A group of dermatoses with distinct morphologic features. The primary lesion is most commonly a papule, usually erythematous, with a variable degree of scaling on the surface. Plaques form through the coalescing of primary lesions.
A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug.
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.
'Skin diseases' is a broad term for various conditions affecting the skin, including inflammatory disorders, infections, benign and malignant tumors, congenital abnormalities, and degenerative diseases, which can cause symptoms such as rashes, discoloration, eruptions, lesions, itching, or pain.
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
A species of CAPRIPOXVIRUS causing a cattle disease occurring in Africa.
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.
Skin diseases characterized by local or general distributions of blisters. They are classified according to the site and mode of blister formation. Lesions can appear spontaneously or be precipitated by infection, trauma, or sunlight. Etiologies include immunologic and genetic factors. (From Scientific American Medicine, 1990)
A poxvirus infection of cattle characterized by the appearance of nodules on all parts of the skin.
Any inflammation of the skin.
Skin diseases caused by ARTHROPODS; HELMINTHS; or other parasites.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
Skin diseases caused by viruses.
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.
A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment.
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.
Diseases of the skin with a genetic component, usually the result of various inborn errors of metabolism.
The functions of the skin in the human and animal body. It includes the pigmentation of the skin.
The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.
Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.
A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.
Epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. Used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity.
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).
Uptake of substances through the SKIN.
A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.
A skin ulcer is a breakdown of the skin's surface and underlying tissues, often caused by prolonged pressure, infection, or poor circulation, leading to a loss of continuity in the epidermis and dermis, potentially extending into deeper layers such as subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and bone.
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.
Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.
Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin.
A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.
A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).
Coloration of the skin.
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.
The use of ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation in the treatment of disease, usually of the skin. This is the part of the sun's spectrum that causes sunburn and tanning. Ultraviolet A, used in PUVA, is closer to visible light and less damaging than Ultraviolet B, which is ionizing.
A genus of the family POXVIRIDAE, subfamily CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, comprising poxviruses infecting sheep, goats, and cattle. Transmission is usually mechanical by arthropods, but also includes contact, airborne routes, and non-living reservoirs (fomites).
Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It supports research into the causes, treatment, and prevention of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases; the training of basic and clinical scientists to carry out this research; and the dissemination of information on research progress. It was established in 1986.
Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis.
Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.
A mitosporic fungal genus that causes a variety of skin disorders. Malassezia furfur (Pityrosporum orbiculare) causes TINEA VERSICOLOR.
Photochemotherapy using PSORALENS as the photosensitizing agent and ultraviolet light type A (UVA).
A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes.
The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.
A family of structurally-related short-chain collagens that do not form large fibril bundles.
A slow-growing mycobacterium that infects the skin and subcutaneous tissues, giving rise to indolent BURULI ULCER.
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.
A layer of vascularized connective tissue underneath the EPIDERMIS. The surface of the dermis contains innervated papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are SWEAT GLANDS; HAIR FOLLICLES; and SEBACEOUS GLANDS.
Hand dermatoses is a general term referring to various inflammatory skin conditions primarily affecting the hands, such as eczema, psoriasis, and contact dermatitis, characterized by erythema, scaling, vesiculation, fissuring, or lichenification.
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.
Biological activities and functions of the SKIN.
A desmosomal cadherin that is an autoantigen in the acquired skin disorder PEMPHIGUS FOLIACEUS.
Synthetic material used for the treatment of burns and other conditions involving large-scale loss of skin. It often consists of an outer (epidermal) layer of silicone and an inner (dermal) layer of collagen and chondroitin 6-sulfate. The dermal layer elicits new growth and vascular invasion and the outer layer is later removed and replaced by a graft.
Any of a variety of eruptive skin disorders characterized by erythema, oozing, vesiculation, and scaling. Etiology is varied.
Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.
Diseases of the skin associated with underlying metabolic disorders.
'Military hygiene' is the practice of maintaining health and cleanliness standards within military forces to prevent the spread of diseases, ensure physical fitness, and promote overall well-being of soldiers in both training and combat environments.
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.
Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin.
Group of mostly hereditary disorders characterized by thickening of the palms and soles as a result of excessive keratin formation leading to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum (hyperkeratosis).
Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see PEMPHIGUS) and DARIER DISEASE.
A desmosomal cadherin that is an autoantigen in the acquired skin disorder PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS.
Skin tests in which the sensitizer is applied to a patch of cotton cloth or gauze held in place for approximately 48-72 hours. It is used for the elicitation of a contact hypersensitivity reaction.
Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.
Infestations with arthropods of the subclass ACARI, superorder Acariformes.
The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.
Diseases in persons engaged in cultivating and tilling soil, growing plants, harvesting crops, raising livestock, or otherwise engaged in husbandry and farming. The diseases are not restricted to farmers in the sense of those who perform conventional farm chores: the heading applies also to those engaged in the individual activities named above, as in those only gathering harvest or in those only dusting crops.
A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.
Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.
A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.
Scalp dermatoses refer to various inflammatory skin conditions affecting the scalp, including seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and tinea capitis, often characterized by symptoms such as redness, scaling, itching, and hair loss.
Virus diseases caused by the POXVIRIDAE.
A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.
An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.
Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
Agents that soften, separate, and cause desquamation of the cornified epithelium or horny layer of skin. They are used to expose mycelia of infecting fungi or to treat corns, warts, and certain other skin diseases.
A type I keratin that is found associated with the KERATIN-5 in the internal stratified EPITHELIUM. Mutations in the gene for keratin-14 are associated with EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA SIMPLEX.
A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.

Identification of a genetic defect in the hairless gene in atrichia with papular lesions: evidence for phenotypic heterogeneity among inherited atrichias. (1/40)

Recently, we showed that atrichia with papular lesions (APL), a rare inherited form of alopecia, is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait in a large inbred kindred of Israeli-Arab origin. Furthermore, we mapped the APL locus to a 5-cM region of chromosome 8p12 in this family. The human "hairless" gene is a candidate target gene for the disease mutation because it maps to the APL locus and because it was recently found to be mutated in a related but clinically distinct form of alopecia known as "alopecia universalis" or "congenital alopecia." In the present study, the coding sequence of the hairless gene was compared by reverse transcription-PCR in fibroblast cell lines derived from an affected patient and an unrelated individual. We identified a single-base deletion (3434delC) in the hairless gene that cosegregated with the disease phenotype in the family. This deletion is predicted to cause a frameshift mutation in the highly conserved C-terminal part of the hairless protein, a region putatively involved in the transcription factor activity of the hairless gene product. The present results are indicative of phenotypic heterogeneity in inherited atrichias caused by mutations in the hairless gene, suggesting different roles for the regions mutated in APL and in other forms of congenital atrichia during hair development.  (+info)

Papulonecrotic tuberculide and stenosis of the abdominal aorta. (2/40)

Papulonecrotic tuberculide (PNT) is a rare form of skin tuberculosis affecting predominantly young adults, with a history of immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We report a case of a young Caucasian female with PNT who was also documented to have a stenotic segment in the abdominal aorta. The difficulty in clarifying and treating the primary disease and the association between a tuberculous infection and Takayasu's arteritis are discussed.  (+info)

Degos' disease with constrictive pericarditis: a case report. (3/40)

A 47-year-old man with Degos' disease was examined by echocardiography, which showed hypokinesis of the apical left ventricular wall with pericardial effusion. To evaluate the myocardial perfusion and coronary flow reserve, 201Tl scintigraphy and intracoronary Doppler flowmetry were performed. The coronary flow reserve was not decreased nor was there angiographical coronary stenosis, although a pressure study revealed constrictive dysfunction of both ventricles. The constrictive pericarditis might have been induced by pericardial vasculitis, thereby causing the left ventricular wall motion abnormality.  (+info)

