The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Postnatal deaths from BIRTH to 365 days after birth in a given population. Postneonatal mortality represents deaths between 28 days and 365 days after birth (as defined by National Center for Health Statistics). Neonatal mortality represents deaths from birth to 27 days after birth.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
Deaths occurring from the 28th week of GESTATION to the 28th day after birth in a given population.
An infant during the first month after birth.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.
The age of the mother in PREGNANCY.
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
Medical problems associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR, such as BREECH PRESENTATION; PREMATURE OBSTETRIC LABOR; HEMORRHAGE; or others. These complications can affect the well-being of the mother, the FETUS, or both.
The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.
Measurement of the dimensions and capacity of the pelvis. It includes cephalopelvimetry (measurement of fetal head size in relation to maternal pelvic capacity), a prognostic guide to the management of LABOR, OBSTETRIC associated with disproportion.
Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality.
Delivery of the FETUS and PLACENTA under the care of an obstetrician or a health worker. Obstetric deliveries may involve physical, psychological, medical, or surgical interventions.
Number of fetal deaths with stated or presumed gestation of 20 weeks or more in a given population. Late fetal mortality is death after of 28 weeks or more.
Radioactive substances which act as pollutants. They include chemicals whose radiation is released via radioactive waste, nuclear accidents, fallout from nuclear explosions, and the like.
Syphilis acquired in utero and manifested by any of several characteristic tooth (Hutchinson's teeth) or bone malformations and by active mucocutaneous syphilis at birth or shortly thereafter. Ocular and neurologic changes may also occur.
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
The care of women and a fetus or newborn given before, during, and after delivery from the 28th week of gestation through the 7th day after delivery.
The event that a FETUS is born alive with heartbeats or RESPIRATION regardless of GESTATIONAL AGE. Such liveborn is called a newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN).
Physical activity of the FETUS in utero. Gross or fine fetal body movement can be monitored by the mother, PALPATION, or ULTRASONOGRAPHY.
The concept pertaining to the health status of inhabitants of the world.
Physiologic or biochemical monitoring of the fetus. It is usually done during LABOR, OBSTETRIC and may be performed in conjunction with the monitoring of uterine activity. It may also be performed prenatally as when the mother is undergoing surgery.
Pregnancy in which the mother and/or FETUS are at greater than normal risk of MORBIDITY or MORTALITY. Causes include inadequate PRENATAL CARE, previous obstetrical history (ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS), pre-existing maternal disease, pregnancy-induced disease (GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION), and MULTIPLE PREGNANCY, as well as advanced maternal age above 35.
Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.
Coverage by contract whereby one part indemnifies or guarantees another against loss by a specified contingency.
Hormones produced by the placenta include CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN as well as steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE), and neuropeptide hormones similar to those found in the hypothalamus (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES).
The failure of a FETUS to attain its expected FETAL GROWTH at any GESTATIONAL AGE.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
An infant having a birth weight of 2500 gm. (5.5 lb.) or less but INFANT, VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT is available for infants having a birth weight of 1500 grams (3.3 lb.) or less.
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (>140 mm Hg) and diastolic (>90 mm Hg) blood pressure on at least two occasions 6 h apart. HYPERTENSION complicates 8-10% of all pregnancies, generally after 20 weeks of gestation. Gestational hypertension can be divided into several broad categories according to the complexity and associated symptoms, such as EDEMA; PROTEINURIA; SEIZURES; abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION and liver functions.
Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant.
The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors.
Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.
Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).
Methanes substituted with three halogen atoms, which may be the same or different.
Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.
Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint.
Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.
A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.
Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure.
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.
Official certifications by a physician recording the individual's birth date, place of birth, parentage and other required identifying data which are filed with the local registrar of vital statistics.
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.
The state of PREGNANCY in women with DIABETES MELLITUS. This does not include either symptomatic diabetes or GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE induced by pregnancy (DIABETES, GESTATIONAL) which resolves at the end of pregnancy.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and parasitic diseases. The parasitic infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.
Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.
Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness.
A human infant born before 37 weeks of GESTATION.
A general term encompassing three types of excision of the external female genitalia - Sunna, clitoridectomy, and infibulation. It is associated with severe health risks and has been declared illegal in many places, but continues to be widely practiced in a number of countries, particularly in Africa.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but 'England' is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, known for its rich history, cultural heritage, and contributions to medical science. However, in a medical context, it may refer to the location of a patient, healthcare provider, or research study, but it is not a term with a specific medical meaning.
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
The practice of assisting women in childbirth.
Artificially induced UTERINE CONTRACTION. Generally, LABOR, OBSTETRIC is induced with the intent to cause delivery of the fetus and termination of pregnancy.
CHILDBIRTH at the end of a normal duration of PREGNANCY, between 37 to 40 weeks of gestation or about 280 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period.
The lengths of intervals between births to women in the population.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
The condition of carrying two or more FETUSES simultaneously.
Official records of individual deaths including the cause of death certified by a physician, and any other required identifying information.
Care of infants in the home or institution.

Threshold-linear estimation of genetic parameters for farrowing mortality, litter size, and test performance of Large White sows. (1/412)

Up to 109,447 records of 49,656 Large White sows were used to evaluate the genetic relationship between number of pigs born dead (BD) and number born alive (BA) in first and later parities. Performance data (n = 30,832) for ultrasound backfat (BF) at the end of the test and days to reach 113.5 kg (AD) were used to estimate their relationships with BD and BA at first parity in a four-trait threshold-linear analysis (TL). Effects were year-farm, contemporary group (CG: farm-farrowing year-farrowing month) and animal additive genetic. At first parity, estimates of heritability were 0.09, 0.09, 0.37, and 0.31 for BA, BD, AD, and BF, respectively. The estimate of genetic correlation between BD and litter size was -0.04 (BD-BA). Corresponding values with test traits were both -0.14 (BD-AD, BD-BF). Estimates of genetic correlation between BA and performance traits were 0.08 (BA-AD) and 0.05 (BA-BF). The two test traits were moderately negatively correlated (-0.22). For later parities, a six-trait (BD, BA in three parities) TL model was implemented. The estimates of additive genetic variances and heritability increased with parity for BD and BA. Estimates of heritabilities were: 0.09, 0.10, and 0.11 for BD, and 0.09, 0.12, and 0.12 for BA in parities one to three, respectively. Estimates of genetic correlations between different parities were high (0.91 to 0.96) for BD, and slightly lower (0.74 to 0.95) for BA. Genetic correlations between BD and BA were low and positive (0.02 to 0.17) for BA in Parities 1 and 2, but negative (-0.04 to -0.10) for BA in Parity 3. Selection for increased litter size should have little effect on farrowing piglet mortality. Intense selection for faster growth and increased leanness should increase farrowing piglet mortality of first-parity sows. A repeatability model with a simple correction for the heterogeneity of variances over parities could be implemented to select against farrowing mortality. The genetic components of perinatal piglet mortality are independent of the ones for litter size in the first parity, and they show an undesirable, but not strong, genetic association in second parity.  (+info)

The placental RCAS1 expression during stillbirth. (2/412)

BACKGROUND: Independently of the fetal death cause the beginning and course of stillbirth is closely related with the growing cytotoxic activity at the maternal-fetal interface. RCAS1 participates in the inhibition of maternal immune response during pregnancy. The alterations of RCAS1 protein expression in placental cells seem to determine the beginning of the labor and participate in the placental abruption. The aim of the present study was to investigate RCAS1 expression in placentas obtained following stillbirths or normal term births. METHODS: RCAS1 expression was evaluated by Western blot method with the use of monoclonal anti-RCAS1 antibody in 67 placental tissue samples. Pregnant women were divided into four groups according to the mode of labor onset--spontaneous or induced, and the type of labor, stillbirth or labor at term. Placental beta-Actin expression was chosen as a control protein. Relative amounts of placental RCAS1 were compared with the use of Student's t-test, whereas beta-Actin control data were compared with the use of Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The average relative amount of RCAS1 was significantly lower in women with induced stillbirths than in women with induced labor at term. Similarly, significantly lower RCAS1 placental levels were observed in patients with spontaneous stillbirths than in women with spontaneous labor at term. Significant differences in RCAS1 expression were also observed with the respect to the beginning of the stillbirth: spontaneous and induced. Lowest RCAS1 placental levels were observed in women with spontaneous stillbirth. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results indicate that the alterations of RCAS1 expression in the human placenta may be involved in the changes of maternal immune system that take place during stillbirth.  (+info)

Minor physical anomalies are not increased in the offspring of mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus. (3/412)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and type of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) in infants born to mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Each trimester, pregnant women with SLE were assessed for disease activity, prescribed drug use, and exposure to tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs through a self reported questionnaire. Infant examinations were performed on 30/39 (77%) live births in women with SLE and the incidence of MPAs determined. RESULTS: 2/30 (7%) patients had three or more MPAs; 4 (13%) had two; 7 (23%) had one; and 17 (57%) had none. One in three women reported alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use. Facial anomalies were the most common MPAs. The relative risk and 95% confidence interval for any MPA were 2.05 (0.99 to 4.26) for tobacco use; 1.95 (0.92 to 4.11) for alcohol use; 1.36 (0.165 to 11.23) for maternal disease flare; 0.63 (0.27 to 1.47) for prednisone use; and 0.72 (0.21 to 2.44) for aspirin use. CONCLUSION: 13/30 (43%) infants had minor anomalies-a similar incidence to that of the general population. Counselling for preventable self reported exposure is advisable in addition to counselling specifically for lupus management during pregnancy.  (+info)

Can all neonatal resuscitation be managed by nurse practitioners? (4/412)

AIM: To assess the ability of nurse practitioners to manage the care of all babies requiring resuscitation at birth in a unit without on site medical assistance. METHOD: A prospective review, and selective external audit, of the case records of all 14 572 babies born in a maternity unit in the north of England during the first eight years after nurse practitioners replaced resident paediatric staff in 1996. RESULTS: Every non-malformed baby with an audible heart beat at the start of delivery was successfully resuscitated. Twenty term babies and 41 preterm babies were intubated at birth. Eight term babies only responded after acidosis or hypovolaemia was corrected following umbilical vein catheterisation; in each case the catheter was in place within six minutes of birth. Early grade 2-3 neonatal encephalopathy occurred with much the same frequency (0.12%) as in other recent studies. Independent external cross validated review found no case of substandard care during the first hour of life. CONCLUSION: The practitioners successfully managed all the problems coming their way from the time of appointment. There was no evidence that their skill decreased over time even though, on average, they only found themselves undertaking laryngeal intubation once a year. It remains to be shown that this level of competence can be replicated in other settings.  (+info)

The distribution of apolipoprotein E alleles in Scottish perinatal deaths. (5/412)

BACKGROUND: The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism has been well studied in the adult human population, in part because the e4 allele is a known risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Little is known of the distribution of ApoE alleles in newborns, and their association with perinatal brain damage has not been investigated. METHODS: ApoE genotyping was undertaken in a Scottish cohort of perinatal deaths (n = 261), some of whom had prenatal brain damage. The distribution of ApoE alleles in perinatal deaths was compared with that in healthy liveborn infants and in adults in Scotland. RESULTS: ApoE e2 was over-represented in 251 perinatal deaths (13% v 8% in healthy newborns, odds ratio (OR) = 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13 to 2.36 and 13% v 8% in adults, OR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.41), both in liveborn and stillborn perinatal deaths. In contrast, the prevalence of ApoE e4 was raised in healthy liveborn infants (19%) compared with stillbirths (13%, OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.26) and with adults (15%, OR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.76). However, no correlation was found between ApoE genotype and the presence or absence of perinatal brain damage. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a shift in ApoE allelic distribution in early life compared with adults. The raised prevalence of ApoE e2 associated with perinatal death suggests that this allele is detrimental to pregnancy outcome, whereas ApoE e4 may be less so. However, ApoE genotype did not appear to influence the vulnerability for perinatal hypoxic/ischaemic brain damage, in agreement with findings in adult brains and in animal models.  (+info)

Uterine artery Doppler at 11-14 weeks of gestation to screen for hypertensive disorders and associated complications in an unselected population. (6/412)

