Orthodontic techniques used to correct the malposition of a single tooth.
One of a set of bone-like structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing.
The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth.
The fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE surrounding the TOOTH ROOT, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS).
Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Wires of various dimensions and grades made of stainless steel or precious metal. They are used in orthodontic treatment.
The most posterior teeth on either side of the jaw, totaling eight in the deciduous dentition (2 on each side, upper and lower), and usually 12 in the permanent dentition (three on each side, upper and lower). They are grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p821)
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)
The structures surrounding and supporting the tooth. Periodontium includes the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.
One of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that form the upper jaw. A maxillary bone provides tooth sockets for the superior teeth, forms part of the ORBIT, and contains the MAXILLARY SINUS.
The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. The maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. Maxillary molars have three roots. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p690)
Devices used for influencing tooth position. Orthodontic appliances may be classified as fixed or removable, active or retaining, and intraoral or extraoral. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p19)
A fluid occurring in minute amounts in the gingival crevice, believed by some authorities to be an inflammatory exudate and by others to cleanse material from the crevice, containing sticky plasma proteins which improve adhesions of the epithelial attachment, have antimicrobial properties, and exert antibody activity. (From Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
The third tooth to the left and to the right of the midline of either jaw, situated between the second INCISOR and the premolar teeth (BICUSPID). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p817)
A dental specialty concerned with the prevention and correction of dental and oral anomalies (malocclusion).
Any of the eight frontal teeth (four maxillary and four mandibular) having a sharp incisal edge for cutting food and a single root, which occurs in man both as a deciduous and a permanent tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p820)
The upper part of the tooth, which joins the lower part of the tooth (TOOTH ROOT) at the cervix (TOOTH CERVIX) at a line called the cementoenamel junction. The entire surface of the crown is covered with enamel which is thicker at the extremity and becomes progressively thinner toward the cervix. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p216)
A clear, homogenous, structureless, eosinophilic substance occurring in pathological degeneration of tissues.
The emergence of a tooth from within its follicle in the ALVEOLAR PROCESS of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE into the ORAL CAVITY. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
One of the eight permanent teeth, two on either side in each jaw, between the canines (CUSPID) and the molars (MOLAR), serving for grinding and crushing food. The upper have two cusps (bicuspid) but the lower have one to three. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p822)
The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.
The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
The collective tissues from which an entire tooth is formed, including the DENTAL SAC; ENAMEL ORGAN; and DENTAL PAPILLA. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
The bonelike rigid connective tissue covering the root of a tooth from the cementoenamel junction to the apex and lining the apex of the root canal, also assisting in tooth support by serving as attachment structures for the periodontal ligament. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
The teeth of the first dentition, which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth.
A richly vascularized and innervated connective tissue of mesodermal origin, contained in the central cavity of a tooth and delimited by the dentin, and having formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions for use in restorative or prosthetic dentistry.
Migration of the teeth toward the midline or forward in the DENTAL ARCH. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
Degradation or wasting of the PERIODONTIUM tissues that may involve the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, or the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.
A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.
A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.
Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.
The movement of teeth into altered positions in relationship to the basal bone of the ALVEOLAR PROCESS and to adjoining and opposing teeth as a result of loss of approximating or opposing teeth, occlusal interferences, habits, inflammatory and dystrophic disease of the attaching and supporting structures of the teeth. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.
Therapeutic closure of spaces caused by the extraction of teeth, the congenital absence of teeth, or the excessive space between teeth.
An extra tooth, erupted or unerupted, resembling or unlike the other teeth in the group to which it belongs. Its presence may cause malposition of adjacent teeth or prevent their eruption.
Loss of the tooth substance by chemical or mechanical processes
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the teeth.
The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The tip or terminal end of the root of a tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p62)
Attachment of orthodontic devices and materials to the MOUTH area for support and to provide a counterforce to orthodontic forces.
A tooth from which the dental pulp has been removed or is necrotic. (Boucher, Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
A large multinuclear cell associated with the BONE RESORPTION. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in CEMENTUM resorption.
The force applied by the masticatory muscles in dental occlusion.
The curve formed by the row of TEETH in their normal position in the JAW. The inferior dental arch is formed by the mandibular teeth, and the superior dental arch by the maxillary teeth.
Lasers with a semiconductor diode as the active medium. Diode lasers transform electric energy to light using the same principle as a light-emitting diode (LED), but with internal reflection capability, thus forming a resonator where a stimulated light can reflect back and forth, allowing only a certain wavelength to be emitted. The emission of a given device is determined by the active compound used (e.g., gallium arsenide crystals doped with aluminum or indium). Typical wavelengths are 810, 1,060 and 1,300 nm. (From UMDNS, 2005)
A tooth that is prevented from erupting by a physical barrier, usually other teeth. Impaction may also result from orientation of the tooth in an other than vertical position in the periodontal structures.
Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)
ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions. It has proved to be an effective contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, COMBINED).
A normal developing tooth which has not yet perforated the oral mucosa or one that fails to erupt in the normal sequence or time interval expected for the type of tooth in a given gender, age, or population group.
The phase of orthodontics concerned with the correction of malocclusion with proper appliances and prevention of its sequelae (Jablonski's Illus. Dictionary of Dentistry).
Malocclusion in which the mandible and maxilla are anteroposteriorly normal as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (i.e., in neutroclusion), but in which individual teeth are abnormally related to each other.
A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts; atomic number, 22; atomic weight, 47.90; symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The process of TOOTH formation. It is divided into several stages including: the dental lamina stage, the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage. Odontogenesis includes the production of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS), dentin (DENTINOGENESIS), and dental cementum (CEMENTOGENESIS).
Small metal or ceramic attachments used to fasten an arch wire. These attachments are soldered or welded to an orthodontic band or cemented directly onto the teeth. Bowles brackets, edgewise brackets, multiphase brackets, ribbon arch brackets, twin-wire brackets, and universal brackets are all types of orthodontic brackets.
The constricted part of the tooth at the junction of the crown and root or roots. It is often referred to as the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), the line at which the cementum covering the root of a tooth and the enamel of the tooth meet. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p530, p433)
Odontoblasts are columnar, highly differentiated, dentin-forming cells that originate from the ectodermal neural crest and reside within the pulp cavity of teeth, characterized by their production and secretion of the organic matrix component of dentin during amelogenesis.
Surgical procedures used to treat disease, injuries, and defects of the oral and maxillofacial region.
A computer based method of simulating or analyzing the behavior of structures or components.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.
A fabricated tooth substituting for a natural tooth in a prosthesis. It is usually made of porcelain or plastic.
A hard thin translucent layer of calcified substance which envelops and protects the dentin of the crown of the tooth. It is the hardest substance in the body and is almost entirely composed of calcium salts. Under the microscope, it is composed of thin rods (enamel prisms) held together by cementing substance, and surrounded by an enamel sheath. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)
Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.
Extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of COLLAGEN fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Stainless steel. A steel containing Ni, Cr, or both. It does not tarnish on exposure and is used in corrosive environments. (Grant & Hack's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)
Physiologic loss of the primary dentition. (Zwemer, Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans.
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Partial or complete displacement of a tooth from its alveolar support. It is commonly the result of trauma. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p312)
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.
Two teeth united during development by the union of their tooth germs; the teeth may be joined by the enamel of their crowns, by their root dentin, or by both.
Motion of an object in which either one or more points on a line are fixed. It is also the motion of a particle about a fixed point. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
'Tooth diseases' is a broad term referring to various conditions affecting the teeth, including dental caries (cavities), periodontal disease (gum disease), tooth wear, tooth sensitivity, oral cancer, and developmental anomalies, which can result in pain, discomfort, or loss of teeth if left untreated.
The process whereby calcium salts are deposited in the dental enamel. The process is normal in the development of bones and teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p43)
Solid fixation of a tooth resulting from fusion of the cementum and alveolar bone, with obliteration of the periodontal ligament. It is uncommon in the deciduous dentition and very rare in permanent teeth. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.
X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY with resolution in the micrometer range.
Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.
Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)
A cysteine protease that is highly expressed in OSTEOCLASTS and plays an essential role in BONE RESORPTION as a potent EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX-degrading enzyme.
A hollow part of the alveolar process of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE where each tooth fits and is attached via the periodontal ligament.
Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape.
The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate (PALATE, HARD) and the posterior soft palate (PALATE, SOFT).
Reinsertion of a tooth into the alveolus from which it was removed or otherwise lost.
The hard portion of the tooth surrounding the pulp, covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root, which is harder and denser than bone but softer than enamel, and is thus readily abraded when left unprotected. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Treatment using irradiation with LASER light of low power intensity so that the effects are not due to heat, as they are in LASER THERAPY.
Viral proteins that facilitate the movement of viruses between plant cells by means of PLASMODESMATA, channels that traverse the plant cell walls.
Resorption of calcified dental tissue, involving demineralization due to reversal of the cation exchange and lacunar resorption by osteoclasts. There are two types: external (as a result of tooth pathology) and internal (apparently initiated by a peculiar inflammatory hyperplasia of the pulp). (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p676)
A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)
The caudal portion of the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS, SPINAL), a nucleus involved with pain and temperature sensation.
A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (LATEX) of HEVEA brasiliensis and other trees and plants. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to at least twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retract rapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully.
The teeth collectively in the dental arch. Dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. Dentition referring to the deciduous teeth is DENTITION, PRIMARY; to the permanent teeth, DENTITION, PERMANENT. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.
The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.
Measurement of tooth characteristics.
A treatment modality in endodontics concerned with the therapy of diseases of the dental pulp. For preparatory procedures, ROOT CANAL PREPARATION is available.
Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS.
Physical activity of the FETUS in utero. Gross or fine fetal body movement can be monitored by the mother, PALPATION, or ULTRASONOGRAPHY.
A tooth's loss of minerals, such as calcium in hydroxyapatite from the tooth matrix, caused by acidic exposure. An example of the occurrence of demineralization is in the formation of dental caries.
The 32 teeth of adulthood that either replace or are added to the complement of deciduous teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

Histological and histochemical quantification of root resorption incident to the application of intrusive force to rat molars. (1/358)

This study was conducted to investigate the nature of root resorption resulting from intrusive forces applied to the rat lower molars, by means of histological and histochemical techniques with tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Thirty-eight 13-week-old Wistar strain male rats were used. Intrusive force was created by a fixed appliance which was adjusted to exert an initial force of 50 g for the duration of 1, 2, and 3 weeks. The degree of root resorption and distribution of TRAP positive cells were evaluated. On the root surface, the TRAP positive scores were low in the apical regions. Significant differences in the scores were found in the inter-radicular region of the roots between the experimental and control groups for the 2- and 3-week groups. More active resorption of bone occurred during the experimental period, as denoted by greater TRAP positive scores on the bone than on the root surface. Root resorption scores in the apical root region were larger in the 2- and 3-week groups than in the 1-week group. Significant differences in the root resorption scores were also found between the 1- and 3-week groups in the inter-radicular region, indicating that intrusive force application of a longer duration may lead to a higher frequency of root resorption. It is shown that, irrespective of the level of TRAP positive cells and root resorption scores, the degree of root resorption activity is higher in the apical root region than in the inter-radicular area. These results indicate that cellular cementum may be resorbed more easily because of its richer organic components and low mineralized structure.  (+info)

Rare earth magnets in orthodontics: an overview. (2/358)

Magnets have been used in dentistry for many years. They can be made to push or pull teeth. The force they deliver can be directed, and they can exert their force through mucosa and bone, as well as within the mouth. In orthodontics they are used for intrusion of teeth, tooth movement along archwires, expansion, retention, in functional appliances, and in the treatment of impacted teeth. New 'high energy' magnets are capable of producing very high forces relative to their size. Although magnets are potentially very useful there are a number of problems that severely affect their performance; the force produced between any two magnets falls dramatically with distance, significant irreversible loss in force is seen if the magnets are heated and a dramatic reduction in force is seen if the magnets are not ideally aligned to one another. In addition, magnets corrode badly in the mouth and a robust coating is required to protect them. This paper outlines the background to high energy magnets used in orthodontics, discusses the relevant physical and biological properties of them, and reviews their applications.  (+info)

Alteration in the expression level of calbindin D28k in the periodontal ligament of the rat molar during experimental tooth movement. (3/358)

The present immunohistochemical study was designed to investigate changes in the distribution and expression level of calbindin D28k in the periodontal ligament during experimental tooth movement in the rat molar to clarify the physiological role of this protein in the ligament. In normal animals, calbindin D28k-like immunoreactivity appeared sparsely in spindle-shaped cells in the alveolar half of the periodontal ligament. Electron microscopic observations showed that these immunoreactive cells were characterized by well-developed rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and phagosomes--which often contained collagen fibers--suggesting that these cells could be categorized as periodontal fibroblasts. Twelve hours following the onset of the experimental tooth movement, cells positive for calbindin D28k increased in number in the periodontal ligament, especially in the alveolar half of the pressured side. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the calbindin D28k-immunopositive cells had morphological features similar to those of fibroblasts in the normal ligament, and that these cells occasionally made contact with immunonegative macrophage-like cells. Immunopositive cells gradually decreased in number, and the distribution of the cells and intensity of the immunoreactivity returned to normal levels by 14 days following the induction of the experimental tooth movement. The present results suggest that calbindin D28k plays an important role in the homeostasis and cyto-protection of fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament at the initial phase of experimental tooth movement.  (+info)

The effects of increasing the reverse curve of Spee in a lower archwire examined using a dynamic photo-elastic gelatine model. (4/358)

This paper describes the development and testing of a dynamic in vitro photo-elastic model for evaluating the effects of orthodontic mechanics on an entire arch of teeth. A model of a mandibular arch was made and the teeth were embedded in a gelatine material with a high level of mechanical creep which permitted tooth movement in response to orthodontic forces. The excellent photo-elastic properties of this material also facilitated the analysis of the stress distribution around the roots of the teeth. The model of a mandibular arch was used to investigate the tooth movements and stress distributions produced by increasing the reverse curve of Spee in a 0.018 x 0.025-inch stainless steel archwire. The results revealed that a 1-mm reverse curve of Spee increased the arch length by 1.6 mm, but increasing the reverse curve of Spee to 5 mm did not increase arch length further. Photo-elastic analysis showed an increased stress distribution around the roots of the incisors and molars as the reverse curve of Spee was increased in the archwire.  (+info)

Neural modulation of inflammatory reactions in dental tissues incident to orthodontic tooth movement. A review of the literature. (5/358)

This article reviews the current knowledge of the biological aspects of dental tissue changes incident to orthodontic tooth movement. The inflammatory nature of these tissue changes was first recognized in the early 1970s, and since then a number of morphological and quantitative investigations have been published in support of this view. The studies dealing with vascular and cellular dental tissue changes, as well as those concerned with inflammatory mediators present at sites of orthodontic tooth movement are systematized and presented accordingly. Special emphasis is placed upon the role of the sensory nerve fibres and their neuropeptides in the control, and development of an inflammatory process, i.e. their role in tooth movement.  (+info)

Elastic activator for treatment of open bite. (6/358)

This article presents a modified activator for treatment of open bite cases. The intermaxillary acrylic of the lateral occlusal zones is replaced by elastic rubber tubes. By stimulating orthopaedic gymnastics (chewing gum effect), the elastic activator intrudes upper and lower posterior teeth. A noticeable counterclockwise rotation of the mandible was accomplished by a decrease of the gonial angle. Besides the simple fabrication of the device and uncomplicated replacement of the elastic rubber tubes, treatment can be started even in mixed dentition when affixing plates may be difficult.  (+info)

The influence of maxillary incisor inclination on arch length. (7/358)

This ex vivo study was designed to investigate Andrews' hypothesis that there is a space implication when incisors are torqued correctly. A working model was constructed to allow acrylic typodont incisors of varying known values of inclination to be substituted into the model. The arch lengths of the various 'set-ups' were measured using a reflex microscope linked to a PC. In order to quantify the space requirement of clinical relevance for adequate incisor torque, the method was repeated by substituting replicas of patients' 'natural' incisors. For both acrylic and natural incisors it was found that, as the inclination of the teeth increased, there was an increase in all arch lengths, this being greater for the natural incisors. This larger increase for the natural incisors was related not only to their increased size, but was also dependent on the morphology of the incisor. Those incisors which were parallel-sided showed the greatest increase in arch length, whereas the incisors that were relatively triangular in shape showed the smallest increase. When the inclination of an 'average' set of 21/12 is increased by 5 degrees, an increase in the arch length of approximately 1 mm may be expected.  (+info)

Skeletal and dental changes following the use of the Frankel functional regulator. (8/358)

The purpose of this study was to assess the relative contributions of skeletal and dental components in correction of Class II division 1 malocclusions when treated with Frankel's functional regulator (FR). This was a retrospective study involving analyses of pre- and post-treatment cephalograms of 63 Class II division 1 patients treated with the FR to demonstrate the relative maxillary, mandibular, incisor, and molar movements during treatment compared with normal growth within a control group of untreated 39 Class II division 1 cases drawn from the same demographic population. All cephalograms were digitized and subjected to a Pitchfork analysis, which measured individual anteroposterior skeletal and dental changes during the period of study. It was shown that the FR was effective in treating Class II division 1 cases with the studied group being corrected to a clinically acceptable overjet and overbite of 2-3 mm. The majority of the correction came from dental movements, the most significant being the retroclination of the upper incisor teeth (mean 4.1 mm, 95 per cent CI +/- 0.44) and proclination of the lowers (mean 2.2 mm 95 per cent CI +/- 0.57). As regards skeletal correction, the most significant contribution was the restraint of normal maxillary forward growth (mean -0.2 mm, 95 per cent CI +/- 0.62) with forward mandibular growth not being a significant factor.  (+info)

Tooth movement, in a dental and orthodontic context, refers to the physical change in position or alignment of one or more teeth within the jaw bone as a result of controlled forces applied through various orthodontic appliances such as braces, aligners, or other orthodontic devices. The purposeful manipulation of these forces encourages the periodontal ligament (the tissue that connects the tooth to the bone) to remodel, allowing the tooth to move gradually over time into the desired position. This process is crucial in achieving proper bite alignment, correcting malocclusions, and enhancing overall oral function and aesthetics.

