Sugar Acids
'Sugar acids' are organic compounds derived from sugars through various processes, characterized by the presence of both a carboxyl group (-COOH) and a hydroxyl group (-OH) in their molecular structure, often found in food sources like fruits and used in industries such as food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Amino Sugars
Sugar Alcohols
Deoxy Sugars
Monosaccharides
Phosphoenolpyruvate Sugar Phosphotransferase System
The bacterial sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) that catalyzes the transfer of the phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to its sugar substrates (the PTS sugars) concomitant with the translocation of these sugars across the bacterial membrane. The phosphorylation of a given sugar requires four proteins, two general proteins, Enzyme I and HPr and a pair of sugar-specific proteins designated as the Enzyme II complex. The PTS has also been implicated in the induction of synthesis of some catabolic enzyme systems required for the utilization of sugars that are not substrates of the PTS as well as the regulation of the activity of ADENYLYL CYCLASES. EC 2.7.1.-.
Galactose
An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.
Sucrose
Fructose
Bordetella pertussis waaA encodes a monofunctional 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid transferase that can complement an Escherichia coli waaA mutation. (1/386)
Bordetella pertussis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contains a single 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residue, whereas LPS from Escherichia coli contains at least two. Here we report that B. pertussis waaA encodes an enzyme capable of transferring only a single Kdo during the biosynthesis of LPS and that this activity is sufficient to complement an E. coli waaA mutation. (+info)Uptake of 99mTc(5+)-complexes in ischemic myocardial slices and their dissociable ability. (2/386)
AIM: To find how some technetium-complexes to deliver the active species, TcO4(3-), to the target tissue from a dissociable polynuclear Tc5+ species in preserved states in vivo. METHODS: Effect of dissociation ability of the polynuclear Tc5+ complexes on their accumulation in ischemic myocardium was tested. Ability of dissociation as having an appropriate conformation to become biologically functional after entering the blood circulation was tested using a simple dilution method by thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. Various degree of ischemic myocardium slices of rat were incubated with 1/100 diluted 99mTc(5+)-succimer, 99mTc(5+)-GH and 99mTc(5+)-PPi. RESULTS: The TLC patterns of 99mTc(5+)-GH and 99mTc(5+)-PPi showed the presence of a fast increasing of free Tc-species as dilution degree increased. The relative radioactivity of peak of free pertechnetate (Rf = 0.85-1.0) with 1:500 dilution was: 99mTc(5+)-succimer 0%, 99mTc(5+)-GH 28.1% +/- 1.3%, and 99mTc(5+)-PPi 46.0% +/- 2.9% respectively. The uptake of the myocardium after ischemia for 3 h was 99mTc(5+)-succimer 420% +/- 110% dose/g tissue, 99mTc(5+)-GH 710% +/- 180% dose/g tissue, and 99mTc(5+)-PPi 1295% +/- 390% dose/g tissue respectively. CONCLUSION: The dissociation and myocardial uptake showed: 99mTc(5+)-succimer < 99mTc(5+)-GH < 99mTc(5+)-PPi, the uptake by the ischemic myocardium is positively correlated to their dissociation. (+info)Rat liver contains age-regulated cytosolic 3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid (Kdn). (3/386)
Kdn (3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid), a unique deaminated member of the sialic acid family, has emerged as a new building block of glycoconjugates from a wide variety of organisms, ranging from bacteria to mammals. In particular, the presence of Kdn has been demonstrated in different rat organs and tissues, but not in liver. Here we report on the detection and quantitation of Kdn in rat liver and on its variations with postnatal development and aging. We have previously established the optimal conditions for derivatization of Kdn with 1,2-diamino-4, 5-methylene-dioxybenzene (DMB), and detection by reverse-phase HPLC. Analysis of whole liver homogenates and different subcellular fractions reveals that Kdn is fundamentally present in the cytosolic fraction as nucleotide precursor. The expression of Kdn, Neu5Gc, and Neu5Ac changes unevenly with age. While the content of Neu5Ac, the major species, and Neu5Gc decreases to a different extent from newborn to old animals, Kdn content decreases from newborn to trace amounts in adult rats and increases again with aging. Thus, expression of Kdn, Neu5Gc, and Neu5Ac appears to be independently regulated. (+info)Structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide from Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L2. (4/386)
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Chlamydia trachomatis L2 was isolated from tissue culture-grown elementary bodies using a modified phenol/water procedure followed by extraction with phenol/chloroform/light petroleum. From a total of 5 x 10(4) cm2 of infected monolayers, 22.3 mg of LPS were obtained. Compositional analysis indicated the presence of 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid (Kdo), GlcN, phosphorus, and fatty acids in a molar ratio of 2.8:2:2.1:4.5. Matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization mass spectrometry performed on the de-O-acylated LPS gave a major molecular ion peak at m/z 1781.1 corresponding to a molecule of 3 Kdo, 2 GlcN, 2 phosphates, and two 3-hydroxyeicosanoic acid residues. The structure of deacylated LPS obtained after successive treatment with hydrazine and potassium hydroxide was determined by 600 MHz NMR spectroscopy as Kdoalpha2-->8Kdoalpha2-->4Kdoalpha2-->6D-GlcpNbeta1 -->6D-GlcpNalpha 1,4'-bisphosphate. These data, together with those published recently on the acylation pattern of chlamydial lipid A (Qureshi, N., Kaltashov, I., Walker, K., Doroshenko, V., Cotter, R. J., Takayama, K, Sievert, T. R., Rice, P. A., Lin, J.-S. L., and Golenbock, D. T. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 10594-10600) allow us to present for the first time the complete structure of a major molecular species of a chlamydial LPS. (+info)Biosynthesis of KDN (2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid). Identification and characterization of a KDN-9-phosphate synthetase activity from trout testis. (5/386)
Although the deaminoneuraminic acid or KDN glycotope (2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid) is expressed in glycoconjugates that range in evolutionary diversity from bacteria to man, there is little information as to how this novel sugar is synthesized. Accordingly, biosynthetic studies were initiated in trout testis, an organ rich in KDN, to determine how this sialic acid is formed. These studies have shown that the pathway consists of the following three sequential reactions: 1) Man + ATP --> Man-6-P + ADP; 2) Man-6-P + PEP --> KDN-9-P + P(i); 3) KDN-9-P --> KDN + P(i). Reaction 1, catalyzed by a hexokinase, is the 6-O-phosphorylation of mannose to form D-mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P). Reaction 2, catalyzed by KDN-9-phosphate (KDN-9-P) synthetase, condenses Man-6-P and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form KDN-9-P. Reaction 3, catalyzed by a phosphatase, is the dephosphorylation of KDN-9-P to yield free KDN. It is not known if a kinase specific for Man (Reaction 1) and a phosphatase specific for KDN-9-P (Reaction 3) may exist in tissues actively synthesizing KDN. In this study, the KDN-9-P synthetase, an enzyme that has not been previously described, was identified as at least one key enzyme that is specific for the KDN biosynthetic pathway. This enzyme was purified 50-fold from rainbow trout testis and characterized. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be about 80,000, and activity was maximum at neutral pH in the presence of Mn(2+). N-Acetylneuraminic acid 9-phosphate (Neu5Ac-9-P) synthetase, which catalyzes the condensation of N-acetyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate and phosphoenol-pyruvate to produce Neu5Ac-9-P, was co-purified with the KDN-9-P synthetase. Substrate competition experiments revealed, however, that syntheses of KDN-9-P and Neu5Ac-9-P were catalyzed by two separate synthetase activities. The significance of these studies takes on added importance with the recent discovery that the level of free KDN is elevated in human fetal cord but not matched adult red blood cells and in ovarian cancer cells (Inoue, S., Lin, S-L., Chang, T., Wu, S-H., Yao, C-W., Chu, T-Y., Troy, F. A., II, and Inoue, Y. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 27199-27204). This unexpected finding emphasizes the need to understand more fully the role that free KDN and KDN-glycoconjugates may play in normal hematopoiesis and malignancy. (+info)The reactivity of the 2-deoxyribonolactone lesion in single-stranded DNA and its implication in reaction mechanisms of DNA damage and repair. (6/386)
