The isoenzyme spectrum of LDH is characterized by an increase in the quantity of LDH1, LDH2, and LDH3 and by a decrease in the amount of LDH4. The overall LDH activity does not change in blood serum. The isoform ratio changes insignificantly and LDH1 falls, but normalized 15 days after the introduction of the compound. Long-term introduction of polychlorocamphene at levels 1/100 the LD50 dose over 1.3 and 6 months causes a reduction in the overall LDH activity, both in the liver and in the serum. A decrease in the activity of the basic LDH isoenzyme of the liver (LDH5) and a sharp increase in LDH3 are characteristic for the isoenzyme spectrum of the liver. LDH1 and LDH4 decrease and LDH2 and LDH3 increase in blood serum. Beginning with the third month of polychlorocamphene introduction, LDH1 tends to return to normal levels. LDH2, LDH3, and LDH4 do return to normal levels, while LDH5 increases regularly. This results in a reduction of the number of H subunits and an increase of M subunits. This is characteristic of hypoxic states. On comparing the changes in the LDH enzymes of the liver and blood serum, it can be considered that the introduction of polychlorocamphene does not result in an increase in the permeability of the cellular membranes of the liver for LDH isoenzymes, while the observed isoenzyme spectrum shifts in blood serum are either the result of the biosynthesis of the isoforms of this enzyme changed by the compound or the result of the permeability for them of cells of other tissues. (+info)Toxaphene is not typically defined in a medical context as it is not a medication or a condition. However, it is a chemical compound that has been used as a pesticide and has been banned in many countries due to its toxicity and environmental persistence.
Medically, toxaphene exposure can lead to various health issues, including skin and eye irritation, respiratory problems, neurological symptoms, and potential cancer risk. Therefore, it is sometimes mentioned in medical literature in the context of occupational or environmental health.
Chlordane is a man-made chlorinated hydrocarbon compound that was widely used as a pesticide, particularly for termite control, from the 1940s until it was banned in the United States in 1988 due to its toxicity and persistence in the environment. It is a colorless or light brown liquid with a mild, aromatic odor.
Chlordane is an extremely toxic compound to insects and has been shown to have negative effects on human health as well. Exposure to chlordane can cause a range of adverse health effects, including neurological damage, liver toxicity, and an increased risk of cancer. It is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Chlordane is highly persistent in the environment and can accumulate in the food chain, posing a particular risk to wildlife and humans who consume contaminated food or water. It can also volatilize from soil and water into the air, where it can be transported long distances and contribute to air pollution. As a result, chlordane continues to pose a significant environmental and health hazard, even though its use has been banned for several decades.
"Thuja" is a botanical term for a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs, also known as arborvitae or western red cedar. It belongs to the family Cupressaceae. While it has some traditional medicinal uses, there isn't a widely accepted medical definition for "Thuja" in modern medicine.
Historically, preparations made from Thuja occidentalis (eastern white cedar) have been used in alternative and traditional medicine, such as homeopathy. The leaves and twigs are often used to make teas, tinctures, or essential oils. However, it's important to note that the use of Thuja for medicinal purposes can have potential side effects and toxicities, and its effectiveness is not always supported by scientific evidence. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new treatment.
Dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide that was widely used in the past for agricultural and household pest control. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Dieldrin has high toxicity to both insects and mammals, including humans. It can cause a range of harmful health effects, such as seizures, damage to the nervous system, and liver and kidney damage. Dieldrin was banned for most uses in the United States in 1974 due to its persistence in the environment and potential to accumulate in the food chain. It is now classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP) and is regulated under international treaties.
Carbaryl is a carbamate pesticide that is used to control a wide variety of insects, including fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes. It works by inhibiting the action of an enzyme called cholinesterase, which is necessary for the proper functioning of the nervous system in insects. This leads to paralysis and death of the pests. Carbaryl is also used in some veterinary products to treat parasitic infestations. It can be found in various forms, such as powders, granules, and solutions, and can be applied to plants, animals, and indoor/outdoor surfaces. However, it can be harmful to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it is important to follow the label instructions carefully when using carbaryl products.
Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.
Endosulfan is a synthetic, broad-spectrum insecticide that was widely used in agriculture for controlling a variety of pests. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organochlorines, which are characterized by having a chlorinated aromatic ring. Endosulfan exists in two stereoisomeric forms, alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan, and is often used as a mixture of these two forms.