A tooth is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (upper and lower) of many vertebrates and used for biting and chewing food. In humans, a typical tooth has a crown, one or more roots, and three layers: the enamel (the outermost layer, hardest substance in the body), the dentin (the layer beneath the enamel), and the pulp (the innermost layer, containing nerves and blood vessels). Teeth are essential for proper nutrition, speech, and aesthetics. There are different types of teeth, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, each designed for specific functions in the mouth.

The alveolar process is the curved part of the jawbone (mandible or maxilla) that contains sockets or hollow spaces (alveoli) for the teeth to be embedded. These processes are covered with a specialized mucous membrane called the gingiva, which forms a tight seal around the teeth to help protect the periodontal tissues and maintain oral health.

The alveolar process is composed of both compact and spongy bone tissue. The compact bone forms the outer layer, while the spongy bone is found inside the alveoli and provides support for the teeth. When a tooth is lost or extracted, the alveolar process begins to resorb over time due to the lack of mechanical stimulation from the tooth's chewing forces. This can lead to changes in the shape and size of the jawbone, which may require bone grafting procedures before dental implant placement.

The periodontal ligament, also known as the "PDL," is the soft tissue that connects the tooth root to the alveolar bone within the dental alveolus (socket). It consists of collagen fibers organized into groups called principal fibers and accessory fibers. These fibers are embedded into both the cementum of the tooth root and the alveolar bone, providing shock absorption during biting and chewing forces, allowing for slight tooth movement, and maintaining the tooth in its position within the socket.

The periodontal ligament plays a crucial role in the health and maintenance of the periodontium, which includes the gingiva (gums), cementum, alveolar bone, and the periodontal ligament itself. Inflammation or infection of the periodontal ligament can lead to periodontal disease, potentially causing tooth loss if not treated promptly and appropriately.

Root resorption is a process that occurs when the body's own cells, called odontoclasts, break down and destroy the hard tissue of the tooth root. This can occur as a result of various factors such as trauma, infection, or orthodontic treatment. In some cases, it may be a normal part of the tooth development and eruption process in children. However, excessive or pathological root resorption can lead to weakening and loss of the tooth. It is often asymptomatic and discovered during routine dental x-rays.

Orthodontic wires are typically made of stainless steel, nickel-titanium alloy, or other shape memory alloys, and are used in orthodontics to move teeth into the desired position. They are attached to brackets bonded to the teeth and exert a continuous force to align the teeth and correct malocclusions (bites that do not fit together correctly). The wires come in various sizes, shapes, and materials, each with specific properties that make them suitable for different stages of treatment. Some wires are flexible and used during the initial alignment phase, while others are more rigid and used during the finishing phase to achieve precise tooth movements.

In the context of dentistry, a molar is a type of tooth found in the back of the mouth. They are larger and wider than other types of teeth, such as incisors or canines, and have a flat biting surface with multiple cusps. Molars are primarily used for grinding and chewing food into smaller pieces that are easier to swallow. Humans typically have twelve molars in total, including the four wisdom teeth.

In medical terminology outside of dentistry, "molar" can also refer to a unit of mass in the apothecaries' system of measurement, which is equivalent to 4.08 grams. However, this usage is less common and not related to dental or medical anatomy.

In the context of medicine and healthcare, "movement" refers to the act or process of changing physical location or position. It involves the contraction and relaxation of muscles, which allows for the joints to move and the body to be in motion. Movement can also refer to the ability of a patient to move a specific body part or limb, which is assessed during physical examinations. Additionally, "movement" can describe the progression or spread of a disease within the body.

Tooth mobility, also known as loose teeth, refers to the degree of movement or displacement of a tooth in its socket when lateral forces are applied. It is often described in terms of grades:

* Grade 1: Tooth can be moved slightly (up to 1 mm) with finger pressure.
* Grade 2: Tooth can be moved up to 2 mm with finger pressure.
* Grade 3: Tooth can be moved more than 2 mm or can be removed from its socket with manual pressure.

Increased tooth mobility can be a sign of periodontal disease, trauma, or other dental conditions and should be evaluated by a dentist. Treatment may include deep cleaning, splinting, or surgery to restore stability to the affected teeth.

The periodontium is a complex structure in the oral cavity that surrounds and supports the teeth. It consists of four main components:
1. Gingiva (gums): The pink, soft tissue that covers the crown of the tooth and extends down to the neck of the tooth, where it meets the cementum.
2. Cementum: A specialized, calcified tissue that covers the root of the tooth and provides a surface for the periodontal ligament fibers to attach.
3. Periodontal ligament (PDL): A highly vascular and cell-rich connective tissue that attaches the cementum of the tooth root to the alveolar bone, allowing for tooth mobility and absorption of forces during chewing.
4. Alveolar bone: The portion of the jawbone that contains the sockets (alveoli) for the teeth. It is a spongy bone with a rich blood supply that responds to mechanical stresses from biting and chewing, undergoing remodeling throughout life.

Periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis and periodontitis, affect the health and integrity of the periodontium, leading to inflammation, bleeding, pocket formation, bone loss, and ultimately tooth loss if left untreated.

The maxilla is a paired bone that forms the upper jaw in vertebrates. In humans, it is a major bone in the face and plays several important roles in the craniofacial complex. Each maxilla consists of a body and four processes: frontal process, zygomatic process, alveolar process, and palatine process.

The maxillae contribute to the formation of the eye sockets (orbits), nasal cavity, and the hard palate of the mouth. They also contain the upper teeth sockets (alveoli) and help form the lower part of the orbit and the cheekbones (zygomatic arches).

Here's a quick rundown of its key functions:

1. Supports the upper teeth and forms the upper jaw.
2. Contributes to the formation of the eye sockets, nasal cavity, and hard palate.
3. Helps shape the lower part of the orbit and cheekbones.
4. Partakes in the creation of important sinuses, such as the maxillary sinus, which is located within the body of the maxilla.

A tooth root is the part of a tooth that is embedded in the jawbone and cannot be seen when looking at a person's smile. It is the lower portion of a tooth that typically has a conical shape and anchors the tooth to the jawbone through a periodontal ligament. The tooth root is covered by cementum, a specialized bone-like tissue, and contains nerve endings and blood vessels within its pulp chamber.

The number of roots in a tooth can vary depending on the type of tooth. For example, incisors typically have one root, canines may have one or two roots, premolars usually have one or two roots, and molars often have two to four roots. The primary function of the tooth root is to provide stability and support for the crown of the tooth, allowing it to withstand the forces of biting and chewing.

Orthodontic appliances are devices used in orthodontics, a branch of dentistry focused on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of dental and facial irregularities. These appliances can be fixed or removable and are used to align teeth, correct jaw relationships, or modify dental forces. They can include braces, aligners, palatal expanders, space maintainers, and headgear, among others. The specific type of appliance used depends on the individual patient's needs and the treatment plan developed by the orthodontist.

Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is defined as the serum transudate or inflammatory exudate that flows from the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket. It is a physiological fluid found in the narrow space between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue, which deepens during periodontal disease. The analysis of GCF has been used as a non-invasive method to assess the status of periodontal health and disease since it contains various markers of inflammation, host response, and bacterial products.

A cuspid, also known as a canine tooth or cuspid tooth, is a type of tooth in mammals. It is the pointiest tooth in the dental arch and is located between the incisors and bicuspids (or premolars). Cuspids have a single cusp or pointed tip that is used for tearing and grasping food. In humans, there are four cuspids, two on the upper jaw and two on the lower jaw, one on each side of the dental arch.

Orthodontics is a specialized branch of dentistry that focuses on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of dental and facial irregularities. This involves correcting teeth that are improperly positioned, often using braces or other appliances to move them into the correct position over time. The goal of orthodontic treatment is to create a healthy, functional bite and improve the appearance of the teeth and face.

Orthodontists are dental specialists who have completed additional training beyond dental school in order to become experts in this field. They use various techniques and tools, such as X-rays, models of the teeth, and computer imaging, to assess and plan treatment for each individual patient. The type of treatment recommended will depend on the specific needs and goals of the patient.

Orthodontic treatment can be beneficial for people of all ages, although it is most commonly started during childhood or adolescence when the teeth and jaws are still growing and developing. However, more and more adults are also seeking orthodontic treatment to improve their smile and oral health.

An incisor is a type of tooth that is primarily designed for biting off food pieces rather than chewing or grinding. They are typically chisel-shaped, flat, and have a sharp cutting edge. In humans, there are eight incisors - four on the upper jaw and four on the lower jaw, located at the front of the mouth. Other animals such as dogs, cats, and rodents also have incisors that they use for different purposes like tearing or gnawing.

A tooth crown is a type of dental restoration that covers the entire visible portion of a tooth, restoring its shape, size, and strength. It is typically made of materials like porcelain, ceramic, or metal alloys and is custom-made to fit over the prepared tooth. The tooth crown is cemented in place and becomes the new outer surface of the tooth, protecting it from further damage or decay.

The process of getting a tooth crown usually involves two dental appointments. During the first appointment, the dentist prepares the tooth by removing any decay or damaged tissue and shaping the tooth to accommodate the crown. An impression is then taken of the prepared tooth and sent to a dental laboratory where the crown is fabricated. In the meantime, a temporary crown is placed over the prepared tooth to protect it until the permanent crown is ready. At the second appointment, the temporary crown is removed, and the permanent crown is cemented in place.

Tooth crowns are often recommended for several reasons, including:

* To restore a broken or fractured tooth
* To protect a weakened tooth from further damage or decay
* To support a large filling when there isn't enough natural tooth structure left
* To cover a dental implant
* To improve the appearance of a discolored or misshapen tooth

Overall, a tooth crown is an effective and long-lasting solution for restoring damaged or decayed teeth and improving oral health.

'Hyalin' is not a medical condition or disease, but rather a histological term used to describe a particular type of tissue structure. Hyalin refers to the homogeneous, translucent, and eosinophilic (pink) appearance of a tissue under a microscope due to the accumulation of an amorphous, acellular, and protein-rich matrix.

Hyalinization can occur in various tissues, including blood vessels, cardiac valves, cartilage, and other connective tissues. It is often associated with aging, injury, inflammation, or degenerative changes, such as those seen in hyaline membrane disease (a respiratory disorder in premature infants) or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (thickening of the heart muscle).

In summary, Hyalin is a histological term used to describe the appearance of tissue under a microscope due to the accumulation of an amorphous, acellular, and protein-rich matrix.

Tooth eruption is the process by which a tooth emerges from the gums and becomes visible in the oral cavity. It is a normal part of dental development that occurs in a predictable sequence and timeframe. Primary or deciduous teeth, also known as baby teeth, begin to erupt around 6 months of age and continue to emerge until approximately 2-3 years of age. Permanent or adult teeth start to erupt around 6 years of age and can continue to emerge until the early twenties.

The process of tooth eruption involves several stages, including the formation of the tooth within the jawbone, the movement of the tooth through the bone and surrounding tissues, and the final emergence of the tooth into the mouth. Proper tooth eruption is essential for normal oral function, including chewing, speaking, and smiling. Any abnormalities in the tooth eruption process, such as delayed or premature eruption, can indicate underlying dental or medical conditions that require further evaluation and treatment.

A bicuspid valve, also known as a mitral valve in the heart, is a heart valve that has two leaflets or cusps. It lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle and helps to regulate blood flow between these two chambers of the heart. In a healthy heart, the bicuspid valve opens to allow blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle and closes tightly to prevent blood from flowing back into the left atrium during contraction of the ventricle.

A congenital heart defect known as a bicuspid aortic valve occurs when the aortic valve, which normally has three leaflets or cusps, only has two. This can lead to narrowing of the valve (aortic stenosis) or leakage of the valve (aortic regurgitation), which can cause symptoms and may require medical treatment.

Tooth loss is the condition or process characterized by the disappearance or absence of one or more teeth from their normal position in the dental arch. This can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay, periodontal disease (gum disease), injury, or aging. The consequences of tooth loss include difficulties in chewing, speaking, and adversely affecting the aesthetics of a person's smile, which may lead to psychological impacts. Additionally, it can cause shifting of adjacent teeth, bone resorption, and changes in the bite, potentially leading to further dental issues if not treated promptly.

Bone remodeling is the normal and continuous process by which bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called formation). This ongoing cycle allows bones to repair microdamage, adjust their size and shape in response to mechanical stress, and maintain mineral homeostasis. The cells responsible for bone resorption are osteoclasts, while the cells responsible for bone formation are osteoblasts. These two cell types work together to maintain the structural integrity and health of bones throughout an individual's life.

During bone remodeling, the process can be divided into several stages:

1. Activation: The initiation of bone remodeling is triggered by various factors such as microdamage, hormonal changes, or mechanical stress. This leads to the recruitment and activation of osteoclast precursor cells.
2. Resorption: Osteoclasts attach to the bone surface and create a sealed compartment called a resorption lacuna. They then secrete acid and enzymes that dissolve and digest the mineralized matrix, creating pits or cavities on the bone surface. This process helps remove old or damaged bone tissue and releases calcium and phosphate ions into the bloodstream.
3. Reversal: After resorption is complete, the osteoclasts undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death), and mononuclear cells called reversal cells appear on the resorbed surface. These cells prepare the bone surface for the next stage by cleaning up debris and releasing signals that attract osteoblast precursors.
4. Formation: Osteoblasts, derived from mesenchymal stem cells, migrate to the resorbed surface and begin producing a new organic matrix called osteoid. As the osteoid mineralizes, it forms a hard, calcified structure that gradually replaces the resorbed bone tissue. The osteoblasts may become embedded within this newly formed bone as they differentiate into osteocytes, which are mature bone cells responsible for maintaining bone homeostasis and responding to mechanical stress.
5. Mineralization: Over time, the newly formed bone continues to mineralize, becoming stronger and more dense. This process helps maintain the structural integrity of the skeleton and ensures adequate calcium storage.

Throughout this continuous cycle of bone remodeling, hormones, growth factors, and mechanical stress play crucial roles in regulating the balance between resorption and formation. Disruptions to this delicate equilibrium can lead to various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, where excessive resorption results in weakened bones and increased fracture risk.

A tooth germ is a small cluster of cells that eventually develop into a tooth. It contains the dental papilla, which will become the dentin and pulp of the tooth, and the dental follicle, which will form the periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The tooth germ starts as an epithelial thickening called the dental lamina, which then forms a bud, cap, and bell stage before calcification occurs and the tooth begins to erupt through the gums. It is during the bell stage that the enamel organ, which will form the enamel of the tooth, is formed.

Dental cementum is a type of hard connective tissue that covers the root of a tooth. It is primarily composed of calcium salts and collagen fibers, and it serves to attach the periodontal ligaments (the fibers that help secure the tooth in its socket) to the tooth's root. Cementum also helps protect the root of the tooth and contributes to the maintenance of tooth stability. It continues to grow and deposit new layers throughout an individual's life, which can be seen as incremental lines called "cementum annulations."

A deciduous tooth, also known as a baby tooth or primary tooth, is a type of temporary tooth that humans and some other mammals develop during childhood. They are called "deciduous" because they are eventually shed and replaced by permanent teeth, much like how leaves on a deciduous tree fall off and are replaced by new growth.