OBJECTIVES: To establish reference values for the first-trimester uterine artery (UtA) pulsatility index (PI) and to investigate the role of UtA Doppler in the early prediction of hypertensive disorders and their associated complications in an unselected Mediterranean population. METHODS: A prospective study including 1091 consecutive singleton pregnancies undergoing routine early ultrasound screening at 11-14 weeks of gestation was performed. The left and right UtA were examined by color and pulsed Doppler transvaginally. The mean PI and the presence of bilateral protodiastolic notching were cross-sectionally recorded. Reference ranges were calculated and the pregnancies were followed for occurrence of pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension, intrauterine growth restriction, placental abruption and stillbirth. The sensitivity and predictive values of a mean UtA-PI>95th percentile and the presence of bilateral notching in the prediction of these pregnancy complications were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 999 women were finally included. Both the mean UtA-PI and the prevalence of bilateral notches showed a significant linear decrease between 11 and 14 weeks' gestation. Sixty-seven (6.7%) pregnancies developed at least one of the formerly described complications, including 22 (2.2%) cases of pre-eclampsia and 37 (3.7%) cases with intrauterine growth restriction. Compared with women with a normal outcome, complicated pregnancies showed a significantly higher mean PI (2.04 vs. 1.75; P<0.05, t-test) and a higher prevalence of bilateral notching (58% vs. 41%; P<0.05, Chi-square test). Using the 95th percentile in mean UtA-PI as a cut-off, 23.9% (95% CI, 13.7-34.1) of complicated pregnancies and 30.8% (95% CI, 5.68-55.85) of severe cases were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that pregnancies with an increased risk of developing hypertensive disorders and related complications already have an abnormally increased UtA-PI in early pregnancy. However, the use of a single uterine Doppler measurement for screening purposes in unselected early pregnancy populations has limited clinical value. The use of UtA-PI combined with other screening tests needs to be determined by further investigation.  (+info)

Validity of maternal and perinatal risk factors reported on fetal death certificates. (7/412)

We sought to estimate the accuracy, relative to maternal medical records, of perinatal risk factors recorded on fetal death certificates. We conducted a validation study of fetal death certificates among women who experienced fetal deaths between 1996 and 2001. The number of previous births, established diabetes, chronic hypertension, maternal fever, performance of autopsy, anencephaly, and Down syndrome had very high accuracy, while placental cord conditions and other chromosomal abnormalities were reported inaccurately. Additional population-based studies are needed to identify strategies to improve fetal death certificate data.  (+info)

Coffee and fetal death: a cohort study with prospective data. (8/412)

The authors conducted a cohort study within the Danish National Birth Cohort to determine whether coffee consumption during pregnancy is associated with late fetal death (spontaneous abortion and stillbirth). A total of 88,482 pregnant women recruited from March 1996 to November 2002 participated in a comprehensive interview on coffee consumption and potentially confounding factors in pregnancy. Information on pregnancy outcome was obtained from the National Hospital Discharge Register and medical records. The authors detected 1,102 fetal deaths. High levels of coffee consumption were associated with an increased risk of fetal death. Relative to nonconsumers of coffee, the adjusted hazard ratios for fetal death associated with coffee consumption of 1/2-3, 4-7, and > or =8 cups of coffee per day were 1.03 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89, 1.19), 1.33 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.63), and 1.59 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.13), respectively. Reverse causation due to unrecognized fetal demise may explain the association between coffee intake and risk of fetal death prior to 20 completed weeks' gestation but not the association with fetal loss following 20 completed weeks' gestation. Consumption of coffee during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of fetal death, especially losses occurring after 20 completed weeks of gestation.  (+info)

A stillbirth is defined as the delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy. The baby may die at any time during the pregnancy, but death must occur after 20 weeks to be classified as a stillbirth. Stillbirths can have many different causes, including problems with the placenta or umbilical cord, chromosomal abnormalities, infections, and birth defects. In some cases, the cause of a stillbirth may not be able to be determined.

Stillbirth is a tragic event that can have significant emotional and psychological impacts on the parents and other family members. It is important for healthcare providers to offer support and resources to help families cope with their loss. This may include counseling, support groups, and information about memorializing their baby.

Fetal death, also known as stillbirth or intrauterine fetal demise, is defined as the death of a fetus at 20 weeks of gestation or later. The criteria for defining fetal death may vary slightly by country and jurisdiction, but in general, it refers to the loss of a pregnancy after the point at which the fetus is considered viable outside the womb.

Fetal death can occur for a variety of reasons, including chromosomal abnormalities, placental problems, maternal health conditions, infections, and umbilical cord accidents. In some cases, the cause of fetal death may remain unknown.

The diagnosis of fetal death is typically made through ultrasound or other imaging tests, which can confirm the absence of a heartbeat or movement in the fetus. Once fetal death has been diagnosed, medical professionals will work with the parents to determine the best course of action for managing the pregnancy and delivering the fetus. This may involve waiting for labor to begin naturally, inducing labor, or performing a cesarean delivery.

Experiencing a fetal death can be a very difficult and emotional experience for parents, and it is important for them to receive supportive care from their healthcare providers, family members, and friends. Grief counseling and support groups may also be helpful in coping with the loss.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Infant Mortality is the death of a baby before their first birthday. The infant mortality rate is typically expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 live births. This is a key indicator of the overall health of a population and is often used to measure the well-being of children in a society.

Infant mortality can be further categorized into neonatal mortality (death within the first 28 days of life) and postneonatal mortality (death after 28 days of life but before one year). The main causes of infant mortality vary by country and region, but generally include premature birth, low birth weight, congenital anomalies, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and infectious diseases.

Reducing infant mortality is a major public health goal for many countries, and efforts to improve maternal and child health, access to quality healthcare, and socioeconomic conditions are crucial in achieving this goal.

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:

1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.

Perinatal mortality is the death of a baby around the time of birth. It specifically refers to stillbirths (fetal deaths at 28 weeks of gestation or more) and deaths in the first week of life (early neonatal deaths). The perinatal period is defined as beginning at 22 weeks (154 days) of gestation and ending 7 completed days after birth. Perinatal mortality rate is the number of perinatal deaths during this period, expressed per 1000 total births (live births + stillbirths). High perinatal mortality rates can indicate poor quality of care during pregnancy and childbirth.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

Congenital abnormalities, also known as birth defects, are structural or functional anomalies that are present at birth. These abnormalities can develop at any point during fetal development, and they can affect any part of the body. They can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both.

Congenital abnormalities can range from mild to severe and may include structural defects such as heart defects, neural tube defects, and cleft lip and palate, as well as functional defects such as intellectual disabilities and sensory impairments. Some congenital abnormalities may be visible at birth, while others may not become apparent until later in life.

In some cases, congenital abnormalities may be detected through prenatal testing, such as ultrasound or amniocentesis. In other cases, they may not be diagnosed until after the baby is born. Treatment for congenital abnormalities varies depending on the type and severity of the defect, and may include surgery, therapy, medication, or a combination of these approaches.

Spontaneous abortion, also known as miscarriage, is the unintentional expulsion of a nonviable fetus from the uterus before the 20th week of gestation. It is a common complication of early pregnancy, with most miscarriages occurring during the first trimester. Spontaneous abortion can have various causes, including chromosomal abnormalities, maternal health conditions, infections, hormonal imbalances, and structural issues of the uterus or cervix. In many cases, the exact cause may remain unknown.

The symptoms of spontaneous abortion can vary but often include vaginal bleeding, which may range from light spotting to heavy bleeding; abdominal pain or cramping; and the passing of tissue or clots from the vagina. While some miscarriages occur suddenly and are immediately noticeable, others may progress slowly over several days or even weeks.

In medical practice, healthcare providers often use specific terminology to describe different stages and types of spontaneous abortion. For example:

* Threatened abortion: Vaginal bleeding during early pregnancy, but the cervix remains closed, and there is no evidence of fetal demise or passing of tissue.
* Inevitable abortion: Vaginal bleeding with an open cervix, indicating that a miscarriage is imminent or already in progress.
* Incomplete abortion: The expulsion of some but not all products of conception from the uterus, requiring medical intervention to remove any remaining tissue.
* Complete abortion: The successful passage of all products of conception from the uterus, often confirmed through an ultrasound or pelvic examination.
* Missed abortion: The death of a fetus in the uterus without any expulsion of the products of conception, which may be discovered during routine prenatal care.
* Septic abortion: A rare and life-threatening complication of spontaneous abortion characterized by infection of the products of conception and the surrounding tissues, requiring prompt medical attention and antibiotic treatment.

Healthcare providers typically monitor patients who experience a spontaneous abortion to ensure that all products of conception have been expelled and that there are no complications, such as infection or excessive bleeding. In some cases, medication or surgical intervention may be necessary to remove any remaining tissue or address other issues related to the miscarriage. Counseling and support services are often available for individuals and couples who experience a spontaneous abortion, as they may face emotional challenges and concerns about future pregnancies.

I. Definition:

An abortion in a veterinary context refers to the intentional or unintentional termination of pregnancy in a non-human animal before the fetus is capable of surviving outside of the uterus. This can occur spontaneously (known as a miscarriage) or be induced through medical intervention (induced abortion).

II. Common Causes:

Spontaneous abortions may result from genetic defects, hormonal imbalances, infections, exposure to toxins, trauma, or other maternal health issues. Induced abortions are typically performed for population control, humane reasons (such as preventing the birth of a severely deformed or non-viable fetus), or when the pregnancy poses a risk to the mother's health.

III. Methods:

Veterinarians may use various methods to induce abortion depending on the species, stage of gestation, and reason for the procedure. These can include administering drugs that stimulate uterine contractions (such as prostaglandins), physically removing the fetus through surgery (dilation and curettage or hysterectomy), or using techniques specific to certain animal species (e.g., intrauterine infusion of hypertonic saline in equids).

IV. Ethical Considerations:

The ethics surrounding veterinary abortions are complex and multifaceted, often involving considerations related to animal welfare, conservation, population management, and human-animal relationships. Veterinarians must weigh these factors carefully when deciding whether to perform an abortion and which method to use. In some cases, legal regulations may also influence the decision-making process.

V. Conclusion:

Abortion in veterinary medicine is a medical intervention that can be used to address various clinical scenarios, ranging from unintentional pregnancy loss to deliberate termination of pregnancy for humane or population control reasons. Ethical considerations play a significant role in the decision-making process surrounding veterinary abortions, and veterinarians must carefully evaluate each situation on a case-by-case basis.

Maternal age is a term used to describe the age of a woman at the time she becomes pregnant or gives birth. It is often used in medical and epidemiological contexts to discuss the potential risks, complications, and outcomes associated with pregnancy and childbirth at different stages of a woman's reproductive years.

Advanced maternal age typically refers to women who become pregnant or give birth at 35 years of age or older. This group faces an increased risk for certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, and other pregnancy-related complications, including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and cesarean delivery.

On the other end of the spectrum, adolescent pregnancies (those that occur in women under 20 years old) also come with their own set of potential risks and complications, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and anemia.

It's important to note that while maternal age can influence pregnancy outcomes, many other factors – including genetics, lifestyle choices, and access to quality healthcare – can also play a significant role in determining the health of both mother and baby during pregnancy and childbirth.

A premature birth is defined as the delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation. This can occur spontaneously or as a result of medical intervention due to maternal or fetal complications. Premature babies, also known as preemies, may face various health challenges depending on how early they are born and their weight at birth. These challenges can include respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, issues with feeding and digestion, developmental delays, and vision problems. With advancements in medical care and neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), many premature babies survive and go on to lead healthy lives.

Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:

1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.

Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.

Obstetric labor complications refer to any physical or physiological difficulties that arise during the process of childbirth (labor) and can pose risks to the health of the mother, baby, or both. These complications may result from various factors such as pre-existing medical conditions, fetal distress, prolonged labor, abnormal positioning of the fetus, or issues related to the size or weight of the baby.

Some examples of obstetric labor complications include:

1. Fetal distress: This occurs when the fetus is not receiving adequate oxygen supply or is in danger during labor. It can be caused by various factors such as umbilical cord compression, placental abruption, or maternal anemia.
2. Prolonged labor: When labor lasts for more than 20 hours in first-time mothers or more than 14 hours in subsequent pregnancies, it is considered prolonged labor. This can lead to fatigue, infection, and other complications for both the mother and baby.
3. Abnormal positioning of the fetus: Normally, the fetus should be positioned head-down (vertex) before delivery. However, if the fetus is in a breech or transverse position, it can lead to difficult labor and increased risk of complications during delivery.
4. Shoulder dystocia: This occurs when the baby's shoulders get stuck behind the mother's pubic bone during delivery, making it challenging to deliver the baby. It can cause injuries to both the mother and the baby.
5. Placental abruption: This is a serious complication where the placenta separates from the uterus before delivery, leading to bleeding and potential oxygen deprivation for the fetus.
6. Uterine rupture: A rare but life-threatening complication where the uterus tears during labor, causing severe bleeding and potentially endangering both the mother and baby's lives.
7. Preeclampsia/eclampsia: This is a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder that can lead to complications such as seizures, organ failure, or even maternal death if left untreated.
8. Postpartum hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding after delivery can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
9. Infections: Maternal infections during pregnancy or childbirth can lead to complications for both the mother and baby, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and even fetal death.
10. Anesthesia complications: Adverse reactions to anesthesia during delivery can cause respiratory depression, allergic reactions, or other complications that may endanger the mother's life.

