Tissue Donors
Deltaretrovirus Infections
Deltaretrovirus Antibodies
Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
Blood Donors
Tissue and Organ Procurement
Transplantation, Homologous
Wyoming
Colorado
United States Office of Research Integrity
Cornea
Corneal Transplantation
Tissue Transplantation
Collagen
Translational Medical Research
Effect of MTHFR 677C>T on plasma total homocysteine levels in renal graft recipients. (1/3426)
BACKGROUND: Hyperhomocysteinemia is an established, independent risk factor for vascular disease morbidity and mortality. The 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphism C677T has been shown to result in increased total homocysteine concentrations on the basis of low folate levels caused by a decreased enzyme activity. The effect of this polymorphism on total homocysteine and folate plasma levels in renal transplant patients is unknown. METHODS: We screened 636 kidney graft recipients for the presence of the MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism. The major determinants of total homocysteine and folate plasma concentrations of 63 patients, who were identified to be homozygous for this gene polymorphism compared with heterozygotes (N = 63), and patients with wild-type alleles (N = 63), who were matched for sex, age, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and body mass index, were identified by analysis of covariance. The variables included sex, age, GFR, body mass index, time since transplantation, folate and vitamin B12 levels, the use of azathioprine, and the MTHFR genotype. To investigate the impact of the kidney donor MTHFR genotype on total homocysteine and folate plasma concentrations, a similar model was applied in 111 kidney graft recipients with stable graft function, in whom the kidney donor C677T MTHFR gene polymorphism was determined. RESULTS: The allele frequency of the C677T polymorphism in the MTHFR gene was 0.313 in the whole study population [wild-type (CC), 301; heterozygous (CT), 272; and homozygous mutant (TT), 63 patients, respectively] and showed no difference in the patient subgroups with various renal diseases. The MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism significantly influenced total homocysteine and folate plasma concentrations in renal transplant recipients (P = 0.0009 and P = 0.0002, respectively). Furthermore, a significant influence of the GFR (P = 0.0001), folate levels (P = 0.0001), age (P = 0.0001), body mass index (P = 0.0001), gender (P = 0.0005), and vitamin B12 levels (P = 0.004) on total homocysteine concentrations was observed. The donor MTHFR gene polymorphism had no influence on total homocysteine and folate levels. Geometric mean total homocysteine levels in patients homozygous for the mutant MTHFR allele were 18.6 micromol/liter compared with 14.6 micromol/liter and 14.9 micromol/liter in patients heterozygous for the MTHFR gene polymorphism and those with wild-type alleles (P < 0.05 for TT vs. CT and CC). Geometric mean folate levels were lower in CT and TT patients (11.2 and 10.2 nmol/liter) compared with CC patients (13.6 nmol/liter, P < 0.05 vs. CT and TT). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that homozygosity for the C677T polymorphism in the MTHFR gene significantly increases total homocysteine concentrations and lowers folate levels in kidney graft recipients, even in patients with excellent renal function (GFR more than median). These findings have important implications for risk evaluation and vitamin intervention therapy in these patients who carry an increased risk for the development of cardiovascular disease. (+info)A prospective, randomized trial of tacrolimus/prednisone versus tacrolimus/prednisone/mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients. (2/3426)
BACKGROUND: Between September 20, 1995 and September 20, 1997, 208 adult patients undergoing renal transplantation were randomized to receive tacrolimus/prednisone (n=106) or tacrolimus/prednisone/mycophenolate mofetil (n=102), with the goal of reducing the incidence of rejection. METHODS: The mean recipient age was 50.7+/-13.7 years. Sixty-three (30.3%) patients were 60 years of age or older at the time of transplantation. The mean donor age was 34.5+/-21.7 years. The mean cold ischemia time was 30.5+/-9.2 hr. The mean follow-up is 15+/-7 months. RESULTS: The overall 1-year actuarial patient survival was 94%; the overall 1-year actuarial graft survival was 87%. When the patient and graft survival data were stratified to recipients under the age of 60 who did not have delayed graft function, the overall 1-year actuarial patient survival was 97%, and the corresponding 1-year actuarial graft survival was 93%. There were no differences between the two groups. The overall incidence of rejection was 36%; in the double-therapy group, it was 44%, whereas in the triple therapy group, it was 27% (P=0.014). The mean serum creatinine was 1.6+/-0.8 mg/dl. A total of 36% of the successfully transplanted patients were taken off prednisone; 32% of the patients were taken off antihypertensive medications. The incidence of delayed graft function was 21%, the incidence of cytomegalovirus was 12.5%, and the initial and final incidences of posttransplant insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were 7.0% and 2.9%; again, there was no difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: This trial suggests that the combination of tacrolimus, steroids, and mycophenolate mofetil is associated with excellent patient and graft survival and a lower incidence of rejection than the combination of tacrolimus and steroids. (+info)Pediatric renal transplantation under tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. (3/3426)
