Streptomyces griseus
Streptomyces
4-Butyrolactone
Streptomyces coelicolor
Streptomycin
Streptomyces lividans
Candicidin
Chromomycin A3
Molecular Sequence Data
Chromomycins
Ovomucin
Amidinotransferases
Spores, Bacterial
Amino Acid Sequence
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Anthraquinones
Fermentation
Multigene Family
Cloning, Molecular
Base Sequence
Histidine Ammonia-Lyase
Dimethyldithiocarbamate
Microbial and chemical transformations of some 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9,10-enes. (1/347)
Resting cells of Streptomyces griseus, Mucor mucedo, and a growing culture of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus when mixed with compounds related to 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene-4beta,15-diacetoxy-3alpha-ol(anguidine) produced a series of derivatives that were either partially hydrolyzed or selectively acylated. These derivatives showed marked differences in activities as assayed by antifungal and tissue culture cytotoxicity tests. (+info)Possible involvement of cAMP in aerial mycelium formation and secondary metabolism in Streptomyces griseus. (2/347)
In Streptomyces griseus, A-factor (2-isocapryloyl-3R-hydroxymethyl-gamma-butyrolactone) triggers secondary metabolism and morphogenesis by binding a repressor protein (ArpA) and dissociating it from DNA. UV-mutagenesis of the A-factor-deficient mutant HH1 generated strain HO2, defective in the synthesis of ArpA and therefore able to form aerial mycelium, spores and streptomycin. Shotgun cloning of chromosomal DNA from wild-type S. griseus in strain HO2 yielded a gene that suppressed aerial mycelium formation and streptomycin production. Nucleotide sequencing and subcloning revealed that the gene encoded a eukaryotic-type adenylate cyclase (CyaA). In mutant HO2 production of cAMP was growth-dependent until the middle of the exponential growth stage; the production profile was the same as in the wild-type strain. However, the amount of cAMP produced was five times larger when mutant HO2 harboured cyaA on the high-copy-number plasmid pIJ486. Consistent with this, supplying cAMP exogenously at a high concentration to mutant HO2 suppressed formation of both aerial mycelium and streptomycin. On the other hand, some lower concentrations of cAMP stimulated or accelerated aerial mycelium formation. No effects of exogenous cAMP on morphogenesis and secondary metabolism were apparent in the wild-type strain. In addition, disruption of the chromosomal cyaA gene in the wild-type strain had almost no effect. Introducing cyaA cloned in either a low- or a high-copy-number plasmid suppressed morphogenesis and secondary metabolism not only in mutant HO2 but also in other arpA mutants, implying that the effects of cAMP became apparent in the arpA-defective background. When mutant HO2 carried cyaA on a plasmid, synthesis of the stringent response factor ppGpp was greatly reduced; this may account for the observed suppression by cAMP of morphogenesis and secondary metabolism. cAMP also affected protein tyrosine phosphorylation, as determined with antiphosphotyrosine antibody. (+info)Nonactin biosynthesis: the product of nonS catalyzes the formation of the furan ring of nonactic acid. (3/347)
Nonactin is the parent compound of a group of ionophore antibiotics, known as the macrotetrolides, produced by Streptomyces griseus subsp. griseus ETH A7796. Nonactin is a significant compound because of its inhibitory effects on the P170 glycoprotein-mediated efflux of chemotherapeutic agents in multiple-drug-resistant cancer cells. Nonactin is also significant in that it is a highly atypical polyketide. Very little is presently known about the genes of the nonactin biosynthesis cluster. In this paper we describe our efforts to establish a connection between the product of a gene from the nonactin biosynthesis cluster and a known biochemical transformation in nonactin biosynthesis. Nonactate synthase is the enzyme which catalyzes the formation of nonactic acid from an acyclic precursor in nonactin biosynthesis. We have synthesized the substrate for this enzyme and have detected the in vitro cyclization activity of the substrate in cell-free preparations of S. griseus subsp. griseus ETH A7796. Previous studies by R. Plater and J. A. Robinson (Gene 112:117-122, 1992) had suggested, based on sequence homology, that the product of a partial open reading frame found close to the tetranactin resistance gene of S. griseus could be the nonactate synthase. We have therefore cloned, sequenced, and heterologously expressed this full gene (nonS), and we have shown that the gene product, NonS, does indeed catalyze the formation of the furan ring of nonactic acid as hypothesized. (+info)Functional analysis of genes from Streptomyces griseus involved in the synthesis of isorenieratene, a carotenoid with aromatic end groups, revealed a novel type of carotenoid desaturase. (4/347)