Endosulfan has been linked to several health problems, including neurological disorders, endocrine disruption, and reproductive toxicity. It is also considered to be highly toxic to aquatic life and birds. Due to its persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation, endosulfan has been banned or restricted in many countries around the world.
The medical definition of Endosulfan can be described as a synthetic organochlorine insecticide that is highly toxic and has been linked to various health problems, including neurological disorders, endocrine disruption, and reproductive toxicity. It is no longer approved for use in many countries due to its environmental persistence and potential health risks.
Endocrine glands are ductless glands in the human body that release hormones directly into the bloodstream, which then carry the hormones to various tissues and organs in the body. These glands play a crucial role in regulating many of the body's functions, including metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.
Examples of endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pineal gland, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Each of these glands produces specific hormones that have unique effects on various target tissues in the body.
The endocrine system works closely with the nervous system to regulate many bodily functions through a complex network of feedback mechanisms. Disorders of the endocrine system can result in a wide range of symptoms and health problems, including diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders, and sexual dysfunction.
Transcription elongation, genetic is the process in which RNA polymerase synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template by adding nucleotides one by one to the growing chain in a continuous manner, after the initiation of transcription has occurred. During this process, the RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template, reading the sequence of nucleotide bases and adding complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA strand until the end of the gene is reached. Transcription elongation is regulated by various factors, including protein complexes that interact with the RNA polymerase and modify its activity. Dysregulation of transcription elongation has been implicated in several human diseases, including cancer.
Toxaphene
Deborah Swackhamer
Pesticide
Biomagnification
Siskiwit Lake (Isle Royale)
Insecticide
Multimedia fugacity model
Hudson Plains Ecoregion
Environmental health ethics
Persistent organic pollutant
Pajaro River
Environmental impact of pesticides
Hercules 009 Landfill
Bajzë railway station
Sentinel species
Boll Weevil Eradication Program
Lake Laberge
Endocrine disruptor
Tineola bisselliella
Endosulfan
Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge
Thermal desorption
List of MeSH codes (D02)
IARC group 2B
Santa Clara River (California)
Wattle bagworm
Dieldrin
Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances
Rotterdam Convention
Toxaphene - Wikipedia
Toxaphene | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
EWG Tap Water Database | Lordsburg Water Supply System | Toxaphene
"Comparing The Mutagenicity of Toxaphene After Aging in Anoxic Soils an" by James C. Young, Anne D. Freeman et al.
Identification of toxaphene congeners in bird eggs by combining quadrupole NICI-MS and ion trap EI-MS/MS. - NILU
Advertisement for Toxaphene (Hercules Chlorinated Camphene) - Science History Institute Digital Collections
Toxaphene Archives - Australian Pesticides Map
Synthesis and Characterization of Toxaphene Congeners - Dioxin 20XX International Symposium
Toxaphene exhibition display (circa 1950s) - Science History Institute Digital Collections
Guide to Eating Ontario Fish | ontario.ca
Golden Hour Gallery Photo Gallery by Gordon W at pbase.com
Organochlorine Pesticide Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Cross-border Movement of Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Recyclable Material Regulations
Waste Pickup | Environmental | Environmental Health and Safety | Kansas State University
Bornane, 2,2,5-endo,6-exo,8,9,10-heptachloro
The EPA National Library Catalog | EPA National Library Network | US EPA
Household Hazardous Waste | Mariposa County, CA - Official Website
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
Research - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
The EPA National Library Catalog | EPA National Library Network | US EPA
Spring Source SS-EPTWFU01-S Replacement for Frigidaire EPTWFU01 PureSource Ultra II
BK4X2-BB Big Berkey Water Purification System
Ban Asbestos Network of India Condemns Indian Government's Double Speak on Asbestos