BACKGROUND: Tacrolimus has been used as a primary immunosuppressive agent in adult and pediatric renal transplant recipients, with reasonable outcomes. Methods. Between December 14, 1989 and December 31, 1996, 82 pediatric renal transplantations alone were performed under tacrolimus-based immunosuppression without induction anti-lymphocyte antibody therapy. Patients undergoing concomitant or prior liver and/or intestinal transplantation were not included in the analysis. The mean recipient age was 10.6+/-5.2 years (range: 0.7-17.9). Eighteen (22%) cases were repeat transplantations, and 6 (7%) were in patients with panel-reactive antibody levels over 40%. Thirty-four (41%) cases were with living donors, and 48 (59%) were with cadaveric donors. The mean donor age was 27.3+/-14.6 years (range: 0.7-50), and the mean cold ischemia time in the cadaveric cases was 26.5+/-8.8 hr. The mean number of HLA matches and mismatches was 2.8+/-1.2 and 2.9+/-1.3; there were five (6%) O-Ag mismatches. The mean follow-up was 4.0+/-0.2 years. RESULTS: The 1- and 4-year actuarial patient survival was 99% and 94%. The 1- and 4-year actuarial graft survival was 98% and 84%. The mean serum creatinine was 1.1+/-0.5 mg/dl, and the corresponding calculated creatinine clearance was 88+/-25 ml/min/1.73 m2. A total of 66% of successfully transplanted patients were withdrawn from prednisone. In children who were withdrawn from steroids, the mean standard deviation height scores (Z-score) at the time of transplantation and at 1 and 4 years were -2.3+/-2.0, -1.7+/-1.0, and +0.36+/-1.5. Eighty-six percent of successfully transplanted patients were not taking anti-hypertensive medications. The incidence of acute rejection was 44%; between December 1989 and December 1993, it was 63%, and between January 1994 and December 1996, it was 23% (P=0.0003). The incidence of steroid-resistant rejection was 5%. The incidence of delayed graft function was 5%, and 2% of patients required dialysis within 1 week of transplantation. The incidence of cytomegalovirus was 13%; between December 1989 and December 1992, it was 17%, and between January 1993 and December 1996, it was 12%. The incidence of early Epstein-Barr virus-related posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) was 9%; between December 1989 and December 1992, it was 17%, and between January 1993 and December 1996, it was 4%. All of the early PTLD cases were treated successfully with temporary cessation of immunosuppression and institution of antiviral therapy, without patient or graft loss. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate the short- and medium-term efficacy of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression in pediatric renal transplant recipients, with reasonable patient and graft survival, routine achievement of steroid and anti-hypertensive medication withdrawal, gratifying increases in growth, and, with further experience, a decreasing incidence of both rejection and PTLD. (+info)Split liver transplantation. (4/3426)
OBJECTIVE: This study reviews the indications, technical aspects, and experience with ex vivo and in situ split liver transplantation. BACKGROUND: The shortage of cadaveric donor livers is the most significant factor inhibiting further application of liver transplantation for patients with end-stage liver disease. Pediatric recipients, although they represent only 15% to 20% of the liver transplant registrants, suffer the greatest from the scarcity of size-matched cadaveric organs. Split liver transplantation provides an ideal means to expand the donor pool for both children and adults. METHODS: This review describes the evolution of split liver transplantation from reduced liver transplantation and living-related liver transplantation. The two types of split liver transplantation, ex vivo and in situ, are compared and contrasted, including the technique, selection of patients for each procedure, and the most current results. RESULTS: Ex vivo splitting of the liver is performed on the bench after removal from the cadaver. It is usually divided into two grafts: segments 2 and 3 for children, and segments 4 to 8 for adults. Since 1990, 349 ex vivo grafts have been reported. Until recently, graft and patient survival rates have been lower and postoperative complication rates higher in ex vivo split grafts than in whole organ cadaveric transplantation. Further, the use of ex vivo split grafts has been relegated to the elective adult patient because of the high incidence of graft dysfunction (right graft) when placed in an emergent patient. Reasons for the poor function of ex vivo splits except in elective patients have focused on graft damage due to prolonged cold ischemia times and rewarming during the long benching