The biosynthesis of the aromatic carotene isorenieratene is restricted to green photosynthetic bacteria and a few actinomycetes. Among them Streptomyces griseus has been used to study the genes involved in this pathway. Five genes out of seven of two adjacent operons in one cluster could be identified to be sufficient for the synthesis of isorenieratene. Stepwise deletions of these genes demonstrated their participation in phytoene synthesis, phytoene desaturation and lycopene cyclization. The novel gene crtU was assigned to encode a unique desaturase responsible for the conversion of beta-carotene via beta-isorenieratene to isorenieratene by a desaturation/methyltransferation mechanism. Sequence analysis of crtU revealed two conserved regions, one at the N-terminus and the other at the C-terminus of the protein which is universal to different types of carotene desaturases. In addition, the sequence comprises a motif typically found in methyltransferases. The deletion of the two remaining genes of the cluster left the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway unaffected. (+info)Different phosphate binding modes of Streptomyces griseus aminopeptidase between crystal and solution states and the status of zinc-bound water. (5/347)
Phosphate shows a non-competitive inhibition toward a Streptomyces aminopeptidase (sAP) between pH 5.85 (Ki = 0.48 mM) and 9.0 (110 mM), with a pKa of 7.1 likely due to ionization of H2PO4-. This non-competitive inhibition pattern indicates that phosphate binding to sAP in solution is different from that in the crystal structure, where phosphate is bound to the active site Zn(II) ions. Fluoride uncompetitively inhibits sAP from pH 5.5 (Ki = 3.72 mM) to 9.0 (43.6 mM), with a pKa of approximately 6.2 likely due to a coordinated water. The different inhibition natures and pKa values indicate that the two inhibitors bind at different locations. (+info)Analysis of fusion junctions of circularized chromosomes in Streptomyces griseus. (6/347)
A filamentous soil bacterium, Streptomyces griseus 2247, carries a 7. 8-Mb linear chromosome. We previously showed by macrorestriction analysis that mutagenic treatments easily caused deletions at both ends of its linear chromosome and changed the chromosome to a circular form. In this study, we confirmed chromosomal circularization by cloning and sequencing the junction fragments from two deletion mutants, 404-23 and N2. The junction sequences were compared with the corresponding right and left deletion end sequences in the parent strain, 2247. No homology and a 6-bp microhomology were found between the two deletion ends of the 404-23 and N2 mutants, respectively, which indicate that the chromosomal circularization was caused by illegitimate recombination without concomitant amplification. The circularized chromosomes were stably maintained in both mutants. Therefore, the chromosomal circularization might have occurred to prevent lethal deletions, which otherwise would progress into the indispensable central regions of the chromosome. (+info)Characterization of the gene for factor C, an extracellular signal protein involved in morphological differentiation of Streptomyces griseus. (7/347)
The gene encoding factor C (facC), an extracellular signal protein involved in cellular differentiation, was cloned from Streptomyces griseus 45H, and the complete nucleotide sequence was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence was confirmed by HPLC/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis. The full-length protein consists of 324 amino acids and has a predicted molecular mass of 34,523 Da. The mature extracellular 286 amino acid protein (31,038 Da) is probably produced by cleaving off a 38 amino acid secretion signal sequence. Southern hybridization detected facC in several other Streptomyces strains, but database searches failed to identify a protein with significant homology to factor C. Expression of facC from a low-copy-number vector in S. griseus 52-1 resulted in a phenotypic effect similar to that given by exogenously added factor C protein. (+info)A putative regulatory element for carbon-source-dependent differentiation in Streptomyces griseus. (8/347)
To identify negative regulatory genes for cellular differentiation in Streptomyces griseus, DNA fragments repressing the normal developmental processes were cloned on a high-copy-number plasmid. One of these DNA fragments markedly repressed aerial mycelium and spore formation on solid media containing glucose or galactose, but not on media containing maltose or mannitol. The fragment contained three complete ORFs; precise subcloning revealed that a 249 bp fragment located in the promoter region between ORF1 and ORF3 was sufficient for repression. Quantification of the promoter activities by using a thermostable malate dehydrogenase gene as a reporter showed that the promoter for ORF3 (P(ORF3)) maintained high activity in mycelia grown in the presence of glucose but lost activity rapidly in maltose medium. P(ORF3) activity increased markedly when the promoter sequence was introduced on a high-copy-number plasmid. The results suggested that carbon-source-dependent deactivation of P(ORF3) mediated by a transcriptional repressor may initiate differentiation in S. griseus. (+info)"Streptomyces griseus" is a species of bacteria that belongs to the family Streptomycetaceae. This gram-positive, aerobic, and saprophytic bacterium is known for its ability to produce several important antibiotics, including streptomycin, grisein, and candidin. The bacterium forms a branched mycelium and is commonly found in soil and aquatic environments. It has been widely studied for its industrial applications, particularly in the production of antibiotics and enzymes.
