A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.
Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)
An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.
An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.
Process of administering an anesthetic through injection directly into the bloodstream.
Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.
A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)
Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.
A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.
A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919)
Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are GABA MODULATORS used as HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES, as ANESTHETICS, or as ANTICONVULSANTS.
A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.
Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.
The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.
A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.
Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.
Drugs administered before an anesthetic to decrease a patient's anxiety and control the effects of that anesthetic.
A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.
A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)
Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.
A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.
A 3:1 mixture of alfaxalone with alfadolone acetate that previously had been used as a general anesthetic. It is no longer actively marketed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1445)
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)

A single hydrophobic residue confers barbiturate sensitivity to gamma-aminobutyric acid type C receptor. (1/474)

Barbiturate sensitivity was imparted to the human rho1 homooligomeric gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor channel by mutation of a tryptophan residue at position 328 (Trp328), which is located within the third transmembrane domain. Substitutions of Trp328 with a spectrum of amino acids revealed that nearly all hydrophobic residues produced receptor channels that were both directly activated and modulated by pentobarbital with similar sensitivities. Previous studies with ligand-gated ion channels (including GABA) have demonstrated that even conservative amino acid substitution within the agonist-dependent activation domain (N-terminal extracellular domain) can markedly impair agonist sensitivity. Thus, the lack of significant variation in pentobarbital sensitivity among the Trp328 mutants attests to an intrinsic difference between pentobarbital- and the GABA-dependent activation domain. Compared with the heterooligomeric alphabetagamma receptor channel, the mode of modulation for homooligomeric Trp328 mutants by pentobarbital was more dependent on the GABA concentration, yielding potentiation only at low concentrations of GABA (fractions of their respective EC50 values), yet causing inhibition at higher concentrations. Agonist-related studies have also demonstrated that residue 328 plays an important role in agonist-dependent activation, suggesting a functional interconnection between the GABA and pentobarbital activation domains.  (+info)

Thiopental and propofol impair relaxation produced by ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers in the rat aorta. (2/474)

ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers are used as vasodilators in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. The effects of i.v. anaesthetics on arterial relaxation induced by ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers have not been studied. Therefore, in this study, we have examined if thiopental (thiopentone) and propofol affect the vascular response to the ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers, cromakalim and pinacidil, in the isolated rat aorta. Rings of rat thoracic aortas without endothelium were suspended for isometric force recording. Concentration-response curves were obtained in a cumulative manner. During submaximal contractions with phenylephrine 0.3 mumol litre-1, relaxation after cromakalim 0.1-30 mumol litre-1, pinacidil 0.1-30 mumol litre-1 and papaverine 0.1-300 mumol litre-1 was demonstrated. Thiopental 30-300 mumol litre-1, propofol 10-100 mumol litre-1, 10% Intralipid 45 microliters or glibenclamide 5 mumol litre-1 were applied 15 min before addition of phenylephrine. During contractions with phenylephrine, cromakalim and pinacidil induced concentration-dependent relaxation. A selective ATP-sensitive potassium channel antagonist, glibenclamide 5 mumol litre-1, abolished this relaxation, whereas it did not affect relaxation produced by papaverine. Thiopental concentrations > 30 mumol litre-1 significantly impaired relaxation produced by cromakalim or pinacidil. Propofol concentrations > 10 mumol litre-1 also significantly reduced relaxation produced by cromakalim or pinacidil, whereas Intralipid was ineffective. Thiopental 300 mumol litre-1 and propofol 100 mumol litre-1 did not alter relaxation produced by papaverine. These results suggest that the i.v. anaesthetics, thiopental and propofol, impaired vasodilatation mediated by ATP-sensitive potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells.  (+info)

Differential inhibitory effects of thiopental, thiamylal and phenobarbital on both voltage-gated calcium channels and NMDA receptors in rat hippocampal slices. (3/474)

Although it is known that there are some pharmacological differences between the structurally similar barbiturates, the underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. We have compared the effects of thiopental, thiamylal and phenobarbital on both voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in rat hippocampal slices by determining changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). Experiments were performed in adult rat hippocampal slices perfused with Krebs solution (37 degrees C). Concentrations of [Ca2+]i in the pyramidal cell layer of the CA1 region were measured using a calcium indicator dye, fura-2. To activate VGCC and NMDA receptors, slices were exposed to K+ 60 mmol litre-1 (< or = 60 s) and NMDA 100 mumol litre-1 (30 s), respectively. Thiopental, thiamylal and phenobarbital were present 5 min before, during and 1 min after high K+ or NMDA application. Both thiamylal and thiopental (50-600 mumol litre-1) attenuated the increases in [Ca2+]i produced by high K+ or NMDA in a concentration-dependent manner, while phenobarbital 50-1000 mumol litre-1 only slightly attenuated the [Ca2+]i increase produced by high K+ at concentrations of more than 200 mumol litre-1 and was ineffective on the [Ca2+]i response produced by NMDA. Although the increases in [Ca2+]i caused by membrane depolarization with high K+ were reduced equally with thiamylal and thiopental, thiamylal was more effective in attenuating the increase in [Ca2+]i produced by NMDA receptor activation than thiopental. We conclude that the depressant effects of barbiturates on both VGCC and NMDA receptors varied between agents. Differential inhibition of both VGCC and NMDA receptors may determine the pharmacological properties of barbiturates and their ability to protect neurones against ischaemia.  (+info)

Recovery after halothane anaesthesia induced with thiopental, propofol-alfentanil or halothane for day-case adenoidectomy in small children. (4/474)

We studied recovery from halothane anaesthesia in 93 children, aged 1-3 yr, undergoing day-case adenoidectomy. Children were allocated randomly to receive thiopental 5 mg kg-1 (group TH), alfentanil 10 micrograms kg-1 and propofol 3 mg kg-1 (group PAH) or 5% halothane (group HH) for induction of anaesthesia. In group TH, tracheal intubation was facilitated with succinylcholine (suxamethonium) 1.5 mg kg-1. In groups PAH and HH, tracheal intubation was performed without neuromuscular block, and succinylcholine was used only if required. Anaesthesia was maintained with 1-3% halothane during spontaneous respiration. Times to achieving predetermined recovery end-points were recorded. Quality of recovery was assessed using a score of 1-9 (best to worst) for sedation, crying, restlessness and agitation. A postoperative questionnaire was used to determine the well-being of the child at home, 24 h after operation. Emergence from anaesthesia (response to non-painful stimuli) occurred earlier in group HH (mean 9 (SD 6) min) than in groups PAH (13 (6) min, P < 0.01) and TH (18 (14) min, P < 0.01). Sitting up, walking and home readiness were achieved earlier in groups PAH and HH than in group TH (P < 0.05 for each variable). Children in group TH were more sedated during the first 30 min after anaesthesia than those in the two other groups (P < 0.05) while emergence-related delirium was more common in group HH than in group TH (P < 0.01). Well-being at home was similar in all groups. We conclude that induction of halothane anaesthesia with propofol-alfentanil or halothane provided more rapid recovery and earlier discharge than that with thiopental.  (+info)

Comparison of the effects of convulsant and depressant barbiturate stereoisomers on AMPA-type glutamate receptors. (5/474)