In medical terms, parity refers to the number of times a woman has given birth to a viable fetus, usually defined as a pregnancy that reaches at least 20 weeks' gestation. It is often used in obstetrics and gynecology to describe a woman's childbearing history and to assess potential risks associated with childbirth.

Parity is typically categorized as follows:

* Nulliparous: A woman who has never given birth to a viable fetus.
* Primiparous: A woman who has given birth to one viable fetus.
* Multiparous: A woman who has given birth to more than one viable fetus.

In some cases, parity may also consider the number of pregnancies that resulted in stillbirths or miscarriages, although this is not always the case. It's important to note that parity does not necessarily reflect the total number of pregnancies a woman has had, only those that resulted in viable births.

Pelvimetry is a medical measurement and evaluation of the size and shape of the pelvis, which can be performed in several ways:

1. Clinical pelvimetry: This involves physical examination to assess the dimensions of the pelvis by palpation and measurement of the distance between bony landmarks.
2. Radiological pelvimetry: This uses X-ray or CT imaging to obtain more accurate measurements of the pelvic diameters, including the anteroposterior, transverse, and oblique dimensions.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pelvimetry: This method is considered the most accurate for assessing the size and shape of the pelvis, as it provides detailed images without radiation exposure.

Pelvimetry is often used in obstetrics to evaluate whether a woman's pelvis can accommodate a fetus during childbirth (known as "obstetric pelvimetry"). It helps healthcare providers determine if a vaginal delivery is possible or if a cesarean section may be necessary. However, the use of pelvimetry in modern obstetrics has become less common due to its limited predictive value and the increasing focus on individualized birth management.

Prenatal care is a type of preventive healthcare that focuses on providing regular check-ups and medical care to pregnant women, with the aim of ensuring the best possible health outcomes for both the mother and the developing fetus. It involves routine prenatal screenings and tests, such as blood pressure monitoring, urine analysis, weight checks, and ultrasounds, to assess the progress of the pregnancy and identify any potential health issues or complications early on.

Prenatal care also includes education and counseling on topics such as nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle choices that can affect pregnancy outcomes. It may involve referrals to specialists, such as obstetricians, perinatologists, or maternal-fetal medicine specialists, for high-risk pregnancies.

Overall, prenatal care is an essential component of ensuring a healthy pregnancy and reducing the risk of complications during childbirth and beyond.

"Delivery, Obstetric" is a medical term that refers to the process of giving birth to a baby. It involves the passage of the fetus through the mother's vagina or via Caesarean section (C-section), which is a surgical procedure.

The obstetric delivery process typically includes three stages:

1. The first stage begins with the onset of labor and ends when the cervix is fully dilated.
2. The second stage starts with full dilation of the cervix and ends with the birth of the baby.
3. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta, which is the organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus during pregnancy.

Obstetric delivery requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby. Various interventions and techniques may be used during the delivery process to facilitate a safe and successful outcome, including the use of medications, assisted delivery with forceps or vacuum extraction, and C-section.

Fetal mortality refers to the death of a fetus after reaching viability, typically defined as 20 weeks of gestation or greater. The term "stillbirth" is often used interchangeably with fetal mortality and is generally defined as the birth of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.

Fetal mortality can be caused by a variety of factors, including chromosomal abnormalities, maternal health conditions, placental problems, infections, and complications during labor and delivery. In some cases, the cause of fetal mortality may remain unknown.

The rate of fetal mortality is an important public health indicator and is closely monitored by healthcare providers and researchers. Reducing fetal mortality requires a multifaceted approach that includes prenatal care, identification and management of risk factors, and access to high-quality obstetric care.

Radioactive pollutants are defined as any harmful radioactive substances that are discharged into the environment and pose risks to human health and the ecosystem. These pollutants can be in the form of gases, liquids, or solids and can contaminate air, water, and soil. They originate from various sources such as nuclear power plants, medical facilities, industrial operations, and military activities.

Radioactive pollutants emit ionizing radiation, which can cause damage to living cells and DNA, leading to genetic mutations, cancer, and other health problems. Exposure to high levels of radioactivity can result in acute radiation sickness, including symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. Long-term exposure to low levels of radiation can increase the risk of developing cancer and other diseases over time.

Radioactive pollutants can also have negative impacts on the environment, contaminating soil and water and reducing biodiversity in affected areas. They can persist in the environment for long periods, making it difficult to clean up and remediate contaminated sites. Therefore, proper management and regulation of radioactive materials are essential to prevent their release into the environment and protect public health and the environment.

Congenital Syphilis is a medical condition that occurs when a mother with active syphilis infects her fetus through the placenta during pregnancy. If left untreated, congenital syphilis can lead to serious health problems in the newborn and can even cause death. The symptoms of congenital syphilis can appear at any time during the first two years of life, and they may include:

* Skin rashes or sores on the body, including the hands and feet
* Deformities of the bones and teeth
* Vision problems or blindness
* Hearing loss
* Developmental delays
* Neurological issues, such as seizures or difficulty coordinating movements
* Anemia
* Jaundice
* Enlarged liver and spleen

If congenital syphilis is diagnosed early, it can be treated with antibiotics, which can help to prevent serious health problems and reduce the risk of transmission to others. However, if left untreated, congenital syphilis can lead to long-term complications, such as developmental delays, neurological damage, and blindness. It is important for pregnant women to be screened for syphilis early in pregnancy and receive appropriate treatment to prevent the transmission of this serious infection to their unborn child.

Asphyxia neonatorum is a medical condition that refers to a newborn baby's lack of oxygen or difficulty breathing, which can lead to suffocation and serious complications. It is often caused by problems during the birthing process, such as umbilical cord compression or prolapse, placental abruption, or prolonged labor.

Symptoms of asphyxia neonatorum may include bluish skin color (cyanosis), weak or absent breathing, poor muscle tone, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and a slow heart rate. In severe cases, it can lead to organ damage, developmental delays, or even death.

Prompt medical attention is necessary to diagnose and treat asphyxia neonatorum. Treatment may include oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and medications to support the baby's heart function and blood pressure. In some cases, therapeutic hypothermia (cooling the body) may be used to reduce the risk of brain damage. Preventive measures such as proper prenatal care, timely delivery, and careful monitoring during labor and delivery can also help reduce the risk of asphyxia neonatorum.

Birth weight refers to the first weight of a newborn infant, usually taken immediately after birth. It is a critical vital sign that indicates the baby's health status and is used as a predictor for various short-term and long-term health outcomes.

Typically, a full-term newborn's weight ranges from 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg), although normal birth weights can vary significantly based on factors such as gestational age, genetics, maternal health, and nutrition. Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg), while high birth weight is greater than 8.8 pounds (4 kg).

Low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for various medical complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, infections, and developmental delays. High birth weight babies may face challenges with delivery, increased risk of obesity, and potential metabolic issues later in life. Regular prenatal care is essential to monitor fetal growth and ensure a healthy pregnancy and optimal birth weight for the baby.

Perinatal care refers to the health care provided to pregnant individuals, fetuses, and newborn infants during the time immediately before and after birth. This period is defined as beginning at approximately 20 weeks of gestation and ending 4 weeks after birth. Perinatal care includes preventative measures, medical and supportive services, and treatment for complications during pregnancy, childbirth, and in the newborn period. It encompasses a wide range of services including prenatal care, labor and delivery management, postpartum care, and neonatal care. The goal of perinatal care is to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the baby by preventing, diagnosing, and treating any potential health issues that may arise during this critical period.

A live birth is the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of human conception, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, that, after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life - such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles - whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is attached.

This definition is used by the World Health Organization (WHO) and most national statistical agencies to distinguish live births from stillbirths. It's important to note that in some medical contexts, a different definition of live birth may be used.

Fetal movement, also known as quickening, refers to the first perceived movements of the fetus in the uterus during pregnancy. These movements are often described as a fluttering sensation in the lower abdomen and are usually felt by pregnant individuals between 18 and 25 weeks of gestation, although they may occur earlier or later depending on various factors such as the position of the placenta and whether it is a first-time pregnancy.

Fetal movements are an important sign of fetal well-being, and pregnant individuals are typically advised to monitor them regularly starting from around 28 weeks of gestation. A decrease in fetal movement or the absence of fetal movement for an extended period may indicate a problem and should be reported to a healthcare provider immediately.

Fetal movements can be described as kicks, rolls, jabs, or turns, and they become stronger and more frequent as the pregnancy progresses. By 32 weeks of gestation, most fetuses move around 10 times per hour, and by 37 weeks, they typically move around 30 times per day. However, it is important to note that every fetus has its own pattern of movements, and what is normal for one may not be normal for another.

"World Health" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is often used in the context of global health, which can be defined as:

"The area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. It emphasizes trans-national health issues, determinants, and solutions; involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and engages stakeholders from across sectors and societies." (World Health Organization)

Therefore, "world health" could refer to the overall health status and health challenges faced by populations around the world. It encompasses a broad range of factors that affect the health of individuals and communities, including social, economic, environmental, and political determinants. The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a key role in monitoring and promoting global health, setting international standards and guidelines, and coordinating responses to global health emergencies.

Fetal monitoring is a procedure used during labor and delivery to assess the well-being of the fetus. It involves the use of electronic devices to measure and record the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. The information obtained from fetal monitoring can help healthcare providers identify any signs of fetal distress, such as a decreased fetal heart rate, which may indicate the need for interventions or an emergency cesarean delivery.

There are two main types of fetal monitoring: external and internal. External fetal monitoring involves placing sensors on the mother's abdomen to detect the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. Internal fetal monitoring, which is typically used during high-risk deliveries, involves inserting an electrode into the fetus' scalp to measure the fetal heart rate more accurately.

Fetal monitoring can provide valuable information about the fetus's well-being during labor and delivery, but it is important to note that it has limitations and may not always detect fetal distress in a timely manner. Therefore, healthcare providers must use their clinical judgment and other assessment tools, such as fetal movement counting and visual examination of the fetus, to ensure the safe delivery of the baby.

High-risk pregnancy is a term used to describe a situation where the mother or the fetus has an increased risk of developing complications during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or in the postpartum period. These risks may be due to pre-existing medical conditions in the mother, such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, kidney disease, autoimmune disorders, or infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS. Other factors that can contribute to a high-risk pregnancy include advanced maternal age (35 years and older), obesity, multiple gestations (twins, triplets, etc.), fetal growth restriction, placental issues, and a history of previous pregnancy complications or preterm labor.

High-risk pregnancies require specialized care and monitoring by healthcare professionals, often involving maternal-fetal medicine specialists, obstetricians, perinatologists, and neonatologists. Regular prenatal care, frequent checkups, ultrasound monitoring, and sometimes additional testing and interventions may be necessary to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

A Cesarean section, often referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. It involves making an incision through the mother's abdomen and uterus to remove the baby. This procedure may be necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the mother or the baby at risk.

There are several reasons why a C-section might be recommended, including:

* The baby is in a breech position (feet first) or a transverse position (sideways) and cannot be turned to a normal head-down position.
* The baby is too large to safely pass through the mother's birth canal.
* The mother has a medical condition, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, that could make vaginal delivery risky.
* The mother has an infection, such as HIV or herpes, that could be passed to the baby during a vaginal delivery.
* The labor is not progressing and there are concerns about the health of the mother or the baby.

C-sections are generally safe for both the mother and the baby, but like any surgery, they do carry some risks. These can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and injury to nearby organs. In addition, women who have a C-section are more likely to experience complications in future pregnancies, such as placenta previa or uterine rupture.

If you have questions about whether a C-section is necessary for your delivery, it's important to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "insurance" is not a medical term per se. It is an financial concept and a type of risk management where an individual or entity pays a premium to a insurance company in order to receive financial protection or reimbursement against potential losses. In the context of healthcare, insurance typically refers to health insurance, which is a type of coverage that pays for medical, surgical, or hospital costs. Health insurance can be obtained through an employer, purchased directly from an insurance company, or provided by the government.