The medical significance of "Streptomyces griseus" lies primarily in its ability to produce streptomycin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. Streptomycin was the first antibiotic discovered to be effective against tuberculosis and has been used in the treatment of this disease for several decades. However, due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, streptomycin is now rarely used as a first-line therapy for tuberculosis but may still be used in combination with other antibiotics for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
In addition to its role in antibiotic production, "Streptomyces griseus" has also been studied for its potential use in bioremediation and as a source of novel enzymes and bioactive compounds with potential applications in medicine and industry.
Streptomyces is a genus of Gram-positive, aerobic, saprophytic bacteria that are widely distributed in soil, water, and decaying organic matter. They are known for their complex morphology, forming branching filaments called hyphae that can differentiate into long chains of spores.
Streptomyces species are particularly notable for their ability to produce a wide variety of bioactive secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, antifungals, and other therapeutic compounds. In fact, many important antibiotics such as streptomycin, neomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin are derived from Streptomyces species.
Because of their industrial importance in the production of antibiotics and other bioactive compounds, Streptomyces have been extensively studied and are considered model organisms for the study of bacterial genetics, biochemistry, and ecology.
4-Butyrolactone, also known as gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or 1,4-butanolide, is a chemical compound with the formula C4H6O2. It is a colorless oily liquid that is used in various industrial and commercial applications, including as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, as a solvent, and as a flavoring agent.
In the medical field, 4-butyrolactone has been studied for its potential use as a sleep aid and muscle relaxant. However, it is not currently approved by regulatory agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for these uses. It is also known to have abuse potential and can cause intoxication, sedation, and other central nervous system effects when ingested or inhaled.
It's important to note that 4-butyrolactone is not a medication and should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional for approved medical purposes.
"Streptomyces coelicolor" is a species name for a type of bacteria that belongs to the genus Streptomyces. This bacterium is gram-positive, meaning that it stains positive in the Gram stain test, which is used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It is an aerobic organism, which means it requires oxygen to grow and survive.
Streptomyces coelicolor is known for its ability to produce a variety of antibiotics, including actinomycin and undecylprodigiosin. These antibiotics have been studied for their potential therapeutic uses in medicine. The bacterium also produces a blue-pigmented compound called pigmentactinorhodin, which it uses to protect itself from other microorganisms.
Streptomyces coelicolor is widely used as a model organism in research due to its genetic tractability and its ability to produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites. Scientists study the genetics, biochemistry, and ecology of this bacterium to better understand how it produces antibiotics and other bioactive compounds, and how these processes can be harnessed for industrial and medical applications.
Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces griseus. It belongs to the class of aminoglycosides and works by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to bacterial death.
Streptomycin is primarily used to treat a variety of infections caused by gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including tuberculosis, brucellosis, plague, tularemia, and certain types of bacterial endocarditis. It is also used as part of combination therapy for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).
Like other aminoglycosides, streptomycin has a narrow therapeutic index and can cause ototoxicity (hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) with prolonged use or high doses. Therefore, its use is typically limited to cases where other antibiotics are ineffective or contraindicated.
It's important to note that the use of streptomycin requires careful monitoring of drug levels and kidney function, as well as regular audiometric testing to detect any potential hearing loss.
Streptomyces lividans is a species of Gram-positive, filamentous bacteria that belongs to the family Streptomycetaceae. It is a soil-dwelling bacterium that is known for its ability to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, enzymes, and other bioactive compounds.
S. lividans is a model organism for studying the genetics and biochemistry of actinomycetes, which are a group of bacteria that share many characteristics with S. lividans. It is often used in genetic engineering and biotechnology applications due to its ability to efficiently take up and express foreign DNA.
S. lividans has a complex life cycle that involves the production of aerial hyphae, which differentiate into chains of spores. The spores are highly resistant to environmental stresses and can survive for long periods in the soil, where they serve as a source of genetic diversity for the population.
S. lividans is not typically considered a human pathogen, but it has been used as a vehicle for delivering therapeutic proteins and vaccines in medical research.
Candicidin is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections. It is a mixture of several related compounds called polypeptides, which are produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. Candicidin works by disrupting the cell membrane of fungi, leading to their death.
Candicidin is not commonly used in human medicine due to its potential toxicity and narrow spectrum of activity. It is primarily used in veterinary medicine to treat conditions such as mastitis (inflammation of the mammary gland) in cows caused by fungal infections.
It's important to note that the use of candicidin should be under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare professional, and it should only be used when other antifungal medications are not effective or are contraindicated.