In situ expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) genes in human skin. (4/40)

Systemic stresses induce corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) expression in hypothalamus. CRH is released to the pituitary gland, where it stimulates proopiomelanocortin (POMC) production acting via the CRH receptor (CRH-R). CRH and POMC peptides are also detected in sites outside of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the skin. However, it has not been elucidated whether these peptides detected in the skin are derived from CNS or are produced locally. Using immunohistochemical and in situ reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR techniques, we demonstrated coexpression of CRH and POMC mRNAs in the epidermis and pilosebaceous units of the human skin. This coexpression was confirmed by the combination of laser-capture microdissection (LCM) with RT-PCR, analyzing mRNA expressions in captured sebaceous cells. Immunoreactivities and expressions of CRH and POMC mRNAs were strong in inflammatory lesions, melanocytic nevus, seborrheic keratosis, and also in the periphery of the benign tumor. These findings suggest that CRH and POMC peptides are produced locally in the skin and are regulated by inflammatory cells as well as by autocrine mechanisms. The skin may have "a local stress response system," whose activity is mediated by CRH and POMC peptides, in an equivalent to hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal axis.  (+info)

Clinical and molecular diagnostic criteria of congenital atrichia with papular lesions. (5/40)

Congenital atrichia with papular lesions is a rare, autosomal recessive form of total alopecia and mutations in the hairless (hir) gene have been implicated in this disorder. Published estimates of the prevalence of this disorder remain surprisingly low considering pathogenetic mutations in hir have been found in distinct ethnicities around the world. Therefore, it is likely that congenital atrichia with papular lesions is far more common than previously thought and is often mistaken for its phenocopy, the putative autoimmune form of alopecia universalis. To clarify this discrepancy, we propose criteria for the clinical diagnosis of congenital atrichia with papular lesions. Among these is the novel report of the consistent observation of hypopigmented whitish streaks on the scalp surface of affected individuals. Additionally, we report the identification of a novel missense mutation in hir from a family of Arab Palestinian origin that exhibits the pathognomonic features of atrichia with papular lesions. Collectively, we anticipate that an increased recognition of this disorder will result in more accurate diagnosis and the sparing of unnecessarily treatment to patients.  (+info)

Household papular urticaria. (6/40)

BACKGROUND: Papular urticaria often occurs after bites of insects such as mosquitoes, sandflies, bed bugs and fleas. Multiple bites and local pruritus are characteristic symptoms. Treatment is usually symptomatic and includes antihistamines and corticosteroids. The reappearance of the symptoms can be prevented by successful control of the parasite. OBJECTIVES: To find the causative agent of papular urticaria in afflicted households with involvement of numerous family members, all in a narrow geographic area. PATIENTS: We describe the cases of 20 patients belonging to seven families, who presented to the local primary clinic, suffering from papular urticaria. RESULTS: The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, was the hematophagous insect responsible for all infestations. The pruritus and the papular urticaria were treated symptomatically with calamine lotion, topical corticosteroids or oral antihistamines. All clinical symptoms disappeared within a few weeks after effective control of the parasites by spraying and fumigating the infested locations. CONCLUSIONS: Thorough investigation--including, at times, environmental inspection--is necessary to reach the rewarding discovery of the etiology of household papular urticaria. This condition may arise in other environments of similar character.  (+info)

Malignant atrophic papulosis. Report of a case with multiple ophthalmic findings. (7/40)

Malignant atrophic papulosis is a rare and fatal condition with multiple organ involvement. We describe a patient with progressive ocular and dermatological findings.  (+info)

A case of granulomatous rosacea: sorting granulomatous rosacea from other granulomatous diseases that affect the face. (8/40)

Granulomatous rosacea is a variant of rosacea that may present similar to other granulomatous diseases. We present the case of a 45-year-old woman with a 2-year history of facial erythema with multiple papules and pustules on the cheeks, chin, and glabella. The patient responded to minocycline, resulting in healing 6 months without residual scarring. This patient's clinical and histological presentation and treatment outcome are to our assessment consistent with granulomatous rosacea. However, other clinically and histologically related entities will be discussed. These entities include, but are not limited to, perioral dermatitis, granulomatous periorificial dermatitis, lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei, facial afro-caribbean eruption syndrome, and sarcoidosis.  (+info)

Papulosquamous skin diseases are a group of chronic inflammatory disorders of the skin characterized by the development of papules (small, solid, often conical bump) and scales. These diseases include psoriasis, lichen planus, and seborrheic dermatitis among others. The skin lesions in these conditions are often red, scaly, and may be pruritic (itchy). They can vary in severity and distribution, and can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. The exact cause of these diseases is not fully understood, but they are believed to involve an abnormal immune response and genetic factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of topical therapies, phototherapy, and systemic medications.

Pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) is a rare, chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by the development of reddish orange scaly patches and thickened plaques on the skin. It primarily affects the scalp, face, knees, elbows, and palms and soles. The condition can also cause reddening and thickening of the skin over the entire body in severe cases.

The key features of PRP include follicular papules (small bumps around hair follicles) that may be surrounded by a white collarette of scale, and areas of skin that are redder than normal (erythema). The condition can also cause nail changes, such as thickening and ridging.

PRP is thought to be caused by an abnormal immune response, although the exact cause is not known. It can affect people of all ages, but it is most commonly seen in children and adults between 40-60 years old. The condition typically progresses through several stages, with periods of worsening symptoms followed by periods of improvement or remission.

Treatment for PRP may include topical therapies, such as corticosteroids or retinoids, as well as systemic treatments, such as immunosuppressive drugs or biologics. The choice of treatment depends on the severity and extent of the condition, as well as other factors.

Lichen Planus is a chronic, autoimmune skin condition that can also affect the mucous membranes inside the mouth, genitals, and eyes. It is characterized by the appearance of purplish, flat-topped bumps or lesions on the skin, which may be itchy. The exact cause of Lichen Planus is unknown, but it is believed to occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks cells in the skin or mucous membranes. Certain medications, viral infections, and genetic factors may increase the risk of developing this condition. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms and may include topical corticosteroids, oral medications, or light therapy.

Skin diseases, also known as dermatological conditions, refer to any medical condition that affects the skin, which is the largest organ of the human body. These diseases can affect the skin's function, appearance, or overall health. They can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, allergies, environmental factors, and aging.

Skin diseases can present in many different forms, such as rashes, blisters, sores, discolorations, growths, or changes in texture. Some common examples of skin diseases include acne, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, fungal infections, viral infections, bacterial infections, and skin cancer.

The symptoms and severity of skin diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and individual factors. Some skin diseases are mild and can be treated with over-the-counter medications or topical creams, while others may require more intensive treatments such as prescription medications, light therapy, or even surgery.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual or persistent changes in your skin, as some skin diseases can be serious or indicative of other underlying health conditions. A dermatologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.

In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the Poxviridae family and Capripoxvirus genus. It is the causative agent of Lumpy Skine Disease (LSD), a severe vector-borne viral disease affecting cattle. The virus is transmitted through blood-sucking insects, such as mosquitoes and ticks, or through direct contact with infected animals.

The clinical signs of LSD include the development of nodules or lumps on the skin, particularly on the head, neck, and limbs, which can vary in size from small papules to large tumors. Other symptoms may include fever, loss of appetite, nasal discharge, excessive salivation, and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, LSD can lead to death due to secondary bacterial infections or complications related to the respiratory system.

LSDV is a significant concern for the global cattle industry, as it can cause significant economic losses due to reduced milk production, weight loss, decreased fertility, and increased mortality rates. It is endemic in many African countries, but has also been reported in several countries in the Middle East, Asia, and Eastern Europe. Vaccination is an effective strategy for controlling LSD, and several vaccines are available for use in affected regions.