BACKGROUND: Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Although barbiturates have been shown to suppress the AMPA receptor-mediated responses, it is unclear whether this effect contributes to the anesthetic action of barbiturates. The authors compared the effects of depressant [R(-)] and convulsant [S(+)] stereoisomers of 1-methyl-5-phenyl-5-propyl barbituric acid (MPPB) on the AMPA and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor-mediated currents to determine if the inhibitory effects on AMPA receptors correlate to the in vivo effects of the isomers. METHOD: The authors measured whole-cell currents in the rat cultured cortical neuron at holding potential of -60 mV. Kainate 500 microM was applied as the agonist for AMPA receptors. Thiopental (3-300 microM), R(-)-MPPB or S(+)-MPPB (100-1,000 microM) was coapplied with kainate under the condition in which the GABA(A) receptor-mediated current was blocked. Effects of MPPB isomers on the current elicited by GABA 1 microM were studied in the separate experiments. RESULTS: Thiopental inhibited the kainate-induced current reversibly and in a dose-dependent manner, with a concentration for 50% inhibition of 49.3 microM. Both R(-)-MPPB and S(+)-MPPB inhibited the kainate-induced current with a little stereoselectivity. R(-)-MPPB was slightly but significantly more potent than S(+)-MPPB. In contrast, R(-)-MPPB enhanced but S(+)-MPPB reduced the GABA-induced current. CONCLUSIONS: Both convulsant and depressant stereoisomers of the barbiturate inhibited the AMPA receptor-mediated current despite of their opposite effects on the central nervous system in vivo. Although thiopental exhibited a considerable inhibition of AMPA receptors, the results suggest that the inhibition of AMPA receptors contributes little to the hypnotic action of the barbiturates.  (+info)

Effect of propofol on the electrocorticogram in epileptic patients undergoing cortical resection. (6/474)

We have compared the effect of clinical doses of propofol with thiopental on epileptiform activity in the electrocorticograms (ECoG) of 20 epileptic patients undergoing temporal lobe resection. After baseline ECoG had been obtained, with inspired concentrations of 0.5-1% isoflurane and 70% nitrous oxide to provide background anaesthesia, subjects were allocated randomly to receive boluses of either thiopental 25 mg or propofol 20 mg i.v. every 30 s to a maximum of 5 mg kg-1 or until burst suppression was seen. The ECoG was recorded throughout administration and for 10 min thereafter. After return of baseline ECoG tracings, the alternate agent was administered. The amount of epileptiform activity was recorded on an ordinal rating scale, an increase being indicated by either a rise of at least one category on the scale or discharges occurring at a minimum of one new site. Activation occurred more frequently with thiopental but the difference was not significant. This study suggests that propofol has no greater proconvulsive effect than thiopental, a drug commonly used in managing status epilepticus.  (+info)

Bolus dose remifentanil for control of haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation during rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia. (7/474)

The effect of three bolus doses of remifentanil on the pressor response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation during rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia was assessed in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in four groups of 20 patients each. After preoxygenation, anaesthesia was induced with thiopental 5-7 mg kg-1 followed immediately by saline (placebo) or remifentanil 0.5, 1.0 or 1.25 micrograms kg-1 given as a bolus over 30 s. Cricoid pressure was applied just after loss of consciousness. Succinylcholine 1 mg kg-1 was given for neuromuscular block. Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation were performed 1 min later. Arterial pressure and heart rate were recorded at intervals until 5 min after intubation. Remifentanil 0.5 microgram kg-1 was ineffective in controlling the increase in heart rate and arterial pressure after intubation but the 1.0 and 1.25 micrograms kg-1 doses were effective in controlling the response. The use of the 1.25 micrograms kg-1 dose was however, associated with a decrease in systolic arterial pressure to less than 90 mm Hg in seven of 20 patients.  (+info)

Drug blockade of open end-plate channels. (8/474)

1. The actions of amylobarbitone, thiopentone, methohexitone and methyprylone at voltage-clamped frog end-plates were studied. 2. In the presence of barbiturates the conductance change evoked by an iontophoretic carbachol application was reduced by a prepulse of carbachol. The extra inhibition evoked by a prepulse disappeared exponentially with a time constant of 150-200 ms. 3. Barbiturates produce an increased rate of decay of nerve evoked endplate currents. Tne concentration and voltage dependence of the barbtiruate e.p.c. decay rates tally with the hypothesis that the increased rate of decay is due to block of active receptor-channel complexes by barbiturates with a rate constant of 10(6) M-1S-1. 4. Conductance changes produced by bath applied agonists were depressed by thiopentone, the effect becoming greater the higher the agonist concentration. This effect, and also the observation that the concentration of thiopentone required to depress the bath agonist response is much greater than the apparent dissociation constant for binding to active receptor-channel complexes calculated from kinetic measurements, suggest that the selectivity for binding to open receptor-channel complexes is very high. 5. Methyprylone, which is structurally similar to the barbiturates, is only a weak antagonist and shows no interpulse interaction. It was predicted that methyprylone should produce fast and slow components in the e.p.c. decay, and this prediction was verified. 6. In the presence of barbiturates large iontophoretic carbachol applications produce conductance changes which show fast and slow components. Under these conditions the effects of carbachol prepulses become complex. However the effects are qualitatively consistent with the notion that different components of the response are contributed by channels located at various distances from the iontophoretic pipette tip. 7. All the data agree with a model in which the channel has three stages: closed, open and blocked. Only open channels can block, and blocked channels can only open.  (+info)

Thiopental, also known as Thiopentone, is a rapid-onset, ultrashort-acting barbiturate derivative. It is primarily used for the induction of anesthesia due to its ability to cause unconsciousness quickly and its short duration of action. Thiopental can also be used for sedation in critically ill patients, though this use has become less common due to the development of safer alternatives.

The drug works by enhancing the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter in the brain that produces a calming effect. This results in the depression of the central nervous system, leading to sedation, hypnosis, and ultimately, anesthesia.

It is worth noting that Thiopental has been largely replaced by newer drugs in many clinical settings due to its potential for serious adverse effects, such as cardiovascular and respiratory depression, as well as the risk of anaphylaxis. Additionally, it has been used in controversial procedures like capital punishment in some jurisdictions.

Intravenous anesthetics are a type of medication that is administered directly into a vein to cause a loss of consciousness and provide analgesia (pain relief) during medical procedures. They work by depressing the central nervous system, inhibiting nerve impulse transmission and ultimately preventing the patient from feeling pain or discomfort during surgery or other invasive procedures.

There are several different types of intravenous anesthetics, each with its own specific properties and uses. Some common examples include propofol, etomidate, ketamine, and barbiturates. These drugs may be used alone or in combination with other medications to provide a safe and effective level of anesthesia for the patient.

The choice of intravenous anesthetic depends on several factors, including the patient's medical history, the type and duration of the procedure, and the desired depth and duration of anesthesia. Anesthesiologists must carefully consider these factors when selecting an appropriate medication regimen for each individual patient.

While intravenous anesthetics are generally safe and effective, they can have side effects and risks, such as respiratory depression, hypotension, and allergic reactions. Anesthesia providers must closely monitor patients during and after the administration of these medications to ensure their safety and well-being.

Methohexital is a rapidly acting barbiturate sedative-hypnotic agent primarily used for the induction of anesthesia. It is a short-acting drug, with an onset of action of approximately one minute and a duration of action of about 5 to 10 minutes. Methohexital is highly lipid soluble, which allows it to rapidly cross the blood-brain barrier and produce a rapid and profound sedative effect.