procedure. In situ liver splitting is accomplished in a manner identical to the living donor procurement. This technique for liver splitting results in the same graft types as in the ex vivo technique. However, graft and patient survival rates reported for in situ split livers have exceeded 85% and 90%, respectively, with a lower incidence of postoperative complications, including biliary and reoperation for bleeding. These improved results have also been observed in the urgent patient. CONCLUSION: Splitting of the cadaveric liver expands the donor pool of organs and may eliminate the need for living-related donation for children. Recent experience with the ex vivo technique, if applied to elective patients, results in patient and graft survival rates comparable to whole-organ transplantation, although postoperative complication rates are higher. In situ splitting provides two grafts of optimal quality that can be applied to the entire spectrum of transplant recipients: it is the method of choice for expanding the cadaver liver donor pool. (+info)High-risk donors: expanding donor criteria. (5/3426)
Advances in the surgical techniques, preservation solutions, and methods for predicting eventual long-term renal function from expanded donors will be critical in allowing precise selection criteria for kidneys for transplantation, resulting in the optimum use of a scarce and precious resource. Until other options such as xenotransplantation or tissue engineering become realistic, the challenge for the millennium will be to identify which donor organs previously considered suboptimal can be safely used to expand the organ donor pool. (+info)Correction of bone marrow failure in dyskeratosis congenita by bone marrow transplantation. (6/3426)
Dyskeratosis congenita is recognized by its dermal lesions and constitutional aplastic anemia in some cases. We report successful allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in two siblings with this disease from their sister, and their long term follow-up. We used reduced doses of cyclophosphamide and busulfan for conditioning instead of total body irradiation. Also, we report late adverse effects of transplantation which are not distinguishable from the natural course of disease. (+info)Relaxin secretion by human granulosa cell culture is predictive of in-vitro fertilization-embryo transfer success. (7/3426)
We have developed a cell culture system for human luteinizing granulosa cells which supports the timely and dynamic secretion of oestrogen, progesterone and relaxin in patterns that mimic serum concentrations of these hormones during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. There was a wide variation in the amount of relaxin secreted by the cultured cells for the 69 patients studied. As relaxin production was generally maximal by day 10 of culture, comparisons were made at this time point. It was observed that most of the conceptions occurred in patients with higher relaxin secretion in vitro. All cycles with relaxin > 800 pg/ml on day 10 had a term pregnancy while only 13% of cycles with relaxin < 200 pg/ml had term pregnancies. A limited number of cycles from donor/recipient cycles did not show similar results. Steroid concentrations were not predictive of conception. These results demonstrated that in-vitro production of relaxin is predictive of implantation success in in-vitro fertilization (IVF)-embryo transfer cycles. This supports the hypothesis that relaxin may be involved in implantation and that lowered relaxin concentrations may be a partial cause of poor pregnancy rates after IVF. (+info)Short-term toxicity in pediatric marrow transplantation using related and unrelated donors. (8/3426)
The use of volunteer, unrelated donors has substantially increased the number of potential donors for pediatric marrow transplantation during the past few years. We describe our single institution experience of short-term toxicity after pediatric marrow transplantation using sibling or unrelated donors. Fully matched (A, B and DR loci) donors were employed in 94% of the cases in both groups. Conditioning of similar intensity and uniform supportive care were employed in the two groups. Both primary non-engraftment and secondary graft failure were more common among recipients of unmanipulated URD grafts. Clinically significant (grades III-IV) acute GVHD and toxic mortality during the immediate post-transplant period were also higher in this group of patients. Pediatric marrow transplantation using volunteer, unrelated donors appears to be associated with an increased incidence of procedure-related toxic complications. (+info)A tissue donor is an individual who has agreed to allow organs and tissues to be removed from their body after death for the purpose of transplantation to restore the health or save the life of another person. The tissues that can be donated include corneas, heart valves, skin, bone, tendons, ligaments, veins, and cartilage. These tissues can enhance the quality of life for many recipients and are often used in reconstructive surgeries. It is important to note that tissue donation does not interfere with an open casket funeral or other cultural or religious practices related to death and grieving.
Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that can cause chronic infections in humans and animals. The two main deltaretroviruses that infect humans are the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 2 (HTLV-2).
HTLV-1 is primarily transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, and contaminated blood products. It can cause several diseases, including Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) and a neurological disorder called HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP).
HTLV-2 is primarily transmitted through intravenous drug use and sexual contact. While it has been associated with some diseases, such as neurological disorders and rare cases of leukemia, the link between HTLV-2 and disease is not as clear as it is for HTLV-1.
Deltaretrovirus infections can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect antibodies to the viruses or through genetic testing to detect the virus itself. There is currently no cure for deltaretrovirus infections, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) may help manage the infection and reduce the risk of transmission.
It's important to note that deltaretrovirus infections are relatively rare, and most people who are infected do not develop symptoms or disease. However, if you believe you may have been exposed to these viruses, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider for further evaluation and testing.
Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that include human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types 1 and 2, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and simian T-lymphotropic viruses. Antibodies against deltaretroviruses are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with one of these viruses.
Antibodies are formed when the immune system recognizes a foreign substance, such as a virus, as harmful. The immune system then produces specific proteins called antibodies to bind to and help neutralize or remove the foreign substance from the body. Detection of deltaretrovirus antibodies in an individual's blood can indicate a current or past infection with one of these viruses.
It is important to note that the presence of deltaretrovirus antibodies does not necessarily mean that the person has symptoms or will develop disease related to the virus. Some people with deltaretrovirus antibodies may never develop symptoms, while others may develop serious illnesses such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (HTLV-1) or neurological disorders (HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis).
If you suspect that you may have been exposed to a deltaretrovirus, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider for further evaluation and testing.
Nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs) are medical laboratory methods used to increase the number of copies of a specific DNA or RNA sequence. These techniques are widely used in molecular biology and diagnostics, including the detection and diagnosis of infectious diseases, genetic disorders, and cancer.
The most commonly used NAAT is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate and replicate DNA strands. Other NAATs include loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), and transcription-mediated amplification (TMA).
NAATs offer several advantages over traditional culture methods for detecting pathogens, including faster turnaround times, increased sensitivity and specificity, and the ability to detect viable but non-culturable organisms. However, they also require specialized equipment and trained personnel, and there is a risk of contamination and false positive results if proper precautions are not taken.
A blood donor is a person who voluntarily gives their own blood or blood components to be used for the benefit of another person in need. The blood donation process involves collecting the donor's blood, testing it for infectious diseases, and then storing it until it is needed by a patient. There are several types of blood donations, including:
1. Whole blood donation: This is the most common type of blood donation, where a donor gives one unit (about 450-500 milliliters) of whole blood. The blood is then separated into its components (red cells, plasma, and platelets) for transfusion to patients with different needs.
2. Double red cell donation: In this type of donation, the donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates two units of red cells from the whole blood. The remaining plasma and platelets are returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every 112 days.
3. Platelet donation: A donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates platelets from the whole blood. The red cells and plasma are then returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every seven days, up to 24 times a year.
4. Plasma donation: A donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates plasma from the whole blood. The red cells and platelets are then returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every 28 days, up to 13 times a year.
Blood donors must meet certain eligibility criteria, such as being in good health, aged between 18 and 65 (in some countries, the upper age limit may vary), and weighing over 50 kg (110 lbs). Donors are also required to answer medical questionnaires and undergo a mini-physical examination before each donation. The frequency of blood donations varies depending on the type of donation and the donor's health status.
A living donor is a person who voluntarily donates an organ or part of an organ to another person while they are still alive. This can include donations such as a kidney, liver lobe, lung, or portion of the pancreas or intestines. The donor and recipient typically undergo medical evaluation and compatibility testing to ensure the best possible outcome for the transplantation procedure. Living donation is regulated by laws and ethical guidelines to ensure that donors are fully informed and making a voluntary decision.