Deciduous teeth begin to form in the womb and start to erupt through the gums when a child is around six months old. By the time a child reaches age three, they typically have a full set of 20 deciduous teeth, including incisors, canines, and molars. These teeth are smaller and less durable than permanent teeth, but they serve important functions such as helping children chew food properly, speak clearly, and maintain space in the jaw for the permanent teeth to grow into.

Deciduous teeth usually begin to fall out around age six or seven, starting with the lower central incisors. This process continues until all of the deciduous teeth have been shed, typically by age 12 or 13. At this point, the permanent teeth will have grown in and taken their place, with the exception of the wisdom teeth, which may not erupt until later in adolescence or early adulthood.

Dental pulp is the soft tissue located in the center of a tooth, surrounded by the dentin. It contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue, and plays a vital role in the development and health of the tooth. The dental pulp helps to form dentin during tooth development and continues to provide nourishment to the tooth throughout its life. It also serves as a sensory organ, allowing the tooth to detect hot and cold temperatures and transmit pain signals to the brain. Injury or infection of the dental pulp can lead to serious dental problems, such as tooth decay or abscesses, and may require root canal treatment to remove the damaged tissue and save the tooth.

Dental alloys are materials made by combining two or more metals to be used in dental restorations, such as crowns, bridges, fillings, and orthodontic appliances. These alloys can be classified into three main categories based on their composition:

1. Precious Alloys: Predominantly composed of precious metals like gold, platinum, palladium, and silver. They are highly corrosion-resistant, biocompatible, and durable, making them suitable for long-term use in dental restorations. Common examples include high noble (gold) alloys and noble alloys.
2. Base Metal Alloys: Contain primarily non-precious metals like nickel, chromium, cobalt, and beryllium. They are more affordable than precious alloys but may cause allergic reactions or sensitivities in some patients. Common examples include nickel-chromium alloys and cobalt-chromium alloys.
3. Castable Glass Ionomer Alloys: A combination of glass ionomer cement (GIC) powder and metal liquid, which can be cast into various dental restorations. They have the advantage of being both strong and adhesive to tooth structure but may not be as durable as other alloy types.

Each type of dental alloy has its unique properties and applications, depending on the specific clinical situation and patient needs. Dental professionals consider factors like cost, biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and esthetics when selecting an appropriate alloy for a dental restoration.

"Mesial movement of teeth" is a dental term that refers to the natural drifting or shifting of teeth in a forward direction towards the front of the mouth. This movement typically occurs over time and can be influenced by various factors such as:

* The loss of adjacent teeth, which can create space for other teeth to move into
* Oral habits like thumb sucking or tongue thrusting
* Periodontal disease that weakens the supporting structures of the teeth
* Malocclusion or misalignment of teeth

It is essential to monitor and manage mesial movement of teeth to prevent dental issues such as crowding, malocclusion, and periodontal problems. Dental professionals may use various treatments, including orthodontic appliances, space maintainers, or restorations, to address this issue.

Periodontal atrophy is not a widely used or officially recognized term in dentistry or periodontology. However, it generally refers to the loss of supporting structures around teeth, including the gums and jawbone. This process can occur due to various factors such as periodontal disease (advanced gum disease), aging, tooth trauma, or wearing dentures for a long time.

In medical terms, the atrophy of the periodontium might be described as a decrease in size, volume, and/or density of the alveolar bone, cementum, periodontal ligament, and gingiva due to inflammation, disuse, or aging. The progressive loss of these structures can lead to tooth mobility, eventual tooth loss, and changes in the overall oral health and facial appearance.

It is essential to consult a dental professional for an accurate assessment and appropriate treatment plan if you suspect periodontal atrophy or any other oral health issues.

Mechanical stress, in the context of physiology and medicine, refers to any type of force that is applied to body tissues or organs, which can cause deformation or displacement of those structures. Mechanical stress can be either external, such as forces exerted on the body during physical activity or trauma, or internal, such as the pressure changes that occur within blood vessels or other hollow organs.

Mechanical stress can have a variety of effects on the body, depending on the type, duration, and magnitude of the force applied. For example, prolonged exposure to mechanical stress can lead to tissue damage, inflammation, and chronic pain. Additionally, abnormal or excessive mechanical stress can contribute to the development of various musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinitis, osteoarthritis, and herniated discs.

In order to mitigate the negative effects of mechanical stress, the body has a number of adaptive responses that help to distribute forces more evenly across tissues and maintain structural integrity. These responses include changes in muscle tone, joint positioning, and connective tissue stiffness, as well as the remodeling of bone and other tissues over time. However, when these adaptive mechanisms are overwhelmed or impaired, mechanical stress can become a significant factor in the development of various pathological conditions.

Tolonium Chloride, also known as Toluidine Blue O, is a basic thiazine metachromatic dye that is used in medical and research settings. It is often used as a diagnostic agent in procedures such as the Toluidine Blue Test for identifying cancerous or precancerous cells in the cervix, oral mucosa, and other tissues. The dye selectively binds to acidic components in the extracellular matrix of neoplastic cells, making them more visible under a microscope. It is also used in research to study cell membrane permeability and lysosomal function. Please note that the use of Tolonium Chloride should be under medical supervision and professional guidance.

Eye movements, also known as ocular motility, refer to the voluntary or involuntary motion of the eyes that allows for visual exploration of our environment. There are several types of eye movements, including:

1. Saccades: rapid, ballistic movements that quickly shift the gaze from one point to another.
2. Pursuits: smooth, slow movements that allow the eyes to follow a moving object.
3. Vergences: coordinated movements of both eyes in opposite directions, usually in response to a three-dimensional stimulus.
4. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR): automatic eye movements that help stabilize the gaze during head movement.
5. Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN): rhythmic eye movements that occur in response to large moving visual patterns, such as when looking out of a moving vehicle.

Abnormalities in eye movements can indicate neurological or ophthalmological disorders and are often assessed during clinical examinations.

Tooth migration, in a dental or medical context, refers to the movement or shifting of teeth from their normal position within the dental arch. This phenomenon can occur due to various reasons such as:

1. Loss of adjacent teeth: When a tooth is lost, the surrounding teeth may drift or tilt into the empty space, causing other teeth to migrate out of their original positions.
2. Periodontal disease: Advanced periodontitis (severe gum disease) can lead to bone loss and ligament damage around the teeth, allowing them to move and potentially migrate.
3. Orthodontic treatment: Although controlled tooth movement is the goal of orthodontics, improper or unfinished treatment may result in undesirable tooth migration.
4. Aging: As people age, the supportive structures around teeth (bone and ligaments) can weaken, leading to tooth mobility and potential migration.
5. Tooth wear: Excessive tooth wear due to bruxism (grinding) or abrasion may alter the vertical dimension of the mouth, causing tooth migration over time.

It is essential to address tooth migration promptly to prevent further complications such as difficulty in chewing, speaking, and maintaining oral hygiene, which could lead to additional dental issues like decay and periodontal disease. Dental professionals may recommend various treatments, including orthodontic therapy, dental restorations, or even implants, depending on the cause and severity of tooth migration.

The mandible, also known as the lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone in the human face. It forms the lower portion of the oral cavity and plays a crucial role in various functions such as mastication (chewing), speaking, and swallowing. The mandible is a U-shaped bone that consists of a horizontal part called the body and two vertical parts called rami.

The mandible articulates with the skull at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) located in front of each ear, allowing for movements like opening and closing the mouth, protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. The mandible contains the lower teeth sockets called alveolar processes, which hold the lower teeth in place.

In medical terminology, the term "mandible" refers specifically to this bone and its associated structures.

Orthodontic space closure is the process of closing or reducing gaps or spaces between teeth using various orthodontic appliances, such as braces or aligners. This procedure is typically performed to improve the alignment and appearance of the teeth, as well as to enhance their function and overall oral health. The force applied by the appliance gradually moves the teeth together, eliminating the space over time.

A supernumerary tooth, also known as hyperdontia, refers to an additional tooth or teeth that grow beyond the regular number of teeth in the dental arch. These extra teeth can erupt in various locations of the dental arch and may occur in any of the tooth types, but they are most commonly seen as extra premolars or molars, and less frequently as incisors or canines. Supernumerary teeth may be asymptomatic or may cause complications such as crowding, displacement, or impaction of adjacent teeth, and therefore, they often require dental treatment.

Tooth wear is the progressive loss of tooth structure that can occur as a result of various factors. According to the medical definition, it refers to the wearing down, rubbing away, or grinding off of the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel and dentin) due to mechanical forces or chemical processes.

There are three primary types of tooth wear:

1. Abrasion: This is the loss of tooth structure caused by friction from external sources, such as incorrect brushing techniques, bite appliances, or habits like nail-biting and pipe smoking.
2. Attrition: This type of tooth wear results from the natural wearing down of teeth due to occlusal forces during biting, chewing, and grinding. However, excessive attrition can occur due to bruxism (teeth grinding) or clenching.
3. Erosion: Chemical processes, such as acid attacks from dietary sources (e.g., citrus fruits, sodas, and sports drinks) or gastric reflux, cause the loss of tooth structure in this type of tooth wear. The enamel dissolves when exposed to low pH levels, leaving the dentin underneath vulnerable to further damage.

Professional dental examination and treatment may be necessary to address significant tooth wear and prevent further progression, which can lead to sensitivity, pain, and functional or aesthetic issues.

Tooth abnormalities refer to any variations or irregularities in the size, shape, number, structure, or development of teeth that deviate from the typical or normal anatomy. These abnormalities can occur in primary (deciduous) or permanent teeth and can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, systemic diseases, or localized dental conditions during tooth formation.

Some examples of tooth abnormalities include:

1. Microdontia - teeth that are smaller than normal in size.
2. Macrodontia - teeth that are larger than normal in size.
3. Peg-shaped teeth - teeth with a narrow, conical shape.
4. Talon cusps - additional cusps or points on the biting surface of a tooth.
5. Dens invaginatus - an abnormal development where the tooth crown has an extra fold or pouch that can trap bacteria and cause dental problems.
6. Taurodontism - teeth with large pulp chambers and short roots.
7. Supernumerary teeth - having more teeth than the typical number (20 primary and 32 permanent teeth).
8. Hypodontia - missing one or more teeth due to a failure of development.
9. Germination - two adjacent teeth fused together, usually occurring in the front teeth.
10. Fusion - two separate teeth that have grown together during development.

Tooth abnormalities may not always require treatment unless they cause functional, aesthetic, or dental health issues. A dentist can diagnose and manage tooth abnormalities through various treatments, such as fillings, extractions, orthodontic care, or restorative procedures.

Tooth extraction is a dental procedure in which a tooth that is damaged or poses a threat to oral health is removed from its socket in the jawbone. This may be necessary due to various reasons such as severe tooth decay, gum disease, fractured teeth, crowded teeth, or for orthodontic treatment purposes. The procedure is performed by a dentist or an oral surgeon, under local anesthesia to numb the area around the tooth, ensuring minimal discomfort during the extraction process.

The tooth apex is the tip or the narrowed end of the root of a tooth. It is the portion that is located deepest within the jawbone and it contains dental pulp tissue, which includes nerves and blood vessels. The apex plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of a tooth, as well as in the process of root canal treatment, where instruments and materials are introduced through it to clean and fill the root canals. It is also a crucial landmark in endodontic surgery and dental imaging.

Orthodontic anchorage procedures refer to the methods and techniques used in orthodontics to achieve stable, controlled movement of teeth during treatment. The term "anchorage" describes the point of stability around which other teeth are moved.

There are two main types of anchorage: absolute and relative. Absolute anchorage is when the force applied to move teeth does not cause any unwanted movement in the area providing stability. Relative anchorage is when some degree of reciprocal movement is expected in the area providing stability.

Orthodontic appliances, such as mini-screws, palatal implants, and headgear, are often used to provide additional anchorage reinforcement. These devices help control the direction and magnitude of forces applied during treatment, ensuring predictable tooth movement and maintaining proper alignment and occlusion (bite).

In summary, orthodontic anchorage procedures involve the strategic use of various appliances and techniques to establish a stable foundation for moving teeth during orthodontic treatment. This helps ensure optimal treatment outcomes and long-term stability of the dentition.

A nonvital tooth is one that no longer has a living or viable pulp, which contains the nerves and blood vessels inside the tooth. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay that has progressed deeply into the tooth, dental trauma, or previous invasive dental procedures. As a result, the tooth loses its sensitivity to temperature changes and may darken in color. Nonvital teeth typically require root canal treatment to remove the dead pulp tissue, disinfect the canals, and fill them with an inert material to preserve the tooth structure and function.

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells that are primarily responsible for bone resorption, a process in which they break down and dissolve the mineralized matrix of bones. They are derived from monocyte-macrophage precursor cells of hematopoietic origin and play a crucial role in maintaining bone homeostasis by balancing bone formation and bone resorption.

Osteoclasts adhere to the bone surface and create an isolated microenvironment, called the "resorption lacuna," between their cell membrane and the bone surface. Here, they release hydrogen ions into the lacuna through a process called proton pumping, which lowers the pH and dissolves the mineral component of the bone matrix. Additionally, osteoclasts secrete proteolytic enzymes, such as cathepsin K, that degrade the organic components, like collagen, in the bone matrix.

An imbalance in osteoclast activity can lead to various bone diseases, including osteoporosis and Paget's disease, where excessive bone resorption results in weakened and fragile bones.

Bite force refers to the amount of force or pressure that can be exerted by the teeth and jaw when biting down or clenching together. It is a measure of an individual's maximum biting strength, typically expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or newtons (N). Bite force is an important factor in various biological and medical contexts, including oral health, nutrition, and the study of animal behavior and evolution.

In humans, bite force can vary widely depending on factors such as age, sex, muscle strength, and dental health. On average, a healthy adult human male may have a maximum bite force of around 150-200 pounds (670-890 newtons), while an adult female may have a bite force of around 100-130 pounds (445-578 newtons). However, these values can vary significantly from person to person.

Abnormalities in bite force can be indicative of various medical conditions or injuries, such as temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD), muscle weakness, or neurological disorders affecting the facial muscles. Assessing and measuring bite force may also be useful in evaluating the effectiveness of dental treatments or appliances, such as dentures or orthodontic devices.

The dental arch refers to the curved shape formed by the upper or lower teeth when they come together. The dental arch follows the curve of the jaw and is important for proper bite alignment and overall oral health. The dental arches are typically described as having a U-shaped appearance, with the front teeth forming a narrower section and the back teeth forming a wider section. The shape and size of the dental arch can vary from person to person, and any significant deviations from the typical shape or size may indicate an underlying orthodontic issue that requires treatment.

A semiconductor laser is a type of laser that uses a semiconductor material to produce coherent light. In a semiconductor laser, electrical current is passed through a p-n junction (a junction between p-type and n-type semiconductors) to create a population inversion, which is necessary for laser action. The active region of the laser, where stimulated emission occurs, is typically made up of multiple layers of semiconductor materials that are designed to confine the carriers (electrons and holes) and enhance the optical mode.

Semiconductor lasers are commonly used in a wide range of applications, including data storage, fiber optic communications, laser printers, and medical devices. They are compact, efficient, and can be easily modulated, making them ideal for use in high-speed optical communication systems. Additionally, semiconductor lasers can be made using various materials, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide (InP), and aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), which allow for the emission of light at different wavelengths.

Semiconductor lasers are also known as diode lasers or laser diodes, and they can be further classified based on their structure, such as edge-emitting lasers, surface-emitting lasers, vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), and distributed feedback lasers (DFB).

An impacted tooth is a condition where a tooth fails to erupt into the oral cavity within its expected time frame, resulting in its partial or complete entrapment within the jawbone or soft tissues. This commonly occurs with wisdom teeth (third molars) but can affect any tooth. Impacted teeth may cause problems such as infection, decay of adjacent teeth, gum disease, or cyst formation, and they may require surgical removal.

Tooth discoloration, also known as tooth staining or tooth color change, refers to the darkening or staining of teeth. It can be categorized into two main types: extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic discoloration occurs when the outer layer of the tooth (enamel) becomes stained due to exposure to colored substances such as coffee, tea, wine, tobacco, and certain foods. Intrinsic discoloration, on the other hand, occurs when the inner structure of the tooth (dentin) darkens or gets a yellowish tint due to factors like genetics, aging, trauma, or exposure to certain medications during tooth development. Tooth discoloration can also be caused by dental diseases or decay. It is important to note that while some forms of tooth discoloration are cosmetic concerns, others may indicate underlying oral health issues and should be evaluated by a dental professional.

Ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination is a formulation that contains a synthetic version of the female sex hormones, estrogen (ethinyl estradiol) and progestin (norgestrel), which are used in various forms of hormonal contraception.