The formal C1'-oxidation product, 2-deoxyribonolactone, is formed as a result of DNA damage induced via a variety of agents, including gamma-radiolysis and the enediyne antitumor antibiotics. This alkaline labile lesion may also be an intermediate during DNA damage induced by copper-phenanthroline. Oligo-nucleotides containing this lesion at a defined site were formed via aerobic photolysis of oligonucleotides containing a photolabile ketone, and were characterized by gel electrophoresis and electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Treatment of oligo-nucleotides containing the lesion with secondary amines produces strand breaks consisting of 3'-phosphate termini, and products which migrate more slowly in polyacrylamide gels. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis indicates that the slower moving products are formal adducts of the beta-elimination product resulting from 2-deoxyribonolactone and one molecule of amine. The addition of beta-mercapto-ethanol to the reaction mixture produces thiol adducts as well. The stability of these adducts suggests that they cannot be the labile species characterized by gel electrophoresis in copper-phenanthroline-mediated strand scission. The characterization of these adducts by mass spectrometry also provides, by analogy, affirmation of proposals regarding the reactivity of nucleophiles with the beta-elimination product of abasic sites. Finally, the effects of this lesion and the various adducts on DNA repair enzymes are unknown, but their facile generation from oligonucleotides containing a photolabile ketone suggests that such issues could be addressed. (+info)2-Keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (KDN)- and N-acetylneuraminic acid-cleaving sialidase (KDN-sialidase) and KDN-cleaving hydrolase (KDNase) from the hepatopancreas of oyster, Crassostrea virginica. (7/386)
KDN (2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid), a sialic acid analog, has been found to be widely distributed in nature. Despite the structural similarity between KDN and Neu5Ac, alpha-ketosides of KDN are refractory to conventional sialidases. We found that the hepatopancreas of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica, contains two KDN-cleaving sialidases but is devoid of conventional sialidase. The major sialidase, KDN-sialidase, effectively cleaves alpha-ketosidically linked KDN and also slowly cleaves the alpha-ketosides of Neu5Ac. The minor sialidase, KDNase, is specific for alpha-ketosides of KDN. We were able to separate these two KDN-cleaving enzymes using hydrophobic interaction and cation-exchange chromatographies. The rate of hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-KDN (MU-KDN) by KDN-sialidase is 30 times faster than that of MU-Neu5Ac in the presence of 0.2 M NaCl, whereas in the absence of NaCl this ratio is only 8. KDNase hydrolyzes MU-KDN over 500 times faster than MU-Neu5Ac and is not affected by NaCl. KDN-sialidase purified to electrophoretically homogeneous form was found to have a molecular mass of 25 kDa and an isoelectric point of 8.4. One of the three tryptic peptides derived from KDN-sialidase contains the consensus motif, SXDXGXTW, that has been found in all conventional sialidases. Kinetic analysis of the inhibition of the hydrolysis of MU-KDN and MU-Neu5Ac by 2, 3-dehydro-2-deoxy-KDN (KDN2-en) and 2,3-dehydro-2-deoxy-(Neu5Ac2-en) suggests that KDN-sialidase contains two separate active sites for the hydrolysis of KDN and Neu5Ac. Both KDN-sialidase and KDNase effectively hydrolyze KDN-G(M3), KDNalpha2-->3Gal beta1-->4Glc, KDNalpha2-->6Galbeta1-->4Glc, KDNalpha2-->6-N-acetylgalactosaminitol, KDNalpha2-->6(KDNalpha2-->3)N-acetylgalactosaminitol, and KDNalpha2-->6(GlcNAcbeta1-->3)N-acetylgalactosaminitol. However, only KDN-sialidase also slowly hydrolyzes G(M3), Neu5Acalpha2-->3Galbeta1-->4Glc, and Neu5Acalpha2-->6Galbeta1-->4Glc. These two KDN-cleaving sialidases should be useful for studying the structure and function of KDN-containing glycoconjugates. (+info)Separation of inner and outer membranes of Rickettsia prowazeki and characterization of their polypeptide compositions. (8/386)
Rickettsia prowazeki were disrupted in a French pressure cell and fractionated into soluble (cytoplasm) and envelope fractions. The envelope contained 25% of the cell protein, with the cytoplasm containing 75%. Upon density gradient centrifugation, the envelope fraction separated into a heavy band (1.23 g/cm3) and a lighter band (1.19 g/cm3). The heavy band had a high content of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid, a marker for bacterial lipopolysaccharide, but had no succinic dehydrogenase, a marker for cytoplasmic membrane activity, and therefore represented outer membrane. The lighter band exhibited a high succinate dehydrogenase activity, and thus contained inner (cytoplasmic) membrane. Outer membrane purified by this method was less than 5% contaiminated by cytoplasmic membrane; however, inner membrane from the gradient was as much as 30% contaminated by outer membrane. The protein composition of each cellular fraction was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The outer membrane contained four major proteins, which were also major proteins of the whole cell. The cytoplasmic membrane and soluble cytoplasm exhibited a more complex pattern on gels. (+info)'Sugar acids' are organic compounds derived from sugars through various processes, characterized by the presence of both a carboxyl group (-COOH) and a hydroxyl group (-OH) in their molecular structure, often found in food sources like fruits and used in industries such as food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic.
Sugar acids are a type of organic acid that are derived from sugars through the process of hydrolysis or oxidation. They have complex structures and can be found in various natural sources such as fruits, vegetables, and honey. In the medical field, sugar acids may be used in the production of pharmaceuticals and other chemical products.
Some common examples of sugar acids include:
* Gluconic acid, which is derived from glucose and has applications in the food industry as a preservative and stabilizer.
* Lactic acid, which is produced by fermentation of carbohydrates and is used in the production of various pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics.
* Citric acid, which is found in citrus fruits and is widely used as a flavoring agent, preservative, and chelating agent in food, beverages, and personal care products.
It's worth noting that while sugar acids have important applications in various industries, they can also contribute to tooth decay and other health problems when consumed in excess. Therefore, it's important to consume them in moderation as part of a balanced diet.
Carbohydrates are organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually with a hydrogen-to-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1, that serve as a major energy source in the diet through their metabolization into glucose.
Carbohydrates are a major nutrient class consisting of organic compounds that primarily contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They are classified as saccharides, which include monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (double sugars), oligosaccharides (short-chain sugars), and polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates).
Monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of a single sugar molecule that cannot be broken down further by hydrolysis. Disaccharides, like sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (malt sugar), are formed from two monosaccharide units joined together.
Oligosaccharides contain a small number of monosaccharide units, typically less than 20, while polysaccharides consist of long chains of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides can be further classified into starch (found in plants), glycogen (found in animals), and non-starchy polysaccharides like cellulose, chitin, and pectin.
Carbohydrates play a crucial role in providing energy to the body, with glucose being the primary source of energy for most cells. They also serve as structural components in plants (cellulose) and animals (chitin), participate in various metabolic processes, and contribute to the taste, texture, and preservation of foods.
'Carbohydrate metabolism' is the multistep biochemical process by which carbohydrates are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose, and further converted into energy or stored for later use through various pathways including glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and citric acid cycle.
Carbohydrate metabolism is the process by which the body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose, which is then used for energy or stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen. This process involves several enzymes and chemical reactions that convert carbohydrates from food into glucose, fructose, or galactose, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells throughout the body.
The hormones insulin and glucagon regulate carbohydrate metabolism by controlling the uptake and storage of glucose in cells. Insulin is released from the pancreas when blood sugar levels are high, such as after a meal, and promotes the uptake and storage of glucose in cells. Glucagon, on the other hand, is released when blood sugar levels are low and signals the liver to convert stored glycogen back into glucose and release it into the bloodstream.
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism can result from genetic defects or acquired conditions that affect the enzymes or hormones involved in this process. Examples include diabetes, hypoglycemia, and galactosemia. Proper management of these disorders typically involves dietary modifications, medication, and regular monitoring of blood sugar levels.
Amino sugars are sugar molecules that contain one or more amino groups, typically formed by the replacement of a hydroxyl group with an amino group, playing crucial roles in various biological processes such as glycoprotein synthesis and cell recognition.
Amino sugars, also known as glycosamine or hexosamines, are sugar molecules that contain a nitrogen atom as part of their structure. The most common amino sugars found in nature are glucosamine and galactosamine, which are derived from the hexose sugars glucose and galactose, respectively.
Glucosamine is an essential component of the structural polysaccharide chitin, which is found in the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crustaceans and insects, as well as in the cell walls of fungi. It is also a precursor to the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are long, unbranched polysaccharides that are important components of the extracellular matrix in animals.