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder that is characterized by recurrent episodes of red, scaly patches on the skin. The scales are typically silvery-white and often occur on the elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back, but they can appear anywhere on the body. The exact cause of psoriasis is unknown, but it is believed to be related to an immune system issue that causes skin cells to grow too quickly.

There are several types of psoriasis, including plaque psoriasis (the most common form), guttate psoriasis, inverse psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, and erythrodermic psoriasis. The symptoms and severity of the condition can vary widely from person to person, ranging from mild to severe.

While there is no cure for psoriasis, various treatments are available that can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. These may include topical medications, light therapy, and systemic medications such as biologics. Lifestyle measures such as stress reduction, quitting smoking, and avoiding triggers (such as certain foods or alcohol) may also be helpful in managing psoriasis.

Vesiculobullous skin diseases are a group of disorders characterized by the formation of blisters (vesicles) and bullae (larger blisters) on the skin. These blisters form when there is a separation between the epidermis (outer layer of the skin) and the dermis (layer beneath the epidermis) due to damage in the area where they join, known as the dermo-epidermal junction.

There are several types of vesiculobullous diseases, each with its own specific causes and symptoms. Some of the most common types include:

1. Pemphigus vulgaris: an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks proteins that help to hold the skin together, causing blisters to form.
2. Bullous pemphigoid: another autoimmune disorder, but in this case, the immune system attacks a different set of proteins, leading to large blisters and inflammation.
3. Dermatitis herpetiformis: a skin condition associated with celiac disease, where gluten ingestion triggers an immune response that leads to the formation of itchy blisters.
4. Pemphigoid gestationis: a rare autoimmune disorder that occurs during pregnancy and causes blisters on the abdomen and other parts of the body.
5. Epidermolysis bullosa: a group of inherited disorders where there is a fragile skin structure, leading to blistering and wound formation after minor trauma or friction.

Treatment for vesiculobullous diseases depends on the specific diagnosis and may include topical or systemic medications, such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or antibiotics, as well as wound care and prevention of infection.

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a viral disease that affects cattle and water buffalo. It is caused by the Capripoxvirus, which is a double-stranded DNA virus. The disease is characterized by the development of nodules or lumps in the skin and other organs of the infected animal. These nodules are typically found on the head, neck, limbs, and perineal region of the animal.

The LSD virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, contaminated feed and water, and mechanical vectors such as insects, particularly mosquitoes and biting flies. The incubation period for LSD ranges from 2 to 4 weeks. In addition to skin nodules, the disease can also cause fever, decreased milk production, difficulty breathing, and lameness.

Lumpy Skin Disease is not generally fatal, but it can result in significant economic losses due to reduced milk production, weight loss, and decreased fertility. The disease is endemic in many parts of Africa and has also been reported in the Middle East, Asia, and Eastern Europe. There is no specific treatment for LSD, but vaccination can help prevent the spread of the disease.

Dermatitis is a general term that describes inflammation of the skin. It is often characterized by redness, swelling, itching, and tenderness. There are many different types of dermatitis, including atopic dermatitis (eczema), contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and nummular dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic skin condition that often affects people with a family history of allergies, such as asthma or hay fever. It typically causes dry, scaly patches on the skin that can be extremely itchy.

Contact dermatitis occurs when the skin comes into contact with an irritant or allergen, such as poison ivy or certain chemicals. This type of dermatitis can cause redness, swelling, and blistering.

Seborrheic dermatitis is a common condition that causes a red, itchy rash, often on the scalp, face, or other areas of the body where oil glands are located. It is thought to be related to an overproduction of oil by the skin's sebaceous glands.

Nummular dermatitis is a type of eczema that causes round, coin-shaped patches of dry, scaly skin. It is more common in older adults and often occurs during the winter months.

Treatment for dermatitis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, over-the-counter creams or lotions may be sufficient to relieve symptoms. Prescription medications, such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressants, may be necessary in more severe cases. Avoiding triggers and irritants can also help prevent flare-ups of dermatitis.

Parasitic skin diseases are conditions caused by parasites living on or in the skin. These parasites can be insects, mites, or fungi that feed off of the host for their own survival. They can cause a variety of symptoms including itching, rashes, blisters, and lesions on the skin. Examples of parasitic skin diseases include scabies, lice infestations, and ringworm. Treatment typically involves the use of topical or oral medications to kill the parasites and alleviate symptoms.

Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the skin that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled multiplication of skin cells, which can form various types of lesions. These growths may appear as lumps, bumps, sores, patches, or discolored areas on the skin.

Benign skin neoplasms include conditions such as moles, warts, and seborrheic keratoses, while malignant skin neoplasms are primarily classified into melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. These three types of cancerous skin growths are collectively known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer, while NMSCs tend to be less invasive but more common.

It's essential to monitor any changes in existing skin lesions or the appearance of new growths and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment if needed.

Skin diseases of viral origin are conditions that affect the skin caused by viral infections. These infections can lead to various symptoms such as rashes, blisters, papules, and skin lesions. Some common examples of viral skin diseases include:

1. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infection: This causes cold sores or genital herpes, which are characterized by small, painful blisters on the skin.
2. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection: This causes chickenpox and shingles, which are characterized by itchy, fluid-filled blisters on the skin.
3. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection: This causes warts, which are small, rough growths on the skin.
4. Molluscum contagiosum: This is a viral infection that causes small, raised, and pearly white bumps on the skin.
5. Measles: This is a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, and a rash that spreads all over the body.
6. Rubella: Also known as German measles, this viral infection causes a red rash on the face and neck that spreads to the rest of the body.

Viral skin diseases can be spread through direct contact with an infected person or contaminated objects, such as towels or bedding. Some viral skin diseases can be prevented through vaccination, while others can be treated with antiviral medications or other therapies.

Skin aging, also known as cutaneous aging, is a complex and multifactorial process characterized by various visible changes in the skin's appearance and function. It can be divided into two main types: intrinsic (chronological or natural) aging and extrinsic (environmental) aging.

Intrinsic aging is a genetically determined and time-dependent process that results from internal factors such as cellular metabolism, hormonal changes, and genetic predisposition. The primary features of intrinsic aging include gradual thinning of the epidermis and dermis, decreased collagen and elastin production, reduced skin cell turnover, and impaired wound healing. Clinically, these changes present as fine wrinkles, dryness, loss of elasticity, and increased fragility of the skin.

Extrinsic aging, on the other hand, is caused by external factors such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, pollution, smoking, alcohol consumption, and poor nutrition. Exposure to these environmental elements leads to oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage, which accelerate the aging process. The main features of extrinsic aging are coarse wrinkles, pigmentary changes (e.g., age spots, melasma), irregular texture, skin laxity, and increased risk of developing skin cancers.

It is important to note that intrinsic and extrinsic aging processes often interact and contribute to the overall appearance of aged skin. A comprehensive approach to skincare should address both types of aging to maintain healthy and youthful-looking skin.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that is commonly known as eczema. It is characterized by dry, itchy, and scaly patches on the skin that can become red, swollen, and cracked over time. The condition often affects the skin on the face, hands, feet, and behind the knees, and it can be triggered or worsened by exposure to certain allergens, irritants, stress, or changes in temperature and humidity. Atopic dermatitis is more common in people with a family history of allergies, such as asthma or hay fever, and it often begins in infancy or early childhood. The exact cause of atopic dermatitis is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors that affect the immune system and the skin's ability to maintain a healthy barrier function.

Dermatology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and conditions related to the skin, hair, nails, and mucous membranes. A dermatologist is a medical doctor who has completed specialized training in this field. They are qualified to treat a wide range of skin conditions, including acne, eczema, psoriasis, skin cancer, and many others. Dermatologists may also perform cosmetic procedures to improve the appearance of the skin or to treat signs of aging.