Methohexital is administered intravenously and works by depressing the central nervous system (CNS), producing a range of effects from mild sedation to general anesthesia. At lower doses, it can cause drowsiness, confusion, and amnesia, while at higher doses, it can lead to unconsciousness and suppression of respiratory function.

Methohexital is also used for diagnostic procedures that require sedation, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and cerebral angiography. It is not commonly used outside of hospital or clinical settings due to its potential for serious adverse effects, including respiratory depression, cardiovascular instability, and anaphylaxis.

It's important to note that Methohexital should only be administered by trained medical professionals under close supervision, as it requires careful titration to achieve the desired level of sedation while minimizing the risk of adverse effects.

Propofol is a short-acting medication that is primarily used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia during procedures such as surgery. It belongs to a class of drugs called hypnotics or sedatives, which work by depressing the central nervous system to produce a calming effect. Propofol can also be used for sedation in mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units and for procedural sedation in various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures outside the operating room.

The medical definition of Propofol is:
A rapid-onset, short-duration intravenous anesthetic agent that produces a hypnotic effect and is used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, sedation in mechanically ventilated patients, and procedural sedation. It acts by enhancing the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, leading to a decrease in neuronal activity and a reduction in consciousness. Propofol has a rapid clearance and distribution, allowing for quick recovery after discontinuation of its administration.

Intravenous anesthesia, also known as IV anesthesia, is a type of anesthesia that involves the administration of one or more drugs into a patient's vein to achieve a state of unconsciousness and analgesia (pain relief) during medical procedures. The drugs used in intravenous anesthesia can include sedatives, hypnotics, analgesics, and muscle relaxants, which are carefully selected and dosed based on the patient's medical history, physical status, and the type and duration of the procedure.

The administration of IV anesthesia is typically performed by a trained anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist, who monitors the patient's vital signs and adjusts the dosage of the drugs as needed to ensure the patient's safety and comfort throughout the procedure. The onset of action for IV anesthesia is relatively rapid, usually within minutes, and the depth and duration of anesthesia can be easily titrated to meet the needs of the individual patient.

Compared to general anesthesia, which involves the administration of inhaled gases or vapors to achieve a state of unconsciousness, intravenous anesthesia is associated with fewer adverse effects on respiratory and cardiovascular function, and may be preferred for certain types of procedures or patients. However, like all forms of anesthesia, IV anesthesia carries risks and potential complications, including allergic reactions, infection, bleeding, and respiratory depression, and requires careful monitoring and management by trained medical professionals.

Etomidate is a intravenous anesthetic medication used for the induction of general anesthesia. It provides a rapid and smooth induction with minimal cardiovascular effects, making it a popular choice in patients with hemodynamic instability. Etomidate also has antiseizure properties. However, its use is associated with adrenal suppression, which can lead to complications such as hypotension and impaired stress response. Therefore, its use is generally avoided in critically ill or septic patients.

The medical definition of 'Etomidate' is:

A carboxylated imidazole derivative that is used as an intravenous anesthetic for the induction of general anesthesia. It has a rapid onset of action and minimal cardiovascular effects, making it useful in patients with hemodynamic instability. Etomidate also has antiseizure properties. However, its use is associated with adrenal suppression, which can lead to complications such as hypotension and impaired stress response. Therefore, its use is generally avoided in critically ill or septic patients.

Halothane is a general anesthetic agent, which is a volatile liquid that evaporates easily and can be inhaled. It is used to produce and maintain general anesthesia (a state of unconsciousness) during surgical procedures. Halothane is known for its rapid onset and offset of action, making it useful for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia.

The medical definition of Halothane is:

Halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) is a volatile liquid general anesthetic agent with a mild, sweet odor. It is primarily used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in surgical procedures due to its rapid onset and offset of action. Halothane is administered via inhalation and acts by depressing the central nervous system, leading to a reversible loss of consciousness and analgesia.

It's important to note that Halothane has been associated with rare cases of severe liver injury (hepatotoxicity) and anaphylaxis (a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction). These risks have led to the development and use of alternative general anesthetic agents with better safety profiles.

Anesthetics are medications that are used to block or reduce feelings of pain and sensation, either locally in a specific area of the body or generally throughout the body. They work by depressing the nervous system, interrupting the communication between nerves and the brain. Anesthetics can be administered through various routes such as injection, inhalation, or topical application, depending on the type and the desired effect. There are several classes of anesthetics, including:

1. Local anesthetics: These numb a specific area of the body and are commonly used during minor surgical procedures, dental work, or to relieve pain from injuries. Examples include lidocaine, prilocaine, and bupivacaine.
2. Regional anesthetics: These block nerve impulses in a larger area of the body, such as an arm or leg, and can be used for more extensive surgical procedures. They are often administered through a catheter to provide continuous pain relief over a longer period. Examples include spinal anesthesia, epidural anesthesia, and peripheral nerve blocks.
3. General anesthetics: These cause a state of unconsciousness and are used for major surgical procedures or when the patient needs to be completely immobile during a procedure. They can be administered through inhalation or injection and affect the entire body. Examples include propofol, sevoflurane, and isoflurane.

Anesthetics are typically safe when used appropriately and under medical supervision. However, they can have side effects such as drowsiness, nausea, and respiratory depression. Proper dosing and monitoring by a healthcare professional are essential to minimize the risks associated with anesthesia.

**Ketamine** is a dissociative anesthetic medication primarily used for starting and maintaining anesthesia. It can lead to a state of altered perception, hallucinations, sedation, and memory loss. Ketamine is also used as a pain reliever in patients with chronic pain conditions and during certain medical procedures due to its strong analgesic properties.

It is available as a generic drug and is also sold under various brand names, such as Ketalar, Ketanest, and Ketamine HCl. It can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, orally, or as a nasal spray.

In addition to its medical uses, ketamine has been increasingly used off-label for the treatment of mood disorders like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), owing to its rapid antidepressant effects. However, more research is needed to fully understand its long-term benefits and risks in these applications.

It's important to note that ketamine can be abused recreationally due to its dissociative and hallucinogenic effects, which may lead to addiction and severe psychological distress. Therefore, it should only be used under the supervision of a medical professional.

Thiamylal is a fast-acting, ultra-short-acting barbiturate drug that is primarily used for the induction of anesthesia before surgical procedures. It works by depressing the central nervous system, producing sedation, relaxation, and hypnosis. Thiamylal has a rapid onset of action and its effects last only a short time, making it useful for quickly achieving a desired level of anesthesia while minimizing the risk of prolonged sedation or respiratory depression.

It is important to note that thiamylal should be administered under the close supervision of trained medical personnel, as its use carries certain risks and potential complications, such as cardiovascular and respiratory depression. Additionally, patients with a history of drug allergies, liver or kidney disease, or other medical conditions may require special precautions before receiving thiamylal.

Hypnotics and sedatives are classes of medications that have depressant effects on the central nervous system, leading to sedation (calming or inducing sleep), reduction in anxiety, and in some cases, decreased awareness or memory. These agents work by affecting the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) in the brain, which results in inhibitory effects on neuronal activity.

Hypnotics are primarily used for the treatment of insomnia and other sleep disorders, while sedatives are often prescribed to manage anxiety or to produce a calming effect before medical procedures. Some medications can function as both hypnotics and sedatives, depending on the dosage and specific formulation. Common examples of these medications include benzodiazepines (such as diazepam and lorazepam), non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (such as zolpidem and eszopiclone), barbiturates, and certain antihistamines.