Placental hormones are a type of hormones that are produced by the placenta, an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. These hormones play a crucial role in maintaining and supporting a healthy pregnancy. Some of the key placental hormones include:

1. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): This hormone is produced after implantation and is detected in the urine or blood to confirm pregnancy. It maintains the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone during early pregnancy.
2. Progesterone: This hormone is critical for preparing the uterus for pregnancy and maintaining the pregnancy. It suppresses maternal immune response to prevent rejection of the developing embryo/fetus.
3. Estrogen: This hormone plays a vital role in the growth and development of the fetal brain, as well as promoting the growth of the uterus and mammary glands during pregnancy.
4. Human Placental Lactogen (hPL): This hormone stimulates maternal metabolism to provide nutrients for the developing fetus and helps prepare the breasts for lactation.
5. Relaxin: This hormone relaxes the pelvic ligaments and softens and widens the cervix in preparation for childbirth.

These hormones work together to support fetal growth, maintain pregnancy, and prepare the mother's body for childbirth and lactation.

Fetal growth retardation, also known as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is a condition in which a fetus fails to grow at the expected rate during pregnancy. This can be caused by various factors such as maternal health problems, placental insufficiency, chromosomal abnormalities, and genetic disorders. The fetus may be smaller than expected for its gestational age, have reduced movement, and may be at risk for complications during labor and delivery. It is important to monitor fetal growth and development closely throughout pregnancy to detect any potential issues early on and provide appropriate medical interventions.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Low birth weight is a term used to describe babies who are born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams). It's often defined as a birth weight of 2,499 grams or less. This can be further categorized into very low birth weight (less than 1,500 grams) and extremely low birth weight (less than 1,000 grams). Low birth weight is most commonly caused by premature birth, but it can also be caused by growth restriction in the womb. These babies are at risk for numerous health complications, both in the short and long term.

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), also known as gestational hypertension, is a condition characterized by the new onset of high blood pressure (≥140 mm Hg systolic or ≥90 mm Hg diastolic) after 20 weeks of pregnancy in a woman who was normotensive before. It can sometimes progress to more severe conditions like preeclampsia and eclampsia, which are associated with damage to other organ systems such as the liver and kidneys.

PIH is typically classified into two types:

1. Gestational hypertension: This is when a woman develops high blood pressure after 20 weeks of pregnancy without any protein in the urine or evidence of damage to other organ systems. Women with gestational hypertension are at increased risk for preeclampsia and may require closer monitoring.

2. Preeclampsia: This is a more severe form of PIH, characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria (≥0.3 g in a 24-hour urine collection) after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Preeclampsia can also involve damage to other organ systems, such as the liver, kidneys, or brain, and may progress to eclampsia, a life-threatening condition characterized by seizures.

The exact causes of PIH are not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to problems with the development and function of the blood vessels that supply the placenta. Risk factors for developing PIH include first-time pregnancies, obesity, older age, a history of chronic hypertension or kidney disease, and carrying multiples (twins, triplets, etc.).

Treatment for PIH depends on the severity of the condition and the gestational age of the pregnancy. In mild cases, close monitoring of blood pressure, urine protein levels, and fetal growth may be sufficient. More severe cases may require medication to lower blood pressure, corticosteroids to promote fetal lung maturity, or early delivery of the baby to prevent further complications.

A pregnancy test is a medical diagnostic tool used to determine whether or not a woman is pregnant. These tests detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced by the placenta after fertilization. Pregnancy tests can be performed using a variety of methods, including urine tests and blood tests.

Urine pregnancy tests are typically performed at home and involve either dipping a test strip into a sample of urine or holding the strip under a stream of urine for several seconds. The test strip contains antibodies that react with hCG, producing a visual signal such as a line or plus sign if hCG is present.

Blood pregnancy tests are performed by a healthcare provider and can detect lower levels of hCG than urine tests. There are two types of blood pregnancy tests: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative tests simply detect the presence or absence of hCG, while quantitative tests measure the exact amount of hCG present in the blood.

Pregnancy tests are generally very accurate when used correctly, but false positives and false negatives can occur. False positives may occur due to certain medical conditions or medications that contain hCG. False negatives may occur if the test is taken too early or if it is not performed correctly. It is important to follow the instructions carefully and consult with a healthcare provider if there is any uncertainty about the results.

Causality is the relationship between a cause and a result, where the cause directly or indirectly brings about the result. In the medical context, causality refers to determining whether an exposure (such as a drug, infection, or environmental factor) is the cause of a specific outcome (such as a disease or adverse event). Establishing causality often involves evaluating epidemiological data, laboratory studies, and clinical evidence using established criteria, such as those proposed by Bradford Hill. It's important to note that determining causality can be complex and challenging, particularly when there are multiple potential causes or confounding factors involved.

The term "developing countries" is a socio-economic classification used to describe nations that are in the process of industrialization and modernization. This term is often used interchangeably with "low and middle-income countries" or "Global South." The World Bank defines developing countries as those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of less than US $12,695.

In the context of healthcare, developing countries face unique challenges including limited access to quality medical care, lack of resources and infrastructure, high burden of infectious diseases, and a shortage of trained healthcare professionals. These factors contribute to significant disparities in health outcomes between developing and developed nations.

Eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication characterized by the onset of seizures or convulsions in a woman who has already developed preeclampsia, which is a condition marked by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys. Eclampsia can occur before, during, or after delivery and is considered a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. It can pose significant risks to both the mother and the baby, including premature birth, fetal growth restriction, and even maternal and fetal death.

The exact causes of eclampsia are not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to problems with the placenta and abnormal blood vessel development in the uterus. Risk factors for developing eclampsia include preexisting medical conditions such as chronic hypertension or diabetes, a history of preeclampsia or eclampsia in previous pregnancies, multiple gestation (carrying more than one baby), and certain genetic factors.

Treatment for eclampsia typically involves delivering the baby as soon as possible to prevent further complications. In some cases, medication may be given to manage seizures and prevent their recurrence. Close monitoring of both the mother and the baby is essential to ensure the best possible outcomes.

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are a group of chemical compounds that are formed as byproducts when chlorine or other disinfectants are used to treat water, including drinking water, swimming pools, and spas. They consist of four halogens - three of which are halogen atoms (chlorine, bromine, or iodine) and one hydrogen atom. The most common THMs formed during water treatment include chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform.

Exposure to high levels of trihalomethanes has been linked to a variety of health problems, including an increased risk of cancer, reproductive issues, and developmental effects. As a result, regulatory agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States have set limits on the amount of THMs that can be present in drinking water. Regular monitoring and treatment are necessary to ensure that these limits are not exceeded and that the public is protected from potential health hazards associated with exposure to trihalomethanes.

Dystocia is a medical term used to describe difficult or abnormal labor or delivery in animals, including humans. It refers to a situation where the natural process of childbirth is hindered or obstructed, making it difficult for the fetus to pass through the birth canal. This condition can be caused by various factors such as the size and position of the fetus, maternal pelvic size or shape, hormonal imbalances, or other medical conditions that affect the mother's ability to give birth.

Dystocia can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the fetus if not treated promptly and appropriately. Prolonged labor can result in fetal distress, hypoxia (lack of oxygen), or even death. In addition, maternal injuries such as uterine rupture, cervical trauma, or infection can occur during a difficult delivery.

The treatment for dystocia depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, manual assistance or manipulation of the fetus may be sufficient to facilitate delivery. However, in more severe cases, medical intervention such as cesarean section (C-section) may be necessary to ensure the safety of both the mother and the fetus.

It is important for pregnant individuals to receive regular prenatal care from a qualified healthcare provider to monitor their pregnancy and identify any potential risk factors for dystocia or other complications. Prompt medical attention should be sought if any signs of difficult labor or delivery are observed.

The "cause of death" is a medical determination of the disease, injury, or event that directly results in a person's death. This information is typically documented on a death certificate and may be used for public health surveillance, research, and legal purposes. The cause of death is usually determined by a physician based on their clinical judgment and any available medical evidence, such as laboratory test results, autopsy findings, or eyewitness accounts. In some cases, the cause of death may be uncertain or unknown, and the death may be classified as "natural," "accidental," "homicide," or "suicide" based on the available information.

Placental insufficiency is a condition in which the placenta does not provide adequate nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus. This can occur due to various reasons, such as poor placental development, damage to the placenta, or problems with the blood flow to the placenta. As a result, the fetus may receive less oxygen and nutrients than it needs for proper growth and development, which can lead to a range of complications, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and developmental delays.

The medical definition of placental insufficiency is: "a condition in which the placenta fails to provide adequate support to the developing fetus, resulting in impaired fetal growth and development." This condition can be diagnosed through various tests, such as ultrasound, fetal monitoring, and blood tests, and may require close monitoring and management throughout pregnancy to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

Prolonged pregnancy, also known as post-term pregnancy, is a medical condition defined as a pregnancy that continues beyond 42 weeks (294 days) of gestation from the first day of the last menstrual period. It is important to note that this definition is based on the estimated date of delivery and not the actual conception date. Prolonged pregnancies are associated with increased risks for both the mother and the fetus, including stillbirth, meconium aspiration, fetal distress, and difficulty during labor and delivery. Therefore, healthcare providers closely monitor pregnant women who reach 41 weeks of gestation to ensure timely delivery if necessary.

"Maternal exposure" is a medical term that refers to the contact or interaction of a pregnant woman with various environmental factors, such as chemicals, radiation, infectious agents, or physical environments, which could potentially have an impact on the developing fetus. This exposure can occur through different routes, including inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, or even transplacentally. The effects of maternal exposure on the fetus can vary widely depending on the type, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the stage of pregnancy at which it occurs. It is important to monitor and minimize maternal exposure to potentially harmful substances or environments during pregnancy to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and developing fetus.

Small for Gestational Age (SGA) is a term used in pediatrics to describe newborn infants who are smaller in size than expected for the number of weeks they have been in the womb. It is typically defined as a baby whose weight is below the 10th percentile for its gestational age. SGA can be further classified into two categories: constitutionally small (also known as physiologically small) and pathologically small. Constitutionally small infants are those who are genetically predisposed to being smaller, while pathologically small infants have a growth restriction due to factors such as placental insufficiency, maternal hypertension, or chromosomal abnormalities.

It is important to note that SGA is not the same as premature birth. Premature babies are those born before 37 weeks of gestation, regardless of their size. However, a baby can be both premature and SGA.

A birth certificate is an official document that serves as legal proof of a person's birth and provides important information about the individual, including their full name, date and place of birth, sex, parents' names, and other identifying details. In medical terms, a birth certificate may be used to establish a patient's identity, age, and other relevant demographic information.

Birth certificates are typically issued by the government agency responsible for vital records in the jurisdiction where the individual was born, such as a state or county health department. They are considered legal documents and are often required for various purposes, such as enrolling in school, applying for a passport, or obtaining government benefits.

It is important to note that birth certificates may be amended or corrected if there are errors or discrepancies in the information they contain. In some cases, individuals may also need to obtain certified copies of their birth certificate from the appropriate government agency in order to provide proof of their identity or other personal information.

"Drug-induced abnormalities" refer to physical or physiological changes that occur as a result of taking medication or drugs. These abnormalities can affect various organs and systems in the body and can range from minor symptoms, such as nausea or dizziness, to more serious conditions, such as liver damage or heart rhythm disturbances.

Drug-induced abnormalities can occur for several reasons, including:

1. Direct toxicity: Some drugs can directly damage cells and tissues in the body, leading to abnormalities.
2. Altered metabolism: Drugs can interfere with normal metabolic processes in the body, leading to the accumulation of harmful substances or the depletion of essential nutrients.
3. Hormonal imbalances: Some drugs can affect hormone levels in the body, leading to abnormalities.
4. Allergic reactions: Some people may have allergic reactions to certain drugs, which can cause a range of symptoms, including rashes, swelling, and difficulty breathing.
5. Interactions with other drugs: Taking multiple medications or drugs at the same time can increase the risk of drug-induced abnormalities.

It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients closely for signs of drug-induced abnormalities and to adjust medication dosages or switch to alternative treatments as necessary. Patients should also inform their healthcare providers of any symptoms they experience while taking medication, as these may be related to drug-induced abnormalities.

Placental diseases, also known as placental pathologies, refer to a group of conditions that affect the development and function of the placenta during pregnancy. The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus while removing waste products.

Placental diseases can have serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus, including preterm labor, growth restriction, stillbirth, and long-term health problems for the child. Some common placental diseases include:

1. Placental abruption: This occurs when the placenta separates from the uterine wall before delivery, causing bleeding and potentially harming the fetus.
2. Placental previa: This is a condition where the placenta implants in the lower part of the uterus, covering the cervix. It can cause bleeding and may require cesarean delivery.
3. Preeclampsia: This is a pregnancy-related disorder characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys. Placental dysfunction is thought to play a role in its development.
4. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): This occurs when the fetus does not grow properly due to poor placental function, leading to low birth weight and potential health problems.
5. Chorioamnionitis: This is an infection of the membranes surrounding the fetus, which can lead to preterm labor and other complications.
6. Placental infarction: This occurs when a portion of the placenta dies due to a lack of blood flow, which can lead to growth restriction or stillbirth.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of placental diseases are essential for ensuring the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the fetus.