Occupational dermatitis is a specific type of contact dermatitis that results from exposure to certain substances or conditions in the workplace. It can be caused by direct contact with chemicals, irritants, or allergens present in the work environment. This condition typically affects the skin on the hands and forearms but can also involve other areas of the body, depending on the nature of the exposure.

There are two main types of occupational dermatitis:

1. Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD): This type occurs when the skin comes into direct contact with an irritating substance, leading to redness, swelling, itching, and sometimes blistering. Common irritants include solvents, detergents, oils, and other industrial chemicals.
2. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD): This type is a result of an allergic reaction to a specific substance. The immune system identifies the allergen as harmful and mounts a response, causing skin inflammation. Common allergens include latex, metals (such as nickel), and certain plants (like poison ivy).

Prevention measures for occupational dermatitis include using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves, masks, and aprons, as well as practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly and avoiding touching the face with contaminated hands. If you suspect you have developed occupational dermatitis, consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Genetic skin diseases are a group of disorders caused by mutations or alterations in the genetic material (DNA), which can be inherited from one or both parents. These mutations affect the structure, function, or development of the skin and can lead to various conditions with different symptoms, severity, and prognosis.

Some examples of genetic skin diseases include:

1. Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB): A group of disorders characterized by fragile skin and mucous membranes that blister and tear easily, leading to painful sores and wounds. There are several types of EB, each caused by mutations in different genes involved in anchoring the epidermis to the dermis.
2. Ichthyosis: A family of genetic disorders characterized by dry, thickened, scaly, or rough skin. The severity and symptoms can vary widely, depending on the specific type and underlying genetic cause.
3. Neurofibromatosis: A group of conditions caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, which regulates cell growth and division. The most common types, NF1 and NF2, are characterized by the development of benign tumors called neurofibromas on the skin and nerves, as well as other symptoms affecting various organs and systems.
4. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC): A genetic disorder caused by mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, which control cell growth and division. TSC is characterized by the development of benign tumors in multiple organs, including the skin, brain, heart, kidneys, and lungs.
5. Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP): A rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in genes responsible for repairing DNA damage from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. People with XP are extremely sensitive to sunlight and have a high risk of developing skin cancer and other complications.
6. Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP): A genetic disorder that affects the development and growth of skin, hair, nails, teeth, and eyes. IP is caused by mutations in the IKBKG gene and primarily affects females.
7. Darier's Disease: An inherited skin disorder characterized by greasy, crusted, keratotic papules and plaques, usually located on the trunk, scalp, and seborrheic areas of the body. Darier's disease is caused by mutations in the ATP2A2 gene.

These are just a few examples of genetic skin disorders. There are many more, each with its unique set of symptoms, causes, and treatments. If you or someone you know has a genetic skin disorder, it is essential to consult with a dermatologist or other healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

"Skin physiological phenomena" is not a standard medical term with a specific definition. However, I can provide some information about the general concepts that might be encompassed by this term.

Physiological phenomena refer to the functions and processes that occur in living organisms. When it comes to the skin, there are many different physiological phenomena that take place, including:

1. Barrier function: The skin acts as a barrier to protect the body from external elements such as bacteria, viruses, chemicals, and UV radiation.
2. Temperature regulation: The skin helps regulate body temperature through sweat production and blood flow.
3. Sensation: The skin contains nerve endings that allow us to feel touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
4. Vitamin D synthesis: The skin can produce vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.
5. Moisture regulation: The skin helps maintain the body's moisture balance by producing sweat and preventing water loss.
6. Immunological function: The skin plays a role in the immune system by providing a physical barrier and containing immune cells that help fight off infections.
7. Excretion: The skin eliminates waste products through sweat.
8. Wound healing: The skin has the ability to repair itself after injury, through a complex process involving inflammation, tissue regeneration, and remodeling.

Therefore, "skin physiological phenomena" could refer to any or all of these functions and processes that take place in the skin.

The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, composed mainly of stratified squamous epithelium. It forms a protective barrier that prevents water loss and inhibits the entry of microorganisms. The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and its cells are nourished by diffusion from the underlying dermis. The bottom-most layer of the epidermis, called the stratum basale, is responsible for generating new skin cells that eventually move up to replace dead cells on the surface. This process of cell turnover takes about 28 days in adults.

The most superficial part of the epidermis consists of dead cells called squames, which are constantly shed and replaced. The exact rate at which this happens varies depending on location; for example, it's faster on the palms and soles than elsewhere. Melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells, are also located in the epidermis, specifically within the stratum basale layer.

In summary, the epidermis is a vital part of our integumentary system, providing not only physical protection but also playing a crucial role in immunity and sensory perception through touch receptors called Pacinian corpuscles.

Acne vulgaris is a common skin condition characterized by the formation of various types of blemishes on the skin, such as blackheads, whiteheads, papules, pustules, and cysts or nodules. These lesions typically appear on areas of the body that have a high concentration of sebaceous glands, including the face, neck, chest, back, and shoulders.

Acne vulgaris occurs when hair follicles become clogged with dead skin cells and excess oil (sebum) produced by the sebaceous glands. This blockage provides an ideal environment for bacteria, particularly Propionibacterium acnes, to multiply, leading to inflammation and infection. The severity of acne vulgaris can range from mild with only a few scattered comedones (blackheads or whiteheads) to severe cystic acne, which can cause significant scarring and emotional distress.

The exact causes of acne vulgaris are not fully understood, but several factors contribute to its development, including:

1. Hormonal changes during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, or due to conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
2. Genetic predisposition
3. Use of certain medications, such as corticosteroids and lithium
4. Excessive production of sebum due to overactive sebaceous glands
5. Accumulation of dead skin cells that clog pores
6. Bacterial infection (particularly Propionibacterium acnes)
7. Inflammation caused by the body's immune response to bacterial infection and clogged pores

Treatment for acne vulgaris depends on its severity and can include over-the-counter or prescription topical treatments, oral medications, chemical peels, light therapies, or even hormonal therapies in some cases. It is essential to seek professional medical advice from a dermatologist or healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate treatment plan for individual needs.

Infectious skin diseases are conditions characterized by an infection or infestation of the skin caused by various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. These organisms invade the skin, causing inflammation, redness, itching, pain, and other symptoms. Examples of infectious skin diseases include:

1. Bacterial infections: Cellulitis, impetigo, folliculitis, and MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infections are examples of bacterial skin infections.
2. Viral infections: Herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and molluscum contagiosum are common viruses that can cause skin infections.
3. Fungal infections: Tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea corporis (ringworm), candidiasis (yeast infection), and pityriasis versicolor are examples of fungal skin infections.
4. Parasitic infestations: Scabies, lice, and bed bugs are examples of parasites that can cause infectious skin diseases.

Treatment for infectious skin diseases depends on the underlying cause and may include topical or oral antibiotics, antiviral medications, antifungal treatments, or insecticides to eliminate parasitic infestations. Proper hygiene, wound care, and avoiding contact with infected individuals can help prevent the spread of infectious skin diseases.

Keratinocytes are the predominant type of cells found in the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin. These cells are responsible for producing keratin, a tough protein that provides structural support and protection to the skin. Keratinocytes undergo constant turnover, with new cells produced in the basal layer of the epidermis and older cells moving upward and eventually becoming flattened and filled with keratin as they reach the surface of the skin, where they are then shed. They also play a role in the immune response and can release cytokines and other signaling molecules to help protect the body from infection and injury.

Prurigo is a dermatological condition characterized by the development of persistent, itchy papules (small, solid, raised bumps) on the skin. These lesions often result in scratching or rubbing, which can further exacerbate the itching and lead to the formation of new papules. The exact cause of prurigo is not well understood, but it may be associated with various underlying conditions such as atopic dermatitis, diabetes, HIV infection, or chronic renal failure.