Tissue and organ procurement is the process of obtaining viable tissues and organs from deceased or living donors for the purpose of transplantation, research, or education. This procedure is performed by trained medical professionals in a sterile environment, adhering to strict medical standards and ethical guidelines. The tissues and organs that can be procured include hearts, lungs, livers, kidneys, pancreases, intestines, corneas, skin, bones, tendons, and heart valves. The process involves a thorough medical evaluation of the donor, as well as consent from the donor or their next of kin. After procurement, the tissues and organs are preserved and transported to recipients in need.
Homologous transplantation is a type of transplant surgery where organs or tissues are transferred between two genetically non-identical individuals of the same species. The term "homologous" refers to the similarity in structure and function of the donated organ or tissue to the recipient's own organ or tissue.
For example, a heart transplant from one human to another is an example of homologous transplantation because both organs are hearts and perform the same function. Similarly, a liver transplant, kidney transplant, lung transplant, and other types of organ transplants between individuals of the same species are also considered homologous transplantations.
Homologous transplantation is in contrast to heterologous or xenogeneic transplantation, where organs or tissues are transferred from one species to another, such as a pig heart transplanted into a human. Homologous transplantation is more commonly performed than heterologous transplantation due to the increased risk of rejection and other complications associated with xenogeneic transplants.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Wyoming" is not a medical term or condition. It is the name of a state, the 44th state to be admitted into the United States of America. Wyoming is located in the western part of the country and is known for its natural beauty, including Yellowstone National Park, which is partially located within its borders. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!
I believe you are looking for a medical condition or term related to the state of Colorado, but there is no specific medical definition for "Colorado." However, Colorado is known for its high altitude and lower oxygen levels, which can sometimes affect visitors who are not acclimated to the elevation. This can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and headaches, a condition sometimes referred to as "altitude sickness" or "mountain sickness." But again, this is not a medical definition for Colorado itself.
The term "clergy" is not typically used in a medical context, but it does have a general definition that might be helpful to know. Clergy are individuals who are ordained or authorized to perform religious duties and services. They may include priests, ministers, rabbis, imams, and other spiritual leaders.
While the term "clergy" is not a medical term, it is worth noting that members of the clergy may play an important role in the emotional and spiritual well-being of their congregants. They may provide counseling, support, and guidance to individuals who are dealing with illness, grief, or other life challenges. In some cases, they may also work closely with healthcare professionals to help patients and families navigate complex medical decisions and treatments.
The United States Office of Research Integrity (ORI) is a division of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that focuses on research integrity, misconduct, and dispute resolution. ORI oversees and directs Public Health Service (PHS) research integrity activities on behalf of the Secretary of HHS.
In this context, "research integrity" refers to the adherence to ethical principles and standards in the design, conduct, and reporting of scientific research. This includes being truthful about the methods and results of experiments, giving appropriate credit to the work of others, and avoiding conflicts of interest.
ORI's mission is to:
1. Promote integrity in biomedical and behavioral research supported by the Public Health Service (PHS).
2. Identify and address instances of research misconduct involving PHS-supported research.
3. Provide leadership and oversight of research integrity activities for HHS components, including developing policies, procedures, and regulations related to research integrity and misconduct.
4. Serve as a resource for the research community, providing guidance on responsible conduct of research, research misconduct, and related topics.
ORI achieves its mission through various activities, such as investigating allegations of research misconduct, providing guidance and training to researchers and institutions, and collaborating with other federal agencies and organizations to promote research integrity.
Third-party consent is a legal concept in medical law that refers to a situation where a person who is not the patient or healthcare provider grants permission for medical treatment or release of confidential medical information about the patient. This typically occurs when the patient is unable to make decisions for themselves due to incapacity, such as being unconscious or having a mental illness.
The third party may be a legally appointed guardian, a close family member, or someone else who has been given legal authority to make healthcare decisions on behalf of the patient. It's important to note that laws regarding third-party consent vary by jurisdiction and can be subject to specific requirements and limitations.
In general, medical professionals are required to ensure that any third-party consent is informed, voluntary, and meets the legal standards for decision-making authority before proceeding with treatment or releasing confidential information.
The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. It plays a crucial role in focusing vision. The cornea protects the eye from harmful particles and microorganisms, and it also serves as a barrier against UV light. Its transparency allows light to pass through and get focused onto the retina. The cornea does not contain blood vessels, so it relies on tears and the fluid inside the eye (aqueous humor) for nutrition and oxygen. Any damage or disease that affects its clarity and shape can significantly impact vision and potentially lead to blindness if left untreated.