This combination works by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination is commonly used in oral contraceptives (birth control pills), as well as in some forms of hormonal patches and rings. It is important to note that while this combination is highly effective at preventing pregnancy, it can also increase the risk of certain health problems, such as blood clots, stroke, and breast cancer, especially in women who smoke or have other risk factors.

Therefore, it is essential for individuals using hormonal contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination to discuss their medical history and any potential risks with their healthcare provider before starting this form of birth control.

A tooth is classified as "unerupted" when it has not yet penetrated through the gums and entered the oral cavity. This can apply to both primary (baby) teeth and permanent (adult) teeth. The reasons for a tooth's failure to erupt can vary, including crowding of teeth, lack of sufficient space, or anatomical barriers such as bone or soft tissue. In some cases, unerupted teeth may need to be monitored or treated, depending on the specific situation and any symptoms experienced by the individual.

Orthodontics is a specialized branch of dentistry that focuses on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of dental and facial irregularities. The term "corrective" in this context refers to the use of appliances (such as braces, aligners, or other devices) to move teeth into their proper position and correct malocclusion (bad bite). This not only improves the appearance of the teeth but also helps to ensure better function, improved oral health, and overall dental well-being.

The goal of corrective orthodontics is to create a balanced and harmonious relationship between the teeth, jaws, and facial structures. Treatment may be recommended for children, adolescents, or adults and can help address various issues such as crowding, spacing, overbites, underbites, crossbites, open bites, and jaw growth discrepancies. A combination of techniques, including fixed or removable appliances, may be used to achieve the desired outcome. Regular follow-up appointments are necessary throughout treatment to monitor progress and make any necessary adjustments.

Malocclusion, Angle Class I is a type of dental malocclusion where the misalignment of teeth is not severe enough to affect the overall function or appearance of the bite significantly. Named after Edward Angle, the founder of modern orthodontics, this classification indicates that the mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first molar is aligned with the buccal groove of the lower first molar. Although the bite appears normal, there might be crowding, spacing, or rotations present in the teeth, which can lead to aesthetic concerns and potential periodontal issues if left untreated.

Titanium is not a medical term, but rather a chemical element (symbol Ti, atomic number 22) that is widely used in the medical field due to its unique properties. Medically, it is often referred to as a biocompatible material used in various medical applications such as:

1. Orthopedic implants: Titanium and its alloys are used for making joint replacements (hips, knees, shoulders), bone plates, screws, and rods due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility.
2. Dental implants: Titanium is also commonly used in dental applications like implants, crowns, and bridges because of its ability to osseointegrate, or fuse directly with bone tissue, providing a stable foundation for replacement teeth.
3. Cardiovascular devices: Titanium alloys are used in the construction of heart valves, pacemakers, and other cardiovascular implants due to their non-magnetic properties, which prevent interference with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
4. Medical instruments: Due to its resistance to corrosion and high strength, titanium is used in the manufacturing of various medical instruments such as surgical tools, needles, and catheters.

In summary, Titanium is a chemical element with unique properties that make it an ideal material for various medical applications, including orthopedic and dental implants, cardiovascular devices, and medical instruments.

Odontogenesis is the process of tooth development that involves the formation and calcification of teeth. It is a complex process that requires the interaction of several types of cells, including epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, and odontoblasts. The process begins during embryonic development with the formation of dental lamina, which gives rise to the tooth bud. As the tooth bud grows and differentiates, it forms the various structures of the tooth, including the enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp. Odontogenesis is completed when the tooth erupts into the oral cavity. Abnormalities in odontogenesis can result in developmental dental anomalies such as tooth agenesis, microdontia, or odontomas.

Orthodontic brackets are small square attachments that are bonded to the teeth or bands that are attached to the back molars. They have a slot in which the orthodontic archwire fits and is held in place. The bracket can be made of stainless steel, ceramic, plastic or a combination of these materials. They play an essential role in moving the teeth into the desired position during orthodontic treatment.

The term "tooth cervix" is not commonly used in medical dentistry with a specific technical definition. However, if you are referring to the "cervical region of a tooth," it generally refers to the area where the crown (the visible part of the tooth) meets the root (the portion of the tooth that is below the gum line). This region is also sometimes referred to as the "cementoenamel junction" (CEJ), where the enamel covering of the crown meets the cementum covering of the root. Dental issues such as tooth decay, receding gums, or abrasion can affect this area and may require professional dental treatment.

Odontoblasts are defined as columnar-shaped cells that are located in the pulp tissue of teeth, specifically within the predentin region. They are responsible for the formation of dentin, one of the main components of a tooth, by synthesizing and depositing collagenous and non-collagenous proteins, as well as the mineral hydroxyapatite.

Odontoblasts have a single process that extends into the dentinal tubules, which are microscopic channels within the dentin matrix. These cells play a crucial role in sensing external stimuli, such as heat, cold, or pressure, and transmitting signals to the nerves located in the pulp tissue, thereby contributing to the tooth's sensitivity.

In summary, odontoblasts are specialized dental cells that produce dentin, provide structural support for teeth, and contribute to their sensory functions.

Oral surgical procedures refer to various types of surgeries performed in the oral cavity and maxillofacial region, which includes the mouth, jaws, face, and skull. These procedures are typically performed by oral and maxillofacial surgeons, who are dental specialists with extensive training in surgical procedures involving the mouth, jaws, and face.

Some common examples of oral surgical procedures include:

1. Tooth extractions: This involves removing a tooth that is damaged beyond repair or causing problems for the surrounding teeth. Wisdom tooth removal is a common type of tooth extraction.
2. Dental implant placement: This procedure involves placing a small titanium post in the jawbone to serve as a replacement root for a missing tooth. A dental crown is then attached to the implant, creating a natural-looking and functional replacement tooth.
3. Jaw surgery: Also known as orthognathic surgery, this procedure involves repositioning the jaws to correct bite problems or facial asymmetry.
4. Biopsy: This procedure involves removing a small sample of tissue from the oral cavity for laboratory analysis, often to diagnose suspicious lesions or growths.
5. Lesion removal: This procedure involves removing benign or malignant growths from the oral cavity, such as tumors or cysts.
6. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgery: This procedure involves treating disorders of the TMJ, which connects the jawbone to the skull and allows for movement when eating, speaking, and yawning.
7. Facial reconstruction: This procedure involves rebuilding or reshaping the facial bones after trauma, cancer surgery, or other conditions that affect the face.

Overall, oral surgical procedures are an important part of dental and medical care, helping to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions affecting the mouth, jaws, and face.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Finite Element Analysis" (FEA) is not a medical term. It is a computational technique used in engineering and physical sciences. FEA is a computerized method for predicting how a product reacts to real-world forces, vibration, heat, fluid flow, and other physical effects. It's a way that engineers can simulate the performance of a product or system before it is built, which can help reduce costs, improve quality, and shorten the development time.

However, in a medical context, FEA might be used in the field of biomechanical engineering to analyze the mechanical behavior of biological systems, such as bones, joints, or soft tissues, under various loads and conditions. This can help researchers and clinicians better understand the mechanisms of injury, disease, or the effects of treatment, and develop more effective prevention, diagnostic, or therapeutic strategies.

Acid phosphatase is a type of enzyme that is found in various tissues and organs throughout the body, including the prostate gland, red blood cells, bone, liver, spleen, and kidneys. This enzyme plays a role in several biological processes, such as bone metabolism and the breakdown of molecules like nucleotides and proteins.

Acid phosphatase is classified based on its optimum pH level for activity. Acid phosphatases have an optimal activity at acidic pH levels (below 7.0), while alkaline phosphatases have an optimal activity at basic or alkaline pH levels (above 7.0).

In clinical settings, measuring the level of acid phosphatase in the blood can be useful as a tumor marker for prostate cancer. Elevated acid phosphatase levels may indicate the presence of metastatic prostate cancer or disease progression. However, it is important to note that acid phosphatase is not specific to prostate cancer and can also be elevated in other conditions, such as bone diseases, liver disorders, and some benign conditions. Therefore, acid phosphatase should be interpreted in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical findings for a more accurate diagnosis.

An artificial tooth, also known as a dental prosthesis or dental restoration, is a device made to replace a missing tooth or teeth. It can be removable, such as a denture, or fixed, such as a bridge or an implant-supported crown. The material used to make artificial teeth can vary and may include porcelain, resin, metal, or a combination of these materials. Its purpose is to restore function, aesthetics, and/or speech, and it is custom-made to fit the individual's mouth for comfort and effectiveness.

Dental enamel is the hard, white, outermost layer of a tooth. It is a highly mineralized and avascular tissue, meaning it contains no living cells or blood vessels. Enamel is primarily composed of calcium and phosphate minerals and serves as the protective covering for the crown of a tooth, which is the portion visible above the gum line.

Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body, and its primary function is to provide structural support and protection to the underlying dentin and pulp tissues of the tooth. It also plays a crucial role in chewing and biting by helping to distribute forces evenly across the tooth surface during these activities.

Despite its hardness, dental enamel can still be susceptible to damage from factors such as tooth decay, erosion, and abrasion. Once damaged or lost, enamel cannot regenerate or repair itself, making it essential to maintain good oral hygiene practices and seek regular dental checkups to prevent enamel damage and protect overall oral health.

Aminopropionitrile is a chemical compound with the formula NPN(H2)CH2CH2CN. It is an irritant that can cause damage to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. It is used in the manufacture of certain plastics and resins, and has also been studied for its potential effects on the human body. Some research suggests that aminopropionitrile may interfere with the normal functioning of collagen, a protein that helps to provide structure and support to tissues and organs in the body. This has led to interest in the use of aminopropionitrile as a potential treatment for certain conditions related to collagen, such as scleroderma. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of this use.

Bone matrix refers to the non-cellular component of bone that provides structural support and functions as a reservoir for minerals, such as calcium and phosphate. It is made up of organic and inorganic components. The organic component consists mainly of type I collagen fibers, which provide flexibility and tensile strength to the bone. The inorganic component is primarily composed of hydroxyapatite crystals, which give bone its hardness and compressive strength. Bone matrix also contains other proteins, growth factors, and signaling molecules that regulate bone formation, remodeling, and repair.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nickel" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. Nickel is a hard, silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. It is one of four elements that are ferromagnetic and is used as a common component in various alloys due to its properties such as resistance to corrosion and heat.

However, in a medical context, nickel may refer to:

* Nickel allergy: A type of allergic contact dermatitis caused by an immune system response to the presence of nickel in jewelry, clothing fasteners, or other items that come into contact with the skin. Symptoms can include redness, itching, and rash at the site of exposure.
* Nickel carbonyl: A highly toxic chemical compound (Ni(CO)4) that can cause respiratory and neurological problems if inhaled. It is produced during some industrial processes involving nickel and carbon monoxide and poses a health risk to workers if proper safety measures are not taken.

If you have any concerns about exposure to nickel or symptoms related to nickel allergy, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Stainless Steel" is not a medical term. It is a type of steel that contains at least 10.5% chromium content by mass, and usually contains nickel as well. The chromium forms a passive film that protects the metal from corrosion and staining. Stainless steel is widely used in various industries including medicine, for example, in medical equipment and surgical instruments due to its resistance to rust and corrosion.

Nonparametric statistics is a branch of statistics that does not rely on assumptions about the distribution of variables in the population from which the sample is drawn. In contrast to parametric methods, nonparametric techniques make fewer assumptions about the data and are therefore more flexible in their application. Nonparametric tests are often used when the data do not meet the assumptions required for parametric tests, such as normality or equal variances.

Nonparametric statistical methods include tests such as the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (also known as the Mann-Whitney U test) for comparing two independent groups, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for comparing two related groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing more than two independent groups. These tests use the ranks of the data rather than the actual values to make comparisons, which allows them to be used with ordinal or continuous data that do not meet the assumptions of parametric tests.

Overall, nonparametric statistics provide a useful set of tools for analyzing data in situations where the assumptions of parametric methods are not met, and can help researchers draw valid conclusions from their data even when the data are not normally distributed or have other characteristics that violate the assumptions of parametric tests.

Tooth exfoliation is not a term that is commonly used in dental or medical literature. However, I believe you may be referring to the natural process of tooth loss that occurs with the shedding of primary (baby) teeth to make way for permanent (adult) teeth. This process is also known as physical or physiological tooth exfoliation.

Exfoliation in this context refers to the separation and shedding of the primary tooth's root from the underlying permanent tooth, allowing the permanent tooth to erupt into its proper position. The primary tooth becomes loose due to the resorption of its roots by the developing permanent tooth beneath it. Eventually, the primary tooth falls out, making room for the adult tooth to emerge and take its place in the dental arch.

It is essential to maintain good oral hygiene during this process to prevent any potential complications such as infection or premature loss of primary teeth.

Head movements refer to the voluntary or involuntary motion of the head in various directions. These movements can occur in different planes, including flexion (moving the head forward), extension (moving the head backward), rotation (turning the head to the side), and lateral bending (leaning the head to one side).

Head movements can be a result of normal physiological processes, such as when nodding in agreement or shaking the head to indicate disagreement. They can also be caused by neurological conditions, such as abnormal head movements in patients with Parkinson's disease or cerebellar disorders. Additionally, head movements may occur in response to sensory stimuli, such as turning the head toward a sound.

In a medical context, an examination of head movements can provide important clues about a person's neurological function and help diagnose various conditions affecting the brain and nervous system.

Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness, swelling and bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It's important to note that it is reversible with good oral hygiene and professional dental treatment. If left untreated, however, gingivitis can progress to a more severe form of gum disease known as periodontitis, which can result in tissue damage and eventual tooth loss.

Gingivitis is most commonly caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. When not removed regularly through brushing and flossing, this plaque can harden into tartar, which is more difficult to remove and contributes to gum inflammation. Other factors like hormonal changes, poor nutrition, certain medications, smoking or a weakened immune system may also increase the risk of developing gingivitis.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

Tooth avulsion is the complete separation of a tooth from its socket in the alveolar bone due to traumatic injury. This occurs when the periodontal ligament, which holds the tooth in place, gets severed or torn, resulting in the tooth being displaced from its original position. Avulsed teeth can be either primary (baby) or permanent teeth, and the trauma can result in damage to the surrounding tissues, including the gingiva, alveolar bone, and sometimes even the nerves and blood vessels. Prompt and appropriate first aid, as well as professional dental care, are crucial for ensuring the best possible outcome for reimplantation and healing.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Movement disorders are a group of neurological conditions that affect the control and coordination of voluntary movements. These disorders can result from damage to or dysfunction of the cerebellum, basal ganglia, or other parts of the brain that regulate movement. Symptoms may include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), akathisia (restlessness and inability to remain still), dystonia (sustained muscle contractions leading to abnormal postures), chorea (rapid, unpredictable movements), tics, and gait disturbances. Examples of movement disorders include Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette syndrome, and dystonic disorders.

'Fused teeth', also known as congenitally missing or malformed teeth, is a dental condition where two or more teeth are fused together. This condition is called "gemination" when a single tooth bud fails to completely separate, resulting in two teeth that share a common pulp chamber and root canal. When this occurs with more than one tooth, it is referred to as "twinning." In contrast, "congenital fusion" or "synthesis" refers to the union of two separate tooth buds during development.

Fused teeth can cause cosmetic concerns, difficulty in biting and chewing, and may affect the alignment of surrounding teeth. Depending on the severity and location of the fusion, treatment options may include observation, dental restorations, or even orthodontic or surgical intervention to correct the malocclusion and improve oral function and aesthetics.

In the context of medicine, particularly in anatomy and physiology, "rotation" refers to the movement of a body part around its own axis or the long axis of another structure. This type of motion is three-dimensional and can occur in various planes. A common example of rotation is the movement of the forearm bones (radius and ulna) around each other during pronation and supination, which allows the hand to be turned palm up or down. Another example is the rotation of the head during mastication (chewing), where the mandible moves in a circular motion around the temporomandibular joint.

Malocclusion is a term used in dentistry and orthodontics to describe a misalignment or misrelation between the upper and lower teeth when they come together, also known as the bite. It is derived from the Latin words "mal" meaning bad or wrong, and "occludere" meaning to close.

There are different types of malocclusions, including:

1. Class I malocclusion: The most common type, where the upper teeth slightly overlap the lower teeth, but the bite is otherwise aligned.
2. Class II malocclusion (overbite): The upper teeth significantly overlap the lower teeth, causing a horizontal or vertical discrepancy between the dental arches.
3. Class III malocclusion (underbite): The lower teeth protrude beyond the upper teeth, resulting in a crossbite or underbite.