There are two main types of prurigo: acute and chronic. Acute prurigo typically lasts for less than six months and is often triggered by an insect bite, drug reaction, or other short-term factors. Chronic prurigo, on the other hand, can persist for years and may be more resistant to treatment.

Prurigo can significantly affect a person's quality of life due to constant itching, discomfort, and potential sleep disturbances. Dermatological evaluation, identification of underlying causes, and appropriate management strategies are essential in addressing this condition effectively.

Pemphigus is a group of rare, autoimmune blistering diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes. In these conditions, the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies against desmoglein proteins, which are crucial for maintaining cell-to-cell adhesion in the epidermis (outermost layer of the skin). This results in the loss of keratinocyte cohesion and formation of flaccid blisters filled with serous fluid.

There are several types of pemphigus, including:

1. Pemphigus vulgaris - The most common form, primarily affecting middle-aged to older adults, with widespread erosions and flaccid blisters on the skin and mucous membranes (e.g., mouth, nose, genitals).
2. Pemphigus foliaceus - A more superficial form, mainly involving the skin, causing crusted erosions and scaly lesions without mucosal involvement. It is more prevalent in older individuals and in certain geographical regions like the Middle East.
3. Paraneoplastic pemphigus - A rare type associated with underlying neoplasms (cancers), such as lymphomas or carcinomas, characterized by severe widespread blistering of both skin and mucous membranes, along with antibodies against additional antigens besides desmogleins.
4. IgA pemphigus - A less common form characterized by localized or generalized erosions and blisters, with IgA autoantibodies targeting the basement membrane zone.

Treatment for pemphigus typically involves high-dose systemic corticosteroids, often in combination with immunosuppressive agents (e.g., azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab) to control the disease activity and prevent complications. Regular follow-ups with dermatologists and oral specialists are essential for monitoring treatment response and managing potential side effects.

Skin tests are medical diagnostic procedures that involve the application of a small amount of a substance to the skin, usually through a scratch, prick, or injection, to determine if the body has an allergic reaction to it. The most common type of skin test is the patch test, which involves applying a patch containing a small amount of the suspected allergen to the skin and observing the area for signs of a reaction, such as redness, swelling, or itching, over a period of several days. Another type of skin test is the intradermal test, in which a small amount of the substance is injected just beneath the surface of the skin. Skin tests are used to help diagnose allergies, including those to pollen, mold, pets, and foods, as well as to identify sensitivities to medications, chemicals, and other substances.

Eczema is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the skin, which leads to symptoms such as redness, itching, scaling, and blistering. It is often used to describe atopic dermatitis, a chronic relapsing form of eczema, although there are several other types of eczema with different causes and characteristics.

Atopic dermatitis is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and it often affects people with a family history of allergic conditions such as asthma or hay fever. The condition typically begins in infancy or childhood and can persist into adulthood, although it may improve over time.

Eczema can affect any part of the body, but it is most commonly found on the hands, feet, behind the knees, inside the elbows, and on the face. The rash of eczema is often accompanied by dry, scaly skin, and people with the condition may experience periods of flare-ups and remissions.

Treatment for eczema typically involves a combination of moisturizers to keep the skin hydrated, topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and antihistamines to relieve itching. In severe cases, systemic immunosuppressive drugs may be necessary. It is also important for people with eczema to avoid triggers that can worsen their symptoms, such as harsh soaps, scratchy fabrics, and stress.

Skin absorption, also known as percutaneous absorption, refers to the process by which substances are taken up by the skin and pass into the systemic circulation. This occurs when a substance is applied topically to the skin and penetrates through the various layers of the epidermis and dermis until it reaches the capillaries, where it can be transported to other parts of the body.

The rate and extent of skin absorption depend on several factors, including the physicochemical properties of the substance (such as its molecular weight, lipophilicity, and charge), the concentration and formulation of the product, the site of application, and the integrity and condition of the skin.

Skin absorption is an important route of exposure for many chemicals, drugs, and cosmetic ingredients, and it can have both therapeutic and toxicological consequences. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms and factors that influence skin absorption is crucial for assessing the safety and efficacy of topical products and for developing strategies to enhance or reduce their absorption as needed.

Seborrheic dermatitis is a common, inflammatory skin condition that mainly affects the scalp, face, and upper part of the body. It causes skin irritation, flaking, and redness, often in areas where the skin is oily or greasy. The exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis is not fully understood, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and microbial factors.

The symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis can vary in severity and may include:

* Greasy or flaky scales on the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, ears, or beard
* Redness and inflammation of the skin
* Itching, burning, or stinging sensations
* Yellow or white crusty patches on the scalp or other affected areas
* Hair loss (in severe cases)

Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic condition that tends to flare up and then subside over time. While there is no cure for seborrheic dermatitis, various treatments can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications. These may include medicated shampoos, topical creams or ointments, and lifestyle changes such as stress reduction and avoiding triggers that worsen symptoms.

It is important to note that seborrheic dermatitis should not be confused with other skin conditions, such as psoriasis or eczema, which may have similar symptoms. A healthcare professional can provide a proper diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment options based on the individual's specific needs.

Pruritus is a medical term derived from Latin, in which "prurire" means "to itch." It refers to an unpleasant sensation on the skin that provokes the desire or reflex to scratch. This can be caused by various factors, such as skin conditions (e.g., dryness, eczema, psoriasis), systemic diseases (e.g., liver disease, kidney failure), nerve disorders, psychological conditions, or reactions to certain medications.

Pruritus can significantly affect a person's quality of life, leading to sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. Proper identification and management of the underlying cause are essential for effective treatment.

A skin ulcer is a defined as a loss of continuity or disruption of the skin surface, often accompanied by inflammation and/or infection. These lesions can result from various causes including pressure, venous or arterial insufficiency, diabetes, and chronic dermatological conditions. Skin ulcers are typically characterized by their appearance, depth, location, and underlying cause. Common types of skin ulcers include pressure ulcers (also known as bedsores), venous leg ulcers, arterial ulcers, and diabetic foot ulcers. Proper evaluation, wound care, management of underlying conditions, and prevention strategies are crucial in the treatment of skin ulcers to promote healing and prevent complications.

Bacterial skin diseases are a type of infectious skin condition caused by various species of bacteria. These bacteria can multiply rapidly on the skin's surface when given the right conditions, leading to infection and inflammation. Some common bacterial skin diseases include:

1. Impetigo: A highly contagious superficial skin infection that typically affects exposed areas such as the face, hands, and feet. It is commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria.
2. Cellulitis: A deep-skin infection that can spread rapidly and involves the inner layers of the skin and underlying tissue. It is often caused by Group A Streptococcus or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
3. Folliculitis: An inflammation of hair follicles, usually caused by an infection with Staphylococcus aureus or other bacteria.
4. Furuncles (boils) and carbuncles: Deep infections that develop from folliculitis when the infection spreads to surrounding tissue. A furuncle is a single boil, while a carbuncle is a cluster of boils.
5. Erysipelas: A superficial skin infection characterized by redness, swelling, and warmth in the affected area. It is typically caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria.
6. MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infections: Skin infections caused by a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistance to many antibiotics, making it more difficult to treat.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial infection transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil and characterized by flu-like symptoms and skin rashes.

Treatment for bacterial skin diseases usually involves the use of topical or oral antibiotics, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In some cases, drainage of pus-filled abscesses may be necessary to promote healing. Proper hygiene and wound care can help prevent the spread of these infections.