Chromomycin A3 is an antibiotic and a DNA-binding molecule that is used in research and scientific studies. It is a type of glycosylated anthracycline that can intercalate into DNA and inhibit DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. Chromomycin A3 has been used as a fluorescent stain for microscopy, particularly for the staining of chromosomes during mitosis. It is also used in molecular biology research to study the interactions between drugs and DNA.
It's important to note that Chromomycin A3 is not used as a therapeutic drug in human or veterinary medicine due to its toxicity, it's mainly used for research purposes.
"Streptomyces antibioticus" is not a medical term per se, but rather a scientific name used in microbiology and biochemistry. It refers to a specific species of bacteria belonging to the genus "Streptomyces," which are known for their ability to produce various antibiotics. The species "S. antibioticus" has been particularly important in the discovery and production of several clinically relevant antibiotics, such as neomycin and ribostamycin. These antibiotics have been used in medical treatments to target various bacterial infections. However, it is essential to note that the bacteria itself is not a medical condition or disease; instead, its products (antibiotics) are significant in medical contexts.
Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.
Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:
1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.
Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Chromomycins are a group of antibiotics that are produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. They are known for their ability to bind to DNA and inhibit the growth of various bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Chromomycins have been studied for their potential use in cancer treatment due to their antiproliferative effects on certain types of tumor cells. However, they have not yet been approved for clinical use in humans.
Ovomucin is a glycoprotein found in the egg white (albumen) of birds. It is one of the major proteins in egg white, making up about 10-15% of its total protein content. Ovomucin is known for its ability to form a gel-like structure when egg whites are beaten, which helps to protect the developing embryo inside the egg.
Ovomucin has several unique properties that make it medically interesting. For example, it has been shown to have antibacterial and antiviral activities, and may help to prevent microbial growth in the egg. Additionally, ovomucin is a complex mixture of proteins with varying molecular weights and structures, which makes it a subject of interest for researchers studying protein structure and function.
In recent years, there has been some research into the potential medical uses of ovomucin, including its possible role in wound healing and as a potential treatment for respiratory infections. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential therapeutic applications of this interesting protein.
Amidinotransferases are a group of enzymes that play a role in the metabolism of amino acids and other biologically active compounds. These enzymes catalyze the transfer of an amidino group (-NH-C=NH) from one molecule to another, typically from an amino acid or related compound donor to an acceptor molecule.
The amidinotransferases are classified as a subgroup of the larger family of enzymes known as transferases, which catalyze the transfer of various functional groups between molecules. Within this family, the amidinotransferases are further divided into several subfamilies based on their specific functions and the types of donor and acceptor molecules they act upon.
One example of an amidinotransferase is arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), which plays a role in the biosynthesis of creatine, a compound that is important for energy metabolism in muscles and other tissues. AGAT transfers an amidino group from arginine to glycine, forming guanidinoacetate and ornithine as products.
Abnormalities in the activity of amidinotransferases have been implicated in various diseases, including neurological disorders and certain genetic conditions. For example, mutations in the gene encoding AGAT have been associated with a rare inherited disorder called cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome type 1 (CCDS1), which is characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, and other neurological symptoms.
A bacterial gene is a segment of DNA (or RNA in some viruses) that contains the genetic information necessary for the synthesis of a functional bacterial protein or RNA molecule. These genes are responsible for encoding various characteristics and functions of bacteria such as metabolism, reproduction, and resistance to antibiotics. They can be transmitted between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Bacterial genes are often organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.
It's important to note that the term "bacterial gene" is used to describe genetic elements found in bacteria, but not all genetic elements in bacteria are considered genes. For example, some DNA sequences may not encode functional products and are therefore not considered genes. Additionally, some bacterial genes may be plasmid-borne or phage-borne, rather than being located on the bacterial chromosome.
I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question. Bacteria do not produce spores; instead, it is fungi and other types of microorganisms that produce spores for reproduction and survival purposes. Spores are essentially reproductive cells that are resistant to heat, radiation, and chemicals, allowing them to survive under harsh conditions.
If you meant to ask about endospores, those are produced by some bacteria as a protective mechanism during times of stress or nutrient deprivation. Endospores are highly resistant structures containing bacterial DNA, ribosomes, and some enzymes. They can survive for long periods in extreme environments and germinate into vegetative cells when conditions improve.
Here's the medical definition of endospores:
Endospores (also called bacterial spores) are highly resistant, dormant structures produced by certain bacteria belonging to the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. They contain a core of bacterial DNA, ribosomes, and some enzymes surrounded by a protective layer called the spore coat. Endospores can survive under harsh conditions for extended periods and germinate into vegetative cells when favorable conditions return. Common examples of endospore-forming bacteria include Bacillus species (such as B. anthracis, which causes anthrax) and Clostridium species (such as C. difficile, which can cause severe diarrhea).