Levels of toxaphene3
- Exposure to high levels of toxaphene can cause damage to the lungs, nervous system, liver, kidneys, and in extreme cases, may even cause death. (wikipedia.org)
- The levels of toxaphene have decreased since its ban. (wikipedia.org)
- Measured ambient air levels of toxaphene (approximately) higher levels through breathing may be distributed include kidney, liver, and persistent congeners range from not contaminated air or through direct skin muscle, and brain. (cdc.gov)
Yellow to amber waxy solid2
- Toxaphene is usually seen as a yellow to amber waxy solid with a piney odor. (wikipedia.org)
- In its original form, toxaphene is a yellow to amber waxy solid that has a piney odor. (cdc.gov)
Congeners3
- The ultimate objective was to determine if the residual toxaphene congeners were more or less mutagenic than those in technical- grade toxaphene.The study showed that the mutagenicity of the bioaccumulated toxaphenecongeners in fish, expressed as colony revertants per mg of residual toxaphene, was no greater than that of technical-grade toxaphene.Themutagenicimpactofthetoxapheneresidualsinagedsoilstatistically was less than that for technical-grade toxaphene. (unl.edu)
- Two specific congeners, a hexachlorobornane(labeled Hx-Sd) and a heptachlorobornane (labeled Hp-Sd), were found to accumulate over time in both soil and fish extracts, but did not show increased mutagenic impacts relative to that produced by technical- grade toxaphene. (unl.edu)
- Identification of toxaphene congeners in bird eggs by combining quadrupole NICI-MS and ion trap EI-MS/MS. (nilu.no)
Endrin1
- The negotiators have agreed to eliminate pesticides like aldrin, endrin and toxaphene. (org.in)
Pesticides2
- Advertisement for Toxaphene, a toxicant manufactured and sold by the Hercules Powder Company for use in pesticides and insecticides. (sciencehistory.org)
- Cyclodienes, HCHs, and toxaphene pesticides inhibit chloride influx in the CNS induced by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and thus interfere with GABA receptor function. (cdc.gov)
Contact with contaminated soil1
- People living near a location with heavy toxaphene contamination, such as a hazardous waste site, may be exposed to higher levels through breathing contaminated air or through direct skin contact with contaminated soil or water. (cdc.gov)
Tend to accumulate2
- People who eat large quantities of fish, shellfish, or wild game animals from areas contaminated with toxaphene may have higher exposure to this substance since these animals tend to accumulate toxaphene in fatty tissues. (cdc.gov)
- these animals tend to accumulate component has its own rate of Toxaphene was detected in soil and Public Health Service toxaphene in fatty tissues. (cdc.gov)
Insecticide5
- Toxaphene was an insecticide used primarily for cotton in the southern United States during the late 1960s and the 1970s. (wikipedia.org)
- 1-800-CDCINFO of toxaphene supplies or the use of this insecticide in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- Toxaphene is a yellowish-colored inhalation exposure among populations by the dose (how much), the Clinical signs of nervous system insecticide composed of a complex living near waste sites that contain duration (how long), and the stimulation (e.g., convulsions) were mixture of at least 670 chlorinated toxaphene and its degradation products. (cdc.gov)
- Toxaphene is a neurotoxic, persistent and bioaccumulative insecticide classified by the EPA as a probable human carcinogen. (ewg.org)
- General view of an exhibition display panel marketing Toxaphene, a synthetic organic insecticide toxicant manufactured and sold by the Hercules Powder Company. (sciencehistory.org)
Kidneys2
- Exposure to toxaphene has proven to stimulate the central nervous system, as well as induce morphological changes in the thyroid, liver, and kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
- Studies showed that animals which ate food or drank water containing toxaphene had effects on the liver, kidneys, and immune system. (cdc.gov)
Persistent2
- Toxaphene was banned in the United States in 1990 and was banned globally by the 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. (wikipedia.org)
- When released into the environment, toxaphene can be quite persistent and exists in the air, soil, and water. (wikipedia.org)
Compounds2
- The bulk of the compounds (mostly chlorobornanes, chlorocamphenes, and other bicyclic chloroorganic compounds) found in toxaphene have chemical formulas ranging from C10H11Cl5 to C10H6Cl12, with a mean formula of C10H10Cl8. (wikipedia.org)
- Toxaphene is a mixture of hundreds of different chlorinated compounds. (cdc.gov)