Rosacea is a chronic skin condition primarily characterized by persistent redness, inflammation, and visible blood vessels on the face, particularly the nose, cheeks, forehead, and chin. It can also cause small, red, pus-filled bumps. Rosacea typically affects adults between 30 and 50 years old, with fair skin types being more susceptible. The exact cause of rosacea is unknown, but it's believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including abnormal facial blood vessels, immune system issues, and certain triggers (such as sun exposure, emotional stress, hot or cold weather, heavy exercise, alcohol consumption, spicy foods, and certain skin care products). There is no cure for rosacea, but various treatments can help control its symptoms and improve the appearance of the skin. These may include topical medications, oral antibiotics, laser therapy, and lifestyle modifications to avoid triggers.

Dermatomycoses are a group of fungal infections that affect the skin, hair, and nails. These infections are caused by various types of fungi, including dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds. Dermatophyte infections, also known as tinea, are the most common type of dermatomycoses and can affect different areas of the body, such as the scalp (tinea capitis), beard (tinea barbae), body (tinea corporis), feet (tinea pedis or athlete's foot), hands (tinea manuum), and nails (tinea unguium or onychomycosis). Yeast infections, such as those caused by Candida albicans, can lead to conditions like candidal intertrigo, vulvovaginitis, and balanitis. Mold infections are less common but can cause skin disorders like scalded skin syndrome and phaeohyphomycosis. Dermatomycoses are typically treated with topical or oral antifungal medications.

Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB) is a group of rare inherited skin disorders that are characterized by the development of blisters, erosions, and scarring following minor trauma or friction. The condition results from a genetic defect that affects the structural proteins responsible for anchoring the epidermis (outer layer of the skin) to the dermis (inner layer of the skin).

There are several types of EB, which vary in severity and clinical presentation. These include:

1. Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex (EBS): This is the most common form of EB, and it typically affects the skin's superficial layers. Blistering tends to occur after minor trauma or friction, and healing usually occurs without scarring. There are several subtypes of EBS, which vary in severity.
2. Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa (JEB): This form of EB affects the deeper layers of the skin, and blistering can occur spontaneously or following minor trauma. Healing often results in scarring, and affected individuals may also experience nail loss, dental abnormalities, and fragile mucous membranes.
3. Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (DEB): DEB affects the deeper layers of the skin, and blistering can lead to significant scarring, contractures, and fusion of fingers and toes. There are two main subtypes of DEB: recessive DEB (RDEB), which is more severe and associated with a higher risk of skin cancer, and dominant DEB (DDEB), which tends to be milder.
4. Kindler Syndrome: This is a rare form of EB that affects both the epidermis and dermis. Blistering can occur spontaneously or following minor trauma, and affected individuals may experience photosensitivity, poikiloderma (a mottled skin appearance), and oral and gastrointestinal abnormalities.

Treatment for EB typically focuses on managing symptoms, preventing blister formation and infection, and promoting wound healing. There is currently no cure for EB, but research is ongoing to develop new therapies and treatments.

Keratosis, in general, refers to a skin condition characterized by the abnormal growth or development of keratin, a protein that forms part of the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). There are several types of keratosis, including:

1. Seborrheic Keratosis: benign, often pigmented, rough, and scaly growths that can appear anywhere on the body. They tend to increase in number with age.
2. Actinic Keratosis: rough, scaly patches or spots on the skin that are caused by long-term exposure to sunlight or artificial UV light. These have the potential to develop into squamous cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer.
3. Solar Keratosis: another term for actinic keratosis, as it is primarily caused by sun damage.
4. Keratosis Pilaris: a common condition where small, rough bumps appear on the skin, often on the arms, thighs, or cheeks. These are caused by excess keratin blocking hair follicles.
5. Follicular Keratosis: a disorder characterized by the formation of horny plugs within the hair follicles, leading to rough, sandpaper-like bumps on the skin.
6. Intraepidermal Keratosis: a term used to describe the abnormal accumulation of keratin in the epidermis, which can lead to various skin conditions.

It's important to consult with a healthcare professional or dermatologist for proper diagnosis and treatment if you suspect having any form of keratosis.

Dermatologic agents are medications, chemicals, or other substances that are applied to the skin (dermis) for therapeutic or cosmetic purposes. They can be used to treat various skin conditions such as acne, eczema, psoriasis, fungal infections, and wounds. Dermatologic agents include topical corticosteroids, antibiotics, antifungals, retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and many others. They can come in various forms such as creams, ointments, gels, lotions, solutions, and patches. It is important to follow the instructions for use carefully to ensure safety and effectiveness.

According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology and the National Organization for Rare Disorders, bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune blistering disorder characterized by the formation of large, fluid-filled blisters (bullae) on the skin and mucous membranes. This condition primarily affects older adults, with most cases occurring in individuals over 60 years of age.

In bullous pemphigoid, the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies against proteins called BP230 and BP180, which are found in the basement membrane zone – a layer that separates the epidermis (outer skin layer) from the dermis (inner skin layer). This autoimmune response leads to the formation of blisters, causing significant discomfort and potential complications if left untreated.

The symptoms of bullous pemphigoid typically include:

1. Large, fluid-filled blisters on the skin, often appearing on the trunk, arms, or legs. These blisters may be itchy or painful.
2. Blisters that rupture easily, leading to raw, open sores.
3. Mucous membrane involvement, such as blisters in the mouth, nose, eyes, or genital area.
4. Skin redness and irritation.
5. Fluid-filled bumps (papules) or pus-filled bumps (pustules).
6. Scarring and skin discoloration after blisters heal.

Treatment for bullous pemphigoid usually involves a combination of medications to control the immune response, reduce inflammation, and promote healing. These may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or other targeted therapies. In some cases, antibiotics may also be prescribed to help manage secondary infections that can occur due to blister formation.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan if you suspect you have bullous pemphigoid or are experiencing related symptoms.

Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (CLE) is a skin manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease, but it can also occur without systemic involvement. It is characterized by various skin lesions that differ in appearance and distribution. The three main subtypes of CLE are:

1. Acute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (ACLE): This form is typically associated with SLE and is characterized by a classic malar or "butterfly" rash on the face, which is often photosensitive and can be accompanied by discoid lesions. The rash may also appear on other sun-exposed areas of the body.

2. Chronic Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (CCLE): This subtype includes Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE) and other less common forms such as lupus panniculitis and chilblain lupus. DLE is characterized by well-circumscribed, erythematous, scaly plaques that can cause scarring and pigmentation changes, often found on the face, scalp, and ears. Lupus panniculitis presents as deep subcutaneous nodules or indurated plaques, typically located on the trunk and proximal extremities. Chilblain lupus is characterized by violaceous, tender, and swollen lesions on acral areas, often triggered by cold exposure.

3. Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (SCLE): This form of CLE presents as non-scarring, papulosquamous or annular polycyclic rashes, often located on the trunk and proximal extremities. The lesions are typically photosensitive and may appear in patients with SLE or those with isolated cutaneous disease.

The diagnosis of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus is based on clinical presentation, histopathological findings, and sometimes direct immunofluorescence. Treatment depends on the severity and extent of skin involvement and may include topical therapies, antimalarials, corticosteroids, immunomodulatory agents, or photoprotection measures.

Skin pigmentation is the coloration of the skin that is primarily determined by two types of melanin pigments, eumelanin and pheomelanin. These pigments are produced by melanocytes, which are specialized cells located in the epidermis. Eumelanin is responsible for brown or black coloration, while pheomelanin produces a red or yellow hue.

The amount and distribution of melanin in the skin can vary depending on genetic factors, age, sun exposure, and various other influences. Increased production of melanin in response to UV radiation from the sun helps protect the skin from damage, leading to darkening or tanning of the skin. However, excessive sun exposure can also cause irregular pigmentation, such as sunspots or freckles.

Abnormalities in skin pigmentation can result from various medical conditions, including albinism (lack of melanin production), vitiligo (loss of melanocytes leading to white patches), and melasma (excessive pigmentation often caused by hormonal changes). These conditions may require medical treatment to manage or improve the pigmentation issues.