Galactosamine, on the other hand, is a component of some GAGs and is also found in bacterial cell walls. It is used in the synthesis of heparin and heparan sulfate, which are important anticoagulant molecules.
Amino sugars play a critical role in many biological processes, including cell signaling, inflammation, and immune response. They have also been studied for their potential therapeutic uses in the treatment of various diseases, such as osteoarthritis and cancer.
'Sugar alcohols', also known as polyols, are carbohydrates that occur naturally in certain fruits and vegetables or can be manufactured, which have a chemical structure similar to sugar and alcohol, and are used as sweetening agents in food and drinks with lower caloric content and reduced effects on blood glucose levels compared to regular sugars.
Sugar alcohols, also known as polyols, are carbohydrates that are chemically similar to sugar but have a different molecular structure. They occur naturally in some fruits and vegetables, but most sugar alcohols used in food products are manufactured.
The chemical structure of sugar alcohols contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) instead of a hydrogen and a ketone or aldehyde group, which makes them less sweet than sugar and have fewer calories. They are not completely absorbed by the body, so they do not cause a rapid increase in blood glucose levels, making them a popular sweetener for people with diabetes.
Common sugar alcohols used in food products include xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, erythritol, and maltitol. They are often used as sweeteners in sugar-free and low-sugar foods such as candy, chewing gum, baked goods, and beverages.
However, consuming large amounts of sugar alcohols can cause digestive symptoms such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea, due to their partial absorption in the gut. Therefore, it is recommended to consume them in moderation.
'Deoxy sugars' are monosaccharides or oligosaccharides that contain fewer hydroxyl groups than the corresponding hexose or pentose, with deoxyribose being a well-known example of a deoxy sugar.
Deoxy sugars, also known as deoxyriboses, are sugars that have one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups replaced by a hydrogen atom. The most well-known deoxy sugar is deoxyribose, which is a component of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Deoxyribose is a pentose sugar, meaning it has five carbon atoms, and it differs from the related sugar ribose by having a hydrogen atom instead of a hydroxyl group at the 2' position. This structural difference affects the ability of DNA to form double-stranded helices through hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs, which is critical for the storage and replication of genetic information.
Other deoxy sugars may also be important in biology, such as L-deoxyribose, a component of certain antibiotics, and various deoxyhexoses, which are found in some natural products and bacterial polysaccharides.
'Dietary Sucrose' is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose molecules, naturally occurring in many plants, commonly extracted from sugarcane and beet, widely used as an additive sweetener in various foods and beverages.
Dietary sucrose is a type of sugar that is commonly found in the human diet. It is a disaccharide, meaning it is composed of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. Sucrose is naturally occurring in many fruits and vegetables, but it is also added to a wide variety of processed foods and beverages as a sweetener.
In the body, sucrose is broken down into its component monosaccharides during digestion, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream and used for energy. While small amounts of sucrose can be part of a healthy diet, consuming large amounts of added sugars, including sucrose, has been linked to a variety of negative health outcomes, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease. Therefore, it is recommended that people limit their intake of added sugars and focus on getting their sugars from whole foods, such as fruits and vegetables.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars, such as glucose or fructose, that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates and are the basic building blocks of complex carbohydrates, including disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down into simpler units by hydrolysis. They are the most basic unit of carbohydrates and are often referred to as "simple sugars." Monosaccharides typically contain three to seven atoms of carbon, but the most common monosaccharides contain five or six carbon atoms.
The general formula for a monosaccharide is (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. The majority of monosaccharides have a carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone) and multiple hydroxyl groups. These functional groups give monosaccharides their characteristic sweet taste and chemical properties.
The most common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose, all of which contain six carbon atoms and are known as hexoses. Other important monosaccharides include pentoses (five-carbon sugars) such as ribose and deoxyribose, which play crucial roles in the structure and function of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
Monosaccharides can exist in various forms, including linear and cyclic structures. In aqueous solutions, monosaccharides often form cyclic structures through a reaction between the carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group, creating a hemiacetal or hemiketal linkage. These cyclic structures can adopt different conformations, known as anomers, depending on the orientation of the hydroxyl group attached to the anomeric carbon atom.
Monosaccharides serve as essential building blocks for complex carbohydrates, such as disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose, and maltose) and polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, and glycogen). They also participate in various biological processes, including energy metabolism, cell recognition, and protein glycosylation.
The Phosphoenolpyruvate Sugar Phosphotransferase System (PTS) is a complex bacterial transport system responsible for the phosphorylation and concomitant translocation of sugars, such as glucose, utilizing phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) as the primary phosphate donor.
The Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) is not exactly a "sugar," but rather a complex molecular machinery used by certain bacteria for the transport and phosphorylation of sugars. The PTS system is a major carbohydrate transport system in many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which allows them to take up and metabolize various sugars for energy and growth.
The PTS system consists of several protein components, including the enzyme I (EI), histidine phosphocarrier protein (HPr), and sugar-specific enzymes II (EII). The process begins when PEP transfers a phosphate group to EI, which then passes it on to HPr. The phosphorylated HPr then interacts with the sugar-specific EII complex, which is composed of two domains: the membrane-associated domain (EIIA) and the periplasmic domain (EIIC).
When a sugar molecule binds to the EIIC domain, it induces a conformational change that allows the phosphate group from HPr to be transferred to the sugar. This phosphorylation event facilitates the translocation of the sugar across the membrane and into the cytoplasm, where it undergoes further metabolic reactions.
In summary, the Phosphoenolpyruvate Sugar Phosphotransferase System (PEP-PTS) is a bacterial transport system that utilizes phosphoryl groups from phosphoenolpyruvate to facilitate the uptake and phosphorylation of sugars, allowing bacteria to efficiently metabolize and utilize various carbon sources for energy and growth.
Galactose is a simple monosaccharide, or sugar, that is a constituent of lactose, the disaccharide naturally present in milk and other dairy products, and is also found in various glycoproteins and gangliosides.
Galactose is a simple sugar or monosaccharide that is a constituent of lactose, the disaccharide found in milk and dairy products. It's structurally similar to glucose but with a different chemical structure, and it plays a crucial role in various biological processes.
Galactose can be metabolized in the body through the action of enzymes such as galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, and UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase. Inherited deficiencies in these enzymes can lead to metabolic disorders like galactosemia, which can cause serious health issues if not diagnosed and treated promptly.
In summary, Galactose is a simple sugar that plays an essential role in lactose metabolism and other biological processes.
'Sucrose' is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose, formed from the condensation of their respective hydroxyl groups, widely found in plants and metabolized in humans through enzymatic hydrolysis into monosaccharides for energy production.
Sucrose is a type of simple sugar, also known as a carbohydrate. It is a disaccharide, which means that it is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. Sucrose occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables and is often extracted and refined for use as a sweetener in food and beverages.
The chemical formula for sucrose is C12H22O11, and it has a molecular weight of 342.3 g/mol. In its pure form, sucrose is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. It is commonly used as a reference compound for determining the sweetness of other substances, with a standard sucrose solution having a sweetness value of 1.0.
Sucrose is absorbed by the body through the small intestine and metabolized into glucose and fructose, which are then used for energy or stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. While moderate consumption of sucrose is generally considered safe, excessive intake can contribute to weight gain, tooth decay, and other health problems.
Fructose is a simple monosaccharide, a naturally occurring sugar in fruits, some vegetables, and honey, which is often added to foods and drinks as a sweetener, and it metabolizes differently than glucose, potentially contributing to health issues when consumed in excess.
Fructose is a simple monosaccharide, also known as "fruit sugar." It is a naturally occurring carbohydrate that is found in fruits, vegetables, and honey. Fructose has the chemical formula C6H12O6 and is a hexose, or six-carbon sugar.
Fructose is absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion and is metabolized primarily in the liver. It is sweeter than other sugars such as glucose and sucrose (table sugar), which makes it a popular sweetener in many processed foods and beverages. However, consuming large amounts of fructose can have negative health effects, including increasing the risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.
Uridine Diphosphate (UDP) sugars are nucleotide sugars that serve as essential glycosyl donors in the biosynthesis of various glycoconjugates, including proteoglycans and glycoproteins.
Uridine diphosphate sugars (UDP-sugars) are nucleotide sugars that play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of glycans, which are complex carbohydrates found on the surface of many cell types. UDP-sugars consist of a uridine diphosphate molecule linked to a sugar moiety, such as glucose, galactose, or xylose. These molecules serve as activated donor substrates for glycosyltransferases, enzymes that catalyze the transfer of sugar residues to acceptor molecules, including proteins and other carbohydrates. UDP-sugars are essential for various biological processes, such as cell recognition, signaling, and protein folding. Dysregulation of UDP-sugar metabolism has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer and congenital disorders of glycosylation.