It is essential to use these medications under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have potential side effects, such as drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, and impaired coordination. Additionally, long-term use or high doses may lead to tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation.

Barbiturates are a class of drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, which means they slow down the activity of the brain and nerves. They were commonly used in the past to treat conditions such as anxiety, insomnia, and seizures, but their use has declined due to the risk of addiction, abuse, and serious side effects. Barbiturates can also be used for surgical anesthesia and as a treatment for barbiturate or pentobarbital overdose.

Barbiturates work by enhancing the activity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which results in sedation, hypnosis, and anticonvulsant effects. However, at higher doses, barbiturates can cause respiratory depression, coma, and even death.

Some examples of barbiturates include pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, and amobarbital. These drugs are usually available in the form of tablets, capsules, or injectable solutions. It is important to note that barbiturates should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as they carry a high risk of dependence and abuse.

Isoflurane is a volatile halogenated ether used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent, sweet odor. Isoflurane is an agonist at the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor and inhibits excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, leading to unconsciousness and immobility. It has a rapid onset and offset of action due to its low blood solubility, allowing for quick adjustments in anesthetic depth during surgery. Isoflurane is also known for its bronchodilator effects, making it useful in patients with reactive airway disease. However, it can cause dose-dependent decreases in heart rate and blood pressure, so careful hemodynamic monitoring is required during its use.

General anesthesia is a state of controlled unconsciousness, induced by administering various medications, that eliminates awareness, movement, and pain sensation during medical procedures. It involves the use of a combination of intravenous and inhaled drugs to produce a reversible loss of consciousness, allowing patients to undergo surgical or diagnostic interventions safely and comfortably. The depth and duration of anesthesia are carefully monitored and adjusted throughout the procedure by an anesthesiologist or certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) to ensure patient safety and optimize recovery. General anesthesia is typically used for more extensive surgical procedures, such as open-heart surgery, major orthopedic surgeries, and neurosurgery.

The anesthesia recovery period, also known as the post-anesthetic care unit (PACU) or recovery room stay, is the time immediately following anesthesia and surgery during which a patient's vital signs are closely monitored as they emerge from the effects of anesthesia.

During this period, the patient is typically observed for adequate ventilation, oxygenation, circulation, level of consciousness, pain control, and any potential complications. The length of stay in the recovery room can vary depending on the type of surgery, the anesthetic used, and the individual patient's needs.

The anesthesia recovery period is a critical time for ensuring patient safety and comfort as they transition from the surgical setting to full recovery. Nurses and other healthcare providers in the recovery room are specially trained to monitor and manage patients during this vulnerable period.

Acepromazine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called phenothiazine derivatives. It acts as a tranquilizer and is commonly used in veterinary medicine to control anxiety, aggression, and excitable behavior in animals. It also has antiemetic properties and is sometimes used to prevent vomiting. In addition, it can be used as a pre-anesthetic medication to help calm and relax animals before surgery.

Acepromazine works by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that helps regulate movement, emotion, and cognition. This leads to sedation, muscle relaxation, and reduced anxiety. It is available in various forms, including tablets, injectable solutions, and transdermal gels, and is typically given to dogs, cats, and horses.

As with any medication, acepromazine can have side effects, including drowsiness, low blood pressure, decreased heart rate, and respiratory depression. It should be used with caution in animals with certain medical conditions, such as heart disease or liver disease, and should not be given to animals that are pregnant or lactating. It is important to follow the dosing instructions provided by a veterinarian carefully and to monitor the animal for any signs of adverse reactions.

Anesthesia is a medical term that refers to the loss of sensation or awareness, usually induced by the administration of various drugs. It is commonly used during surgical procedures to prevent pain and discomfort. There are several types of anesthesia, including:

1. General anesthesia: This type of anesthesia causes a complete loss of consciousness and is typically used for major surgeries.
2. Regional anesthesia: This type of anesthesia numbs a specific area of the body, such as an arm or leg, while the patient remains conscious.
3. Local anesthesia: This type of anesthesia numbs a small area of the body, such as a cut or wound, and is typically used for minor procedures.

Anesthesia can be administered through various routes, including injection, inhalation, or topical application. The choice of anesthesia depends on several factors, including the type and duration of the procedure, the patient's medical history, and their overall health. Anesthesiologists are medical professionals who specialize in administering anesthesia and monitoring patients during surgical procedures to ensure their safety and comfort.

Inhalational anesthesia is a type of general anesthesia that is induced by the inhalation of gases or vapors. It is administered through a breathing system, which delivers the anesthetic agents to the patient via a face mask, laryngeal mask airway, or endotracheal tube.

The most commonly used inhalational anesthetics include nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane. These agents work by depressing the central nervous system, causing a reversible loss of consciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and muscle relaxation.

The depth of anesthesia can be easily adjusted during the procedure by changing the concentration of the anesthetic agent. Once the procedure is complete, the anesthetic agents are eliminated from the body through exhalation, allowing for a rapid recovery.

Inhalational anesthesia is commonly used in a wide range of surgical procedures due to its ease of administration, quick onset and offset of action, and ability to rapidly adjust the depth of anesthesia. However, it requires careful monitoring and management by trained anesthesia providers to ensure patient safety and optimize outcomes.

Preanesthetic medication, also known as premedication, refers to the administration of medications before anesthesia to help prepare the patient for the upcoming procedure. These medications can serve various purposes, such as:

1. Anxiolysis: Reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation in patients before surgery.
2. Amnesia: Causing temporary memory loss to help patients forget the events leading up to the surgery.
3. Analgesia: Providing pain relief to minimize discomfort during and after the procedure.
4. Antisialagogue: Decreasing saliva production to reduce the risk of aspiration during intubation.
5. Bronchodilation: Relaxing bronchial smooth muscles, which can help improve respiratory function in patients with obstructive lung diseases.
6. Antiemetic: Preventing or reducing the likelihood of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
7. Sedation: Inducing a state of calmness and drowsiness to facilitate a smooth induction of anesthesia.

Common preanesthetic medications include benzodiazepines (e.g., midazolam), opioids (e.g., fentanyl), anticholinergics (e.g., glycopyrrolate), and H1-antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine). The choice of preanesthetic medication depends on the patient's medical history, comorbidities, and the type of anesthesia to be administered.

Midazolam is a medication from the class of drugs known as benzodiazepines. It works by enhancing the effect of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which has a calming effect on the brain and nervous system. Midazolam is often used for its sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties.

Medically, midazolam is used for various purposes, including:

1. Preoperative medication (sedation before surgery)
2. Procedural sedation (for minor surgical or diagnostic procedures)
3. Treatment of seizures (status epilepticus)
4. Sedation in critically ill patients
5. As an adjunct to anesthesia during surgeries
6. Treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms
7. To induce amnesia for certain medical or dental procedures

Midazolam is available in various forms, such as tablets, intravenous (IV) solutions, and intranasal sprays. It has a rapid onset of action and a short duration, making it suitable for brief, intermittent procedures. However, midazolam can cause side effects like drowsiness, confusion, respiratory depression, and memory impairment. Therefore, its use should be carefully monitored by healthcare professionals.

Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid analgesic, which is similar to morphine but is 50 to 100 times more potent. It is a schedule II prescription drug, typically used to treat patients with severe pain or to manage pain after surgery. It works by binding to the body's opioid receptors, which are found in the brain, spinal cord, and other areas of the body.