Clinical medicine is a branch of medical practice that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in patients. It is based on the direct examination and evaluation of patients, including taking medical histories, performing physical examinations, ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests, and formulating treatment plans. Clinical medicine encompasses various specialties such as internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, psychiatry, and neurology, among others. The goal of clinical medicine is to provide evidence-based, compassionate care to patients to improve their health outcomes and quality of life.
Corneal transplantation, also known as keratoplasty, is a surgical procedure in which all or part of a damaged or diseased cornea is replaced with healthy corneal tissue from a deceased donor. The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye that plays an important role in focusing vision. When it becomes cloudy or misshapen due to injury, infection, or inherited conditions, vision can become significantly impaired.
During the procedure, the surgeon carefully removes a circular section of the damaged cornea and replaces it with a similarly sized piece of donor tissue. The new cornea is then stitched into place using very fine sutures that are typically removed several months after surgery.
Corneal transplantation has a high success rate, with more than 90% of procedures resulting in improved vision. However, as with any surgical procedure, there are risks involved, including infection, rejection of the donor tissue, and bleeding. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for any signs of complications and ensure proper healing.
Tissue transplantation is a medical procedure where tissues from one part of the body or from another individual's body are removed and implanted in a recipient to replace damaged, diseased, or missing tissues. The tissues may include skin, bone, tendons, ligaments, heart valves, corneas, or even entire organs such as hearts, lungs, livers, and kidneys.
The donor tissue must be compatible with the recipient's body to reduce the risk of rejection, which is the immune system attacking and destroying the transplanted tissue. This often requires matching certain proteins called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) found on the surface of most cells in the body.
Tissue transplantation can significantly improve a patient's quality of life or, in some cases, save their life. However, it does carry risks such as infection, bleeding, and rejection, which require careful monitoring and management.
Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body, and it is a major component of connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, and bones. Collagen provides structure and strength to these tissues and helps them to withstand stretching and tension. It is made up of long chains of amino acids, primarily glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which are arranged in a triple helix structure. There are at least 16 different types of collagen found in the body, each with slightly different structures and functions. Collagen is important for maintaining the integrity and health of tissues throughout the body, and it has been studied for its potential therapeutic uses in various medical conditions.
Translational medical research, also known as "translational research," refers to the process of turning basic scientific discoveries into clinical interventions that improve human health and well-being. This type of research aims to "translate" findings from laboratory, animal, or cellular studies into practical applications for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases.
Translational medical research typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, bringing together researchers from various fields such as biology, chemistry, engineering, genetics, and medicine to work collaboratively on solving complex health problems. The process often includes several stages, including:
1. Identifying basic scientific discoveries that have the potential to be translated into clinical applications.
2. Developing and optimizing new diagnostic tools, drugs, or therapies based on these discoveries.
3. Conducting preclinical studies in the laboratory or with animal models to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these interventions.
4. Designing and implementing clinical trials to test the effectiveness and safety of the new interventions in human patients.
5. Disseminating research findings to the scientific community, healthcare providers, and the public to facilitate the adoption of new practices or treatments.
Translational medical research is essential for bridging the gap between basic scientific discoveries and clinical applications, ultimately improving patient care and outcomes.
An Eye Bank is an organization that collects, stores, and distributes donated human eyes for corneal transplantation and other ocular medical research purposes. The eye bank's primary function is to ensure the quality of the donated tissue and make it available for those in need of sight-restoring procedures.
The cornea, the clear front part of the eye, can be surgically transplanted from a deceased donor to a recipient with corneal damage or disease, thereby improving or restoring their vision. The eye bank's role includes obtaining consent for donation, retrieving the eyes from the donor, evaluating the tissue for suitability, preserving it properly, and then allocating it to surgeons for transplantation.
Eye banks follow strict medical guidelines and adhere to ethical standards to ensure the safety and quality of the donated tissues. The process involves screening potential donors for infectious diseases and other conditions that may affect the quality or safety of the cornea. Once deemed suitable, the corneas are carefully removed, preserved in specific solutions, and stored until they are needed for transplantation.
In addition to corneal transplants, eye banks also support research and education in ophthalmology by providing human eye tissues for various studies aimed at advancing our understanding of eye diseases and developing new treatments.
Online Donor Registry (Ontario)
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