'Pregnancy in Diabetics' refers to the condition where an individual with pre-existing diabetes mellitus becomes pregnant. This can be further categorized into two types:

1. Pre-gestational diabetes: This is when a woman is diagnosed with diabetes before she becomes pregnant. It includes both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Proper control of blood sugar levels prior to conception and during pregnancy is crucial to reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.

2. Gestational diabetes: This is when a woman develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester. While it usually resolves after delivery, women with gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life. Proper management of gestational diabetes is essential to ensure a healthy pregnancy and reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.

Parasitic pregnancy complications refer to a rare condition where a parasitic twin takes over the development of the dominant twin's reproductive system and becomes pregnant. This condition is also known as fetus in fetu or vanishing twin syndrome with a parasitic twin. The parasitic twin may have some organs developed, but it is not fully formed and relies on the dominant twin for survival. The pregnancy can pose risks to the dominant twin, such as abnormal growth patterns, organ damage, and complications during childbirth. This condition is usually detected during prenatal ultrasound examinations.

Abruptio placentae, also known as placental abruption, is a medical condition that occurs when the placenta separates from the uterus before the baby is born. The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy to provide oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus.

In abruptio placentae, the separation of the placenta from the uterus can cause bleeding, which can be serious or life-threatening for both the mother and the baby. The severity of the condition depends on how much of the placenta has separated from the uterus and how much bleeding has occurred.

Abruptio placentae can cause a range of symptoms, including vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, contractions, and fetal distress. In severe cases, it can lead to preterm labor, low birth weight, and even stillbirth. The exact cause of abruptio placentae is not always known, but risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, cocaine use, trauma to the abdomen, and advanced maternal age. Treatment may involve hospitalization, bed rest, medication to prevent contractions, or delivery of the baby if the pregnancy is at term.

Birth injuries refer to damages or injuries that a baby suffers during the birthing process. These injuries can result from various factors, such as mechanical forces during delivery, medical negligence, or complications during pregnancy or labor. Some common examples of birth injuries include:

1. Brachial plexus injuries: Damage to the nerves that control movement and feeling in the arms and hands, often caused by excessive pulling or stretching during delivery.
2. Cephalohematoma: A collection of blood between the skull and the periosteum (the membrane covering the bone), usually caused by trauma during delivery.
3. Caput succedaneum: Swelling of the soft tissues of the baby's scalp, often resulting from pressure on the head during labor and delivery.
4. Fractures: Broken bones, such as a clavicle or skull fracture, can occur due to mechanical forces during delivery.
5. Intracranial hemorrhage: Bleeding in or around the brain, which can result from trauma during delivery or complications like high blood pressure in the mother.
6. Perinatal asphyxia: A lack of oxygen supply to the baby before, during, or immediately after birth, which can lead to brain damage and other health issues.
7. Subconjunctival hemorrhage: Bleeding under the conjunctiva (the clear membrane covering the eye), often caused by pressure on the head during delivery.
8. Spinal cord injuries: Damage to the spinal cord, which can result in paralysis or other neurological issues, may occur due to excessive force during delivery or medical negligence.

It's important to note that some birth injuries are unavoidable and may not be a result of medical malpractice. However, if a healthcare provider fails to provide the standard of care expected during pregnancy, labor, or delivery, they may be held liable for any resulting injuries.

Bereavement is the state of loss or grief experienced when a person experiences the death of a loved one, friend, or family member. It is a normal response to the death of someone close and can involve a range of emotions such as sadness, anger, guilt, and anxiety. The grieving process can be different for everyone and can take time to work through. Professional support may be sought to help cope with the loss.

A premature infant is a baby born before 37 weeks of gestation. They may face various health challenges because their organs are not fully developed. The earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of complications. Prematurity can lead to short-term and long-term health issues, such as respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, infections, hearing problems, vision problems, developmental delays, and cerebral palsy. Intensive medical care and support are often necessary for premature infants to ensure their survival and optimal growth and development.

Female circumcision, also known as female genital mutilation (FGM), refers to the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injuries to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. The procedure can cause serious physical and psychological harm, and it is widely recognized by medical organizations as a violation of human rights.

There are several types of FGM, classified into four categories by the World Health Organization:

* Type I: partial or total removal of the clitoris and/or the prepuce (clitoridectomy)
* Type II: partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora (excision)
* Type III: narrowing of the vaginal opening by creating a covering seal, which is formed by cutting and repositioning the labia minora and/or the labia majora, with or without removal of the clitoris (infibulation)
* Type IV: all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, such as pricking, piercing, incising, scraping, and cauterizing the genital area

FGM is practiced in many parts of the world, including Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. It is usually carried out on young girls, often before the age of 15, and it is often motivated by cultural, religious, or social reasons. The practice is illegal in many countries, including the United States, and international organizations have called for its elimination.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "England" is not a medical term or concept. It is one of the four constituent countries that make up the United Kingdom, along with Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. England is located in the southern part of Great Britain, which is the largest island of the British Isles.

If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

Midwifery is the health profession that involves providing care to childbearing individuals and their newborns during pregnancy, labor, birth, and postpartum period. Midwives offer a range of services including: conducting physical examinations, monitoring the health of the fetus and mother, providing education and counseling on pregnancy-related topics, managing common complaints and complications, and collaborating with other healthcare professionals when necessary. They promote normal childbirth and work to minimize technological interventions, while ensuring the safety and well-being of both the mother and baby. Midwifery is based on the principles of informed choice, continuity of care, and evidence-based practice.

Induced labor refers to the initiation of labor before it begins spontaneously, which is usually achieved through medical intervention. This process is initiated when there is a medically indicated reason to deliver the baby, such as maternal or fetal compromise, prolonged pregnancy, or reduced fetal movement. The most common methods used to induce labor include membrane stripping, prostaglandin administration, and oxytocin infusion. It's important to note that induced labor carries certain risks, including a higher chance of uterine hyperstimulation, infection, and the need for assisted vaginal delivery or cesarean section. Therefore, it should only be performed under the close supervision of a healthcare provider in a clinical setting.

A "term birth" is a medical term that refers to a delivery or pregnancy that has reached 37 weeks or more. It is the normal length of a full-term pregnancy and is considered a healthy and low-risk period for childbirth. Babies born at term have the best chance of being healthy and not experiencing any significant medical issues, compared to those born preterm (before 37 weeks) or postterm (after 42 weeks). The different types of term births are:

* Early Term: Between 37 weeks and 38 weeks, 6 days.
* Full Term: Between 39 weeks and 40 weeks, 6 days.
* Late Term: Between 41 weeks and 41 weeks, 6 days.
* Postterm: 42 weeks or later.

It is important to note that while a term birth is generally considered low-risk, there can still be variations in the health of babies born at different points within this range. For example, research has shown that babies born at 39 weeks have better outcomes than those born at 37 or 38 weeks. Therefore, it is always best to consult with a healthcare provider for individualized guidance and recommendations regarding pregnancy and childbirth.

Birth intervals refer to the length of time between the birth of one child and the conception of the next child. It is the duration from the delivery of one baby to the initiation of the pregnancy that results in another birth. This interval is an essential measure in reproductive health, as it can impact the health and well-being of both the mother and the children.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a minimum birth interval of 24 months between pregnancies to reduce the risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Shorter birth intervals are associated with increased risks for preterm birth, low birth weight, small for gestational age, and neonatal mortality. Additionally, short birth intervals can also negatively affect the mother's health, increasing the risk of maternal depletion syndrome, which may lead to nutritional deficiencies, anemia, and fatigue.

Birth intervals are influenced by various factors, including cultural norms, socioeconomic status, access to family planning services, and individual preferences. Encouraging longer birth intervals through improved access to family planning resources and education can contribute to better maternal and child health outcomes.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

Multiple pregnancy is a type of gestation where more than one fetus is carried simultaneously in the uterus. The most common forms of multiple pregnancies are twins (two fetuses), triplets (three fetuses), and quadruplets (four fetuses). Multiple pregnancies can occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two or more embryos (monozygotic) or when more than one egg is released and gets fertilized during ovulation (dizygotic). The risk of multiple pregnancies increases with the use of assisted reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization. Multiple pregnancies are associated with higher risks for both the mother and the fetuses, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and other complications.

A death certificate is a formal legal document that records the date, location, and cause of a person's death. It is typically issued by a medical professional, such as a physician or medical examiner, and is used to establish the fact of death for legal purposes. The information on a death certificate may be used for a variety of purposes, including settling the deceased person's estate, assisting with insurance claims, and supporting public health surveillance and research.

In order to complete a death certificate, the medical professional must determine the cause of death and any significant contributing conditions. This may involve reviewing the deceased person's medical history, conducting a physical examination, and ordering laboratory tests or autopsy. The cause of death is typically described using standardized codes from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

It is important to note that the information on a death certificate is considered confidential and is protected by law. Only authorized individuals, such as the deceased person's next of kin or legal representative, are permitted to access the document.

'Infant care' is not a medical term per se, but it generally refers to the provision of nurturing and developmentally appropriate support, supervision, and healthcare for newborns and young children, typically up to 12 months of age. This can include:

1. Meeting basic needs: Providing food (through breastfeeding or formula), changing diapers, ensuring a safe sleep environment, and maintaining hygiene.
2. Monitoring growth and development: Tracking weight gain, height, head circumference, and motor skills to ensure normal developmental progression.
3. Preventive care: Administering vaccinations according to the recommended immunization schedule, performing routine health screenings, and providing guidance on safety practices (e.g., car seat usage, safe sleep).
4. Early detection and management of medical issues: Identifying and addressing common infant health problems such as colic, reflux, or ear infections, and seeking prompt medical attention for more serious conditions.
5. Emotional bonding and attachment: Promoting parent-infant bonding through skin-to-skin contact, responsive feeding, and consistent caregiving.
6. Supporting cognitive and social development: Engaging in age-appropriate play and interaction to foster language development, problem-solving skills, and emotional regulation.
7. Providing education and guidance: Offering evidence-based information on various aspects of infant care, such as feeding, sleep, and soothing techniques, to support parents in their caregiving role.