Fentanyl can be administered in several forms, including transdermal patches, lozenges, injectable solutions, and tablets that dissolve in the mouth. Illegally manufactured and distributed fentanyl has also become a major public health concern, as it is often mixed with other drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and counterfeit pills, leading to an increase in overdose deaths.

Like all opioids, fentanyl carries a risk of dependence, addiction, and overdose, especially when used outside of medical supervision or in combination with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol or benzodiazepines. It is important to use fentanyl only as directed by a healthcare provider and to be aware of the potential risks associated with its use.

Nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, is a colorless and non-flammable gas with a slightly sweet odor and taste. In medicine, it's commonly used for its anesthetic and pain reducing effects. It is often used in dental procedures, surgery, and childbirth to help reduce anxiety and provide mild sedation. Nitrous oxide works by binding to the hemoglobin in red blood cells, which reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, but this effect is usually not significant at the low concentrations used for analgesia and anxiolysis. It's also considered relatively safe when administered by a trained medical professional because it does not cause depression of the respiratory system or cardiovascular function.

Succinylcholine is a neuromuscular blocking agent, a type of muscle relaxant used in anesthesia during surgical procedures. It works by inhibiting the transmission of nerve impulses at the neuromuscular junction, leading to temporary paralysis of skeletal muscles. This facilitates endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation during surgery. Succinylcholine has a rapid onset of action and is metabolized quickly, making it useful for short surgical procedures. However, its use may be associated with certain adverse effects, such as increased heart rate, muscle fasciculations, and potentially life-threatening hyperkalemia in susceptible individuals.

The Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture is a veterinary anesthetic agent, which contains two active ingredients: alfaxalone and alfadolone. Both are neuroactive steroids that depress the central nervous system, leading to sedation, muscle relaxation, and eventually anesthesia.

The mixture is used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in various animal species, including dogs, cats, and horses. It provides smooth induction and rapid recovery from anesthesia, making it a popular choice among veterinarians. However, as with any anesthetic agent, there are potential risks and side effects associated with its use, such as respiratory depression, cardiovascular depression, and apnea. Proper dosing, monitoring, and management are essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of this anesthetic agent in veterinary medicine.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a medical procedure that records electrical activity in the brain. It uses small, metal discs called electrodes, which are attached to the scalp with paste or a specialized cap. These electrodes detect tiny electrical charges that result from the activity of brain cells, and the EEG machine then amplifies and records these signals.

EEG is used to diagnose various conditions related to the brain, such as seizures, sleep disorders, head injuries, infections, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. It can also be used during surgery to monitor brain activity and ensure that surgical procedures do not interfere with vital functions.

EEG is a safe and non-invasive procedure that typically takes about 30 minutes to an hour to complete, although longer recordings may be necessary in some cases. Patients are usually asked to relax and remain still during the test, as movement can affect the quality of the recording.

Propofol, also known as Propanidid among other names, is a short-acting medication that belongs to a class of drugs called general anesthetics. It is used during induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, sedation for mechanically ventilated adults, and procedural sedation.

Propofol works by depressing the central nervous system and producing a state of decreased consciousness, amnesia, and muscle relaxation. It is administered intravenously and its effects begin to be felt within 30 seconds to 1 minute after injection, with an average duration of action of about 4-6 minutes.

Like all general anesthetics, propofol carries a risk of serious side effects, including respiratory depression, low blood pressure, and allergic reactions. It should only be administered by trained medical professionals in a controlled clinical setting.