Sugar acid
Examples of sugar acids include: Aldonic acids Glyceric acid (3C) Xylonic acid (5C) Gluconic acid (6C) Ascorbic acid (6C, ... Iduronic acid (6C) Aldaric acids Tartaric acid (4C) meso-Galactaric acid (Mucic acid) (6C) D-Glucaric acid (Saccharic acid) (6C ... Ketodeoxyoctulosonic acid (KDO or 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid) Uronic acids Glucuronic acid (6C) Galacturonic acid (6C ... ISBN 0-85186-333-7. Sugar+Acids at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (Sugar acids). ...
8,5'-Diferulic acid
8,5′-Diferulic acid is a non cyclic type of diferulic acid. It is the predominant diferulic acid in sugar beet pulp. It is also ... Micard, V.; Grabber, J.H.; Ralph, J.; Renard, C.M.G.C.; Thibault, J.-F. (1997). "Dehydrodiferulic acids from sugar-beet pulp". ... O-methylated hydroxycinnamic acids, Hydroxycinnamic acid dimers, Vinylogous carboxylic acids). ... Andreasen, MF; Christensen, LP; Meyer, AS; Hansen, A (2000). "Content of phenolic acids and ferulic acid dehydrodimers in 17 ...
Diferulic acids
... and sugar beet the predominant diferulic acids are 8-O-4'-DiFA and 8,5'-DiFA respectively. 8-5' Non cyclic diferulic acid has ... diferulic acid, and for a while this was thought to be the only one. Sinapic acid Coumaric acid Bunzel M, Ralph J, Steinhart H ... Just as ferulic acid is not the proper IUPAC name, the diferulic acids also tend to have trivial names that are more commonly ... Micard V, Grabber JH, Ralph J, Renard CM, Thibault J (1997). "Dehydrodiferulic acids from sugar-beet pulp". Phytochemistry. 44 ...
Muramic acid
... is an amino sugar acid. In terms of chemical composition, it is the ether of lactic acid and glucosamine. It ... Sugar acids, Amino sugars, All stub articles, Amine stubs). ... "Muramic acid - Compound Summary". PubChem. v t e (Chemical ... occurs naturally as N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan, whose primary function is a structural component of many typical ...
Boronic acid
Their unique feature is that they are capable of forming reversible covalent complexes with sugars, amino acids, hydroxamic ... A boronic acid is an organic compound related to boric acid (B(OH)3) in which one of the three hydroxyl groups (−OH) is ... In the Liebeskind-Srogl coupling a thiol ester is coupled with a boronic acid to produce a ketone. The boronic acid organic ... In 1860, Edward Frankland was the first to report the preparation and isolation of a boronic acid. Ethylboronic acid was ...
Threonic acid
... is a sugar acid derived from threose. The l-isomer is a metabolite of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). One study ... Sugar acids, Alpha hydroxy acids, Triols, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ... S Englard and S Seifter (1986). "The Biochemical Functions of Ascorbic Acid". Annual Review of Nutrition. 6: 365-406. doi: ...
3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid
ISBN 978-0-8493-0594-8. Sumner, J.B. Dinitrosalicylic acid: a reagent for the estimation of sugar in normal and diabetic urine ... Miller, Gail Lorenz (1959). "Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar". Anal. Chem. 31 (3): 426 ... 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS or DNSA, IUPAC name 2-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid) is an aromatic compound that reacts with ... 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid can be prepared by the nitration of salicylic acid. Lide, David R. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and ...
Beet pulp
8,5'-Diferulic acid is the predominant diferulic acid in sugar beet pulp. Sometimes molasses is added to improve palatability. ... Dehydrodiferulic acids from sugar-beet pulp. V. Micard, J.H. Grabber, J. Ralph, C.M.G.C. Renard and J-F. Thibault, ... Beet pulp is the fibrous material left over after the sugar is extracted from sugar beets. It is supplied either as dried ... Despite being a byproduct of sugar beet processing, beet pulp itself is low in sugar and other non-structural carbohydrates, ...
Ribose
Bhutani, S. P. (2019). "Aldopentoses-The Sugars of Nucleic Acids". Chemistry of Biomolecules (2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 63-65. ... Puckering, otherwise known as the sugar ring conformation (specifically ribose sugar), can be described by the amplitude of ... "Impact of modified ribose sugars on nucleic acid conformation and function". Heterocyclic Communications. 23 (3): 155-165. doi: ... About a new pentonic acid and the second inactive trioxyglutaric acid]. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (in ...
Glyceric acid
Sugar acids, Alpha hydroxy acids, Vicinal diols, Propionic acids, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ... including 2-phosphoglyceric acid, 3-phosphoglyceric acid, 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid, and 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid, are ... It occurs naturally and is classified as three-carbon sugar acid. It is chiral. Salts and esters of glyceric acid are known as ... 3-Phosphoglyceric acid is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the amino acid serine, which in turn can be used in the ...
Gluconeogenesis
de Figueiredo LF, Schuster S, Kaleta C, Fell DA (January 2009). "Can sugars be produced from fatty acids? A test case for ... Other glucogenic amino acids and all citric acid cycle intermediates (through conversion to oxaloacetate) can also function as ... odd-chain fatty acids (although not even-chain fatty acids, see below); and from other parts of metabolism that includes ... the 2-carbon acetyl-CoA derived from the oxidation of fatty acids cannot produce a net yield of glucose via the citric acid ...
Biology
Monomers include sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides. Carbohydrates include monomers and polymers of sugars. Lipids are the ... The basic unit (or monomer) of a protein is an amino acid. Twenty amino acids are used in proteins. Nucleic acids are polymers ... In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In ... Sugar in the form of glucose is the main nutrient used by animal and plant cells in respiration. Cellular respiration involving ...
Enema
31, 145, 149, ISBN 978-0-8018-8835-9 Short AR, Bywaters HW (June 1913). "Amino-Acids and Sugars in Rectal Feeding". Br Med J. 1 ... Neither the milk sugars and proteins nor the molasses are absorbed in the lower intestine, thus keeping the water from the ... Traveller's diarrhea's symptoms treated with an enema of sodium butyrate, organic acids, and A-300 silicon dioxide can be ... organic acids, and A-300 silicon dioxide". Przeglad Gastroenterologiczny. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National ...
Florina (apple)
Sugar 13.4% Acid 0.57%. Fruits keeps well for approximately three months. As most apples it is self-incompatible and needs out- ...
Aldonic acid
An aldonic acid is any of a family of sugar acids obtained by oxidation of the aldehyde functional group of an aldose to form a ... while oxidation of both terminal ends yields an aldaric acid. Aldonic acids are typically prepared by oxidation of the sugar ... Their lactones are key intermediates in the Kiliani-Fischer synthesis of sugars. Nomenclature of aldonic acids and their ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Sugar acids). ...
Akabori amino-acid reaction
S. Akabori (1931). "Oxidative Degradation of α-Amino Acids with Sugars (II). On the Mechanisms of the Reaction. (Amino Acids ... Maillard reaction S. Akabori (1931). "Amino Acids and Their Derivatives (I) Oxidative Decomposition of α-Amino Acids with ... In the second reaction, an α-amino acid, or an ester of it, is reduced by sodium amalgam and ethanolic HCl to give an α-amino ... In the first reaction, an α-amino acid is oxidised and undergoes decarboxylation to give an aldehyde at the former α position ...
Mespilus germanica
The fruits are particularly rich in monoterpenes and organic acids. Amino acids, sugars, and organic acids affect flavor. Due ... "Changes in sugars, organic acids and amino acids in medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) during fruit development and maturation". ... Tannin content and fruit acid content, especially ascorbid acid, decreases during fruit development. In ripe fruit, glutamate ... or naturally in storage if given sufficient time by reducing tannin content and fruit acids, increasing sugar content, and ...
Lactobionic acid
... (4-O-β-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconic acid) is a sugar acid. It is a disaccharide formed from gluconic acid and ... The carboxylate anion of lactobionic acid is known as lactobionate. As an acid, lactobionic acid can form salts with mineral ... Mineral salts of lactobionic acid are also used for mineral supplementation. Lactobionic acid is also used in the cosmetics ... Sugar acids, Vicinal diols, Alpha hydroxy acids). ... "Lactobionic acid as antioxidant and moisturizing active in ...