19502
- Advertisements for Toxaphene were seen in agricultural periodicals such as Farm Journal as early as 1950. (wikipedia.org)
- Toxaphene Exhibition Display (circa 1950s)," 1950-1959. (sciencehistory.org)
Camphene2
- Toxaphene is a mixture of over 670 different chemicals and is produced by reacting chlorine gas with camphene. (wikipedia.org)
- Toxaphene is a synthetic organic mixture composed of over 670 chemicals, formed by the chlorination of camphene (C10H16) to an overall chlorine content of 67-69% by weight. (wikipedia.org)
Fatty tissues1
- Toxaphene accumulates in fatty tissues of fish and mammals. (cdc.gov)
Breaks down very slowly2
- Toxaphene breaks down very slowly and has a half-life of up to 12 years in the soil. (wikipedia.org)
- Toxaphene can stay in the environment for a long time because it breaks down very slowly. (cdc.gov)
Exposure3
- The three main paths of exposure to toxaphene are ingestion, inhalation, and absorption. (wikipedia.org)
- How can families reduce the risk of exposure to toxaphene? (cdc.gov)
- This limit may not fully protect against the risk of cancer due to toxaphene exposure. (ewg.org)
Pests1
- Toxaphene was used primarily in the southern United States to control insect pests on cotton and other crops. (cdc.gov)
Runoff2
Thyroid1
- Toxaphene caused liver cancer in mice and possible thyroid cancer in rats that were given large amounts of toxaphene by mouth. (cdc.gov)
19901
- In 1990, the EPA banned all usage of toxaphene in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
Degradation1
- The degradation of toxaphene usually occurs under aerobic conditions. (wikipedia.org)
Environmental Protec2
- As a result of Environmental Protection Agency restrictions, annual toxaphene usage fell to 6.6 million pounds in 1982. (wikipedia.org)
- Toxaphene has been found in at least 68 of the 1,699 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (cdc.gov)
Soils2
- Comparing The Mutagenicity of Toxaphene After Aging in Anoxic Soils an" by James C. Young, Anne D. Freeman et al. (unl.edu)
- A test program was conducted to evaluate the mutagenicity of toxaphene residuals extracted from aged soils and from fish collected in creeks near a toxaphene-contaminated site. (unl.edu)
Breakdown products2
Pesticide2
- The first recorded usage of toxaphene was in 1966 in the United States,[citation needed] and by the early to mid 1970s, toxaphene was the United States' most heavily used pesticide. (wikipedia.org)
- Toxaphene is a pesticide which is currently banned for all uses in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Long distances2
- It can also be present in many parts of the world where it was never used because toxaphene is able to evaporate and travel long distances through air currents. (wikipedia.org)
- Toxaphene can be carried long distances in the air. (cdc.gov)
Surface waters1
- For people who live in areas where surface waters (for example lakes) have been contaminated with toxaphene, consumption of toxaphene-contaminated foods such as fish may need to be reduced. (cdc.gov)
Soil1
- Toxaphene is more likely found in air, soil, and sediment at the bottom of lakes or streams, than in surface water. (cdc.gov)
Samples1
- Toxaphene was not detected in most contaminated with toxaphene may have appears that all toxaphene components drinking water samples. (cdc.gov)
Mice1
- Testing performed on animals, mostly rats and mice, has demonstrated that toxaphene is harmful to animals. (wikipedia.org)
Agricultural1
- Most toxaphene and its breakdown agricultural areas since being banned. (cdc.gov)
Humans4
- Toxaphene has been shown to cause adverse health effects in humans. (wikipedia.org)
- It is not known whether toxaphene can affect reproduction in humans. (cdc.gov)
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that toxaphene is possibly carcinogenic to humans. (cdc.gov)
- We do not know if toxaphene would cause developmental effects in humans. (cdc.gov)
Cancer2
Water2
- Avoid drinking water contaminated with toxaphene. (cdc.gov)
- The EWG Health Guideline of 0.03 ppb for toxaphene was defined by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment as a public health goal, the level of a drinking water contaminant that does not pose a significant health risk. (ewg.org)
High1
- However, since toxaphene is no longer used in the United States, most people would not be exposed to high levels of it. (cdc.gov)
Solid1
- Toxaphene is usually found as a solid or a gas. (cdc.gov)
Health3
Large1
- import of toxaphene for pesticidal use in consuming large quantities of toxaphene- the United States. (cdc.gov)
People1
- seen in people during acute toxaphene terpenes. (cdc.gov)