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
Gene expression regulation in bacteria refers to the complex cellular processes that control the production of proteins from specific genes. This regulation allows bacteria to adapt to changing environmental conditions and ensure the appropriate amount of protein is produced at the right time.
Bacteria have a variety of mechanisms for regulating gene expression, including:
1. Operon structure: Many bacterial genes are organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule. The expression of these genes can be coordinately regulated by controlling the transcription of the entire operon.
2. Promoter regulation: Transcription is initiated at promoter regions upstream of the gene or operon. Bacteria have regulatory proteins called sigma factors that bind to the promoter and recruit RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA. The binding of sigma factors can be influenced by environmental signals, allowing for regulation of transcription.
3. Attenuation: Some operons have regulatory regions called attenuators that control transcription termination. These regions contain hairpin structures that can form in the mRNA and cause transcription to stop prematurely. The formation of these hairpins is influenced by the concentration of specific metabolites, allowing for regulation of gene expression based on the availability of those metabolites.
4. Riboswitches: Some bacterial mRNAs contain regulatory elements called riboswitches that bind small molecules directly. When a small molecule binds to the riboswitch, it changes conformation and affects transcription or translation of the associated gene.
5. CRISPR-Cas systems: Bacteria use CRISPR-Cas systems for adaptive immunity against viruses and plasmids. These systems incorporate short sequences from foreign DNA into their own genome, which can then be used to recognize and cleave similar sequences in invading genetic elements.
Overall, gene expression regulation in bacteria is a complex process that allows them to respond quickly and efficiently to changing environmental conditions. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms can provide insights into bacterial physiology and help inform strategies for controlling bacterial growth and behavior.
Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.
Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.
Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.
"Streptomyces aureofaciens" is a species of aerobic, gram-positive bacteria belonging to the family Streptomycetaceae. These bacteria are known for their ability to produce a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites, including antibiotics and enzymes. "Streptomyces aureofaciens" is particularly known for producing the antibiotic undecylenic acid, which has antifungal properties. The bacteria are commonly found in soil and aquatic environments.
It's important to note that while I strive to provide accurate and up-to-date information, this definition may not be fully comprehensive or suitable for all purposes. For a more detailed and professional understanding, it is recommended to consult authoritative medical and scientific resources or speak with a healthcare provider or scientist in the field.
Anthraquinones are a type of organic compound that consists of an anthracene structure (a chemical compound made up of three benzene rings) with two carbonyl groups attached to the central ring. They are commonly found in various plants and have been used in medicine for their laxative properties. Some anthraquinones also exhibit antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, long-term use of anthraquinone-containing laxatives can lead to serious side effects such as electrolyte imbalances, muscle weakness, and liver damage.
Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts carbohydrates into alcohol or organic acids using enzymes. In the absence of oxygen, certain bacteria, yeasts, and fungi convert sugars into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and various end products, such as alcohol, lactic acid, or acetic acid. This process is commonly used in food production, such as in making bread, wine, and beer, as well as in industrial applications for the production of biofuels and chemicals.
A multigene family is a group of genetically related genes that share a common ancestry and have similar sequences or structures. These genes are arranged in clusters on a chromosome and often encode proteins with similar functions. They can arise through various mechanisms, including gene duplication, recombination, and transposition. Multigene families play crucial roles in many biological processes, such as development, immunity, and metabolism. Examples of multigene families include the globin genes involved in oxygen transport, the immune system's major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, and the cytochrome P450 genes associated with drug metabolism.
Molecular cloning is a laboratory technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This process involves several steps:
1. Isolation: The first step in molecular cloning is to isolate the DNA sequence of interest from the rest of the genomic DNA. This can be done using various methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, or hybridization.
2. Vector construction: Once the DNA sequence of interest has been isolated, it must be inserted into a vector, which is a small circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently in a host cell. Common vectors used in molecular cloning include plasmids and phages.
3. Transformation: The constructed vector is then introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterial or yeast cell, through a process called transformation. This can be done using various methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation.
4. Selection: After transformation, the host cells are grown in selective media that allow only those cells containing the vector to grow. This ensures that the DNA sequence of interest has been successfully cloned into the vector.
5. Amplification: Once the host cells have been selected, they can be grown in large quantities to amplify the number of copies of the cloned DNA sequence.
Molecular cloning is a powerful tool in molecular biology and has numerous applications, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, functional analysis of genes, and genetic engineering.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.