Allergic contact dermatitis is a type of inflammatory skin reaction that occurs when the skin comes into contact with a substance (allergen) that the immune system recognizes as foreign and triggers an allergic response. This condition is characterized by redness, itching, swelling, blistering, and cracking of the skin, which usually develops within 24-48 hours after exposure to the allergen. Common allergens include metals (such as nickel), rubber, medications, fragrances, and cosmetics. It is important to note that a person must first be sensitized to the allergen before developing an allergic response upon subsequent exposures.

Ultraviolet (UV) therapy, also known as phototherapy, is a medical treatment that uses ultraviolet light to treat various skin conditions. The UV light can be delivered through natural sunlight or artificial sources, such as specialized lamps or lasers.

In medical settings, controlled doses of UV light are used to target specific areas of the skin. The most common type of UV therapy is narrowband UVB (NB-UVB) phototherapy, which uses a specific wavelength of UVB light to treat conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, and dermatitis.

The goal of UV therapy is to reduce inflammation, slow skin cell growth, and improve the overall appearance of the skin. It is important to note that while UV therapy can be effective in treating certain skin conditions, it also carries risks such as skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer. Therefore, it should only be administered under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

Capripoxvirus is a genus of viruses in the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. This genus includes three species of poxviruses that primarily infect members of the Artiodactyla order (even-toed ungulates), such as sheep, goats, and cattle. The three species are:

1. Sheeppox virus (SPPV) - causes sheeppox in sheep and goatpox in goats
2. Goatpox virus (GTPV) - causes goatpox in goats and sometimes in sheep
3. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) - causes lumpy skin disease in cattle

These viruses are large, complex, enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses with a linear genome of approximately 150 kilobases. They replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells and can cause severe diseases in their respective hosts, characterized by fever, lesions on the skin and mucous membranes, and secondary bacterial infections. Vaccination is an important control strategy for capripoxviruses.

A blister is a small fluid-filled bubble that forms on the skin due to friction, burns, or contact with certain chemicals or irritants. Blisters are typically filled with a clear fluid called serum, which is a component of blood. They can also be filled with blood (known as blood blisters) if the blister is caused by a more severe injury.

Blisters act as a natural protective barrier for the underlying skin and tissues, preventing infection and promoting healing. It's generally recommended to leave blisters intact and avoid breaking them, as doing so can increase the risk of infection and delay healing. If a blister is particularly large or painful, medical attention may be necessary to prevent complications.

Tinea Pedis, also known as athlete's foot, is a fungal infection that affects the skin on the feet, particularly between the toes. The causative agents are dermatophytes, which thrive in warm and damp environments. Common symptoms include itching, burning, cracked, blistered, or scaly skin, and sometimes painful peeling or cracking of the skin. It is contagious and can spread to other parts of the body or to other people through direct contact or via contaminated surfaces. Proper hygiene, keeping the feet dry, and using antifungal medications are common methods of preventing and treating this condition.

Malassezia is a genus of fungi (specifically, yeasts) that are commonly found on the skin surfaces of humans and other animals. They are part of the normal flora of the skin, but under certain conditions, they can cause various skin disorders such as dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor, and atopic dermatitis.

Malassezia species require lipids for growth, and they are able to break down the lipids present in human sebum into fatty acids, which can cause irritation and inflammation of the skin. Malassezia is also associated with fungal infections in people with weakened immune systems.

The genus Malassezia includes several species, such as M. furfur, M. globosa, M. restricta, M. sympodialis, and others. These species can be identified using various laboratory methods, including microscopy, culture, and molecular techniques.

PUVA therapy is a type of treatment that uses both medication and light to treat certain skin conditions, such as psoriasis, eczema, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The name "PUVA" stands for Psoralen + UVA, which refers to the two main components of the therapy:

1. Psoralen: This is a medication that makes the skin more sensitive to light. It can be taken orally or applied directly to the skin in the form of a cream or bath.
2. UVA: This stands for Ultraviolet A, which is a type of light that is part of the natural sunlight spectrum. In PUVA therapy, the skin is exposed to a controlled dose of UVA light in a special booth or room.

When psoralen is introduced into the body, it absorbs into the skin and makes it more sensitive to UVA light. When the skin is then exposed to UVA light, it triggers a chemical reaction that slows down the growth of affected skin cells. This helps to reduce inflammation, scaling, and other symptoms associated with the skin condition being treated.

It's important to note that PUVA therapy can have side effects, including sunburn, itching, redness, and an increased risk of skin cancer over time. As such, it is typically used as a second-line treatment when other therapies have not been effective, and it is closely monitored by a healthcare professional to ensure its safe and effective use.

Scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by the infestation of the human itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis). The female mite burrows into the upper layer of the skin, where it lays its eggs and causes an intensely pruritic (itchy) rash. The rash is often accompanied by small red bumps and blisters, typically found in areas such as the hands, wrists, elbows, armpits, waistline, genitals, and buttocks. Scabies is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual or through sharing of contaminated items like bedding or clothing. It can affect people of all ages, races, and socioeconomic backgrounds, but it is particularly common in crowded living conditions, nursing homes, and child care facilities. Treatment usually involves topical medications or oral drugs that kill the mites and their eggs, as well as thorough cleaning and laundering of bedding, clothing, and towels to prevent reinfestation.

Erythema is a term used in medicine to describe redness of the skin, which occurs as a result of increased blood flow in the superficial capillaries. This redness can be caused by various factors such as inflammation, infection, trauma, or exposure to heat, cold, or ultraviolet radiation. In some cases, erythema may also be accompanied by other symptoms such as swelling, warmth, pain, or itching. It is a common finding in many medical conditions and can vary in severity from mild to severe.

Topical administration refers to a route of administering a medication or treatment directly to a specific area of the body, such as the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes. This method allows the drug to be applied directly to the site where it is needed, which can increase its effectiveness and reduce potential side effects compared to systemic administration (taking the medication by mouth or injecting it into a vein or muscle).

Topical medications come in various forms, including creams, ointments, gels, lotions, solutions, sprays, and patches. They may be used to treat localized conditions such as skin infections, rashes, inflammation, or pain, or to deliver medication to the eyes or mucous membranes for local or systemic effects.

When applying topical medications, it is important to follow the instructions carefully to ensure proper absorption and avoid irritation or other adverse reactions. This may include cleaning the area before application, covering the treated area with a dressing, or avoiding exposure to sunlight or water after application, depending on the specific medication and its intended use.

Non-fibrillar collagens are a type of collagen that do not form fibrous structures, unlike the more common fibrillar collagens. They are a group of structurally diverse collagens that play important roles in various biological processes such as cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation. Non-fibrillar collagens include types IV, VI, VIII, X, XII, XIV, XVI, XIX, XXI, and XXVIII. They are often found in basement membranes and other specialized extracellular matrix structures.

Type IV collagen is a major component of the basement membrane and forms a network-like structure that provides a scaffold for other matrix components. Type VI collagen has a beaded filament structure and is involved in the organization of the extracellular matrix. Type VIII collagen is found in the eyes and helps to maintain the structural integrity of the eye. Type X collagen is associated with cartilage development and bone formation. Type XII and XIV collagens are fibril-associated collagens that help to regulate the organization and diameter of fibrillar collagens. The other non-fibrillar collagens have various functions, including cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation.

Overall, non-fibrillar collagens are important structural components of the extracellular matrix and play critical roles in various biological processes.

"Mycobacterium ulcerans" is a slow-growing mycobacterium that is the causative agent of a chronic infection known as Buruli ulcer. This bacterium is naturally found in aquatic environments and can infect humans through minor traumas or wounds on the skin. The infection typically begins as a painless nodule or papule, which may progress to form necrotic ulcers if left untreated. The bacteria produce a unique toxin called mycolactone, which is responsible for the extensive tissue damage and destruction observed in Buruli ulcers.