Oxalic acid
Scheele called the acid that resulted socker-syra or såcker-syra (sugar acid). By 1784, Scheele had shown that "sugar acid" and ... Oxalic acid is an organic acid with the systematic name ethanedioic acid and formula HO2C−CO2H, also written as (CO2H)2. It is ... Oxalic acid has much greater acid strength than acetic acid. It is a reducing agent and its conjugate base, known as oxalate ( ... Oxalic acid can be used to clean minerals like many other acids. Two such examples are quartz crystals and pyrite. Oxalic acid ...
Saccharic acid
It is derived by oxidizing a sugar such as glucose with nitric acid. The salts of saccharic acid are called saccharates or ... Saccharide Disaccharides Monosaccharides Mucic acid Gluconic acid Isosaccharinic acid "Medical Definition of SACCHARIC ACID". ... Sugar acids, Monosaccharides, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ... "Saccharic acid". National Institute of Standards and Technology Chemistry Webbook. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2023- ...
D-Galacturonic acid
... is a sugar acid, an oxidized form of d-galactose. It is the main component of pectin, in which it exists as ... Naturally occurring uronic acids are d-glucuronic acid, d-galacturonic acid, l-iduronic acid and d-mannuronic acid. Debra ... and meso-galactaric acid (mucic acid) (carboxylic groups at C1 and C6). It is also a uronic acid or hexuronic acid. ... In its open form, it has an aldehyde group at C1 and a carboxylic acid group at C6. Other oxidized forms of d-galactose are d- ...
3-Amino-5-nitrosalicylic acid
It is produced when 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid reacts with a reducing sugar. In this reaction, the 3-nitro group (NOO−) is ... 3-Amino-5-nitrosalicylic acid is an aromatic compound that absorbs light strongly at 540 nm. ... Salicylic acids, Anilines, All stub articles, Amine stubs). ... reduced to an amino group (NH2). 3-Amino-5-nitrosalicylic acid ...
Citric acid
In 1893, C. Wehmer discovered Penicillium mold could produce citric acid from sugar.[citation needed] However, microbial ... aconitic acid, and propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid (tricarballylic acid, carballylic acid) Acids in wine This still does not ... Citric acid can be used as an alternative to nitric acid in passivation of stainless steel. Citric acid can be used as a lower- ... Citric acid is an alpha hydroxy acid and is an active ingredient in chemical skin peels. Citric acid is commonly used as a ...
Outline of chemistry
Neurochemistry - study of neurochemicals; including transmitters, peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids; their ...
Sardine
These fatty acids can also lower blood sugar levels. They are also a good source of vitamin D, calcium, vitamin B12, and ... "Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, alpha-linolenic acid: MedlinePlus Supplements". Archived from the original on 8 February 2006. ... Fish oil supplements may lower blood sugar levels a small amount. Caution is advised when using herbs or supplements that may ... Sardines are also a natural source of marine omega-3 fatty acids, which may reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. ...
Structure validation
Gelbin A, Schneider B, Clowney L, Hsieh S-H, Olson WK, Berman HM (1996). "Geometric parameters in Nucleic Acids:Sugar and ... Proteins and nucleic acids are the workhorses of biology, providing the necessary chemical reactions, structural organization, ... Zemla A (July 2003). "LGA: A method for finding 3D similarities in protein structures". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (13): 3370-4 ... January 2000). "The Protein Data Bank". Nucleic Acids Research. 28 (1): 235-42. doi:10.1093/nar/28.1.235. PMC 102472. PMID ...
Birch sap
17 amino acids including glutamic acid, as well as minerals, enzymes, proteins, betulinic acid and betulin, antioxidants, sugar ... Kallio, H; Ahtonen, S (1985). "Identification of the Sugars and Acids in Birch Sap". Journal of Food Science. 50 (1): 266-269. ... xylitol is a sugar alcohol that is industrially produced using high temperature and sulfuric acid, or through fermentation). ... Ahtonen, S; Kallio, H (1989). "Identification and seasonal variation of amino acids in birch sap used for syrup production". ...
Chemistry
Neurochemistry is the study of neurochemicals; including transmitters, peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids; ... A substance can often be classified as an acid or a base. There are several different theories which explain acid-base behavior ... According to Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory, acids are substances that donate a positive hydrogen ion to another substance in ... which measures the relative ability of a substance to act as an acid under the Brønsted-Lowry definition of an acid. That is, ...
Lobophora (alga)
... simple sugars: alginic acid, laminarin; Sugar alcohol: mannitol. In addition Lobophora may have contributions in medicinal ... Fatty acids derivatives and polyolefins were identified as chemomarkers of these changing conditions. This indicates possible ...
Lactic acid
These bacteria ferment sugars into acids, unlike the yeast that ferment sugar into ethanol. After cooling the wort, yeast and ... lactic acid, or (+)-lactic acid, and the other, its mirror image, is D-lactic acid, (R)-lactic acid, or (−)-lactic acid. A ... Hexose sugar) can be used. Pure sucrose, glucose from starch, raw sugar, and beet juice are frequently used. Lactic acid ... D-Lactic acid and L-lactic acid have a higher melting point. Lactic acid produced by fermentation of milk is often racemic, ...
Organic acidsGlucoseFatty acidsAmino acidCompoundsSucroseProteinsAlpha-lipoCarbohydratesHydrolysisLacticAscorbicVitaminsGlucuronicSaltsBody'sFolic acidStarchMeSHResiduesUric acidLinolenicPRALIduronicAbstractAlcoholsExfoliateChiralBiomarkersPretreatmentSalicylicIntakePowderHyaluronicTooth decayBiomassRegulate blood sugarDerivativesAcidicMolecularNaturallyCarbonIncludeExcessDisordersCardiovascularCompositionQuantitiesEssential
Organic acids10
- Besides sugar, organic acids are one of the main components in these products. (foodnavigator-usa.com)
- This paper will give an overview of different sensory aspects of organic acids in confectionery products. (foodnavigator-usa.com)
- Organic acids, especially citrate, malate, and oxalate, are the root exudates most frequently investigated with regard to P mobilization. (biomedcentral.com)
- the reduced amount of organic acids in the P-deficient roots likely reflected exudation of organic acids from the root into the rhizosphere. (biomedcentral.com)
- These observations suggest that organic acids are involved in P acquisition. (biomedcentral.com)
- Different mechanisms have been proposed for the facilitation of P acquisition by organic acids. (biomedcentral.com)
- Changes in sugars, organic acids and ami. (ktu.edu.tr)
- The contents of sugars, organic acids, and amino acids (after acid hydrolysis) were determined during development and maturation of medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) fruit from 39 days after full bloom (DAF) until 2 weeks after the beginning of fruit drop (161 DAF). (ktu.edu.tr)
- Most drugs are weak organic acids or bases, existing in un-ionized and ionized forms in an aqueous environment. (msdmanuals.com)
- Conversely, alcohols and organic acids were the least abundant compound classes, and xanthohumol was also identified in the methanolic extract. (bvsalud.org)
Glucose19
- Insulin moves both glucose and ascorbic acid into cells including phagocytic immune cells. (life-enthusiast.com)
- Glucose and ascorbic acid are constantly competing for insulin transport so diets high in sugar and carbohydrates will decrease the amount of ascorbic acid that enters cells and thus create undesirable effects on the immune response. (life-enthusiast.com)
- There is another form of competition between glucose and ascorbic acid. (life-enthusiast.com)
- Ascorbic acid stimulates the hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt and glucose inhibits it. (life-enthusiast.com)
- If the body has too much glucose and too little ascorbic acid there will be a lack of genetic material and inadequate DNA and RNA for creation of needed new leukocytes. (life-enthusiast.com)
- The failure to evaluate glucose intake may afford a good explanation for failure of some earlier research studies about ascorbic acid to show beneficial effects. (life-enthusiast.com)
- 2021). The polylactic acid polymer can be made with lactic acid, which can be converted from glucose. (uark.edu)
- Fructose, glucose and sucrose were identified as the principal sugars and their levels varied remarkably during development. (ktu.edu.tr)
- The meter is a new generation of multifunction monitoring system which glucose, uric acid & total cholesterol. (linjust.com)
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- To confirm the connection between the amino acid and glucose, 2D nuclear overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY) experiments were performed. (hindawi.com)
- Fructose 1,6-diphosphatase (FDPase) (also termed fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase) is a focal enzyme in gluconeogenesis via its conversion of fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) to fructose 6-phosphate (F-6-P), which permits endogenous glucose production from gluconeogenic amino acids (eg, alanine and glycine), glycerol, or lactate. (medscape.com)