Histidine Ammonia-Lyase (HAL) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the amino acid L-histidine into trans-urocanic acid, ammonia, and water. This reaction is a part of the histidine catabolism pathway in many organisms, including humans. The enzyme accomplishes this transformation by removing an ammonia group from the imidazole ring of L-histidine, resulting in the formation of trans-urocanic acid. Histidine Ammonia-Lyase plays a crucial role in histidine metabolism and has been studied for its potential implications in various physiological processes and diseases.
Dimethyldithiocarbamate is a chemical compound with the formula (CH3)2NCS2-. It is a salt or ester of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. This compound is used in various industrial and agricultural applications, such as a fungicide and a corrosion inhibitor.
In medical contexts, dimethyldithiocarbamate compounds have been studied for their potential therapeutic effects. For example, some derivatives of dimethyldithiocarbamate have been shown to have antioxidant properties and may help protect against oxidative stress in the body. Additionally, certain dimethyldithiocarbamate compounds have been investigated for their potential anti-inflammatory effects and may be useful in treating conditions associated with chronic inflammation.
However, it is important to note that dimethyldithiocarbamate compounds can also have toxic effects on the body, particularly at high doses. Therefore, they must be used carefully and under medical supervision if they are to be used for therapeutic purposes.
Substrate specificity in the context of medical biochemistry and enzymology refers to the ability of an enzyme to selectively bind and catalyze a chemical reaction with a particular substrate (or a group of similar substrates) while discriminating against other molecules that are not substrates. This specificity arises from the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme, which has evolved to match the shape, charge distribution, and functional groups of its physiological substrate(s).
Substrate specificity is a fundamental property of enzymes that enables them to carry out highly selective chemical transformations in the complex cellular environment. The active site of an enzyme, where the catalysis takes place, has a unique conformation that complements the shape and charge distribution of its substrate(s). This ensures efficient recognition, binding, and conversion of the substrate into the desired product while minimizing unwanted side reactions with other molecules.
Substrate specificity can be categorized as:
1. Absolute specificity: An enzyme that can only act on a single substrate or a very narrow group of structurally related substrates, showing no activity towards any other molecule.
2. Group specificity: An enzyme that prefers to act on a particular functional group or class of compounds but can still accommodate minor structural variations within the substrate.
3. Broad or promiscuous specificity: An enzyme that can act on a wide range of structurally diverse substrates, albeit with varying catalytic efficiencies.
Understanding substrate specificity is crucial for elucidating enzymatic mechanisms, designing drugs that target specific enzymes or pathways, and developing biotechnological applications that rely on the controlled manipulation of enzyme activities.
Streptomyces griseus
Streptomyces minutiscleroticus
Streptomyces flavovirens
Endogalactosaminidase
Production of antibiotics
Farinamycin
Streptomyces cavourensis
State microbe
Streptomycin
Zincophorin
Streptomyces pseudoechinosporeus
Aminopeptidase S
Candicidin
Albert Schatz (scientist)
Photolyase
Endoglycosidase H
Glutamyl endopeptidase II
Cycloheximide
8-Hydroxy-5-deazaflavin:NADPH oxidoreductase
Streptogrisin A
Streptomyces tanashiensis
Bafilomycin
Streptogrisin B
CRT (genetics)
Caryolan-1-ol synthase
Aminoglycoside
DTDP-dihydrostreptose-streptidine-6-phosphate dihydrostreptosyltransferase
Indolepyruvate C-methyltransferase
Streptomyces isolates
beta-caryophyllene synthase
Streptomyces griseus - Wikipedia
RCSB PDB - 3SGA: STRUCTURES OF PRODUCT AND INHIBITOR COMPLEXES OF STREPTOMYCES GRISEUS PROTEASE A AT 1.8 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION....
bacteria: Streptomyces griseus - Students |...
Characterization and Regulation of p-Aminobenzoic Acid Synthase from Streptomyces griseus | Microbiology Society
PRONASE® Protease, Streptomyces griseus CAS 9036-06-0 | 53702
Streptomyces griseus - Hektoen International
Streptomyces griseus subsp. griseus ATCC - Troy Biologicals, Inc.
The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey | Symbols
Regulon of SCO2753 in Streptomyces griseus subsp. griseus NBRC 13350
Bacteria | Carolina Biological Supply
Elloxazinones A and B, new aminophenoxazinones from Streptomyces griseus Acta 2871 - Northumbria Research Link
RNA synthesis on native DNA complexes isolated from Streptomyces griseus and Escherichia coli<...
Effect of Visible Light on the Recovery of Streptomyces Griseus Conidia from Ultra-violet Irradiation Injury - Wikidata
Interactions of Streptomyces griseus aminopeptidase with a methionine product analogue: A structural study at 1.53 Å resolution...