Malocclusions can be caused by various factors such as genetics, thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, premature loss of primary or permanent teeth, and jaw injuries or disorders. They may lead to several oral health issues, including tooth decay, gum disease, difficulty chewing or speaking, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. Treatment for malocclusions typically involves orthodontic appliances like braces, aligners, or retainers to realign the teeth and correct the bite. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary.

Tooth diseases are conditions that affect the teeth and can cause discomfort, pain, and even loss of teeth if left untreated. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as poor oral hygiene, bacterial infections, trauma, genetics, and certain medical conditions. Some common tooth diseases include:

1. Dental caries (tooth decay): This is a breakdown of the tooth enamel due to the action of acid-producing bacteria that feed on sugars and starches in the mouth. Over time, this can lead to cavities or holes in the teeth.
2. Gingivitis: This is an inflammation of the gums caused by the buildup of plaque and tartar at the gum line. If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more serious form of gum disease that can cause tooth loss.
3. Periodontitis: This is a severe infection of the gums and bones that support the teeth. It is caused by the buildup of plaque and tartar, which leads to the destruction of the tissue and bone that hold the teeth in place.
4. Abscess: This is a pocket of pus that forms in the tooth or gum due to a bacterial infection. An abscess can cause pain, swelling, and fever, and may require antibiotics or surgical drainage.
5. Tooth erosion: This is the loss of tooth structure due to acid wear, which can be caused by factors such as diet, stomach acid, and teeth grinding.
6. Hypersensitivity: This is a condition in which the teeth become sensitive to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks. It can be caused by factors such as gum recession, tooth decay, and tooth wear.
7. Oral cancer: This is a type of cancer that affects the mouth, lips, tongue, or throat. It can cause symptoms such as sores, lumps, or difficulty swallowing, and may require surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy for treatment.

Tooth calcification, also known as dental calculus or tartar formation, refers to the hardening of plaque on the surface of teeth. This process occurs when minerals from saliva combine with bacterial deposits and dental plaque, resulting in a hard, calcified substance that adheres to the tooth surface. Calcification can occur both above and below the gum line, and if not removed through professional dental cleanings, it can lead to periodontal disease, tooth decay, and other oral health issues.

Tooth ankylosis is a dental condition where the tooth becomes abnormally fused to the alveolar bone, which is the part of the jawbone that contains the tooth sockets. This fusion typically occurs through the cementum of the root surface and the adjacent alveolar bone, resulting in the loss of the periodontal ligament (PLD) space that normally separates the tooth from the bone.

Ankylosis can affect both primary (deciduous or baby) teeth and permanent teeth. In primary teeth, ankylosis may lead to early exfoliation or premature loss of the tooth due to the lack of PDL resorption, which is necessary for natural tooth shedding. In permanent teeth, ankylosis can result in infraocclusion, where the affected tooth fails to erupt fully and remains at a lower level than the surrounding teeth.

The causes of tooth ankylosis include trauma, infection, developmental disorders, or previous orthodontic treatment. It is essential to diagnose and manage this condition promptly, as it can lead to complications such as malocclusion, dental crowding, or periodontal issues if left untreated. Treatment options may include extraction of the affected tooth, surgical separation from the bone, or orthodontic treatment to correct any resulting occlusal discrepancies.

A periodontal pocket is a pathological space or gap that develops between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue (gingiva) as a result of periodontal disease. This condition is also known as a "periodontal depth" or "probing depth." It is measured in millimeters using a dental probe, and it indicates the level of attachment loss of the gingival tissue to the tooth.

In a healthy periodontium, the sulcus (the normal space between the tooth and gum) measures 1-3 mm in depth. However, when there is inflammation due to bacterial accumulation, the gums may become red, swollen, and bleed easily. As the disease progresses, the sulcus deepens, forming a periodontal pocket, which can extend deeper than 3 mm.

Periodontal pockets provide an environment that is conducive to the growth of harmful bacteria, leading to further tissue destruction and bone loss around the tooth. If left untreated, periodontal disease can result in loose teeth and eventually tooth loss. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential for maintaining healthy gums and preventing periodontal pockets from developing or worsening.

X-ray microtomography, often referred to as micro-CT, is a non-destructive imaging technique used to visualize and analyze the internal structure of objects with high spatial resolution. It is based on the principles of computed tomography (CT), where multiple X-ray images are acquired at different angles and then reconstructed into cross-sectional slices using specialized software. These slices can be further processed to create 3D visualizations, allowing researchers and clinicians to examine the internal structure and composition of samples in great detail. Micro-CT is widely used in materials science, biology, medicine, and engineering for various applications such as material characterization, bone analysis, and defect inspection.

Bone resorption is the process by which bone tissue is broken down and absorbed into the body. It is a normal part of bone remodeling, in which old or damaged bone tissue is removed and new tissue is formed. However, excessive bone resorption can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis, in which bones become weak and fragile due to a loss of density. This process is carried out by cells called osteoclasts, which break down the bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the bloodstream.

Tooth erosion is defined as the progressive, irreversible loss of dental hard tissue, primarily caused by chemical dissolution from acids, rather than mechanical forces such as abrasion or attrition. These acids can originate from extrinsic sources like acidic foods and beverages, or intrinsic sources like gastric reflux or vomiting. The erosion process leads to a reduction in tooth structure, altering the shape and function of teeth, and potentially causing sensitivity, pain, and aesthetical concerns. Early detection and management of tooth erosion are crucial to prevent further progression and preserve dental health.

Cathepsin K is a proteolytic enzyme, which belongs to the family of papain-like cysteine proteases. It is primarily produced by osteoclasts, which are specialized cells responsible for bone resorption. Cathepsin K plays a crucial role in the degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix, particularly in bone tissue.

This enzyme is capable of breaking down various proteins, including collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans, which are major components of the bone matrix. By doing so, cathepsin K helps osteoclasts to dissolve and remove mineralized and non-mineralized bone matrix during the process of bone resorption.

Apart from its function in bone metabolism, cathepsin K has also been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and tumor metastasis to bones. Inhibitors of cathepsin K are being investigated as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of these disorders.

A tooth socket, also known as an alveolus (plural: alveoli), refers to the hollow cavity or space in the jawbone where a tooth is anchored. The tooth socket is part of the alveolar process, which is the curved part of the maxilla or mandible that contains multiple tooth sockets for the upper and lower teeth, respectively.

Each tooth socket has a specialized tissue called the periodontal ligament, which attaches the root of the tooth to the surrounding bone. This ligament helps absorb forces generated during biting and chewing, allowing for comfortable and efficient mastication while also maintaining the tooth's position within the jawbone. The tooth socket is responsible for providing support, stability, and nourishment to the tooth through its blood vessels and nerves.

In medicine, elasticity refers to the ability of a tissue or organ to return to its original shape after being stretched or deformed. This property is due to the presence of elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix of the tissue, which can stretch and recoil like rubber bands.

Elasticity is an important characteristic of many tissues, particularly those that are subjected to repeated stretching or compression, such as blood vessels, lungs, and skin. For example, the elasticity of the lungs allows them to expand and contract during breathing, while the elasticity of blood vessels helps maintain normal blood pressure by allowing them to expand and constrict in response to changes in blood flow.

In addition to its role in normal physiology, elasticity is also an important factor in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions. For example, decreased elasticity in the lungs can be a sign of lung disease, while increased elasticity in the skin can be a sign of aging or certain genetic disorders. Medical professionals may use techniques such as pulmonary function tests or skin biopsies to assess elasticity and help diagnose these conditions.

The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals, separating the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. It consists of two portions: the anterior hard palate, which is composed of bone, and the posterior soft palate, which is composed of muscle and connective tissue. The palate plays a crucial role in speech, swallowing, and breathing, as it helps to direct food and air to their appropriate locations during these activities.

Tooth replantation is a dental procedure that involves the replanting and reattachment of a tooth that has been avulsed or knocked out due to trauma. The primary goal of this emergency procedure is to preserve the natural tooth and its periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue, allowing for potential reattachment and function.

The steps involved in tooth replantation include:

1. Locating the avulsed tooth: Carefully handle the knocked-out tooth by holding it by the crown (the chewing surface), avoiding touching the root area to prevent further damage to the periodontal ligament fibers.
2. Rinsing the tooth: Gently rinse the tooth with saline solution, sterile water, or milk to remove any debris or dirt, but avoid using alcohol or scrubbing the tooth as it may cause more damage to the PDL.
3. Replanting the tooth: As soon as possible, reposition the tooth back into its socket in the correct orientation and alignment. Apply gentle pressure to seat it in place while ensuring that it is facing the right direction. Ideally, this should be done within 30 minutes of avulsion for better prognosis.
4. Stabilizing the tooth: Use a splint or a wire to secure the replanted tooth to the adjacent teeth, providing stability and support during the healing process. This helps maintain the alignment and position of the replanted tooth.
5. Seeking professional dental care: Immediately consult with a dentist or endodontist for further evaluation, additional treatment, and follow-up care. The dentist will assess the success of the replantation and determine if any root canal therapy or other treatments are necessary to ensure long-term survival of the tooth.

The success of tooth replantation depends on several factors, including the timeliness of the procedure, the condition of the avulsed tooth, and the patient's overall oral health. Prompt action and professional care can significantly increase the likelihood of a successful outcome and preserve the natural tooth for years to come.

Dentin is the hard, calcified tissue that lies beneath the enamel and cementum of a tooth. It forms the majority of the tooth's structure and is composed primarily of mineral salts (hydroxyapatite), collagenous proteins, and water. Dentin has a tubular structure, with microscopic channels called dentinal tubules that radiate outward from the pulp chamber (the center of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels) to the exterior of the tooth. These tubules contain fluid and nerve endings that are responsible for the tooth's sensitivity to various stimuli such as temperature changes, pressure, or decay. Dentin plays a crucial role in protecting the dental pulp while also providing support and structure to the overlying enamel and cementum.

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), also known as cold laser or soft laser, is a form of phototherapy which uses low-intensity lasers or light-emitting diodes to treat various medical conditions. The laser beam is usually applied directly to the skin and penetrates up to several centimeters into the tissue without causing heat damage or pain.

The therapeutic effect of LLLT is believed to be due to the bio-stimulation of cellular processes, including increased ATP production, modulation of reactive oxygen species, and activation of signaling pathways that promote tissue repair and reduce inflammation. The wavelength and power density of the laser light are important factors in determining its biological effects.

LLLT has been used to treat a variety of conditions such as musculoskeletal pain, wound healing, skin rejuvenation, hair growth, and neurological disorders. However, its efficacy is still a subject of ongoing research and debate, with some studies reporting positive results while others showing no significant benefits compared to placebo.

It's important to note that LLLT should only be administered by trained healthcare professionals, as improper use can lead to eye damage or other adverse effects.

Plant viral movement proteins (MPs) are specialized proteins encoded by plant viruses that play a crucial role in the infection process. These proteins are responsible for the cell-to-cell movement of the virus, allowing it to spread throughout the infected plant. MPs facilitate the transport of viral genetic material from infected cells to neighboring uninfected cells, often through plasmodesmata, which are specialized channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.

Movement proteins can increase the size exclusion limit (SEL) of plasmodesmata, creating a larger pore through which viral RNA or DNA can pass. They also form complexes with viral nucleic acids and other MPs to create movement protein-viral RNA/DNA complexes that are transported between cells. The precise mechanisms by which MPs function vary among different virus families, but their role in facilitating the spread of plant viruses is well established.

It's important to note that understanding the structure and function of plant viral movement proteins can provide valuable insights into plant-virus interactions and contribute to the development of novel strategies for controlling plant virus diseases.

Tooth resorption is a process in which there is an abnormal loss or breakdown of tooth structure, either internally (internal resorption) or externally (external resorption), due to the action of specialized cells called odontoclasts. This can lead to weakening and destruction of the tooth, potentially causing sensitivity, pain, or even tooth loss if left untreated. The causes of tooth resorption can vary, including trauma, orthodontic treatment, periodontal disease, and certain systemic conditions. It is important to diagnose and treat tooth resorption early to prevent further damage and preserve the tooth structure.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but Nitrilotriacetic Acid (NTA) is not a medical term. It is a chemical compound with the formula N(CH2CO2H)3. It's a white water-soluble solid used as a chelating agent, which can form stable complexes with various metal ions.

However, in a broader scientific context, it might be relevant to note that NTA has been used in biochemical research and medical fields for purposes such as metal ion removal or immobilization. But it's not a term that would typically be used in a patient-facing medical context.

The Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus, also known as the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract or spinal trigeminal nucleus, is a component of the trigeminal nerve sensory nuclear complex located in the brainstem. It is responsible for receiving and processing pain and temperature information from the face and head, particularly from the areas innervated by the ophthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2) divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The neurons within this nucleus then project to other brainstem regions and ultimately to the thalamus, which relays this information to the cerebral cortex for conscious perception.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rubber" is not a medical term, but rather a common term used to describe a type of material that is elastic and can be stretched or deformed and then return to its original shape when the force is removed. It is often made from the sap of rubber trees or synthetically.

However, in a medical context, "rubber" might refer to certain medical devices or supplies made from rubber materials, such as rubber gloves used for medical examinations or procedures, or rubber stoppers used in laboratory equipment. But there is no medical definition specifically associated with the term 'Rubber' itself.

Dentition refers to the development, arrangement, and appearance of teeth in the dental arch. It includes the number, type, size, and shape of teeth, as well as their alignment and relationship with each other and the surrounding structures in the oral cavity. Dentition can be classified into two main types: deciduous (primary) dentition and permanent (secondary) dentition. Deciduous dentition consists of 20 temporary teeth that erupt during infancy and childhood, while permanent dentition consists of 32 teeth that replace the deciduous teeth and last for a lifetime, excluding the wisdom teeth which may or may not erupt. Abnormalities in dentition can indicate various dental and systemic conditions, making it an essential aspect of oral health assessment and diagnosis.

Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities, refers to the damage or breakdown of the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin, and cementum) due to the activity of acid-producing bacteria. These bacteria ferment sugars from food and drinks, producing acids that dissolve and weaken the tooth structure, leading to cavities.

The process of dental caries development involves several stages:

1. Demineralization: The acidic environment created by bacterial activity causes minerals (calcium and phosphate) to be lost from the tooth surface, making it weaker and more susceptible to decay.
2. Formation of a white spot lesion: As demineralization progresses, a chalky white area appears on the tooth surface, indicating early caries development.
3. Cavity formation: If left untreated, the demineralization process continues, leading to the breakdown and loss of tooth structure, resulting in a cavity or hole in the tooth.
4. Infection and pulp involvement: As the decay progresses deeper into the tooth, it can reach the dental pulp (the soft tissue containing nerves and blood vessels), causing infection, inflammation, and potentially leading to toothache, abscess, or even tooth loss.

Preventing dental caries involves maintaining good oral hygiene, reducing sugar intake, using fluoride toothpaste and mouthwash, and having regular dental check-ups and cleanings. Early detection and treatment of dental caries can help prevent further progression and more severe complications.

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging in medicine refers to the use of technologies and techniques that generate a 3D representation of internal body structures, organs, or tissues. This is achieved by acquiring and processing data from various imaging modalities such as X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, or confocal microscopy. The resulting 3D images offer a more detailed visualization of the anatomy and pathology compared to traditional 2D imaging techniques, allowing for improved diagnostic accuracy, surgical planning, and minimally invasive interventions.

In 3D imaging, specialized software is used to reconstruct the acquired data into a volumetric model, which can be manipulated and viewed from different angles and perspectives. This enables healthcare professionals to better understand complex anatomical relationships, detect abnormalities, assess disease progression, and monitor treatment response. Common applications of 3D imaging include neuroimaging, orthopedic surgery planning, cancer staging, dental and maxillofacial reconstruction, and interventional radiology procedures.

Odontometry is a term used in dentistry that refers to the measurement of teeth, particularly the size and length of teeth or tooth roots. It is often used in forensic dentistry for identification purposes, such as in age estimation, sex determination, or individual identification of human remains. The measurements can be taken using various methods, including radiographs (x-rays), calipers, or specialized software.

In some contexts, odontometry may also refer to the process of measuring the amount of dental work required for a particular treatment plan, although this usage is less common.

Root canal therapy, also known as endodontic treatment, is a dental procedure that involves the removal of infected or damaged pulp tissue from within a tooth's root canal system. The root canal system is a series of narrow channels that run from the center of the tooth (pulp chamber) down to the tip of the tooth roots, containing nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues.

During the procedure, the dentist or endodontist will gain access to the pulp chamber, carefully clean and shape the root canals using specialized instruments, and then fill and seal them with a rubber-like material called gutta-percha. This helps prevent reinfection and preserves the structural integrity of the tooth. In many cases, a crown or other restoration is placed over the treated tooth to protect it and restore its function and appearance.