- The inability to convert lactic acid or glycerol into glucose leads to hypoglycemia , lactic acidosis, and glyceroluria. (medscape.com)
- This study showed a simultaneous and rate-coordinated conversion of lignocellulose derived glucose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, and galactose into D-lactic acid by adaptively evolved Pediococcus acidilactici ZY271 by simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) of wheat straw. (lu.se)
- Glucose and fatty acids rose in the overall group without the CPAP machines, but participants with diabetes may be more vulnerable to the glucose elevation, Jun warned. (medscape.com)
Fatty acids4
- Coconut Sugar acts as a natural gentle exfoliant and restores skin with a blend of fatty acids and antioxidants for softer, smoother-looking skin. (globalbeautycare.com)
- There were large differences in terms of their content of the two essential fatty acids, linoleic and a-linolenic acid, and the linoleic acid/a-linolenic acid ratio was 3.6 for CPCP, and 6.1 for HPCP. (cdc.gov)
- Among the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, palmitic and linolenic acids, respectively, were those with the highest relative percentages. (bvsalud.org)
- Additionally, their blood samples showed increases in fatty acids, sugar and the stress hormone cortisol. (medscape.com)
Amino acid12
- The most popular amino acid blend is experiencing a huge hype right now and not without reason. (ironbrothers-shop.com)
- Despite 70% amino acid identity between hSGLT3 and hSGLT1, their sugar transport, apparent sugar affinities, and sugar specificity differ greatly. (fiu.edu)
- Methodology/Principal Findings: We mutated the glutamate at position 457 in hSGLT3 to glutamine, the amino acid present in all SGLT1 proteins, and characterized the mutant. (fiu.edu)
- Conclusions/Significance: In summary, we demonstrate that hSGLT3 functions as a sugar sensor in vivo and that mutating a single amino acid converts this sugar sensor into a sugar transporter similar to SGLT1. (fiu.edu)
- The total amino acid composition also changed in decreasing trend throughout development and remained low at 161 DAF. (ktu.edu.tr)
- Is glutamine a conditionally essential amino acid? (nih.gov)
- The nonessential amino acid glutamine has recently been the focus of extensive scientific interest because of its importance in cell and tissue cultures and its physiologic role in animals and humans. (nih.gov)
- Abundant evidence suggests that glutamine may become a "conditionally essential" amino acid in the critically ill. (nih.gov)
- During stress the body's requirements for glutamine appear to exceed the individual's ability to produce sufficient amounts of this amino acid. (nih.gov)
- The method introduced herein allows complete secondary structure assignment of foldamers, chimera, and so forth composed of common (α‐) and/or non‐proteinogenic amino acid residues of a given length. (elte.hu)
- One group of these disorders is amino acid metabolism disorders. (medlineplus.gov)
- Maillard reaction is a nonenzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and free amino acid moieties, which is known as one of the most important modifications in food science. (hindawi.com)
Compounds1
- We hypothesized that organic compounds exuded by sugar beet roots solubilize soil P and that this exudation is stimulated by P starvation. (biomedcentral.com)
Sucrose2
- Sucrose was the main sugar in CPCP and HPCP. (cdc.gov)
- Particularly relevant was the sugar content, where sucrose was the main exponent while glutamate and asparagine were the principal detected amino acids. (bvsalud.org)
Proteins3
- Until recently the only role described for SGLT proteins was to transport sugar with Na+. (fiu.edu)
- Amino acids are "building blocks" that join together to form proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
- Gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA) gene family is a class of functional cysteine-rich proteins characterized by an N-terminal signal peptide and a C-terminal-conserved GASA domain with 12 invariant cysteine (Cys) residues. (bvsalud.org)
Alpha-lipo38
- Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant that is made naturally in the body and also found in foods. (medlineplus.gov)
- Because alpha-lipoic acid seems to work like an antioxidant, it might provide protection to the brain and also be helpful in certain liver diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
- People most commonly use alpha-lipoic acid for nerve pain in people with diabetes. (medlineplus.gov)
- Taking 600-1800 mg of alpha-lipoic acid by mouth or by IV seems to improve symptoms such as burning, pain, and numbness in the legs and arms of people with diabetes. (medlineplus.gov)
- Lower doses of alpha-lipoic acid don't seem to work. (medlineplus.gov)
- Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth for up to 4 years seems to lower total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol in people with or without hyperlipidemia. (medlineplus.gov)
- Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth can slightly reduce body weight in adults who are overweight. (medlineplus.gov)
- Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth daily for up to 6 months does not improve liver function or reduce liver damage in people with alcohol-related liver disease. (medlineplus.gov)
- Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth along with vitamin C and vitamin E does not seem to prevent altitude sickness. (medlineplus.gov)
- Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth with or without standard hydration therapy during a coronary angiography doesn't seem to prevent kidney damage caused by contrast agents. (medlineplus.gov)
- Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth or by IV does not improve blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes. (medlineplus.gov)
- Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth daily for 24 months doesn't improve eye damage from diabetes. (medlineplus.gov)
- Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth has no effect on thinking problems in people with HIV. (medlineplus.gov)
- Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth doesn't seem to reduce triglyceride levels in most people. (medlineplus.gov)
- There is interest in using alpha-lipoic acid for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful. (medlineplus.gov)
- Alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe for most adults when taken for up to 4 years. (medlineplus.gov)
- Alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe for most adults when used as a cream for up to 12 weeks. (medlineplus.gov)
- When taken by mouth, alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe. (medlineplus.gov)
- There isn't enough reliable information to know if alpha-lipoic acid is safe to use when breast-feeding. (medlineplus.gov)
- Alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe in children aged 10-17 years when taken by mouth in doses up to 600 mg daily for 3 months. (medlineplus.gov)
- But it is possibly unsafe for children to take large amounts of alpha-lipoic acid by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
- Seizures, vomiting, and unconsciousness have been reported for children aged 14 months to 16 years who took up to 2400 mg of alpha-lipoic acid as a single dose. (medlineplus.gov)
- Alpha-lipoic acid can decrease blood sugar levels. (medlineplus.gov)
- Alpha Lipoic Acid, also called thioctic acid, is a sulfur-containing fatty acid. (purebulk.com)
- Alpha lipoic acid may interact with blood sugar medications. (purebulk.com)
- Alpha-Lipoic Acid helps in removing the toxins out of the body thereby improving overall health and is the second most important molecule and a powerful anti-oxidant-yet you might have never heard of it. (blingsparkle.com)
- Alpha Lipoic Acid would be a well known term for those dealing with cardiovascular problems or increasing sugar blood levels as it helps in controlling both of them to an extent. (blingsparkle.com)
- Alpha Lipoic Acid is the second most important molecule in our cells that involve in the production of energy and help in controlling blood sugar levels. (blingsparkle.com)
- Alpha Lipoic Acid is also made by our body but factors such as stress, trauma, bad eating habits and medications deplete its presence from our body. (blingsparkle.com)
- As Alpha Lipoic Acid is a natural compound it functions very well as a co-factor to produce energy. (blingsparkle.com)
- The importance of Alpha Lipoic Acid doubles up when it is termed as a powerful anti-oxidant as the anti-oxidant effect produced by it plays a key factor in improving a lot of things for the human body. (blingsparkle.com)
- In addition to all of this Alpha Lipoic Acid deactivates both fat and water soluble excess minerals under the surface of our skin and hence protects both lipoprotiens and membranes, the only anti-oxidant to do such a thing! (blingsparkle.com)
- Now that we know the importance of Alpha Lipoic Acid , have we dwelled upon the thought of its correct presence in our body. (blingsparkle.com)
- Sufficient quantities of Alpha Lipoic Acid can do wonders for your health. (blingsparkle.com)
- The good news is our body produces its own ALA. The bad news is that unhealthy diet, trauma, stressful life, aging deplete the making of Alpha Lipoic Acid in our body. (blingsparkle.com)