Although thiopental abuse carries a dependency risk, its recreational use is rare. Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short-acting ... For these reasons, thiopental should only be administered by suitably trained medical personnel, who should give thiopental in ... Sodium thiopental, also known as Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental, thiopentone, or Trapanal ( ... Winters WD, Spector E, Wallach DP, Shideman FE (July 1955). "Metabolism of thiopental-S35 and thiopental-2-C14 by a rat liver ...
Thiopental Sodium for Injection 0.5 gm /1.0 gm) • Vivant tablets (Allylestrenol 5 mg) • Regelle tablets (Norethisterone BP 5 mg ... Thiopental Sodium • Tibolone • Tolnaftate Formulations • Mifetril (Mifepristone 200 mg) • Misopro (Misoprostol 200 mcg) • ...
For instance, thiopental and pentobarbital are barbiturates; thiopental can be used for anesthesia, epilepsy as well as ... Firstly, European firms stopped supplying thiopental. Hence, Hospira, the only manufacturer of thiopental products in the US, ... As such, lawsuits have been filed against the use of sodium thiopental and paralyzing agents in the execution. Thirdly, manual ... "Pentothal (Thiopental Sodium): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning". rxlist.com. 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2022-04-19 ...
The three drugs were sodium thiopental, pancuronium bromide, and potassium chloride. Sodium thiopental rendered Chapman ...
Horses commonly receive thiopental and guaifenesin. Following induction, the animal is intubated with an endotracheal tube and ... Dogs and cats commonly receive thiopental (no longer allowed in the UK), ketamine with diazepam, tiletamine with zolazepam ( ...
Barbiturates including thiopental, phenobarbital, primidone, etc. Systemic treatment with antifungals including fluconazole, ...
The state later replaced thiopental with fentanyl as an execution drug. In May 2015, the unicameral Nebraska State Legislature ... In 2011 and 2012, state officials imported sodium thiopental on two occasions from suppliers based in India and Switzerland. ... Ed Howard (May 16, 2012). "Bruning's death grip on sodium thiopental". McCook Daily Gazette. Retrieved February 7, 2014. "Other ... are unaware of any evidence or reasons why the Department of Correctional Services should be required to return any thiopental ...
Flaishon R, Windsor A, Sigl J, Sebel PS (March 1997). "Recovery of consciousness after thiopental or propofol. Bispectral index ...
Khan, Shahab; Stannard, Naina; Greijn, Jeff (2011-07-12). "Precipitation of thiopental with muscle relaxants: a potential ...
Thiopental is a barbiturate with one of the C=O double bonds (with the carbon being labelled 2 in the adjacent diagram) ... Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate that is marketed under the name Sodium Pentothal. It is often mistaken ... The memory-impairing effects and cognitive impairments induced by sodium thiopental are thought to reduce a subject's ability ... For example, neuronal nAChR channels are blocked by clinically relevant anesthetic concentrations of both thiopental and ...
Informal demonstration of thiopental (video), BBC, 4 October 2013. (Articles with short description, Short description matches ... These include ethanol, scopolamine, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, midazolam, flunitrazepam, sodium thiopental, and amobarbital, ... including sodium thiopental (commonly known by the brand name Pentothal) and amobarbital (formerly known as sodium amytal). ...
Examples include amobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, and sodium thiopental. Quinazolinones are also a ...
Thiopental Metaraminol or ephedrine, where hypotension may occur secondary to the sedating drugs. Phenylephrine - This drug is ... Commonly used hypnotics include thiopental, Propofol and etomidate. The neuromuscular blocking agents paralyze all of the ...
Thiopental or pentobarbital may also be used for that purpose if the seizures have to be stopped immediately or if the person ... thiopental is the agent of choice. That said, even when benzodiazepines are available, certain algorithms-including in the ...
An induction dose of thiopental wears off after a few minutes because the thiopental redistributes from the brain to the rest ... They state that even if the 100 mg of pancuronium directly prevented 500 mg of thiopental from working, sufficient thiopental ... from which the thiopental is gradually released. This is the reason why an ultra-short acting barbiturate, such as thiopental, ... effectively lowering thiopental concentrations over time, or whether thiopental may distribute from tissues into the blood, ...
"Cerebral Circulation and Metabolism During Thiopental Anesthesia and Hyperventilation in Man". J. Clin. Invest. 41 (8): 1664-71 ...
Safety (MSDS) data for cadmium oxide[permanent dead link] "Thiopental sodium". Pubchem. "Demeton-s-methyl". Extoxnet. September ...
Sodium thiopental is an anesthetic discovered by Abbott Laboratories in the 1930s. Hospira manufactured the drug after ... Company officials determined there was no way it could prevent sodium thiopental from being used in executions, and did not ... the company announced that it would stop producing sodium thiopental. Hospira had recently moved production of the drug from a ...
Usually the sedative sodium thiopental is intravenously administered to induce a coma. Once it is certain that the patient is ...
Drugs used to induce general anesthesia include thiopental, propofol, etomidate, and ketamine. Unconsciousness is maintained ...
It's a whole different drug class than sodium thiopental or barbiturates," Stevens said. Stevens described dying from the other ... The Drug Enforcement Administration seized supplies of sodium thiopental from several states in spring and summer 2011, ... Hospira announced that it would stop manufacturing sodium thiopental, due to use by American prisons for executions. "Virtually ...
Wang, T; Susman, K; Wang, J; Cottrell, JE; Kass, IS (1999). "Thiopental Attenuates the Hypoxic Changes of Electrophysiology, ... Kass, IS; Abramowicz, AE; Cottrell, JE; Chambers, G (1992). "The Barbiturate Thiopental Reduces ATP Levels During Anoxia But ... Hartung, J; Cottrell, JE (1987). "Nitrous Oxide Reduces Thiopental-induced Prolongation of Survival in Hypoxic and Anoxic Mice ... and Heart Rate Following Midazolam or Thiopental in Humans with Brain Tumors". Anesthesiology. 60 (5): 491-494. doi:10.1097/ ...
... thiopental and methohexital, are ultra-short-acting, and are used to induce and maintain anesthesia. However, though they ... Thiopental (trade name: Penthothal, referred to as thiopentone in the UK) Benzodiazepines Diazepam Lorazepam Midazolam ... "A comparison of psychologic responses to ketamine and thiopental-nitrous oxide-halothane anesthesia". Anesthesiology. 36 (4): ...
The sodium thiopental used in Landrigan's execution may have come from the UK.[citation needed] In the European Union (EU), it ... Sodium thiopental is a barbiturate and the first of the three drugs used in the American lethal injection cocktail. Hospira has ... The EU did not initially specifically ban the exporting of sodium thiopental to non-EU members as the drug has medicinal uses, ... introduced a ban on the export of sodium thiopental in December 2010, after it was established that European supplies to the US ...
To induce general anesthesia, propofol is the drug used almost exclusively, having largely replaced sodium thiopental. It can ... thiopental, and fentanyl at equisedative concentrations". Anesthesiology. 87 (4): 749-764. doi:10.1097/00000542-199710000-00007 ...
Oishi R, Itoh Y, Nishibori M, Saeki K, Ueki S (1988). "Enhancement by alpha-fluoromethylhistidine of the thiopental sleep- ...
Irwin S, Stagg RD, Dunbar E, Govier WM (March 1956). "Methitural, a new intravenous anesthetic: comparison with thiopental in ...
As a result of drug shortages, sodium thiopental was replaced by pentobarbital in 2011. Further shortages of this drug have ... sodium thiopental (a dose which sedates the offender, but not enough to kill outright), pancuronium bromide (a muscle relaxant ...
Under the influence of sodium thiopental, she admitted that she accidentally killing Jason Maxwell. A rival of Phoebe Tyler who ...
Sodium thiopental was first used in humans on 8 March 1934 by Ralph M. Waters in an investigation of its properties, which were ... Three months later, John Silas Lundy started clinical trials of thiopental at the Mayo Clinic at the request of Abbott ... In 1934, Volwiler and Tabern synthesized the first intravenous general anesthetic, Sodium thiopental, in 1934. In the mid 1930s ... 2,153,729 in 1939 for the discovery of thiopental. Pentothal's discovery revolutionized intravenous anesthesia. The anesthetic ...
Although thiopental abuse carries a dependency risk, its recreational use is rare. Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short-acting ... For these reasons, thiopental should only be administered by suitably trained medical personnel, who should give thiopental in ... Sodium thiopental, also known as Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental, thiopentone, or Trapanal ( ... Winters WD, Spector E, Wallach DP, Shideman FE (July 1955). "Metabolism of thiopental-S35 and thiopental-2-C14 by a rat liver ...
... Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2000 Jan;17(1):69-70. doi: 10.1046/j.1365- ...
Help support Wordnik (and make this page ad-free) by adopting the word thiopental sodium. ...
Hazard - P - B - T - Risk Cannot be excluded. Manufacturer has on fass.se stated that data about environmental impact is missing for the substance. It is voluntary for manufacturers to provide information on the environmental impact on fass.se. ...