Root canal therapy is typically recommended when the pulp tissue becomes inflamed or infected due to deep decay, repeated dental procedures, cracks, or chips in the teeth. The goal of this treatment is to alleviate pain, preserve natural tooth structure, and prevent the need for extraction.

Coloring agents, also known as food dyes or color additives, are substances that are added to foods, medications, and cosmetics to improve their appearance by giving them a specific color. These agents can be made from both synthetic and natural sources. They must be approved by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before they can be used in products intended for human consumption.

Coloring agents are used for various reasons, including:

* To replace color lost during food processing or preparation
* To make foods more visually appealing
* To help consumers easily identify certain types of food
* To indicate the flavor of a product (e.g., fruit-flavored candies)

It's important to note that while coloring agents can enhance the appearance of products, they do not affect their taste or nutritional value. Some people may have allergic reactions to certain coloring agents, so it's essential to check product labels if you have any known allergies. Additionally, excessive consumption of some synthetic coloring agents has been linked to health concerns, so moderation is key.

Fetal movement, also known as quickening, refers to the first perceived movements of the fetus in the uterus during pregnancy. These movements are often described as a fluttering sensation in the lower abdomen and are usually felt by pregnant individuals between 18 and 25 weeks of gestation, although they may occur earlier or later depending on various factors such as the position of the placenta and whether it is a first-time pregnancy.

Fetal movements are an important sign of fetal well-being, and pregnant individuals are typically advised to monitor them regularly starting from around 28 weeks of gestation. A decrease in fetal movement or the absence of fetal movement for an extended period may indicate a problem and should be reported to a healthcare provider immediately.

Fetal movements can be described as kicks, rolls, jabs, or turns, and they become stronger and more frequent as the pregnancy progresses. By 32 weeks of gestation, most fetuses move around 10 times per hour, and by 37 weeks, they typically move around 30 times per day. However, it is important to note that every fetus has its own pattern of movements, and what is normal for one may not be normal for another.

Tooth demineralization is a process that involves the loss of minerals, such as calcium and phosphate, from the hard tissues of the teeth. This process can lead to the development of dental caries or tooth decay. Demineralization occurs when acids produced by bacteria in the mouth attack the enamel of the tooth, dissolving its mineral content. Over time, these attacks can create holes or cavities in the teeth. Fluoride, found in many toothpastes and public water supplies, can help to remineralize teeth and prevent decay. Good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing and flossing regularly, can also help to prevent demineralization by removing plaque and bacteria from the mouth.

Permanent dentition is the second and final set of teeth that humans grow during their lifetime. These teeth are also known as adult or secondary teeth and typically begin to erupt in the mouth around the age of 6 or 7 years old, with all permanent teeth usually present by the time a person reaches their late teens or early twenties.

There are 32 teeth in a complete set of permanent dentition, including 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars (also called bicuspids), and 12 molars (including 4 third molars or wisdom teeth). The primary function of permanent teeth is to help with biting, chewing, and grinding food into smaller pieces that are easier to swallow and digest. Proper care and maintenance of permanent teeth through good oral hygiene practices, regular dental checkups, and a balanced diet can help ensure their longevity and health throughout a person's life.