- Our body produces very little Alpha Lipoic Acid on its own which makes it difficult for the body to obtain to obtain sufficient quantities from our diet. (blingsparkle.com)
- Zenith Nutrition's Alpha Lipoic Acid supplements has 100mg in every capsule which is proved to be safe for daily consumption, made with qualitative standards with its main component being Alpha lipoic acid makes it a dietary supplement worth serious consideration. (blingsparkle.com)
- With Alpha Lipoic Acid being an ideal antioxidant has the ability to quench a huge variety of free radicals like I explained above. (blingsparkle.com)
Carbohydrates1
- Every time you eat sugar and other refined carbohydrates, these bacteria produce acid that removes minerals from your tooth surfaces. (cdc.gov)
Hydrolysis3
- Although several studies showed that organosolv pretreatment can lead to effective delignification and enhancement in glucan hydrolysis, there has been no studies on acid- and alkali-catalyzed BDO pretreatment, as well as their comparison on promoting biomass saccharification and lignin utilization. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials is essential to facilitate enzymatic hydrolysis and improve sugar yield. (upm.edu.my)
- The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of acid or alkali during microwave-assisted pretreatment of dragon fruit foliage (DFF) that would make hydrolysis process more efficient. (upm.edu.my)
Lactic12
- Then, holding the Blood-devouring Orb in one lactic acid high blood sugar hand, I walked forward slowly Under my feet, the scorched body of the snake creaked under my feet A magic weapon is a magic weapon, no more consumption than other attacks. (nikkikress.com)
- After a long time, the light rain stopped, and lactic acid high blood sugar a A beautiful rainbow of seven colors appeared from the eastern sky and stretched to the far west. (nikkikress.com)
- Depressed, he lactic acid high blood sugar frowned and pulled the corners of his mouth, resolutely denying the fact that he was confused by the goblin man on the bed just now Immediately afterwards, he roughly stretched out his hand and pulled down the silk quilt. (nikkikress.com)
- Chen Xing saluted with a smile on his face, then turned around and ran back to the dormitory In fact, the dormitory had already been cleaned lactic acid high blood sugar up yesterday Lu Jianjun chose this time to send him away, but he was afraid that he would cause trouble. (nikkikress.com)
- Lactic Acid helps to gently exfoliate, hydrate, control oil and helps skin's tone appear even for smoother-looking skin. (globalbeautycare.com)
- Lactic and glycolic acid are some of the most well-known AHAs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Lignocellulosic biomass provides the essential feedstock option to synthesize D-lactic acid and D-lactide. (lu.se)
- The residual sugars in D-lactic acid fermentation broth significantly blocks the D-lactide synthesis. (lu.se)
- The produced D-lactic acid achieved minimum residual sugars (∼1.7 g/L), high chirality (∼99.1%) and high titer (∼128 g/L). A dry acid pretreatment. (lu.se)
- The produced D-lactic acid achieved minimum residual sugars (∼1.7 g/L), high chirality (∼99.1%) and high titer (∼128 g/L). A dry acid pretreatment eliminated the wastewater stream generation and the biodetoxification by fungus Amorphotheca resinae ZN1 removed the inhibitors from the pretreatment. (lu.se)
- The removal of the sugar residues and inhibitor impurities in D-lactic acid production from lignocellulose strongly facilitated the D-lactide synthesis. (lu.se)
- This study filled the gap in cellulosic D-lactide production from lignocellulose-derived D-lactic acid. (lu.se)
Ascorbic4
- Nearly every animal converts sugar into ascorbic acid (Vitamin C). Human beings, primates and guinea pigs are the only organisms unable to do this. (life-enthusiast.com)
- This forces these beings to obtain ascorbic acid from food or supplements. (life-enthusiast.com)
- The level of ascorbic acid in leukocytes may be 80 times greater than that found in plasma. (life-enthusiast.com)
- In addition to creating NADPH ascorbic acid has the ability to deactivate excess quantities of NADPH and oxidative substances that could harm normal tissues. (life-enthusiast.com)
Vitamins2
- Our Global Beauty Care Fruit Halo features juicy fruits, vitamins and gentle skin-smoothing acids to exfoliate and nourish for fresh, glowing skin! (globalbeautycare.com)
- ️ HEALTHY BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS: Nature's Nutrition dietary supplement contains essential vitamins, minerals and herbs like Cinnamon Bark, Chromium and Vanadium to help support healthy blood sugar levels already within the normal range. (pricepulse.app)
Glucuronic2
- Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position. (harvard.edu)
- Purification and characterization of iduronic acid-rich and glucuronic acid-rich proteoglycans implicated in human post-burn keloid scar. (harvard.edu)
Salts3
- Nearly all of the ingredients in COVID-19 vaccines are ingredients found in many foods-fats, sugar, and salts. (cdc.gov)
- The source of which comes from its active substance - glycyrrhizin - a very sweet glycoside occurring in the roots as the calcium plus potassium salts of glycyrrhizin acid. (foodnavigator.com)
- Nearly all of the ingredients in COVID-19 vaccines are ingredients found in many foods - fats, sugars, and salts. (cdc.gov)
Body's1
- Your digestive system breaks the food parts down into sugars and acids, your body's fuel. (medlineplus.gov)
Folic acid6
- folic acid lowers blood sugar and are green grapes good for diabetics , Blue Diabetes Pill. (shiatsu-harderwijk.nl)
- Ji Fengxing said.Yu Shangrong said indifferently How to folic acid lowers blood sugar learn folic acid lowers blood sugar from each other Using Qi to control the sword, Fan Hai will decide the outcome. (shiatsu-harderwijk.nl)
- After the younger brother left, the boss scratched his head and said, Yes, why in the sanctuary.A disciple entered the ritual Type 2 Diabetes Pill folic acid lowers blood sugar hall, bowed and said President, there is a situation in Yunshan, saying that he found a beast of fate. (shiatsu-harderwijk.nl)
- They know that this is just what those people say casually, and they will folic acid lowers blood sugar not take it seriously.On the side of the black best fiber supplement for blood sugar control tower, a cultivator rose up and said, This is a dispute between the black and white towers. (shiatsu-harderwijk.nl)
- Ranking seventh, will it be stronger than ranking first and second Meng folic acid lowers blood sugar Changdong felt unreasonable. (shiatsu-harderwijk.nl)
- In front of the cultivators with higher cultivation level, their speed seemed to be slowed down.While the two of folic acid lowers blood sugar them were horrified and flew backwards on their backs, Lu Zhou dodged and came between the two of them. (shiatsu-harderwijk.nl)
Starch2
- and starch, sugars, and amino acids. (foodnavigator.com)
- Processed culinary ingredients: substances derived from group 1 foods by processes that include pressing or grinding (eg, sugar, condiments, starch, butter, and vegetable oil). (medscape.com)
MeSH1
- Iduronic Acid" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
Residues1
- Significance of the 2-O-sulfo group of L-iduronic acid residues in heparin on the growth inhibition of bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. (harvard.edu)
Uric acid1
- They did blood tests for all the components of metabolic syndrome (insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid). (life-enthusiast.com)
Linolenic1
- The relative concentration of the precursors of lipid-derived volatiles-linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) acid-did not change in both storage regimes. (frontiersin.org)
PRAL6
- There is no clear summarised report of the association between dietary acid load components including potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net-endogenous acid production (NEAP) with cardiometabolic risk factors. (nih.gov)
- In the current meta-analysis, we found potent negative effects of high dietary acid load particularly higher PRAL scores cardiometabolic risk factors. (nih.gov)
- I list sugars with the lowest PRAL index first. (alkascore.com)
- For the sugars and honey category, the average PRAL values are -5.16 per 100 grams and -1.71 per 100 calories. (alkascore.com)
- So your PRAL values for sugars will vary from day to day. (alkascore.com)
- Leave Acid-Alkaline Sugars and Honey PRAL List to browse the Complete PRAL Food Category List . (alkascore.com)
Iduronic4
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Iduronic Acid" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Iduronic Acid" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Iduronic Acid" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
- Inseparable iduronic acid-containing proteoglycan PG(IdoA) preparations of human skin and post-burn scar tissues: evidence for elevated levels of PG(IdoA)-I in hypertrophic scar by N-terminal sequencing. (harvard.edu)
- Iduronic acid-rich proteoglycans (PGIdoA) and human post-burn scar maturation: isolation and characterization. (harvard.edu)
Abstract1
- abstract = "A boronic-acid-appended porphyrin (1) forms stacked aggregates in aqueous solution and in the presence of sugars the aggregates give exciton-coupling bands specific to the absolute configuration of added sugars. (elsevierpure.com)