Abbott PENTOTHAL SODIUM (Sterile Thiopental Sodium) Sao Paolo, Brazil ...
The State of Nebraska has been asked to return to federal officials its supply of sodium thiopental, one of the three drugs ... The State of Nebraska has been asked to return to federal officials its supply of sodium thiopental, one of the three drugs ... FDA Orders Nebraska to Surrender Foreign Thiopental; Letters to Other States. Todays Omaha World-Herald reports, State asked ... A letter April 10 asked Nebraska to make arrangements to return any foreign-manufactured thiopental in your possession. ...
A Comparison of Psychologic Responses to Ketamine and Thiopental-Nitrous Oxide-Halothane Anesthesia Joseph M. Garfield, M.D., ... A Comparison of Psychologic Responses to Ketamine and Thiopental-Nitrous Oxide-Halothane Anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1972; 36: ...
Thiopental. Thiopental is a short-acting barbiturate sedative-hypnotic with rapid onset and a duration of action of 5-20 ... To use thiopental as a sedative, titrate in dosage increments of 25 mg (adjust to lower dose in children). ... Thiopental depresses consciousness and diminishes or terminates seizure effects; it facilitates transmission or impulses from ...
Nembutal Thiopental Pentothal. Pentothal (thiopental). Thiopental is a barbiturate (bar-BIT-chur-ate). Thiopental slows the ... Thiopental is a barbiturate (bar-BIT-chur-ate). Thiopental slows the activity of your brain and nervous system.. Thiopental is ... Thiopental is used to help you relax before you receive general anesthesia with an inhaled medication.. Thiopental may be used ... What is the most important information I should know about Pentothal (thiopental)?. You should not use thiopental if you have ...
The effects of morphine thiopental and fentanyl-thiopental combinations on the righting reflex were studied in rats. Doses that ... Morphine and Fentanyl Hypnotic Interactions with Thiopental Igor Kissin, M.D., Ph.D.; Igor Kissin, M.D., Ph.D. ... Igor Kissin, John O. Mason, Edwin L. Bradley; Morphine and Fentanyl Hypnotic Interactions with Thiopental. Anesthesiology 1987 ... Interaction between morphine or fentanyl and thiopental on blockade of the righting reflex were both found to be synergistic. ...
The administration of sodium thiopental began at 12:18 a.m., yet respirations did not cease until 12:27 a.m., when pancuronium ... California has since changed its dosage of sodium thiopental, from five grams to 1.5 grams. See Chapter Five on the Morales v. ... Sodium thiopental is the only drug with anesthetic properties used in lethal injections. State protocols specify a dosage of ... During some of the executions, he "saw some of the boys with their eyes open and looking at me after the thiopental came, I ...
... Article information. Anesth ... Group T: thiopental sodium, Groups P: propofol, Group K: ketamine. T1: baseline before induction, T2: 1 min after injection of ... Group T: thiopental sodium, Groups P: propofol, Group K: ketamine. T1: baseline before induction, T2: 1 min after injection of ... Group T: thiopental sodium, Groups P: propofol, Group K: ketamine. T1: baseline before induction, T2: 1 min after injection of ...
15 mg/kg thiopental in the thiopental alone (TG) group (n = 6), and 30 mg/kg ketamine + 15 mg/kg thiopental in the ketamine+ ... and thiopental-related oxidative damage is caused by decreased adrenaline level, suggesting that ketamine-thiopental ... In the group treated with ketamine and thiopental alone, MDA, TOS, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, ADR, NDR, ALT, and AST levels were found ... Effects of ketamine, thiopental and their combination on the rat liver: A biochemical evaluation ...
Detailed drug Information for Ketalar. Includes common brand names, drug descriptions, warnings, side effects and dosing information.
Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are taking this medicine, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.. Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is not recommended. Your doctor may decide not to treat you with this medication or change some of the other medicines you take.. ...
Detailed drug Information for Xolox. Includes common brand names, drug descriptions, warnings, side effects and dosing information.
This medicine may cause some people to be agitated, irritable, or display other abnormal behaviors, such as feeling sad or hopeless, getting upset easily, or feeling nervous, restless, or hostile. It may also cause some people to have suicidal thoughts and tendencies or to become more depressed. If you or your caregiver notice any of these side effects, tell your doctor right away. This medicine may cause respiratory depression, a serious breathing problem that can be life-threatening, when used together with narcotic pain medicines. Check with your doctor right away if you have pale or blue lips, fingernails, or skin, difficult or troubled breathing, or irregular, fast or slow, or shallow breathing. Check with your doctor right away if you have a fever, rash, swollen, painful, or tender lymph glands in the neck, armpit, or groin, unusual bleeding or bruising, or yellow eyes or skin. These may be symptoms of a serious and life-threatening allergic reaction called drug reaction with eosinophilia ...
Thiopental: Reconstituted vecuronium, which has an acid pH, should not be mixed with alkaline solutions (e.g., barbiturate ... barbiturate solutions such as thiopental) in the same syringe or administered simultaneously during intravenous infusion ... solutions such as thiopental) in the same syringe or administered simultaneously during intravenous infusion through the same ...
Comparison of Continuous Infusion Fentanyl or Ketamine versus Thiopental-Determining the Mean Effective Serum Concentrations ... Comparison of Continuous Infusion Fentanyl or Ketamine versus Thiopental-Determining the Mean Effective Serum Concentrations ...
EFFECTS OF PROPOFOL (P), KETAMINE (K), ETOMIDATE (E) AND SODIUM THIOPENTAL (STP) ON PERFORMANCE AND HIGH-ENERGY PHOSPHATE (HEP ... EFFECTS OF PROPOFOL (P), KETAMINE (K), ETOMIDATE (E) AND SODIUM THIOPENTAL (STP) ON PERFORMANCE AND HIGH-ENERGY PHOSPHATE (HEP ...
Hospira Dumps Thiopental in Row over Death Penalty January 20, 2011. Beckers ASC Review. ASA Clarifies Medically Induced Coma ... ASA Extremely Troubled About Removal of Sodium Thiopental from Market January 21, 2011. HealthDay/U.S. News. Pain Patches ... Anesthesiologists Extremely Troubled by Sodium Thiopental Shortage January 28, 2011. Beckers ASC Review. Survey Findings ...
This report describes the role of neuroprotection in acute disorders such as stroke and injuries of the nervous system as well as in chronic diseases such...
thiopental. *zidovudine If you are taking any of these medications, speak with your doctor or pharmacist. Depending on your ...
Sonnay, S., Duarte, J. M. N., Just, N., and Gruetter, R. (2017). Energy metabolism in the rat cortex under thiopental ... and thiopental (Sonnay et al., 2017). In these rodent studies, going from the awake state to deep anesthesia, glial metabolism ...
What is the role of thiopental in emergency department (ED) sedation?. What is the role of propofol in emergency department (ED ... Thiopental is another short-acting barbiturate sedative, lasting about 5-20 minutes. Like methohexital, it is used for ... 4] Thiopental is often difficult or impossible to obtain in the United States. ...
Propofol, Rocuronium, Thiopental, Succinylcholine[97]. Antibiotics Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, Macrolides May ...
The CEO of Swiss pharmaceutical company Naari AG said its sodium thiopental was never intended for a U.S. market or lethal ... Sodium thiopental is part of the chemical cocktail used in lethal injections. It is the first of three drugs to be administered ... 3 that the state had received a new 485-gram supply of sodium thiopental Oct. 25 for $5,411 and named Naari as the manufacturer ... There has been a shortage of sodium thiopental since its main U.S. manufacturer, Lake Forest, Ill.-based Hospira, stopped ...
  • Sodium thiopental, also known as Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental, thiopentone, or Trapanal (also a trademark), is a rapid-onset short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic. (wikipedia.org)
  • We randomly allocated 453 adult surgical inpatients to one of four anesthetic regimens (thiopental-isoflurane, propofol-isoflurane, propofol induction and maintenance, or sevoflurane induction and maintenance) and measured their rate and quality of recovery. (general-anaesthesia.com)
  • The execution took place despite the fact that there is a nationwide shortage of sodium thiopental, the anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail. (worldcoalition.org)
  • Officials in Oklahoma and other states that practice capital punishment have resorted to new combinations of deadly chemicals with the drying up of supplies of the anesthetic sodium thiopental and another drug used to paralyze the condemned during executions. (wsws.org)
  • The first drug, sodium thiopental, is an anesthetic used to put the prisoner in a deep comalike state. (npr.org)
  • An anesthetic induction agent such as thiopental will substantially reduce the risk of hypertension. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • Sodium thiopental was a core medicine in the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, but was supplanted by propofol. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite this, thiopental is listed as an acceptable alternative to propofol, depending on local availability and cost of these agents. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has now been superseded by drugs such as propofol because their effects wear off more quickly than thiopental. (wikipedia.org)