Trichostatin A, Ready Made Solution 5mM DMSO 0.2 um-filtered, Streptomyces sp. 58880-19-6
Pronase - Medical Dictionary online-medical-dictionary.org
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae News, Articles | The Scientist Magazine®
Sanofi Pasteur Biologics Co Product News and Research | CureHunter
Streptomyces bikiniensis Bacteremia - Volume 9, Number 2-February 2003 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
SMART: Pfam domain Trypsin
사)한국미생물학회
Publikationen | Max-Planck-Institut für chemische Ökologie
ارزیابی اثر آنتاگونیستی استرپتومایسس های ریزوسفر گندم در بیوکنترل پوسیدگی معمولی ریشه ناشی از Bipolaris sorokiniana
StreptomycinumShop globules - Remedia Homeopathy
List of Common Antibiotics & Types
Development of serum-free and grain-derived-nutrient-free medium using microalga-derived nutrients and mammalian cell-secreted...
YAKUGAKU ZASSHI
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
Subsp3
- Streptomyces griseus subsp. (troybio.com)
- Decrease quantity for Streptomyces griseus subsp. (troybio.com)
- Regulon of SCO2753 in Streptomyces griseus subsp. (lbl.gov)
State microbe2
- S. griseus was designated the official New Jersey state microbe in legislation submitted by Senator Sam Thompson (R-12) in May 2017 and Assemblywoman Annette Quijano (D-20) in June 2017. (wikipedia.org)
- Illinois is only the third state to take this step, joining the ranks of Oregon (which similarly honors Saccharomyces cerevisiae , or brewers' yeast) and New Jersey, whose state microbe Streptomyces griseus also produces an antibiotic. (scientificamerican.com)
133502
- A whole genome sequence was carried out on the IFO 13350 strain of S. griseus. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, the genomic studies have revealed a single strain of S. griseus IFO 13350 has the capacity to produce 34 different secondary metabolites. (wikipedia.org)
Genome1
- Genome sequence of Streptomyces griseus strain XylebKG-1, an Ambrosia beetle-associated Actinomycete. (mpg.de)
Actinomyces2
- S. griseus was first described in 1914 by Krainsky, who called the species Actinomyces griseus. (wikipedia.org)
- The genus Streptomyces belongs to the order Actinomycetales , which includes Mycobacterium , Nocardia , and Actinomyces . (cdc.gov)
Waksman and Henrici2
- The name was changed in 1948 by Waksman and Henrici to Streptomyces griseus. (wikipedia.org)
- The species was first classified within the genus Streptomyces by Waksman and Henrici in 1948. (wikipedia.org)
Coelicolor1
- PABA synthase activity was found also in Streptomyces coelicolor var. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Antibiotic6
- Streptomycin, the first antibiotic ever reported from a bacterium, comes from strains of S. griseus. (wikipedia.org)
- Interest in the genus Streptomyces for antibiotics came after the discovery of the antibiotic streptomycin in a S. griseus strain in 1943. (wikipedia.org)
- A strain of S. griseus that produced the antibiotic streptomycin was discovered in New Jersey in "heavily manured field soil" from the New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station by Albert Schatz in 1943. (wikipedia.org)
- p -Aminobenzoic acid synthase (PABA synthase) of Streptomyces griseus catalyses the conversion of chorismic acid to p -aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a precursor of the aromatic p -aminoacetophenone moiety of candicidin, a polyene macrolide antibiotic. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- PABA synthase was present in S. griseus IMRU 3570 only during the antibiotic producing phase. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- A blood culture drawn from the central venous catheter on day 3 of antibiotic therapy (the 6th day in the hospital) grew Streptomyces after 9 days of incubation. (cdc.gov)
Phylogenetically2
- The taxonomic history of S. griseus and its phylogenetically related strains has been turbulent. (wikipedia.org)
- Different secondary metabolite profiles of phylogenetically almost identical Streptomyces griseus strains originating from geographically remote locations. (geomar.de)
RRNA gene1
- 16S rRNA gene sequence data have been used to recognise the related strains, and are called S. griseus 16S rRNA gene clade. (wikipedia.org)
Strains5
- Along with most other streptomycetes, S. griseus strains are well known producers of antibiotics and other such commercially significant secondary metabolites. (wikipedia.org)
- The taxonomy of S. griseus and its evolutionarily related strains have been a considerable source of confusion for microbial systematists. (wikipedia.org)
- S. griseus and its related strains have recently been shown to be alkaliphilic, i.e., they grow best at alkaline pH values. (wikipedia.org)
- S. griseus strains have been isolated from various ecologies, including stell waste tips, rhizosphere, deep sea sediments and coastal beach and dune sand systems. (wikipedia.org)