Alcohols1
- Several O-benzylated 1-hydroxy sugars are effectively cross-coupled with a variety of alcohols to give the corresponding O-glycosides in high yields with good α-stereoselectivities by using the heteropoly acid, H 4 SiW 12 O 40 . (elsevierpure.com)
Exfoliate1
- Beta hydroxy acids (BHAs) are a similar group of acids that also exfoliate the skin. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Chiral1
- Sugar-induced chiral orientation of a boronic-acid-appended porphyrin stack. (elsevierpure.com)
Biomarkers1
- We dive deep into this really novel study, touching on stable isotopes, controlled feeding trials, essential and non-essential amino acids, and emerging biomarkers of intake for use in experimental and observational nutrition studies. (nutrition.org)
Pretreatment8
- HCl-BDO pretreatment with 40 mM acid loading led to 82.04% of original lignin removed from biomass, as compared to the lignin removal of 59.66% in HCl-Ethanol pretreatment. (biomedcentral.com)
- Besides, acid-catalyzed BDO pretreatment was more effective in improving the enzymatic digestibility of poplar than alkali-catalyzed BDO pretreatment. (biomedcentral.com)
- Results indicated that the acid-catalyzed BDO organosolv pretreatment could significantly improve enzymatic digestibility of the highly recalcitrant woody biomass. (biomedcentral.com)
- Among chemical pretreatments, acid pretreatment is identified as one of the most promising pretreatment methods due to its easy operation, low cost and efficient processing of a large range of biomass [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Thereby, it is essential to modify the acid pretreatment to simultaneously remove hemicellulose and lignin to promote biomass saccharification, while allowing possible valorization of recovered lignin. (biomedcentral.com)
- Highest yield of monomeric sugar was found at 15.56 mg/g using M-NaOH pretreatment at 0.1N NaOH. (upm.edu.my)
- For M-H2SO4 pretreatment, 0.1N H2SO4 produced 8.2 mg/g of monomeric sugar. (upm.edu.my)
- Application of M-NaHCO3 pretreatment using 0.05N NaHCO3 solution released 6.45 mg/g of monomeric sugar. (upm.edu.my)
Salicylic4
- Among these signals, negative ions with an m/z of 137 and 147 were shown to originate from salicylic acid and citramalic acid. (biomedcentral.com)
- Root exudates of sugar beet contain salicylic acid and citramalic acid, the latter of which has rarely been detected in plants so far. (biomedcentral.com)
- Salicylic acid is the most common BHA in skin care products. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- As with AHAs, people can use salicylic acid in a variety of ways. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Intake6
- Clearly high sugar intake will reduce the potential health benefits of this pathway. (life-enthusiast.com)
- Sugar intake in US citizens has gone from a few pounds a year in 1800 to about 155 pounds per person currently. (life-enthusiast.com)
- The excess intake of sugar plays a major role in the current diabetic epidemic, obesity, arteriosclerosis and rising cancer incidence. (life-enthusiast.com)
- Excessive sugar intake is now regarded as the number one risk factor for females[3] and the number two risk factor for males in the causation of heart attacks. (life-enthusiast.com)
- So you should ask your doctor for advice about your optimum target for total daily sugar intake. (alkascore.com)
- In soils with a low phosphorus (P) supply, sugar beet is known to intake more P than other species such as maize, wheat, or groundnut. (biomedcentral.com)
Powder1
- Because the enterprise established, we have been committed to Not easy to decompose Ursolic acid White powder in China sales and service, we have regularly adhering towards the quality very first, service first company philosophy to serve our clients and normally put this philosophy all through our anti-cancer rosemary extract manufacturer sales and after-sales service. (wwwcezasglob.pl)
Hyaluronic4
- After using hyaluronic acid your skin should feel more hydrated, soft, and plump immediately upon application. (mollybubbles.com)
- formula is comprised of 5% hyaluronic acid which is huge! (mollybubbles.com)
- Multiple Benefits: Pumpkin Seed Oil, Vitamin D3, and Biotin may help support the normal hair growth process, Selenium may help support hair follicle health, Vitamin E and Hyaluronic Acid support skin health, and Tocopherols & Tocotrienols support cellular health and immune function. (topfitnessdeals.com)
- For example, hyaluronic acid (HA) is a humectant, and not an exfoliant. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Tooth decay3
- Sugar Acid causes loss of enamel, which leads to sensitivity, cavities, and tooth decay. (aquafresh.com)
- Strengthen your tooth enamel against these tooth decay-sters using Aquafresh ® Sugar Acid Protection* toothpaste. (aquafresh.com)
- Doctors are warning that while sugar is still the most important factor in tooth decay, highly acidic sugar-free foods are capable of stripping tooth enamel - a process which can't be reversed. (sciencemediacentre.co.nz)
Biomass2
- However, the process of converting biomass to polylactic acid polymer has the largest environmental impact of the PLA production process, so alternative methods of conversion are needed (Moretti et al. (uark.edu)
- As a result, HCl-BDO with acid loading of 40 mM provided a good enzymatic digestibility of cellulose (91.16%) and the maximum sugar yield of 79.41% from original woody biomass. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulate blood sugar1
- This wine tasting has finally come to a perfect conclusion So far, what helps regulate blood sugar the entire charity auction has raised a total of more than 107 million charitable funds. (nikkikress.com)
Derivatives2
- A systematic conformational search was carried out both for the monomers and homohexamers made form furanoid β-amino acids such as cis-(S,R) and trans-(S,S) isomers of aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid: ACPC, two different aminofuranuronic acids: AFUα and AFUβ, their isopropylidene derivatives: AFU(ip), and the key intermediate β-aminotetrahydrofurancarboxylic acid: ATFC as well. (elte.hu)
- and sugar or sugar derivatives. (bvsalud.org)
Acidic2
- A sugar acid or acidic sugar is a monosaccharide with a carboxyl group at one end or both ends of its chain. (wikipedia.org)
- Lois Cairns writes in the Sunday Star Times about the damage being caused to children's teeth by sugar-free, but highly acidic, foods. (sciencemediacentre.co.nz)
Molecular1
- Oxidation of renewable polyol/sugar into formic acid using molecular O2 over heterogeneous catalysts is still challenging due to the insufficient activation of both O2 and organic substrates on coordination-saturated metal oxides. (ntnu.no)
Naturally4
- If the monster is powerful, ordinary guards can't Nothing works Looking at the bustling people at the gate of the city, Zhang Feng felt a little shocked It naturally cures diabetes really st john's wort high blood sugar deserves to be the only giant city in the Western Wilderness. (nikkikress.com)
- After all, the person who defeated the wild bear is an unworldly strong man Compared with best way to control blood sugar naturally the wild bear, he must be in a very bad mood at this time natural meds to lower blood sugar . (nikkikress.com)
- Alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) are a group of acids that occur naturally in fruits, sugar cane, and milk. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- AHAs are a group of acids that naturally occur in certain foods. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Carbon2
- The hexose monophosphate shunt also produces 5 carbon sugars (ribose and deoxyribose). (life-enthusiast.com)
- These 5 carbon sugars are needed to make DNA and RNA. (life-enthusiast.com)
Include1
- Main classes of sugar acids include: Aldonic acids, in which the aldehyde group (−CHO) located at the initial end (position 1) of an aldose is oxidized. (wikipedia.org)
Excess1
- New research indicates that excess nitrogen from acid rain slows down the decay of dead leaves on the forest floor. (theconversation.com)
Disorders1
- If you have one of these disorders, your body may have trouble breaking down certain amino acids. (medlineplus.gov)
Cardiovascular3
- She knows that the strongest woman in the world is Queen Rakshasa, and she also knows that Queen Rakshasa's kung fu is the same as her own It is cardiovascular high blood sugar blood claws, but Queen Rakshasa's blood Claw, has reached the pinnacle. (nikkikress.com)
- When consumed daily many people swear it has improved their blood sugar levels and helped them to deal with cardiovascular problems. (blingsparkle.com)
- Taking the blood sugar support daily can also increase energy, promote weight loss, and cardiovascular health. (pricepulse.app)
Composition1
- Comparison of sugar, acids, and volatile composition in raspberry bushy dwarf virus-resistant transgenic raspberries and the wild type 'meeker' (rubus idaeus L. (oregonstate.edu)
Quantities1
- Treatments with the lowest concentration (0.01 N) of the three chemicals released only small quantities of total monomeric sugars and less than that with distilled water. (upm.edu.my)
Essential1
- Simply all essential amino acids combined in a mega delicious, sugar-free instant drink. (ironbrothers-shop.com)