... orthodontic tooth movement and tooth whitening. Less common causes include pressure from malpositioned ectopic teeth, cysts, ... When there is insult leading to inflammation (trauma, bacteria, tooth whitening, orthodontic movement, periodontal treatment) ... Cementoblastoma Tooth ankylosis Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion Fernandes M, de Ataide I, Wagle R. Tooth resorption part ... External resorption is the loss of tooth structure from the external surface of the tooth and is further subcategorized based ...
It was designed by Henry Wilson in the style of the Arts and Crafts movement. Building started in 1895 and the church was ... He was the son of Robert Tooth (1799-1867) and Mary Ann Reader (c. 1801 - 1845). Tooth became managing partner of the Tooth ... The Reverend Charles Tooth was an Anglican clergyman and founder of St Mark's English Church, Florence. Charles Tooth was born ... Charles Tooth died the same year, on 2 August 1894 in Gibraltar. Louisa Tooth, his widow, commissioned the building of St ...
"The effect of ankle foot orthosis stiffness on trunk movement and walking energy cost in cerebral palsy". Gait & Posture (in ... Tooth HH (1886). The peroneal type of progressive muscular atrophy (MD thesis). London. "Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Fact Sheet ... Media related to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease at Wikimedia Commons Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease at Curlie (CS1 French-language ... and the Briton Howard Henry Tooth (1856-1925). Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease classifications Palmoplantar keratoderma and spastic ...
Movement Any wolf tooth which moves is likely to be small, a fragment, or be a fractured crown. All three are probably better ... Wolf teeth are small, peg-like horse teeth, which sit just in front of (or rostral to) the first cheek teeth of horses and ... touching a wolf tooth causes pain or discomfort in wolf tooth Possible if bit is being pushed towards tooth with force or tooth ... A wolf tooth tucked in on the inside of the 2nd premolar is much less likely to cause problems. Size A large wolf tooth is more ...
Physiological tooth mobility is the tooth movement that occurs when a moderate force is applied to a tooth with an intact ... The vibrations are graded as follows: Grade I: slight movement (+) Grade II: Palpable movement (++) Grade III: Movement visible ... which in turn may increase tooth mobility. When primary teeth are near exfoliation (shedding of primary teeth) there will ... Teeth which are mobile about a fulcrum half way along their root likely have a fractured root.: 184 Normal, physiologic tooth ...
It may also occur as a result of bruxism where emotional stress causes the jaw movements. Certain medications can lead to teeth ... Chattering teeth is a bodily function in animals that occurs primarily in response to cold; the jaw muscles begin to shiver ... doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00864.x. Hammond, Paula; Lillie, Stephen (2 December 2017). "T is for our chattering teeth…". ... Wiper, Susan M.; Semple, Stuart (October 2007). "The function of teeth chattering in male Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)". ...
The bands in this movement perform with "emotionally-centered lyrical content, dual musical emphasis on both melody and ... Pianos Become the Teeth on Myspace Pianos Become The Teeth at Topshelf Records Pianos Become the Teeth discography at Discogs ... "Pianos Become The Teeth share 'Bitter Red'". DIY. 10 January 2018. Retrieved 2018-02-20. "Pianos Become the Teeth complete ... Pianos Become The Teeth / The Saddest Landscape (2010) Touché Amoré / Pianos Become the Teeth (2013) "Houses We Die In" (2009 ...
Additional features include repetitive hand movements (stereotypies), such as clapping, hand licking, and hand sucking; tooth ...
Movement or noises in the jaw joints which indicate the disks in the neck are moving, deformed, or swollen. Tooth wear or ... This major pathway of nerves controls pain signals from the teeth, face, head, and neck, and carries them to the brain. DMSD ... By balancing the muscles, joints, and teeth, and controlling the way the body feels pain in the head and neck areas, long ... Any lifestyle limitation related to the teeth, muscles, or joints of the head and neck. The protocol for assessment of the ...
... some tooth movement can continue beyond the age of 25.: 140 Impacted wisdom teeth are classified by the direction and depth of ... Impacted teeth are ones that fail to erupt due to blockage from other teeth. Wisdom teeth, as the last teeth to erupt in the ... tooth loss rates that start at 10 teeth lost per 1000 teeth per year at 5mm to a rate of 70 teeth lost per year per 1000 teeth ... Wisdom teeth continue to move to the age of 25 years old due to eruption, and then continue some later movement owing to ...
... and thus faster tooth movement and bone remodeling. These techniques also underlie PAOO, where simultaneous bone augmentation ... "Corticotomy for orthodontic tooth movement". Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 44 (6): 251- ...
In 2001, the Wilcko brothers reported that in two patients, accelerated tooth movement for orthodontics were achieved following ... Lee, Won (2018). "Corticotomy for orthodontic tooth movement". Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial ... Park, Young Guk (2016). "Corticision: A Flapless Procedure to Accelerate Tooth Movement". Frontiers of Oral Biology. 18: 109- ... Keser, Elif; Naini, Farhad B. (2022-01-05). "Accelerated orthodontic tooth movement: surgical techniques and the regional ...
Tooth, Roger (19 January 2012). "Kodak: a fond farewell". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-11-26. McCabe, Eamonn (5 October 2011 ... Thirlwell, Adam (17 April 2009). "Adam Thirlwell on the Nouvelle Vague cinema movement". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-11-26. " ...
Additionally she has the ability to cast Charter and Free Magic spells by barking; mostly to produce the involuntary movement ... enlarged teeth; or wings) to achieve the immediate need. ...
As the tension grew, JVP and its military wing, Patriotic People's Movement (Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya) launched attacks on ... 1989 Temple of the Tooth attack is an attack on the Temple of the Tooth Relic, located in Kandy, Sri Lanka. The shrine, which ... Temple of the Tooth, located in the heart of the Kandy city too came under attack on 8 February 1989. Eyewitness accounts, ... "Temple of the Tooth is not only the most hallowed Buddhist shrine, it is the symbol of Sri Lanka's sovereignty". Political ...
The truly destructive forces are the parafunctional movements, as found in bruxism, which can cause irreversible damage to the ... Tooth cavities are caused when acids dissolve tooth enamel: Enamel is also lost through tooth wear and enamel fractures. Ca10( ... Tooth whitening or tooth bleaching procedures attempt to lighten a tooth's color in either of two ways: by chemical or ... Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many animals, including some species of fish ...
It is restricted to a purely rotary movement about the transverse horizontal axis". - GPT. This position is used when restoring ... This position is independent of tooth contact. This position is clinically discernible when the mandible is directed superiorly ... but the patient does not have teeth with which to establish his or her own vertical dimension of occlusion, another method has ...
His first one-man show was at the Lefevre Gallery in 1931; he later exhibited mainly at Tooth's Gallery. From 1933 he was a ... In Paris he met many members of the Surrealist movement; he was particularly influenced by Giorgio de Chirico and Max Ernst. He ...
Root resorption and tooth movement are rare. If it blends into bone cortices, it does so with no expansion or thinning. ... There is no sign of inflammation of the tooth, and if the island is associated with the root the periodontal ligament space is ... It is usually painless and found during routine radiographs as an amorphous radiopaque (light) area around a tooth. ... associated teeth are always nonvital in condensing osteitis. These features help differentiate idiopathic osteosclerosis from ...
Teeth in chickens. Dewclaws in dogs. Reappearance of wings on wingless stick insects and earwigs. Atavistic muscles in several ... Presence of non-functional sinus hair muscles in humans used in whisker movement. Degenerating palmaris longus muscle in humans ... The changes in the teeth can be explained by assuming that the diet changed from soft vegetation to grass. A dominant genus ... Evidence of organisms prior to the development of hard body parts such as shells, bones and teeth is especially scarce, but ...
He brushes his teeth. He shaves. He combs his hair. He puts on his uniform. He leaves the place where he lives. He walks to the ... Every one of those actions is a movement away from suicide. Away from despair." "In Another Country". medhum.med.nyu.edu. ...
... chicks do not have an egg tooth; they use their powerful claws to break out of the egg, and then tunnel their way up ... Research suggests an instinctive visual recognition of specific movement patterns is made by the individual species of megapode ...
They released two albums on Tooth & Nail Records. After signing with Tooth & Nail, the band toured until their "final" show at ... Unashamed was a Christian hardcore punk band that became one of the founding bands in the Spirit-Filled HardCore movement. ... Tooth & Nail Records artists, All stub articles, Christian music stubs). ...
Movement of the discluded teeth should not be impeded by the appliance. The advantages of this approach are: Minimal removal of ... Alterations to the teeth, from tooth wear or tooth loss, can lead to a decreased facial height due to physiological ... Once the back teeth contact, restorations can be placed on the front teeth without needing to remove excessive tooth structure ... Anderson, D.J. "Tooth movement in experimental malocclusion". Archives of Oral Biology. 7 (1): 7-15. doi:10.1016/0003-9969(62) ...
"Fracturing to Survive in Tanya Tagaq's 'Split Tooth'". PopMatters, January 17, 2019. Sheppard, William L. "Population Movements ... "Pan-Eskimo Movement". This movement is supported by the Inuit Circumpolar Council, that was founded in 1977 as the Inuit ... Whether they served a decorative or functional purpose is uncertain (probably both). The Thule used bear teeth as jewellery, or ... Markoosie Patsauq's Harpoon of the Hunter and Tanya Tagaq's Split Tooth, although even these works often defy conventional ...
"Small Tooth Sawfish Movement Patterns with Jasmin Graham". Sharkpedia (Podcast). July 19, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2021. "E ... Her research focused on smalltooth sawfish movement and hammerhead shark phylogeny. In 2021, The New York Times wrote an ...
Wise GE, King GJ (May 2008). "Mechanisms of tooth eruption and orthodontic tooth movement". Journal of Dental Research. 87 (5 ... Without PTHrP, the bony crypt surrounding the tooth follicle will not resorb, and therefore the tooth will not erupt. In the ... PTHrP is critical in intraosseous phase of tooth eruption where it acts as a signalling molecule to stimulate local bone ... teeth, vascular tissues and other tissues. PTHrP acts as an endocrine, autocrine, paracrine, and intracrine hormone. It ...
... cyclic-loading and unloading of the upper sediment column by waves traveling overhead caused movement and contraction of the ... Molar tooth structures have been observed in Precambrian strata on all continents except Antarctica. A range of mechanisms have ... Molar tooth structures are ribbon-like veins and nodules of calcite that are found widespread in Precambrian carbonate ... Gas escape: noting the similarity in shape and size of molar tooth structures to gas escape structures, it has been proposed ...
Distal movement of the lower teeth and mesial movement of the upper teeth Flaring of the upper incisors Extrusion of the lower ... of lower first molar Flaring of the lower incisors Distal movement of the upper teeth and mesial movement of the lower teeth ... "Effects of intermaxillary elastic traction on orthodontic tooth movement". Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 5 (2): 159-166. doi: ... Henry Albert Baker is the first person known to have used elastics to correct the position of teeth. In the late 1800s he named ...
The book discusses the start of Tooth & Nail Records. The book also dicusses Larry Norman's album "Upon This Rock". The book ... The book discusses how CCM emerged from the Jesus movement and Christian reactions to popular music. The book discusses how ...
Ormco will host a free webinar on using archwire to achieve efficient tooth movement. ... Ormco will host a free webinar on using archwire to achieve efficient tooth movement. ... Dror Ortho-Design, developer of a clear aligner that uses pulsating air to straighten teeth, has closed $5 million in financing ...
... no tooth movement), the orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) group (orthodontic treatment devices delivered and orthodontic ... Here, we attempt to examine if corticotomy could also affect the rate of tooth movement in the contralateral side of the ... For instance, in recent years, the influences of different surgical techniques on orthodontic tooth movement in the ipsilateral ... orthodontic professionals are constantly seeking novel strategies and technologies that can accelerate tooth movement in order ...
Learn how the i-station and i-station3 TAD-based devices can move teeth simultaneously in three dimensions in skeletal Class ...
Fundraisers with movement and a sweet tooth. The staff at Bethany House would like to say a huge thank you to all involved in ...
In terms of tooth movement, it was found that there was no bodily tooth movement in both groups (adult and adolescent) at one ... s role during tooth movement. This study investigated the potential of AST as a biological marker to monitor tooth movement by ... Tooth movement only took place thereafter where it was found in the next three weeks (4, 8 and 12) and the test teeth moved at ... Mechanisms of tooth eruption and orthodontic tooth movement. J. Dent. Res., 87: 414-434.. PubMedDirect Link ...
Learn more about Minor Tooth Movement (MTM) at Sensitive Care Cosmetic & Family Dentistry in Connecticut. Schedule an ... Properly aligned teeth contribute to maintaining healthy teeth and gums, and can help prevent more serious health problems from ... Crowded or gapped teeth can be difficult to care for and can lead to periodontal disease with associated gum and bone loss, and ... Misaligned teeth can lead to stress on the jaw muscles and joints as well as excessive wear of the enamel which negatively ...
... or Minimal Tooth Movement, is a cosmetic dental procedure that uses the same digital technology as Invisalign, but takes less ... Solutions For Misaligned Teeth. Minimal Tooth Movement could be the answer for a beautiful new smile in very little time. ... If you would like more information regarding MTM Minimal Tooth Movement, or any other cosmetic dental procedure, call or click ... MTM, or Minimal Tooth Movement, is a cosmetic dental procedure that uses the same digital technology as Invisalign, but because ...
The War in Gaza Has Come for the Climate Movement. Ajit Niranjan, Damien Gayle, and Nina Lakhani ... But It Has No Teeth.. The new rules do not appear to have any independent means of enforcement.. * ...
Minor tooth movement is great if youve had orthodontics (braces) in the past and have a few teeth have shifted, or maybe you ... Space + Force + Time = Tooth Movement. These appliances need to be worn as often as possible throughout the day, except when ... We use a thermoformed plastic device with a pressure point in it to move the tooth/teeth in question by pressure. ... Multiple appliances may be created with different pressure points until the tooth/teeth are in the recommended position, then a ...
... orthodontic tooth movement and tooth whitening. Less common causes include pressure from malpositioned ectopic teeth, cysts, ... When there is insult leading to inflammation (trauma, bacteria, tooth whitening, orthodontic movement, periodontal treatment) ... Cementoblastoma Tooth ankylosis Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion Fernandes M, de Ataide I, Wagle R. Tooth resorption part ... External resorption is the loss of tooth structure from the external surface of the tooth and is further subcategorized based ...
For example, bruxism (teeth grinding) can result in tooth damage. Occasional hair pulling can result in hair loss or evolve ... Childhood Habit Behaviors and Stereotypic Movement Disorder * Sections Childhood Habit Behaviors and Stereotypic Movement ... Neurologically based movement disorder (eg, chorea, dystonic movements, athetosis, myoclonus, hemiballismus, or spasms) ... Fernandez-Alvarez E, Aicardi J. Miscellaneous movement disorders in childhood. Movement Disorders in Children. London, UK: Mac ...
Tara Zahras Against the World Review: A History of Anti-Globalization Movements. October 1, 2023, 6:00 AM. ... Modi Needs to Show India Has Teeth. Asia is ready for India to step up as the United States withdraws.. By Atman Trivedi and ...
How much shifting occurs after wisdom teeth removal?. On average, minor tooth movements of 1-2 mm occur after wisdom tooth ... Do wisdom teeth hold neighboring teeth in place?. Wisdom teeth are the furthest back teeth, providing no anchorage or stability ... Can extracting wisdom teeth cause teeth to become loose or fall out?. Wisdom teeth removal does not directly make other teeth ... How is pathologic tooth movement managed?. If wisdom tooth removal is deemed necessary in high-risk cases, certain key steps ...
Because Teeth Have Feelings Too!. Fritz & Dr. Andrew Moore joins us to take a deep dive into steps we can all take to better ...
MOVEMENT IS MEDICINEâ„¢. The program offers adaptive free online classes for everyone! ... Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most common inherited nerve disorders. ... Join the movement to make a difference for those living with Charcot-MarieTooth (CMT). ... and spreading the word about the effects of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease ...
World Development Movement (WDM). Center for Research on Multinational Corporations (SOMO). World Economy, Ecology & ... European Commissions proposal for financial markets lacks teeth Publié: 20th octobre 2011 More robust rules are needed to ... Murray Worthy of the World Development Movement said: "There is no reason why investors seeking to diversify their portfolio ... Marc-Olivier Herman, Oxfam Internationals EU policy advisor, said: "The European Commissions blueprint is lacking teeth on ...
Movement Is Medicine (16). Optic Hereditary Neuropathy (5). Our Impact (1). Clinical Trials (15). PFDD (1). PFDD Meeting ... DTx Pharma Receives FDA Orphan Drug Designation for DTx-1252 for the Treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 1A (CMT1A) ... Deb Hecht on Hot Topic In HNFs Inspire Online Support And Discussion Community: Hearing Loss And Charcot-Marie-Tooth ... Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most common inherited nerve disorders. ...
It was designed by Henry Wilson in the style of the Arts and Crafts movement. Building started in 1895 and the church was ... He was the son of Robert Tooth (1799-1867) and Mary Ann Reader (c. 1801 - 1845). Tooth became managing partner of the Tooth ... The Reverend Charles Tooth was an Anglican clergyman and founder of St Marks English Church, Florence. Charles Tooth was born ... Charles Tooth died the same year, on 2 August 1894 in Gibraltar. Louisa Tooth, his widow, commissioned the building of St ...
MOPs facilitate tooth movement for stubborn teeth and lead to more efficient movement for space closure. One outstanding ... Even though tooth movement for this type of dentition would have been difficult, she wanted to finish treatment in 1 year. I ... What are the best methods to accelerate tooth movement?. Dr. Boyd. The public has shown a strong interest in reducing ... Accelerating tooth movement is not a new concept; in the 1970s, Wilckodontics®, now known as accelerated osteogenic ...
You may not be able to control your behavior immediately after getting your wisdom teeth removed. This is because of the ... uncoordinated movements. *lack of control of what you say. *blurry vision. *memory problems ... Teeth whitening can be done at home or your dentists office. The best option for you often depends on your type of teeth ... Laser teeth whitening can brighten your teeth and reduce stains. Its more effective than at-home procedures but has greater ...
CROC, Carla Scanavini e CARIA, Paulo Henrique Ferreira. Rotation axis of the maxillary molar and maximum tooth movement ... Aim: To evaluate the correlation between the maxillary molar rotation center and the direction of the maximum tooth movement ... Conclusions: The applied movement interferes in molars Cres location. Higher molar tipping is expected when distal movement is ... rather than buccal movement thanks to the close distance between Cres and location of the force applied to this movement. ...
Read here to learn more about how and why teeth move after braces. ... Its important to maintain your teeth once your braces are removed. ... How to prevent tooth movement. Wear your retainer!. Are you sensing a theme here? ... Can teeth move after braces?. Quite simply, yes, your teeth may move after braces. After all, your teeth moved quite a bit when ...
Braces provide gradual tooth and palette movement over time, causing significant changes to the bone structure within the mouth ... These support points uphold the archwires and o-rings and assist with the tooth movement process. ... I had an emergency treatment during phase 1. Recently I have had a full teeth cleaning and a new cap put on. That is five ... Vargas worked very hard to save my tooth and even though I know it was difficult, what I experienced as a patient seemed like ...
Discover the Mini Quartz Movements. Buy this product now on our Lee Valley online store. ... Imperial Saw Tooth Bits. From: Choose an option to view item availability. ... Compact, battery-operated quartz movements with a choice of five shaft lengths - 1/8", 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", or 3/4". The shaft ...
Kids teeth are suffering from too many sugary drinks. November 30, 2017. *Share: ... We reported previously on the increase of tooth extractions in kids. This experience is painful and traumatizing, altering ...
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Moreover, IL-17 can promote the ... Matrix metalloproteinases and Th17 cytokines in the gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement. ... Matrix metalloproteinases and Th17 cytokines in the gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement. European ... "Matrix metalloproteinases and Th17 cytokines in the gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement", European ...
Tableau Conferences best data story shows how data give movements teeth. datadoodle.substack.com ... Tableau Conferences best data story shows how data give movements teeth. datadoodle.substack.com ...
... involvement of long root movement and risk of gingival recession. A case report was presented to illustrate the treatment ... Orthodontic tooth movement of total buccally blocked-out canine is usually difficult as it is related with the problems of ... This results in delayed bone remodeling and tooth movement. In order to produce efficient canine root movement, very light ... Orthodontic tooth movement of total buccally blocked-out canine is usually difficult as it is related with the problems of ...
Movement of the implant. *Swelling Other possible complications include:. *Damage to the teeth ...
... it may take 40-50 weeks to distalize the posterior teeth, depending on the amount of tooth movement needed.5,6 In a previous ... Photobiomodulation and Tooth Movement. Photobiomodulation, also known as low-level light therapy, employs near-infrared light ( ... Data from rat models have indicated that PBM can also accelerate tooth movement. One study reported increases in osteoclast ... Kawasaki, K. and Shimizu, N.: Effects of low-energy laser irradiation on bone remodeling during experimental tooth movement in ...
  • Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most common inherited nerve disorders. (hnf-cure.org)
  • The increase in the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease market size is a direct consequence of increasing prevalent population of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease patients in the 7MM. (globenewswire.com)
  • As per DelveInsight's analysis, the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease market size in the 7MM was found to be ~USD 56 million in 2022 and it is anticipated to grow at a significant CAGR by 2032. (globenewswire.com)
  • As per DelveInsight's estimates, total prevalent population of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in the 7MM was ~265K in 2021. (globenewswire.com)
  • Some of the key therapies for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease treatment include PXT3003, MD1003 , and others. (globenewswire.com)
  • Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), named after the three physicians who first described it in 1886, is a group of inherited neurological disorders that affect the peripheral nerves. (globenewswire.com)
  • The Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease epidemiology section provides insights into the historical and current Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease patient pool and forecasted trends for the seven individual major countries. (globenewswire.com)
  • Charcot-Marie Tooth disease (CMT) encompasses several inherited peripheral motor-sensory neuropathies and is one of the most common inherited neuromuscular diseases. (springer.com)
  • Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease can be associated with several disorders that may be encountered by the pulmonary physician, including restrictive pulmonary impairment, sleep apnea, restless legs, and vocal cord dysfunction. (springer.com)
  • Anand N, Levine DB, Burke S, Bansal M (1997) Neuropathic spinal arthropathy in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. (springer.com)
  • 2005) Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A: clinicopathological correlations in 24 patients. (springer.com)
  • 2001) Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. (springer.com)
  • 1987) Diaphragmatic dysfunction in siblings with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease). (springer.com)
  • 2001) Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and sleep apnoea syndrome: a family study. (springer.com)
  • Dray TG, Robinson LR, Hillel AD (1999) Laryngeal electromyographic findings in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type II. (springer.com)
  • in others (eg, certain cases of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) and inherited brachial plexus neuropathy [IBPN]/hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy [HNA]), proximal weakness predominates. (medscape.com)
  • Wisdom teeth, also known as third molars, are located at the very back of the upper and lower jaws. (cdhp.org)
  • Pressure on adjacent teeth, especially lower second molars, can lead to gradual root resorption. (cdhp.org)
  • Your wisdom teeth are the third row of molars that grow in when you're a late teen or young adult. (healthline.com)
  • Conclusions: The applied movement interferes in molars Cres location. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our treatment plan involved extraction of the lower left and both upper third molars, followed by distal movement of the upper molars. (jco-online.com)
  • A modified OrthoPulse is currently in development to extend coverage to the first and second molars, allowing segmental PBM treatment of the molars and anterior teeth. (jco-online.com)
  • Brush your teeth twice a day, including your molars. (amitguptaneedsyou.com)