- Recent studies have indicated the strains of S. griseus might be undergoing ecology-specific evolution, giving rise to genetic variation with the specific ecology, termed ecovars. (wikipedia.org)
Mutation1
- Mutation in Streptomyces flaveolus Induced by X-rays and Ultraviolet Light. (wikidata.org)
Gene1
- Enzymes of various catalytic functions in Streptomyces are useful as members of an artificial gene cluster constructed in Escherichia coli for fermentative production of plant-specific flavonoids, including isoflavones and unnatural compounds. (go.jp)
Genus3
- Streptomyces griseus is a species of bacteria in the genus Streptomyces commonly found in soil. (wikipedia.org)
- Streptomyces is the largest genus of the Actinomycetota and is the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. (wikipedia.org)
- The complex morphogenesis of the bacterial genus Streptomyces has made this genus a model prokaryote for study of multicellular differentiation, and its ability to produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites has made it an excellent supplier of biologically active substances, including antibiotics. (go.jp)
Synonym1
- 2017), this species is an earlier heterotypic synonym of Streptomyces phaeopurpureus Shinobu 1957 (Approved Lists 1980) . (dsmz.de)
Strain1
- 1. A native DNA fraction was isolated from the young vegetative mycelium of Streptomyces griseus strain No. 52-1 and was compared with a similar fraction of Escherichia coli B. The endogenous RNA polymerase activities of these DNA fractions were examined. (nebraska.edu)
Bacteria1
- Streptomyces are gram-positive, extensively branched, filamentous bacteria that form aerial hyphae with chains of spores. (cdc.gov)
Metabolite1
- Trichostatin A (TSA) is a Streptomyces metabolite, which specifically inhibits mammalian histone deacetylase at a nanomolar concentration and causes accumulation of highly acetylated histone molecules in mammalian cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Mycetoma1
- With the exception of specimens from actinomycotic mycetoma, the isolation of Streptomyces from clinical specimens frequently is considered laboratory contamination ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Synthesis2
- Regulation of chloramphenicol synthesis in Streptomyces sp. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- For example, Streptomyces griseus encodes in the following order: an ABC-2 type transporter, an ABC-type ATPase (see TC#3.A.1.105.11), a S2P-M50 peptidase with a CBS domain (see 9.B.149.1.1), a lantibiotic synthesis protein and a lantibiotic dehydratase. (tcdb.org)
Secondary1
- A microbial hormone, A-factor (2-isocapryloyl-3 R -hydroxymethyl-γ-butyrolactone), triggers morphological differentiation and secondary metabolism in Streptomyces griseus . (go.jp)
Enzyme2
- No detectable levels of the enzyme were found in cell-free extracts of nonproducing mutants of S. griseus obtained after UV mutagenesis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Streptomyces griseus . (online-medical-dictionary.org)
Laboratory1
- In this study, 60 isolates of Streptomyces were isolated from wheat rhizosphere and screened in laboratory condition using dual culture. (ac.ir)
Journal1
- recently reported in this journal a case of catheter-related bacteremia attributed to Streptomyces in a patient receiving holistic infusions ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Found1
- 2. Determining the base composition of the 14 C labelled RNA synthesized in vitro, it was found that the conversion of 14 C UTP into CMP residue of RNA is negligible in the DNA fraction of S. griseus, while it is significant in the DNA fraction of E. coli. (nebraska.edu)
Culture4
- Two new aminophenoxazinone compounds with antitumor activity, elloxazinone A and B, were isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces griseus Acta 2871. (northumbria.ac.uk)
- A blood culture obtained from the central venous catheter at the time of fever grew Streptomyces . (cdc.gov)
- Repeat blood cultures obtained from both ports of the central venous catheter on day 3 and a peripheral blood culture obtained on day 4 also grew Streptomyces . (cdc.gov)
- The organism was initially detected in the aerobic Bact/Alert blood culture system (bioMérieux, Inc., Durham, NC) after 72 h incubation at 35°C. Presumptive identification of the pleomorphic gram-positive bacillus as Streptomyces sp. (cdc.gov)
Study1
- This review summarizes our study of these two characteristics of Streptomyces , focusing on the A-factor regulatory cascade and work derived from the A-factor study. (go.jp)
Present1
- SGAP is an aminopeptidase present in the extracellular fluid of Streptomyces griseus cultures. (huji.ac.il)
Single1
- We describe the isolation of Streptomyces bikiniensis from multiple blood cultures in a single patient over the course of 1 week, further illustrating that Streptomyces is pathogenic and a cause of bacteremia even in the absence of overt clinical symptoms and risk factors. (cdc.gov)