After a stillbirth there is a 2.5% risk of another stillbirth in the next pregnancy (an increase from 0.4%). In the United ... Rates of stillbirth in the United States have decreased by about two-thirds since the 1950s. The vast majority of stillbirths ... Registration of stillbirths can be made by a relative or certain other persons involved with the stillbirth but it is not ... The average stillbirth rate in the United States is approximately 1 in 160 births, which is roughly 26,000 stillbirths each ...
Stillbirth is the debut album by Oneiroid Psychosis, released in 1995. Included were a few tracks from their previous effort, ...
Stillbirth may also refer to: Stillbirth (album), by Oneiroid Psychosis, 1995 "Stillbirth" (song), by Alice Glass, 2015 ... A stillbirth is the death of a fetus before or during delivery, resulting in the delivery of a dead baby. ... Stillborn (disambiguation) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Stillbirth. If an internal link ...
"Stillbirth" - 2:47 "Stillbirth (Zola Jesus Remix) - 2:50 Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Stillbirth". Alice Glass - ... "Stillbirth - Single by Alice Glass on Apple Music". Apple Music. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2018. "STILLBIRTH (Zola Jesus ... With 'Stillbirth', she's finally got the new start that she's been fighting for." Alt Citizen described the song as "a dark, ... "Stillbirth" is the debut solo single by Canadian singer-songwriter Alice Glass, released on 17 July 2015. It is Glass' first ...
It is the only charity in Australia dedicated to stillbirth research. Victoria Bowring, general manager Still Aware Stillbirth ... Stillbirth Foundation Australia is an organization which aims to improve care and conditions for people who have experienced ... the stillbirth of a child as well as preventing stillbirth. Their main work is funding research on why stillbirth happens. They ... "Raising money for Stillbirth Foundation in London Marathon". Langdale, Liz (26 July 2018). "New addition warms hearts after ...
The Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth (GAPPS) was founded in 2007 as an initiative of Seattle Children's, ... The Preventing Preterm Birth initiative focuses on finding new interventions to prevent premature birth and stillbirth by ... "Our Partnerships". Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth (GAPPS). 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-08- ... with a focus on preterm birth and stillbirth. GAPPS is a member of the Washington Global Health Alliance, and collaborates with ...
Stillbirth. Concise Medical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0199557141. Archived from the original on 15 ... Premature births and stillbirths are generally not considered to be miscarriages, although usage of these terms can sometimes ... "7 FAM 1470 Documenting Stillbirth (Fetal Death)". United States Department of State. 18 February 2011. Archived from the ...
Stillbirth. The loss of the developing fetus after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Can be due to a variety of reasons including ...
Stillbirth. Mustafa II had at least twelve daughters, of which one, among the three eldest, with Afife Kadin: AyÅŸe Sultan (30 ...
buried in Murad III Mausoleum, Hagia Sophia Mosque). Stillbirth. Åžehzade Cihangir (February 1585, Topkapi Palace, ...
Stillbirth. Fatma died in childbirth. List of Ottoman grand viziers name="Erkan22" İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı ...
A rainbow baby is a term for a child born to a family that has previously lost one or more children due to stillbirth, ... "Stillbirth". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2020-10-29. Kasprzak, Emma (23 February 2017). "Rainbow babies: The children bringing ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Family, Childbirth, Stillbirth, Miscarriage, Grief ... born after a stillbirth, or neonatal death, are something beautiful after a scary and dark experience". Parents. Retrieved ...
Smith, GC; Fretts, RC (Nov 17, 2007). "Stillbirth". Lancet. 370 (9600): 1715-25. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61723-1. PMID ... "Reducing stillbirths: screening and monitoring during pregnancy and labour". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 9 (Suppl 1): S5. doi ...
Still births are more common in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Stillbirth rates have declined, though more slowly since the ... About half of stillbirths occur during childbirth, and stillbirth is more common in the developing than developed world. ... "Stillbirths and stillbirth rates". UNICEF DATA. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2022. Draper ... Stillbirth is typically defined as fetal death at or after 20 to 28 weeks of pregnancy. It results in a baby born without signs ...
2014; Another stillbirth. Karta's caring skills as a mother were adequate. She had already been trained in mothering skills ...
Some use the cutoff of 20 weeks of gestation, after which fetal death is known as a stillbirth. The death of the fetus or ... "Stillbirth: Overview". NICHD. September 23, 2014. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016. " ...
A fetus that died before birth after this gestational age may be referred to as a stillbirth. Under UK law, all stillbirths ... "Register a stillbirth - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017. ... Fetal death after 20 weeks of gestation is also known as a stillbirth. The most common symptom of a miscarriage is vaginal ... Research shows that depression after a miscarriage or stillbirth can continue for years, even after the birth of a subsequent ...
"About". Stillbirth stories. Retrieved 29 May 2022. Borland, Sophie. " Bel Mooney to wed man 16 years her junior" The Daily ... "About Sands , Sands - Stillbirth and neonatal death charity". Sands. 7 August 2013. Archived from the original on 7 January ... "Our History , Sands - Stillbirth and neonatal death charity". Sands. 25 November 2016. Archived from the original on 20 May ... She has written a number of fiction and non-fiction books and was instrumental in the foundation of the Stillbirth Society, now ...
Stillbirth and miscarriage can happen for various reasons, while abortion is carried out purposely. Stillbirth can happen right ... However, 1% of births in the United States end in a stillbirth. A miscarriage is defined by the World Health Organization as, " ... Death before birth can happen in several ways: stillbirth, when the fetus dies before or during the delivery process; ... Goldenberg, Rl; Kirby, R; Culhane, Jf (1 August 2004). "Stillbirth: a review". The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal ...
Stillbirth child (1884). The mother died in childbirth also. By Sadije Toptani, Xhemal had two sons and six daughters: Princess ... Xhemal had a son and a stillbirth child Prince Xhelal Zogu (1881-1934). Political man. He married four time and had four sons ...
Stillbirth turned out. Kaedehama (Fuhin) Female ・ Born at Adventure World on November 22, 2020 (Father: Eimei, Mother: ...
Pregnancy Stillbirth "Kick Chart". National Childbirth Trust. 2006. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. "#7. The ... Importance of Counting Kicks". The National Stillbirth Society. 10 September 2007. Archived from the original on 8 November ...
Stillbirth (8 February 1635). Luise (5 November 1636 - 6 January 1638). Stillbirth (28 May 1637). "Hesse-Cassel" . Encyclopædia ...
Stillbirth (8 February 1635). Luise (5 November 1636 - 6 January 1638). Stillbirth (28 May 1637). Veröffentlichungen der ...
"On Photographing a Stillbirth". Edwards, Steve. "Simply the best work on the subject". Mill Swamp Indian Horses. Retrieved ...
13.7%; stillbirth, 8.9% vs. 2.6%; early menopause, 5.1% vs. 1.7%; grade 2 or higher cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 6.9% vs ...
"Stillbirths". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2018-11-03. García-Enguídanos A, Calle ME, Valero J, Luna S, Domínguez-Rojas ... WHO estimated an annual occurrence of 2.6 million stillbirths and between 17 and 22 percent of pregnancies that result in ... According to the registered charity the Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Society (Sands), the first Baby Loss Awareness Day was ... Human M, Green S, Groenewald C, Goldstein RD, Kinney HC, Odendaal HJ (2014). "Psychosocial Implications of Stillbirth for the ...
Anne's pregnancy ends in stillbirth. As Corbeck and Turner open the mummy's sarcophagus, the stillborn infant is restored to ...
"Stillbirth risk 4 times higher if women sleep on their backs in late pregnancy". Stuff. "Sleeping on back increases stillbirth ... "Obesity, smoking lift stillbirth risk". Stuff. "Healthy mums, healthy babies". Stuff. "New Year Honours List 2011". Department ... "Report finds too little has changed to combat still birth". 21 January 2016. "New discovery could help prevent preterm birth in ... awarded the Health Research Council of New Zealand's Beaven Medal in recognition of her and her team's finding that stillbirths ...
Lancet's Stillbirths Series steering committee (2011). "Stillbirths: Where? When? Why? How to make the data count?". The Lancet ... Lancet Stillbirth Epidemiology investigator group (2016). "Stillbirths: Rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030". ... The report found that over 98% of the stillbirths worldwide were in middle and low-income families. Lawn presented a Lancet TV ... She was awarded a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award to improve data on stillbirths and newborns. With the London ...
After a stillbirth there is a 2.5% risk of another stillbirth in the next pregnancy (an increase from 0.4%). In the United ... Rates of stillbirth in the United States have decreased by about two-thirds since the 1950s. The vast majority of stillbirths ... Registration of stillbirths can be made by a relative or certain other persons involved with the stillbirth but it is not ... The average stillbirth rate in the United States is approximately 1 in 160 births, which is roughly 26,000 stillbirths each ...
The loss of a baby due to stillbirth is a sad reality for many families. Learn why and find support. ... The loss of a baby due to stillbirth remains a sad reality for many families and takes a serious toll on families health and ... Learn what the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is doing to understand the preventable causes of stillbirth. ...
A stillbirth is when a mothers baby dies in the womb after the 20th week of pregnancy. Read more on how to cope or support ... If a woman loses a pregnancy after shes past her 20th week, its called a stillbirth. Stillbirths are due to natural causes. ... If stillbirth happens before delivery, your health care provider may induce labor or perform a Cesarean section to deliver the ... This usually happens within two weeks of stillbirth.. Counseling may help you cope with your grief. Later, if you do decide to ...
So I had a stillbirth last year 26wks 5 days and this year 26wks 5days both girls were fully form.… ... Anyone here ever experienced two stillbirth back to back ? ... Anyone here ever experienced two stillbirth back to back ? So I ... had a stillbirth last year 26wks 5 days and this year 26wks 5days both girls were fully form. I did an autotopsy and they said ...
Also find out more about recurrent stillbirths and learn more about doctors and still birth. Stillbirth Prevention. Thanks to ... Known as a stillbirth, these deaths can be traumatic and difficult for any parent to have to deal with. What is Stillbirth?. ... What Causes Stillbirth?. If you experience a stillbirth, your health care providers will do all they can in order to determine ... How Common is Stillbirth?. Unfortunately, stillbirth is a fairly common occurrence in all countries in the world. In the UK, ...
Coping with Stillbirth. Tears of missed opportunities, and comfort found in music.. Denalee Chapman November 02, 2014 ...
... Can you see the foetus? That was planned!. ... Re: Wierder still - Birth of the vampire this is soooo.... cool!. what is it? ...
Links to pages relating to Stillbirths and the Registrars Office ... Stillbirths. A stillborn child is legally defined as a child ... Usual address at the date of the stillbirth.. *Date of marriage, if married to the childs father at the time of the stillbirth ... In this case, the following people can register the stillbirth:. *The occupier of the house or Hospital where the stillbirth ... Stillbirths should normally be registered within 42 days.. Registration of a stillborn child gives the parents the opportunity ...
The Kings County district attorney is prosecuting a young woman on murder charges after drugs were found in her stillbirth baby ... Drug users delivering stillbirths could face murder rap if this California case advances Chelsea Becker was arrested Nov. 6 ... "While [meth use] can be a risk factor for a stillbirth, its certainly not causative - any more than prosecuting someone for ... Hanford woman with murder in 2018 after she gave birth to a stillborn baby at the same hospital where Becker had her stillbirth ...
Learn what to do when you suspect a stillbirth. ... Stillbirth is usually caused by interruption of the flow of ... Stillbirths. Stillbirths, which come in the second or third trimester, are thankfully growing less common, but it is always sad ... may lead to stillbirth. It is extremely rare for an injury to the mother to cause stillbirth. ... The death of the fetus at some time between the 20th week of pregnancy and birth is called stillbirth -- in medical terms, an ...
We are raising money for Sands, the stillbirth and neonatal death charity because of the much needed support they provide. ...
A stillbirth, as defined by the World Health Organization, is one in which a baby dies after reaching at least 28 weeks ... Stillbirths have been seen as a form of natural selection, bad luck, the result of witchcraft - lame 17th-century explanations ... The other myth is that most stillbirths occur early in the pregnancy. In fact, the opposite is true: The longer the gestation, ... J0nas-Simpsons research was also covered by PostMedia News April 14 in a story about the prevalence and impact of stillbirths ...
Woman suffers stillbirth after being ordered to keep working during labour. Salia Issa was working at a Texas prison when she ...
stillbirth-rate [Keywords] in International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) ... stillbirth-rate. The term stillbirth-rate occurs in indexes or keywords of following Zvon materials: Keywords. International ... Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) : stillbirth-rate [Keywords]. all peoples freely determine their ...
The attack on innocent Israelis on Saturday 4 October 2023 by a massive Hamas invasion from the Gaza Strip was sudden, well-prepared and unprovoked. Several hundreds of Israelis, including women, children and babies have been murdered, many abducted and thousands injured. Hamas has been designated as a terrorist organisation by dozens of countries. Established by… Read More ...
... and are testing how we can stop stillbirths by making sure the placenta is healthy. ... Women over 35 are more likely to have a stillbirth. Researchers supported by Tommys are looking at how the placenta may play a ... Home Our research Our research projects Stillbirth research projects Older mothers and the risk of stillbirth ... Research into stillbirth When a baby dies after 24 weeks of gestation, it is called a stillbirth. Nearly 3000 families a year ...
The law is so strict that miscarriages and stillbirths are considered murder, and the woman can be sent to jail. ...