  • W hen compared with thiopental and isoflurane, propofol and sevoflurane are associated with a faster return to wakefulness after anesthesia. (general-anaesthesia.com)
  • We could not detect any significant advantages with propofol and sevoflurane, when compared with thiopental and isoflurane in adults undergoing elective inpatient surgery. (general-anaesthesia.com)
  • Implications: Propofol and sevoflurane do not offer any significant advantages over thiopental and isoflurane in adults undergoing elective inpatient surgery. (general-anaesthesia.com)
  • Four different anaesthetic protocols using a combination of propofol and isoflurane, propofol and halothane, thiopental and isoflurane or thiopental and halothane (each n = 6) were randomly chosen for each dog. (thieme-connect.de)
  • La inducci n fue con tiopental en 16 casos, con etomidato en 298, midazolam en 721 y propofol en 1,259. (medigraphic.com)
  • El mantenimiento fue con halotano en cinco casos, enflurano en siete, propofol en 41, isoflurano en 1,442, sevoflurano en 40 y desflurano en 38. (medigraphic.com)
  • El propofol e isoflurano fueron los agentes anest sicos m s utilizados, las complicaciones metab licas fueron m s comunes en el per odo transanest sico. (medigraphic.com)
  • Based on data which suggest that barbiturates can be of value in controlling the intracranial hypertension of head injury, intravenous thiopental was assessed in 13 patients with fulminant hepatic failure. (nih.gov)
  • Four women who received intravenous thiopental for anesthesia induction prior to cesarean section had breastmilk samples taken on days 1 and 2 postpartum. (nih.gov)
  • Eight women admitted for cesarean section were given an average of 5 mg/kg (range 3.8 to 6.3 mg/kg) of intravenous thiopental for induction of anesthesia. (nih.gov)
  • The highest colostrum level occurred in the first nursing after the termination of anesthesia (about 4 hours after the dose) and was estimated to be 0.34 mg/L. Eight other women who were at least 2 weeks postpartum were given an average of 5.4 mg/kg (range 4.4 to 7 mg/kg) of intravenous thiopental for induction of anesthesia. (nih.gov)
  • Seven mothers received intravenous thiopental for anesthesia induction prior to cesarean section. (nih.gov)
  • A randomized, but nonblinded, study in women undergoing cesarean section compared epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine to general anesthesia with intravenous thiopental 4 mg/kg and succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg for induction followed by nitrous oxide and isoflurane. (nih.gov)
  • Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate and has been used commonly in the induction phase of general anesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium thiopental, and the barbiturate class of drugs, decrease neuronal activity thereby decreasing cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2), decrease the cerebrovascular response to carbon dioxide, which in turn decreases intracranial pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium thiopental (STP), a short-acting well known barbiturate, is currently a routine choices for induction of general anesthesia in Cesarean section in some countries. (medscape.com)
  • Sodium thiopental is not used to maintain anesthesia in surgical procedures because, in infusion, it displays zero-order elimination pharmacokinetics, leading to a long period before consciousness is regained. (wikipedia.org)
  • In veterinary medicine, sodium thiopental is used to induce anesthesia in animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to anesthesia induction, sodium thiopental was historically used to induce medical comas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium thiopental (STP) is still the first choice for induction of anesthesia in some countries for this obstetric surgery. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] The usual recommended dose of thiopental for induction of general anesthesia for Caesarean section is 4-5 mg/kg, but several studies showed that parturient are at risk of inadequate anesthesia. (medscape.com)
  • Existing data indicate that no waiting period is required before resuming breastfeeding after thiopental anesthesia. (nih.gov)
  • Twenty women undergoing cesarean section received 5 mg/kg of thiopental intravenously for induction of anesthesia. (nih.gov)
  • Intervention 1: Intervention group 1: In this group, after lying on the bed and monitoring connection, patients received 5 mg/kg Sodium Thiopental from Jaber Ibn Hayyan company and 0.3 mg/kg Succinylcholine made by Caspian company for anesthesia and then under Electroconvulsive therapy with energy. (who.int)
  • Reportedly, thiopental has been shown to be superior to pentobarbital in reducing intracranial pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ban on exports of sodium thiopental for executions led the US to switch to pentobarbital. (livescience.com)
  • Sodium thiopental is used intravenously for the purposes of euthanasia. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 8 ] Thiopental in combination with rapid sequence induction is an important risk factor for awareness, possibly because of inappropriate low dose. (medscape.com)
  • 5. The concordance of early antipyrine and thiopental distribution kinetics. (nih.gov)
  • In both Belgium and the Netherlands, where active euthanasia is allowed by law, the standard protocol recommends sodium thiopental as the ideal agent to induce coma, followed by pancuronium bromide to paralyze muscles and stop breathing. (wikipedia.org)
  • That same year, anaesthetist Stanley Deutsch proposed the so-called triple cocktail for lethal injection, consisting of a fast-acting anaesthetic (sodium thiopental), a muscle-paralysing agent (pancuronium) and a cardiotoxin (potassium chloride) to stop the heart for an execution in Oklahoma. (livescience.com)
  • States have found it difficult to obtain the cocktail of drugs they long relied on, such as sodium thiopental, pancuronium bromide and potassium chloride. (wspa.com)
  • The dosage of thiopental was adjusted incrementally until intracranial pressure, measured by extradural transducers, fell to within normal limits or adverse hemodynamic changes occurred. (nih.gov)
  • The intracranial pressure was reduced, in each case, by 185 to 500 mg (median: 250 mg) thiopental given over 15 min, and in eight cases continuing infusion achieved stable normal intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure. (nih.gov)
  • Schalen, W., Messeter, K. and Nordstrom, C.H. (1992) Complications and Side Effects during Thiopental Therapy in Patients with Severe Head Injuries. (scirp.org)
  • Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective descriptive et analytique, multicentrique portant sur des patients de moins de 5ans pris en charge pour une affection neurochirurgicale de Janvier 2019 à Décembre 2021 à Libreville. (bvsalud.org)
  • Méthodes: Etude rétrospective, descriptive, monocentrique, colligeant les patients hospitalisés pour prise en charge d'une brèche ostéoméningée (BOM) et explorés par le couple TDM/IRM, du 1er janvier 2012 au 31 Décembre 2021. (bvsalud.org)
  • Arizona said Tuesday that it got its sodium thiopental from Britain, the first time a state has acknowledged obtaining the drug from outside the United States since a nationwide shortage of lethal injection drugs began slowing executions in the spring. (jpost.com)
  • The department made the change after the provider of one of the drugs used previously, sodium thiopental, stopped shipping it. (kut.org)
  • Landrigan's lawyers raised questions over the quality and constitutionality of using the sodium thiopental that was imported from Britain. (worldcoalition.org)
  • Archimedes Pharma, the only licensed manufacturer of sodium thiopental in Britain according to the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, denied exporting the drug. (worldcoalition.org)
  • In October 2015, federal authorizes seized a shipment of drug sodium thiopental purchased by Arizona and Texas from abroad, arguing that importing it was illegal. (socialistworker.org)
  • Detailed information related to Thiopental Sodium Injection's uses, composition, dosage, side effects and reviews is listed below. (cbdnj.shop)
  • Sodium thiopental would have to be given in large amounts to maintain unconsciousness during anaesthesia due to its rapid redistribution throughout the body (as it has a high volume of distribution). (wikipedia.org)
  • Amounts of thiopental in milk are very small. (nih.gov)
  • These findings indicate that trivial amounts of thiopental are received in breastmilk by infants in the first 2 days of life after administration to their mothers during delivery. (nih.gov)
  • Thiopental Sodium Injection is a medicine that is used for the treatment of Muscles Pain, Skull Cavity Pressure and other conditions. (cbdnj.shop)
  • The following is a list of possible side-effects that may occur from all constituting ingredients of Thiopental Sodium Injection. (cbdnj.shop)
  • In refractory status epilepticus, thiopental may be used to terminate a seizure. (wikipedia.org)
  • If you use Thiopental for such a long time, you have to think about the immuno-suppression effect. (allnurses.com)
  • Une prise en charge immédiate reste de mise, nécessitant donc un plateau technique de pointe pour améliorer l'évolution à court terme voire à moyen et long terme de ces affections. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although thiopental abuse carries a dependency risk, its recreational use is rare. (wikipedia.org)
  • The courts wanted the State of Arizona to disclose where and how it had obtained the sodium thiopental. (worldcoalition.org)