  • Worldwide , as many as 16.2 percent of individuals suffer from congenital missing teeth (CMT) in the permanent dentition (excluding third molars) or teeth that are missing as a result of genetic mutations. (dentalproductsreport.com)
  • Dental casts will be used for the quantification of the anteroposterior movement of the upper canine and the first molars every 30 days until the class I canine relationship is achieved. (who.int)
  • The irregular erupted portion of an impacted wisdom tooth traps plaque and debris, increasing decay risk of adjacent teeth. (cdhp.org)
  • This reabsorption process is considered harmful to one's oral health, especially in cases where severe tooth decay and periodontal disease are involved. (southhillcd.com)
  • This continuous activity among the osteoclasts helps many restorative treatments such as implants have a high success rate, especially for those who have recently suffered from conditions such as severe tooth decay. (southhillcd.com)
  • however, orthodontic treatment can carry some unwanted risks, such as tooth decay and shortening of tooth roots. (cochrane.org)
  • It increases the risk of tooth decay and cavities. (healthline.com)
  • Cavities (also called tooth decay) are one of the most common chronic diseases in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Aim: To evaluate the correlation between the maxillary molar rotation center and the direction of the maximum tooth movement according to the force direction using three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D-FEA). (bvsalud.org)
  • Orthodontic Tooth Movement Studied by Finite Element Analysis: an Update. (bvsalud.org)
  • Properly aligned teeth contribute to maintaining healthy teeth and gums, and can help prevent more serious health problems from arising. (sensitivecare.net)
  • Visual and tactile inspection of the teeth and gums to check for swelling, tenderness, infection, cavities etc. (cdhp.org)
  • Intraoral palpation examines the tooth position below the gums. (cdhp.org)
  • Tooth sensitivity can be caused by infected or receding gums. (amitguptaneedsyou.com)
  • The areas of the teeth that do not have enamel (below the gum line) become apparent when the gums recede. (amitguptaneedsyou.com)
  • Cocaine use, especially when rubbed on the gums or smoked as crack cocaine, can erode the gums and teeth over time. (healthline.com)
  • Some people also rub cocaine on their teeth or gums, which can erode tooth enamel. (healthline.com)
  • Gum disease can lead to the breakdown of the gums, teeth, and surrounding bone tissues. (healthline.com)
  • In a 2008 research review covering anecdotal reports on cocaine and oral health, results found that consuming cocaine orally caused ulcerated lesions on the gums where the cocaine touched, usually near the front teeth. (healthline.com)
  • Place the cut side of the garlic on the gums near and surrounding the tooth and leave it there for as long as you can. (earthclinic.com)
  • Move the clove around the gums on both sides of the tooth, either using your tongue or holding it with your fingers. (earthclinic.com)
  • Leave it on one spot for about 30 seconds, then move it to the opposite side of the tooth/gums. (earthclinic.com)
  • What is bruxism or teeth grinding? (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Bruxism is when a person grinds or clenches their teeth while not chewing. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Although people with bruxism during sleep often cannot feel that they are clenching or grinding the teeth, people who sleep near them may be able to hear the noise it causes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Often , awake bruxism does not cause teeth grinding. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Bruxism is common in young children, with up to 40% experiencing it, usually when their teeth are growing. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • However, because the teeth and jaw grow quickly during childhood, the bruxism usually resolves on its own without causing lasting damage. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In some people, bruxism may happen because either a person's bite is not aligned or they have missing teeth. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Conditions such as Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease can cause movement during sleep, which may result in bruxism. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Nocturnal parafunctional habits, such as bruxism (ie, grinding of the teeth) and thumb sucking, may be associated with the development of traumatic ulcers of the buccal mucosa, the labial mucosa, the lateral borders of the tongue, and the palate. (medscape.com)
  • Bruxism is a TMJ dysfunction (disorder temporo-mandibular), where there is the grinding movement of the teeth, causing consequences in individuals. (bvsalud.org)
  • These medications can cause dry mouth , alter taste perception, or cause involuntary facial movements. (healthline.com)
  • The basal ganglia help initiate and smooth out muscle movements, suppress involuntary movements, and coordinate changes in posture. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We reported previously on the increase of tooth extractions in kids . (thatsugarmovement.com)
  • Some studies included participants requiring tooth extractions for relief of dental crowding and correction of their bite with space closure, while other studies included participants who did not require dental extractions. (cochrane.org)
  • Minor tooth movement is great if you've had orthodontics (braces) in the past and have a few teeth have shifted, or maybe you just have one or two teeth that are slightly out of alignment. (drmoossy.com)
  • What are the best methods to accelerate tooth movement? (aegisdentalnetwork.com)
  • Data from rat models have indicated that PBM can also accelerate tooth movement. (jco-online.com)
  • Different surgical and non-surgical approaches have been proposed to accelerate tooth movement and decrease the duration of orthodontic treatments . (bvsalud.org)
  • Several methods, including surgical and non-surgical treatments, have been suggested to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. (cochrane.org)
  • Applying the correct amount of force is vital in orthodontics especially during bodily tooth movement as to prevent iatrogenic damage to the supporting tissue, root resorption (Chan and Darendeliler, 2005), anchorage loss or delayed tooth movement from occurring since these would hamper treatment progress if inappropriate force is given. (scialert.net)
  • While most people think of orthodontics as a cosmetic procedure, an improved smile is really just a popular side-effect of proper tooth alignment. (sensitivecare.net)
  • Conventional orthodontics, or braces, have been available for decades and usually require the patient to have brackets and wires placed on the teeth, which exert forces on the teeth allowing the teeth to move to the desired position. (dentalcosmetics.com)
  • Typical orthodontics can take between 18 and 24 months, however, thanks to technological advances, you can have straighter teeth in less time. (dentalcosmetics.com)
  • Aligner therapy for orthodontic tooth movement is gaining importance in orthodontics. (mdpi.com)
  • Resorption of the root of the tooth, or root resorption, is the progressive loss of dentin and cementum by the action of odontoclasts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Root resorption most commonly occurs due to inflammation caused by pulp necrosis, trauma, periodontal treatment, orthodontic tooth movement and tooth whitening. (wikipedia.org)
  • External inflammatory root resorption may be caused by trauma to the root surface, due to damage to the periodontal ligament (PDL) and/or extended drying following tooth avulsion. (wikipedia.org)
  • This morphology makes bodily movement of the canine time-consuming, difficult to control and often results in root resorption. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After applying lateral and posterior boundary conditions, a 1 N force was applied to the mesial and lingual faces of the maxillary molar to simulate buccal and distal tipping forces on the tooth. (bvsalud.org)
  • Higher molar tipping is expected when distal movement is applied rather than buccal movement thanks to the close distance between Cres and location of the force applied to this movement. (bvsalud.org)
  • I cracked the tooth of a molar when eating a nut. (earthclinic.com)
  • It involves making an incision to visualize the tooth and removing bone and tooth structure as necessary to extract it. (cdhp.org)
  • The enzyme is released to the gingival crevis following tooth movement resulted from focal necrosis in the adjacent periodontal ligament. (scialert.net)
  • This study investigated the potential of AST as a biological marker to monitor tooth movement by determining its activity in Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) during bodily tooth movement (canine distalization). (scialert.net)
  • T. Lin , L. Yang , W. Zheng , B. Zhang (2021) "Matrix metalloproteinases and Th17 cytokines in the gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement", European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry , 22(2), pp135-138. (ejpd.eu)
  • Orthodontic tooth movement of total buccally blocked-out canine is usually difficult as it is related with the problems of severe crowding, midline deviation, involvement of long root movement and risk of gingival recession. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Make a donation to the Hereditary Neuropathy Foundation to help find treatments and cures for those living with Charcot-Marie-Tooth and Inherited Neuropathies. (hnf-cure.org)
  • For every subject, one upper canine being the test tooth while contralateral canine served as control. (scialert.net)
  • The current study which investigated the pattern of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity following application of force to distalize the canine (100 g) was a continuation of an earlier study by the same researcher which investigated the enzyme`s activity after the application of force to align teeth (30-60 g). (scialert.net)
  • Distalization of canine involves bodily movement of the tooth. (scialert.net)
  • Third, the condition usually requires substantial amount of bodily movement of canine which is difficult to perform because the canine has a long and bulbous root. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In order to produce efficient canine root movement, very light orthodontic force will be needed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This can be achieved by sectional wire with frictionless mechanic coupled with slight activation during canine retraction stage, and using long span of wire (with increased interbracket width and increased flexibility) by differential bonding of the teeth during alignment stage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fig. 1 A. 23-year-old female patient with Class II canine relationship, protrusive upper anterior teeth, and anterior open bite before treatment (continued in next image). (jco-online.com)
  • Because the patient lacked an upper right lateral incisor, the upper right first premolar would serve as the canine and the upper right canine would be recontoured as the lateral incisor after orthodontic tooth movement. (jco-online.com)
  • The trial will evaluate the effect of a low intensity static magnetic field in the accelerating of orthodontic tooth movement in retraction of the upper canine. (who.int)
  • Accelerating the rate of tooth movement may help to reduce the length of time needed for a course of treatment and may reduce the unwanted effects of orthodontic treatment that can sometimes occur. (cochrane.org)
  • 1. The effectiveness of the low-intensity static magnetic field in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement in retracting the upper canines compared to traditional methods. (who.int)
  • number of appointments required to adjust orthodontic appliance, the rate of orthodontic tooth movement at different stages, patient perception of pain and discomfort, patient reported need for painkillers, and unwanted side effects. (cochrane.org)
  • 61 (89.7%) are aware that few teeth may have to be removed for proper positioning of irregular teeth and 51 (75.0%) were aware that the irregular teeth can be corrected even after 40 years of age. (who.int)
  • Incomplete emergence due to lack of space can alter the bite relationship between upper and lower teeth. (cdhp.org)
  • Occlusion is a manner in which the upper and lower teeth intercuspate between each other in all mandibular positions and movements. (who.int)
  • After a few months I noticed improvement, although the tooth would click when I pushed it with my tongue. (earthclinic.com)
  • In addition, local irritants such as fractured or malposed teeth and ill-fitting dentures may cause mucosal ulcers of the buccal mucosa, the lateral and ventral surfaces of the tongue, and the alveolar mucosa overlying the osseous structures. (medscape.com)
  • Observe abnormalities of tongue movement. (medscape.com)
  • Dror Ortho-Design, developer of a clear aligner that uses pulsating air to straighten teeth, has closed $5 million in financing. (drbicuspid.com)
  • Each aligner is custom fabricated, to progressively advance the teeth into their ideal position, leaving you with a healthy and beautiful smile. (sensitivecare.net)
  • Impacted wisdom teeth require removal by a dentist or an oral surgeon. (healthline.com)
  • If you find yourself curious about bone healing and tooth treatment methods, the best resource you can speak to is your dentist for more information. (southhillcd.com)
  • A dentist can apply a variety of varnishes and other coatings to sensitive teeth to help them feel better. (amitguptaneedsyou.com)
  • To lessen tooth sensitivity, talk to your dentist about coating choices. (amitguptaneedsyou.com)
  • My dentist recommended a root canal or extracton after viewing the xray of the tooth. (earthclinic.com)
  • During bodily tooth movement, bone modeling process must occur that involved bone resorption and deposition. (scialert.net)
  • But for orthodontists, this means that dental appliances such as braces and retainers need to help provide movement to redirect those bodily changes and help restructure the mouth back to better health. (southhillcd.com)
  • Aim of the present analysis was to evaluate tooth movements and changes in tooth morphology. (umich.edu)
  • Differences were analyzed three-dimensionally (3D) over time regarding movements of teeth and variations of tooth morphology. (umich.edu)
  • Crossbite tooth left maxillary lateral incisor (22) against left mandibular lateral incisor (32). (biomedcentral.com)
  • While applying visual inspection, tooth movements were recognized precisely, the computerized analysis using digitizing, alignment and 3D-measurments showed superior results in the detection of wear. (umich.edu)
  • MTM , or Minimal Tooth Movement, is a cosmetic dental procedure that uses the same digital technology as Invisalign, but because the moves are less drastic, the design and manufacture of the MTM trays are not as involved and cost less. (dentalcosmetics.com)
  • If you would like more information regarding MTM Minimal Tooth Movement, or any other cosmetic dental procedure, call or click and schedule a no obligation consultation with Dr. Ringer today. (dentalcosmetics.com)
  • In any dental process where braces are needed, there are primary parts to braces that allow the process of osseointegration to occur with the new structures of the bones and teeth. (southhillcd.com)
  • The participants in all studies had dental (tooth) crowding in one or both arches. (cochrane.org)
  • This enables dental professionals to treat your teeth in a very short time so that you can keep on smiling with confidence. (amitguptaneedsyou.com)
  • Remove food remains between the teeth with dental floss, toothpicks, or toothbrushes. (amitguptaneedsyou.com)
  • Dental caries, periodontal disease and tooth loss are significant problems affecting the Nation's oral health. (cdc.gov)
  • If dental treatment necessitates the replacement of one or more missing teeth, restoration of the missing teeth using fixed appliances is preferable over removal-type prosthetics. (medscape.com)
  • 5,6 In a previous article, we demonstrated that the use of OrthoPulse ** photobiomodulation (PBM) could accelerate bone remodeling and orthodontic tooth movement, allowing patients to change Invisalign aligners as often as every three days. (jco-online.com)
  • 16 Clinical studies investigating orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances 17 and clear aligners 18,19 have found significantly increased tooth movement in the irradiated patients. (jco-online.com)
  • The percentage of patients with need of tooth extraction for treatment (Non SL: 8.1 vs. SL: 6.9) and the number of appointments (Non-SL: 12.4 ± 3.4 vs. SL: 13.9 ± 3.3) did not show any differences. (nih.gov)
  • Restless legs and periodic limb movement during sleep are found in a large proportion of patients with CMT2, a type of CMT associated with prominent axonal atrophy. (springer.com)
  • Because these mutations prevent teeth from forming, the negative impact to affected patients can be significant. (dentalproductsreport.com)
  • Misaligned teeth can lead to stress on the jaw muscles and joints as well as excessive wear of the enamel which negatively affects the long-term health of the teeth and their supporting bone structures. (sensitivecare.net)
  • Clenching is when a person holds their teeth together and clenches the muscles without moving the teeth back and forth. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Instead, people are more likely to clench their teeth or tense the muscles around the jaw. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It is characterized by tremor when muscles are at rest (resting tremor), increased muscle tone (stiffness, or rigidity), slowness of voluntary movements, and difficulty maintaining balance (postural instability). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Muscles become stiff, movements become slow and uncoordinated, and balance is easily lost. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Overview of Movement Disorders Every body movement, from raising a hand to smiling, involves a complex interaction between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), nerves, and muscles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Distalization force (100 g) was applied only to the test tooth and GCF was collected from the mesial and distal sites of test and control teeth every week until week 12 (week 0, 1, 4, 8 and 12). (scialert.net)
  • Bone resorption occurs in the site where the tooth moves toward (in this instance the distal site) and bone deposition occurs in the site where the tooth moves away from (the mesial site) (Sandy et al . (scialert.net)
  • R ecent advances in the Invis-align * system allow predictable distalization of posterior teeth to facilitate treatment of Class II and Class III malocclusions. (jco-online.com)
  • 4 Even with the weekly change protocol recently recommended by Align Technology, it may take 40-50 weeks to distalize the posterior teeth, depending on the amount of tooth movement needed. (jco-online.com)
  • The wires are the primary and intricate part of braces that work to induce the osseointegration process for gradual tooth movement. (southhillcd.com)
  • These o-rings help support the brackets and wires for continuous movement. (southhillcd.com)
  • Orthodontic appliances can vary in type, and include fixed braces (made up of brackets glued to the teeth and then connected by wires) and removable appliances, e.g. clear aligners, which are a set of clear plastic removable gum shields that fit closely over the teeth. (cochrane.org)
  • Thus, wisdom teeth are considered functionless remnants or vestigial structures in our mouths. (cdhp.org)
  • Panoramic - Orthopantomograms reveal wisdom teeth and adjacent structures. (cdhp.org)
  • Removing impacted wisdom teeth is an outpatient oral surgery procedure performed under local or general anesthesia . (cdhp.org)
  • Removing wisdom teeth is typically done as an outpatient procedure. (healthline.com)
  • Factors that influence your procedure include the position of your wisdom teeth, your age, and your health history. (healthline.com)
  • Wisdom teeth removal is a surgical procedure, but it does not take a long time. (healthline.com)
  • These can progress to Stereotypic Movement Disorders, which, as designated by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition ( DSM-5 ), are seemingly purposeless yet self-driven motor behaviors that cause functional impairment. (medscape.com)
  • Less common causes include pressure from malpositioned ectopic teeth, cysts, and tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fluid sacs called dentigerous cysts or non-cancerous tumors like odontogenic keratocysts may arise from impacted wisdom tooth follicles. (cdhp.org)
  • Jaw destruction from expanding cysts can affect other teeth. (cdhp.org)
  • Such is the anxious flashback triggered by reading James Kelman's new novel, God's Teeth and Other Phenomena . (stingingfly.org)
  • A new research initiative, backed by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, hopes to determine the causes of the genetic mutations that prevent teeth from forming. (dentalproductsreport.com)
  • The monies will be used to study how certain genetic mutations, like those that can occur on gene PAX9, influence protein pathways that play a role in tooth formation. (dentalproductsreport.com)
  • For those affected by these types of genetic mutations, it's not uncommon to spend as much as $60 thousand to replace several missing teeth. (dentalproductsreport.com)
  • In addition to caries, 15 percent of Americans have severe periodontal destruction and 11 percent have lost all their teeth. (cdc.gov)
  • Multiple appliances may be created with different pressure points until the tooth/teeth are in the recommended position, then a final retainer will be created to be worn at night to halt any future movement. (drmoossy.com)
  • Teeth grinding involves making a chewing motion in which the teeth rub against each other. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The wear and tear of your tooth enamel are influenced not only by the quantity of acid in your meal or drink but also by your eating habits. (amitguptaneedsyou.com)
  • Fluoride plugs microscopic gaps in tooth enamel that allow temperature fluctuations and other irritants to enter the mouth. (amitguptaneedsyou.com)
  • How long do effects of anesthesia last after you wake up from wisdom teeth removal? (healthline.com)
  • Can Impacted Wisdom Teeth Shift Other Teeth? (cdhp.org)
  • Jaw size - Our jaws have become smaller through evolution while wisdom teeth size remains unchanged. (cdhp.org)
  • Soft processed foods of today do not require wisdom teeth for chewing function. (cdhp.org)
  • Why is the age 17 to 25 years crucial for wisdom teeth eruption? (cdhp.org)
  • But this is also a common age for wisdom teeth to cause impaction issues. (cdhp.org)
  • These diagnostic records help dentists determine the ideal time and technique for management of impacted wisdom teeth tailored to each patient. (cdhp.org)
  • How do wisdom teeth affect your bite and other teeth? (cdhp.org)
  • When should impacted wisdom teeth be removed? (cdhp.org)
  • Due to the potential risks, dentists often recommend prophylactic removal of asymptomatic wisdom teeth in adolescence or early adulthood. (cdhp.org)
  • How are impacted wisdom teeth surgically removed? (cdhp.org)
  • Can You Control What You Say After Wisdom Teeth Removal? (healthline.com)
  • Is It Possible to Control Your Behavior After Getting Your Wisdom Teeth Removed? (healthline.com)
  • Often, there's not enough room in your mouth for wisdom teeth to grow in properly. (healthline.com)
  • You're most likely to get your wisdom teeth removed as a teen or younger adult, so this side effect is less frequent. (healthline.com)
  • You will receive an injection in your mouth where the oral surgeon will remove your wisdom teeth. (healthline.com)
  • You may have little control over your behavior immediately after wisdom teeth surgery. (healthline.com)
  • This sets off a chain reaction causing gradual crowding and misalignment of the anterior teeth. (cdhp.org)
  • A 23-year-old female patient presented with the chief complaint of protrusive upper anterior teeth ( Fig. 1A and B ). (jco-online.com)
  • Methods: Computed tomography of a human tooth was used to build a finite element model, which comprised the cancellous and cortical bones, the periodontal ligament and the tooth. (bvsalud.org)
  • The location of the DSG within the NTS , which is the primary sensory relay, is convenient for peripheral input to shape the output of the network so that the swallowing movements correspond to the swallowed bolus. (nature.com)
  • Fractured, carious, malposed, or malformed teeth or the premature eruption of teeth may lead to surface ulcerations. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic ulcerations as a result of trauma (from fractured, carious, malformed teeth, as well as ill-fitting dentures) have not been associated with premalignant/malignant transformation in the oral mucosa. (medscape.com)
  • Do teeth or dentures bother the patient now ? (medscape.com)
  • When there is insult leading to inflammation (trauma, bacteria, tooth whitening, orthodontic movement, periodontal treatment) in the root canal/s or beside the external surface of the root, cytokines are produced, the RANKL system is activated and osteoclasts are activated and resorb the root surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • Do additional non-surgical procedures that claim to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement reduce the overall length of orthodontic treatment? (cochrane.org)
  • Throughout the world, orthodontic treatment is used to correct the position of teeth in adolescents and adults when they experience problems with their teeth and bite. (cochrane.org)
  • Depending on the tooth and bite problem, the length of time for orthodontic treatment may range from several months to several years. (cochrane.org)
  • The treatment of diastemas should be conservative to preserve tooth structure, and porcelain veneers provide an esthetic solution with mi. (fgmdentalgroup.com)
  • Can Teeth Move After Braces? (abdoneyortho.com)
  • Read here to learn more about how and why teeth move after braces. (abdoneyortho.com)
  • Quite simply, yes, your teeth may move after braces. (abdoneyortho.com)
  • After all, your teeth moved quite a bit when your braces were put on, so it makes sense they could move after. (abdoneyortho.com)
  • There are a few major reasons why teeth move after braces, here are a few of the most common. (abdoneyortho.com)
  • According to the American Academy of Oral Medicine , this is one of the most common reasons teeth move after braces. (abdoneyortho.com)
  • If you don't wear your retainer it's more likely that your teeth move after braces are removed. (abdoneyortho.com)
  • Now that you know the biggest reasons teeth move after braces and how you can prevent it, book an appointment today! (abdoneyortho.com)
  • Braces provide gradual tooth and palette movement over time, causing significant changes to the bone structure within the mouth. (southhillcd.com)
  • The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) acts during chew, swallowing, yawning, conversation and in activities involving jaw movements. (bvsalud.org)
  • The human temporomandibular joint is a specialized structure, with a particular anatomical disposition classified as complex gynglimo-arthrodial, which allows to perform rotational and translational movements simultaneously, giving it a wide and varied functional capacity1, 2. (bvsalud.org)
  • The force needed to induce this movement is higher than what is needed to align teeth which involve tipping with no translation displacement (Proffit, 1993). (scialert.net)
  • This irreversible root structure loss eventually causes tooth destabilization and premature falling out. (cdhp.org)