You must register a stillbirth within 21 days.. If the stillbirth took place in Scotland, you can register at a registration ... A relative can register a stillbirth in exceptional circumstances. Contact a registrar if you need more information about this. ... Use this service to register a stillbirth.. Before you start. ... Who can register a stillbirth?. Either parent if:. *married to ... Find out how to register a stillbirth. Service information. ... Certificate of registration of stillbirth (form 8). *Extract of ...
Registering a stillbirth. It can be daunting to have to face registering a stillbirth. This information will help you through ... To register a stillbirth the midwife or hospital doctor will require to email the medical certificate of cause of still birth ( ... If you intend to register the stillbirth in South Lanarkshire, the medical certificate of cause of still birth should be ... If the still-birth happens elsewhere, it cannot be registered in Scotland even if the mother usually lives in Scotland. ...
... stillbirth and infant death is associated with higher maternal body mass index (BMI) before or in early pregnancy. ... stillbirth, perinatal death (stillbirth and early neonatal death), neonatal death, and infant death, although not all studies ... Increased risk of fetal death, stillbirth and infant death is associated with higher maternal body mass index (BMI) before or ... Higher BMI of Mothers Increases Risk of Stillbirth and Infant Death Personalised Printable Document (PDF). Please complete this ...
... but most states do not include stillbirth moms in paid family leave policies. ... According to the CDC, more than 20,000 babies are born still each year, but most states do not include stillbirth moms in paid ... According to the CDC, more than 20,000 babies are born still each year, but most states do not include stillbirth moms in paid ... Doctors told her she had to deliver her daughter, and that it would be a stillbirth. ...
When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. ...
... thereby reducing stillbirths, miscarriages and preterm births. Although the doses of omega 3 fatty acids they used in the study ... stillbirth and neonatal death caused by a common bacterium in the mouth. F. nucleatum is behind the uterine infections ... the ability to help prevent miscarriages and stillbirths. According to a study published in the JCI Insight journal that was ... where it can then make its way to the placenta and trigger miscarriage or stillbirth. The researchers used mouse models to ...
Register for our virtual 5k/1mile walk to honor families and their babies lost to stillbirth, perinatal or neonatal loss. All ... Lydies Loop: Steps Against Stillbirth 2022 Welcome to the seventh annual Lydies Loop: Steps against Stillbirth! This event is ... Lydies Loop: Steps Against Stillbirth 2022. September 24, 2022 8:00am - 11:00am ... an organization that educates expectant parents about the importance of tracking baby movements to prevent stillbirth. Research ...
... Posted in Feed Play Love. ... but having successfully reduced the rates of SUDI they are turning their attention to the prevention of stillbirths. ... by Red Nose Australia has found that sleeping on your side in the last trimester has a huge impact on the risk of stillbirth. ... Now theyre turning their attention to stillbirth. ...
... a non-profit coalition of organizations dedicated to understanding the causes and prevention of stillbirth. ...
Lily Allen targetted by trolls in Twitter row over the stillbirth of her son. The popstar announced she was taking a break from ... Lily Allen has been taunted by Twitter trolls over the stillbirth of her son and has admitted that she has suffered from post- ... Image: British singer Lily Allen was taunted by mostly anonymous Twitter users about her sons stillbirth ... Image: A selection of responses to Lily Allen sharing the pain of her sons stillbirth ...
Adjusted analyses for stillbirth included one covariate at a time owing to the low number of exposed stillbirths. To avoid ... For stillbirths, we defined the exposure window from 30 days before the estimated day of conception to the day before the end ... Because stillbirths were rare (n=18 in women who used antiepileptics), we were unable to adjust for all covariates ... We had limited data to study still birth, but the overall and absolute risk was low. The data support that pregnant women with ...
... stillbirth and ectopic pregnancy, finds a large observational study, published online in Tobacco Control. The risk appears to ... Passive Smoking Linked To Increased Miscarriage, Stillbirth, And Ectopic Pregnancy Risk. By News Staff , February 27th 2014 04: ... Passive smoking is linked to a significantly increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth and ectopic pregnancy, finds a large ... Some 3552 (4.4%) had experienced a stillbirth, while 2033 (2.5%) had had a tubal ectopic pregnancy. ...
  • Tommy's are studying chronic histiocytic intervillositis, which causes the immune system to reject the placenta, leading to stillbirth or miscarriage. (tommys.org)
  • For example, hormonal changes in pregnancy can cause gum bleeding that creates an entry point for the bacteria to get into the bloodstream, where it can then make its way to the placenta and trigger miscarriage or stillbirth. (naturalnews.com)
  • The fact that something as simple as the omega 3s found in fish oil could help spare countless women the heartache of miscarriage or stillbirth is testament to the power of natural medicine. (naturalnews.com)
  • Passive smoking is linked to a significantly increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth and ectopic pregnancy, finds a large observational study, published online in Tobacco Control . (science20.com)
  • There were six women in the country who suffered stillbirths and one who experienced a miscarriage, each a few weeks after she had COVID-19. (the-scientist.com)
  • In addition to the stillbirths and miscarriage, there have also been three instances so far this year in Ireland in which expectant mothers diagnosed with COVID-19 had emergency deliveries and severely degraded placentas. (the-scientist.com)
  • This episode of the Glimmer Podcast is all about returning to work after miscarriage, stillbirth, neonatal loss or TFMR (termination for medical reasons). (apple.com)
  • This may very well criminalize any potentially harmful prenatal activity that precedes a stillbirth or miscarriage - from drinking alcohol or inhaling second hand smoke to taking prescription medications or having a cup of coffee. (drugpolicy.org)
  • Listeriosis during pregnancy can cause a miscarriage, stillbirth, or premature labor. (cdc.gov)
  • Stillbirth is typically defined as fetal death at or after 20 or 28 weeks of pregnancy, depending on the source. (wikipedia.org)
  • Worldwide in 2019, there were an estimated 2.0 million stillbirths that occurred after 28 weeks of pregnancy (about 1 for every 72 births). (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] A pregnant woman sleeping on her back after 28 weeks of pregnancy may be a risk factor for stillbirth. (wikipedia.org)
  • If a woman loses a pregnancy after she's past her 20th week, it's called a stillbirth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Stillbirth occurs when a baby dies after 20 weeks of pregnancy. (womens-health.co.uk)
  • The death of the fetus at some time between the 20th week of pregnancy and birth is called stillbirth -- in medical terms, an intrauterine fetal demise. (howstuffworks.com)
  • The other myth is that most stillbirths occur early in the pregnancy. (yorku.ca)
  • Increased risk of fetal death, stillbirth and infant death is associated with higher maternal body mass index (BMI) before or in early pregnancy. (medindia.net)
  • Several studies have suggested that greater maternal body mass index (BMI) before or during early pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of fetal death, stillbirth, perinatal death (stillbirth and early neonatal death), neonatal death, and infant death, although not all studies have found a significant association. (medindia.net)
  • Dagfinn Aune, M.S., of Imperial College London, and colleagues conducted a review and meta-analysis to examine the association between maternal BMI (before or in early pregnancy) and risk of fetal death, stillbirth, and infant death. (medindia.net)
  • According to a study published in the JCI Insight journal that was carried out by researchers from Columbia University , omega 3 fatty acids can help prevent pregnancy complications like preterm birth, stillbirth and neonatal death caused by a common bacterium in the mouth. (naturalnews.com)
  • Objective To determine whether use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy may increase the risk of spontaneous abortion or stillbirth. (bmj.com)
  • Main outcome measures Risk ratio of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth after use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy, estimated by using binomial regression adjusting for potential confounders of maternal age, cohabitation, income, education, history of severe mental disorder, and history of drug misuse. (bmj.com)
  • We found no association between antiepileptic drug use during pregnancy and stillbirth, but the statistical precision was low. (bmj.com)
  • Some 3552 (4.4%) had experienced a stillbirth, while 2033 (2.5%) had had a tubal ectopic pregnancy. (science20.com)
  • Malaria infection during pregnancy is a major public health problem with substantial risk for the mother, her fetus, and the newborn, and for women living in moderate-high transmission malaria areas in sub-Saharan Africa, failure to take sufficient doses of SP increases the woman's risk of malaria, anemia, and subsequent stillbirth, preterm delivery, or delivery of a low birth weight infant. (ghanabusinessnews.com)
  • The publication of a New Zealand study examining the link between sleep habits and stillbirth in pregnancy has received strong international media interest. (sciencemediacentre.co.nz)
  • Many of these support pregnant women to stop smoking and reducing smoking in pregnancy is one of the most effective things we can do to reduce stillbirths. (rcm.org.uk)
  • The Lancet series hopes to change this perception by re-framing stillbirths so that they are not seen as an unexplained event that occurs in the womb, but as something that is potentially preventable if appropriate care is given during pregnancy and birth. (thenewhumanitarian.org)
  • COVID-19 infection in pregnancy is not associated with stillbirth or early neonatal death, according to a new study. (ukri.org)
  • The Tommy's team found an increasing relationship between caffeine consumption and stillbirth risk - and although most (54.5%) participants cut down on caffeine while pregnant, 1 in 20 actually consumed more during pregnancy, showing a lack of awareness about the caffeine content of certain drinks and/or the risks associated with high intake. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • This new link between oral bacteria and stillbirths in humans highlights the need for first-rate preventative dental care, especially during pregnancy. (clickpress.com)
  • Ann-Maree has developed her passion - 'The Baby Loss Project' - an online training program that upskills employers to create policy, and respond proactively to pregnancy loss, stillbirth and infant death. (apple.com)
  • 27 public health and medical groups told the U.S. Supreme Court: women who suffer stillbirths are not murderers, that there is no medical or scientific evidence that cocaine use did - or even could have - caused Ms. McKnight's stillbirth, and that treating stillbirths as homicides undermines public health and accepted standards for medical care when pregnancy loss occurs. (drugpolicy.org)
  • Stillbirth may be suspected when no fetal movement is felt. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also known as fetal death, stillbirth can occur in the uterus (intrauterine death) or within the birth canal, during labour and delivery (intra-partum death). (womens-health.co.uk)
  • Though any woman can experience a stillbirth, there are certain factors that increase your risk of fetal death. (womens-health.co.uk)
  • and even fetal heart attack -- may lead to stillbirth. (howstuffworks.com)
  • The researchers found that even modest increases in maternal BMI were associated with increased risk of fetal death, stillbirth, neonatal death, perinatal death, and infant death. (medindia.net)
  • Weight management guidelines for women who plan pregnancies should take these findings into consideration to reduce the burden of fetal deaths, stillbirths, and infant deaths. (medindia.net)
  • After a handful of cases in Ireland, clinicians there are warning that the virus might infect the placenta in very rare instances and cause fetal distress, but a rise in stillbirths has not been seen in epidemiological studies. (the-scientist.com)
  • Electronic fetal monitoring in relation to cesarean section delivery, for live births and stillbirths in the U.S., 1980. (cdc.gov)
  • However, the conditions that can lead to a stillbirth, such as placenta complications and twisting of the umbilical cord, are often things that the mother has no control over. (howstuffworks.com)
  • The primary cause of stillbirth is interruption of the normal flow of oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus via the placenta and the umbilical cord. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Conditions that may adversely affect the placenta and cause stillbirth include toxemia, chronic high blood pressure, diabetes, placenta previa, and placental abruption. (howstuffworks.com)
  • In wealthy countries like Canada, where high-tech obstetrics are the norm, stillbirths are linked to smoking, obesity, advanced maternal age, and abnormalities in the placenta and umbilical cord. (yorku.ca)
  • Researchers supported by Tommy's are looking at how the placenta may play a role in this, and are testing how we can stop stillbirths by making sure the placenta is healthy. (tommys.org)
  • We're not sure why older mothers are more likely to suffer stillbirth, but we think it might be to do with the placenta. (tommys.org)
  • As part of Mozambique's Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS), after obtaining written, informed consent, we conducted MITS by biopsy needle of tissues and body fluids, in addition to placenta, to ascertain the cause of the stillbirth ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Read about the NIH's research efforts on preterm birth and stillbirth here . (gapps.org)
  • We are working to close the knowledge gap in understanding the causes of preterm birth and stillbirth and collaborating to implement evidence based interventions to improve birth outcomes. (gapps.org)
  • The study's findings, that there is no increased risk of stillbirth and early neonatal death in women who contracted COVID-19 while pregnant, are reassuring. (ukri.org)
  • Info panel, In the United States, for every 167 births there is one stillbirth. (wikipedia.org)
  • After further experimentation, they found that omega 3 fatty acids inhibited the growth of the bacteria and inflammation among pregnant mice, thereby reducing stillbirths, miscarriages and preterm births. (naturalnews.com)
  • While most births result in a live baby, stillbirth (the birth of a dead baby) occurs in nearly 1 in 110 pregnancies. (safetylit.org)
  • To meet Every Newborn targets of ten or fewer neonatal deaths and ten or fewer stillbirths per 1000 births in every country by 2035 will necessitate accelerated scale-up of the most effective care targeting major causes of newborn deaths. (nih.gov)
  • In high-income countries, where most women receive fairly good quality care while giving birth, the proportion of stillbirths is less than 10 percent of all births. (thenewhumanitarian.org)
  • Congruent with the family stress and coping theory, mothers of stillborn babies who perceived family support in the period after stillbirth experienced levels of anxiety and depression that were notably lower than those of their counterparts. (safetylit.org)
  • This case involves a young woman who suffered a stillbirth in 1999 and was charged with homicide by child abuse after an autopsy revealed cocaine metabolites in the stillborn child's system. (drugpolicy.org)
  • This could reveal new ways to prevent pre-eclampsia and reduce the risk of stillbirth. (tommys.org)
  • Recent international research that was co-funded by Red Nose Australia has found that sleeping on your side in the last trimester has a huge impact on the risk of stillbirth. (babyology.com.au)
  • Stillbirth was identified in 18 women who used antiepileptic drugs (unadjusted risk ratio 1.29, 0.80 to 2.10). (bmj.com)
  • Estimates are quite hard at the moment, in terms of working out the true risk, but we think we are seeing one in one hundred to one in two hundred cases [of stillbirth] in women with [COVID-19]. (the-scientist.com)
  • The research , published in the British Medical Journal , found that the risk of stillbirth for women who slept on their left side was 1.96 per 1000 compared with 3.93 per 1000 for those who slept in any other position. (sciencemediacentre.co.nz)
  • Gill Walton added, "The RCM is working hard with other organisations to improve safety and the care of women at risk of stillbirth. (rcm.org.uk)
  • The RCM and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists are working with the charity Tommy's on a major project to identify women who may be more at risk of a stillbirth and to improve their care. (rcm.org.uk)
  • A study conducted by German researchers and published in the journal Heliyon has linked face masks to an increased risk of stillbirths , the death or loss of a baby before or during delivery. (newstarget.com)
  • There was little in terms of verified data for stillbirths and even less for its categories - whether intrapartum [during childbirth] or antepartum [before childbirth] - and risk factors, and little confidence that interventions could make a difference," said Bhutta. (thenewhumanitarian.org)
  • There was also no increase in risk of stillbirth or low birth weight. (ukri.org)
  • The finding that COVID-19 infection does not increase the risk of stillbirth or baby death is reassuring. (ukri.org)
  • This new study reports a 27% increase in stillbirth risk for each 100mg consumed, suggesting that safe limits in these guidelines need to be reconsidered. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Energy drinks had the most impact, leading to 1.85x higher stillbirth risk, followed by instant coffee (1.34x) and cola (1.23x). (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Expectant mom's can greatly reduce their risk of stillbirth and pre-term labor by regularly seeing a periodontist. (clickpress.com)
  • The vast majority of stillbirths are preventable. (yorku.ca)
  • Can available interventions end preventable deaths in mothers, newborn babies, and stillbirths, and at what cost? (nih.gov)
  • Vasquez is only one of many women in El Salvador who are sentenced to up to 50 years in jail, not for having an abortion - which is illegal - but for miscarriages or stillbirths. (foxnews.com)
  • Maira Verónica Figueroa Marroquín, a 34-year-old woman who spent 15 years in prison after suffering a stillbirth, was released from prison on Tuesday following the reduction of her 30-year sentence for "aggravated homicide" under El Salvador's total abortion ban. (amnesty.ca)
  • A stillbirth, as defined by the World Health Organization, is one in which a baby dies after reaching at least 28 weeks gestation and weighing at least 1,000 grams. (yorku.ca)
  • You will need to take the medical certificate of stillbirth issued by the doctor or midwife. (tameside.gov.uk)
  • C linicians in Ireland are warning about a spate of stillbirths in the first few months of 2021 that they have linked to SARS-CoV-2 infections. (the-scientist.com)
  • In a revealing, 13-minute video, nurse educator John Campbell, Ph.D., discusses the jumps in stillbirths in England and Wales from 2020 to 2021, to the tune of about an 8.7% increase. (mercola.com)
  • This study examined whether levels of maternal anxiety and depression are lower amongst mothers who received social support after stillbirth. (safetylit.org)
  • The study Maternal Observations and Memories of Stillbirth and the website http://www.momstudy.com containing the questionnaire were open in the period 8 February 2004-15 September 2005. (safetylit.org)
  • Closure of the quality gap through the provision of effective care for all women and newborn babies delivering in facilities could prevent an estimated 113,000 maternal deaths, 531,000 stillbirths, and 1·325 million neonatal deaths annually by 2020 at an estimated running cost of US$4·5 billion per year (US$0·9 per person). (nih.gov)
  • These reductions can be achieved at an annual incremental running cost of US$5·65 billion (US$1·15 per person), which amounts to US$1928 for each life saved, including stillbirths, neonatal, and maternal deaths. (nih.gov)
  • One-third of African countries could meet the Millennium Development Goal to reduce childhood mortality (Goal Four) and to improve maternal health (Goal Five), which would also reduce stillbirths. (thenewhumanitarian.org)
  • Some investments in reducing maternal mortality are already having a positive effect on the number of stillbirths, but these results are not given due significance. (thenewhumanitarian.org)
  • Stillbirth prevention is closely linked with prevention of maternal and neonatal deaths . (bvsalud.org)
  • Stillbirth often occurs unexpectedly and can take place in both healthy pregnancies and in those pregnancies complicated by other health issues. (womens-health.co.uk)
  • Known as a stillbirth, these deaths can be traumatic and difficult for any parent to have to deal with. (womens-health.co.uk)
  • Saving mothers' lives costs $23,000 per death averted, but if stillbirths and neonatal deaths are included, the figure drops to $2,700 per life saved. (thenewhumanitarian.org)
  • Many women who have a stillbirth go on to have healthy babies. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Again, older mice had more stillbirths, and a larger number of babies that didn't grow properly. (tommys.org)
  • According to the CDC, more than 20,000 babies are born still each year, but most states do not include stillbirth moms in paid family leave policies. (wtvr.com)
  • Beliefs in the mother 's sins and evil spirits as causes of stillbirth are rife, and stillbirth is widely believed to be a natural selection of babies never meant to live. (bvsalud.org)
  • Many stillbirths occur at full term to apparently healthy mothers, and a postmortem evaluation reveals a cause of death in about 40% of autopsied cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Results so far suggest that these could be promising ways of preventing stillbirth in older mothers. (tommys.org)
  • Using non-probability sampling, data were collected from 769 mothers residing within the USA who experienced a stillbirth within the past 18 months and for whom we have complete data. (safetylit.org)
  • Scientists from Tommy's stillbirth research centre at the University of Manchester studied more than 1,000 mothers across 41 UK hospitals between 2014 and 2016. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Preventing stillbirths can cost just US$2.32 per mother if governments, the private sector and international institutions adopt a package of 10 health interventions, rather than allowing stillbirths to be an almost invisible problem. (thenewhumanitarian.org)
  • If ten recommended interventions were 99 percent implemented in 68 priority [low and middle-income] countries, the number of stillbirths could be halved, said Professor Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta of the Aga Khan University Medical Centre in Karachi, Pakistan, author of one of a series of papers on stillbirth published in The Lancet medical journal papers . (thenewhumanitarian.org)
  • Even if the interventions were 60% covered, stillbirths could be reduced by one-quarter. (thenewhumanitarian.org)
  • Future research should focus on confirming the alcohol-related risks for stillbirth and identifying interventions that will decrease prenatal alcohol exposure and are effective across diverse populations (ie, work across multiple practice settings). (bmj.com)
  • The loss of a baby due to stillbirth remains a sad reality for many families and takes a serious toll on families' health and well-being. (cdc.gov)
  • The baby will be registered in the district where the stillbirth took place. (tameside.gov.uk)
  • When a baby dies after 24 weeks of gestation, it is called a stillbirth. (tommys.org)
  • This event benefits Count the Kicks, an organization that educates expectant parents about the importance of tracking baby movements to prevent stillbirth. (qgiv.com)
  • If you have questions or concerns about how your baby died and whether the stillbirth or neonatal death could have been avoided, then we are here to help. (clarkewillmott.com)
  • In the UK, 1 in every 250 pregnancies ends in stillbirth** (when a baby dies after 24 weeks gestation). (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Paulsson Holmberg, T 2020, Ambiguous and transitional bodies: Stillbirth in Stockholm 1691-1724 . (lu.se)
  • The law is so strict that miscarriages and stillbirths are considered murder, and the woman can be sent to jail. (foxnews.com)
  • However, this nutrient also has one very important and often-overlooked benefit that should put it at the top of every pregnant woman's list: the ability to help prevent miscarriages and stillbirths . (naturalnews.com)
  • Miscarriages and Stillbirths Have Gone Up. (mercola.com)
  • Women over 35 are more likely to have a stillbirth. (tommys.org)
  • If we can understand how this might cause stillbirth, we can try and create treatments that stop stillbirths by helping women to have healthier placentas. (tommys.org)
  • Researchers supported by Tommy's are looking at whether a package of care and resources for pregnant women can help stop stillbirths. (tommys.org)
  • This remains speculative, and so far, epidemiological studies from the US and England have not picked up on a rise in stillbirths among women who had COVID-19 while pregnant. (the-scientist.com)
  • And the silver lining is that a stillbirth typically does not endanger the life of the mother. (howstuffworks.com)
  • We are raising money for Sands, the stillbirth and neonatal death charity because of the much needed support they provide. (justgiving.com)
  • The Lancet, in its Thursday edition, has published a series of articles that aim to shatter the silence by examining the staggering toll of stillbirth - emotional, physical and economic - and proposing practical solutions. (yorku.ca)
  • Red Nose Australia are well known for their work preventing sudden unexplained death in infancy (SUDI), but having successfully reduced the rates of SUDI they are turning their attention to the prevention of stillbirths. (babyology.com.au)
  • GAPPS seeks to improve birth outcomes worldwide by reducing the burden of premature birth and stillbirths. (gapps.org)
  • If the stillbirth took place in Scotland, you can register at a registration office in Scotland. (eastrenfrewshire.gov.uk)
  • Meanwhile, researchers also looked at mice to see if age is related to stillbirth. (tommys.org)
  • The researchers are writing up their results for a peer-reviewed publication and Irish clinicians are alerting colleagues about their observation of stillbirths. (the-scientist.com)
  • Hospital to Home is a program funded by the federal government and designed to support bereaved parents following stillbirth and newborn death. (sands.org.au)
  • We are experts at investigating stillbirth and neonatal death cases. (clarkewillmott.com)
  • The lineup will be completed by Italian symphonic death metal virtuosos FLESHGOD APOCALPYSE and German slam death metal group STILLBIRTH. (nuclearblast.de)
  • The trek will be supported by our Italian partners in crime FLESHGOD APOCALYPSE and Germany's crazy slam death metallers STILLBIRTH. (nuclearblast.de)
  • A stillbirth can often result in the feeling of guilt or grief in the mother. (wikipedia.org)
  • It's normal to feel grief, anger, and guilt after a stillbirth. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lily Allen has been taunted by Twitter trolls over the stillbirth of her son and has admitted that she has suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder. (sky.com)
  • Torsion of the umbilical cord is very common (especially in equine stillbirths) but it is not a natural state of the umbilical cord. (wikipedia.org)
  • Less commonly, a problem with the umbilical cord, such as twisting or breakage of a blood vessel, may cut off the flow of blood to the fetus and lead to stillbirth. (howstuffworks.com)
  • The occupier of the house or Hospital where the stillbirth took place. (tameside.gov.uk)
  • Stillbirths, which come in the second or third trimester, are thankfully growing less common, but it is always sad news for the family when it happens. (howstuffworks.com)
  • J0nas-Simpson's research was also covered by PostMedia News April 14 in a story about the prevalence and impact of stillbirths among Inuit communities. (yorku.ca)
  • This is simply great news and an incredible achievement to keep the momentum going and keep stillbirth rates falling, especially during the pandemic. (rcm.org.uk)
  • Keep me up to date on news from the Stillbirth Foundation Australia. (stillbirthfoundation.org.au)
  • If stillbirth happens before delivery, your health care provider may induce labor or perform a Cesarean section to deliver the fetus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • So I had a stillbirth last year 26wks 5 days and this year 26wks 5days both girls were fully form. (babycenter.com)
  • Newly published data show there are more than 2.6 million stillbirths worldwide each year. (yorku.ca)
  • The Royal College of Midwives (RCM) says that efforts to keep driving down stillbirth rates must continue, as new figures show a continued fall this year. (rcm.org.uk)
  • The first-ever documented case of oral bacteria actually causing a full-term human stillbirth occurred early this year in Santa Monica, California. (clickpress.com)
  • Welcome to the seventh annual Lydie's Loop: Steps against Stillbirth! (qgiv.com)
  • However, the incidence of stillbirth has dropped significantly in the past thirty years. (womens-health.co.uk)
  • Early findings from this are promising: so far, there have been no stillbirths in mice who were given melatonin. (tommys.org)
  • This episode references the startling findings from the 'Price Waterhouse Cooper' economic impact analysis on the cost of stillbirth to organisations through presenteeism, absenteeism and family breakdown. (apple.com)
  • If the doctor fails to detect a heartbeat, confirmation of the diagnosis of stillbirth is sought with either an electronic heartbeat monitor or ultrasound. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Jonas-Simpson, a professor of nursing at York University [Faculty of Health], published a children's book, Ethan's Butterflies , and produced a series of research papers and documentaries on stillbirth, the latest of which, Enduring Love: Transforming Loss , will premiere in Toronto on May 15 . (yorku.ca)