Vitiligo is a medical condition characterized by the loss of pigmentation in patches of skin, resulting in irregular white depigmented areas. It's caused by the destruction of melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, which gives our skin its color. The exact cause of vitiligo is not fully understood, but it's thought to be an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys melanocytes. It can affect people of any age, gender, or ethnicity, although it may be more noticeable in people with darker skin tones. The progression of vitiligo is unpredictable and can vary from person to person. Treatment options include topical creams, light therapy, oral medications, and surgical procedures, but the effectiveness of these treatments varies depending on the individual case.

The dermis is the layer of skin located beneath the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin. It is composed of connective tissue and provides structure and support to the skin. The dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. It is also responsible for the production of collagen and elastin, which give the skin its strength and flexibility. The dermis can be further divided into two layers: the papillary dermis, which is the upper layer and contains finger-like projections called papillae that extend upwards into the epidermis, and the reticular dermis, which is the lower layer and contains thicker collagen bundles. Together, the epidermis and dermis make up the true skin.

Hand dermatoses is a general term used to describe various inflammatory skin conditions that affect the hands. These conditions can cause symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, blistering, scaling, and cracking of the skin on the hands. Common examples of hand dermatoses include:

1. Irritant contact dermatitis: A reaction that occurs when the skin comes into contact with irritants such as chemicals, soaps, or detergents.
2. Allergic contact dermatitis: A reaction that occurs when the skin comes into contact with allergens, such as nickel, rubber, or poison ivy.
3. Atopic dermatitis (eczema): A chronic skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin.
4. Psoriasis: A chronic skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches that can occur anywhere on the body, including the hands.
5. Dyshidrotic eczema: A type of eczema that causes small blisters to form on the sides of the fingers, palms, and soles of the feet.
6. Lichen planus: An inflammatory skin condition that can cause purple or white patches to form on the hands and other parts of the body.
7. Scabies: A contagious skin condition caused by mites that burrow into the skin and lay eggs, causing intense itching and a rash.

Treatment for hand dermatoses depends on the specific diagnosis and may include topical creams or ointments, oral medications, phototherapy, or avoidance of triggers.

Localized scleroderma, also known as morphea, is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the skin and connective tissues. It is characterized by thickening and hardening (sclerosis) of the skin in patches or bands, usually on the trunk, limbs, or face. Unlike systemic scleroderma, localized scleroderma does not affect internal organs, although it can cause significant disfigurement and disability in some cases.

There are two main types of localized scleroderma: plaque morphea and generalized morphea. Plaque morphea typically presents as oval or circular patches of thickened, hard skin that are often white or pale in the center and surrounded by a purple or darker border. Generalized morphea, on the other hand, is characterized by larger areas of sclerosis that can cover much of the body surface.

The exact cause of localized scleroderma is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve an overactive immune system response that leads to inflammation and scarring of the skin and underlying tissues. Treatment typically involves a combination of topical therapies (such as corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors), phototherapy, and systemic medications (such as methotrexate or mycophenolate mofetil) in more severe cases.

Skin physiological processes refer to the functions and changes that occur in the skin, which are necessary for its maintenance, repair, and regulation of body homeostasis. These processes include:

1. Barrier Function: The skin forms a physical barrier that protects the body from external factors such as microorganisms, chemicals, and UV radiation. It also helps to prevent water loss from the body.
2. Temperature Regulation: The skin plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow.
3. Immunological Function: The skin contains immune cells that help to protect the body against infection and disease.
4. Vitamin D Synthesis: The skin is able to synthesize vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.
5. Sensory Perception: The skin contains nerve endings that allow for the perception of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
6. Wound Healing: When the skin is injured, a complex series of physiological processes are initiated to repair the damage and restore the barrier function.
7. Excretion: The skin helps to eliminate waste products through sweat.
8. Hydration: The skin maintains hydration by regulating water loss and absorbing moisture from the environment.
9. Pigmentation: The production of melanin in the skin provides protection against UV radiation and determines skin color.
10. Growth and Differentiation: The skin constantly renews itself through a process of cell growth and differentiation, where stem cells in the basal layer divide and differentiate into mature skin cells that migrate to the surface and are eventually shed.

Desmoglein 1 is a type of desmosomal cadherin, which is a transmembrane protein involved in cell-to-cell adhesion. It is primarily expressed in the upper layers of the epidermis and plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and stability of the skin. Desmoglein 1 forms desmosomes, specialized intercellular junctions that connect adjacent keratinocytes and help to resist shearing forces.

Desmoglein 1 is also a target for autoantibodies in certain blistering diseases, such as pemphigus foliaceus, where the binding of these antibodies to desmoglein 1 results in the loss of cell-to-cell adhesion and formation of skin blisters.

Artificial Skin is a synthetic substitute or equivalent that is used to replace, support, or enhance the function of damaged or absent skin. It can be made from various materials such as biopolymers, composites, or biosynthetic materials. The main purpose of artificial skin is to provide a temporary or permanent covering for wounds, burns, or ulcers that cannot be healed with conventional treatments. Additionally, it may serve as a platform for the delivery of medications or as a matrix for the growth of cells and tissues during skin grafting procedures. Artificial skin must possess properties such as biocompatibility, durability, flexibility, and permeability to air and water vapor in order to promote optimal healing and minimize scarring.

Eczematous skin diseases are a group of inflammatory skin conditions characterized by dry, itchy, and scaly patches on the skin. These patches can also become red, swollen, and blistered, and may ooze and crust over during the course of the disease. The term "eczema" is often used interchangeably with "dermatitis," although dermatitis is a broader term that includes any inflammation of the skin.

Eczematous skin diseases can have many different causes, including genetics, environmental factors, allergies, and immune system dysfunction. Common types of eczematous skin diseases include atopic dermatitis (the most common form of eczema), contact dermatitis, nummular dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and stasis dermatitis.

Treatment for eczematous skin diseases typically involves a combination of self-care measures, such as avoiding triggers, keeping the skin moisturized, and taking lukewarm baths, as well as medical treatments, such as topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, and immunosuppressive drugs. In some cases, phototherapy or systemic medications may be necessary to control severe or widespread eczema.

Ichthyosis is a group of skin disorders that are characterized by dry, thickened, scaly skin. The name "ichthyosis" comes from the Greek word "ichthys," which means fish, as the skin can have a fish-like scale appearance. These conditions can be inherited or acquired and vary in severity.

The medical definition of ichthyosis is a heterogeneous group of genetic keratinization disorders that result in dry, thickened, and scaly skin. The condition may affect any part of the body, but it most commonly appears on the extremities, scalp, and trunk. Ichthyosis can also have associated symptoms such as redness, itching, and blistering.

The severity of ichthyosis can range from mild to severe, and some forms of the condition may be life-threatening in infancy. The exact symptoms and their severity depend on the specific type of ichthyosis a person has. Treatment for ichthyosis typically involves moisturizing the skin, avoiding irritants, and using medications to help control scaling and inflammation.

Metabolic skin diseases are a group of cutaneous disorders that result from abnormalities in the metabolism of cells or systemic substances affecting the skin. These conditions can be caused by genetic defects, hormonal imbalances, nutritional deficiencies, or other underlying medical issues. Examples of metabolic skin diseases include:

1. Diabetic dermopathy: A condition characterized by the appearance of brown, scaly patches on the shins due to changes in small blood vessels caused by diabetes.
2. Porphyria cutanea tarda: A genetic disorder affecting heme biosynthesis, leading to blistering and scarring of sun-exposed skin.
3. Xanthomas: Deposits of fatty material (lipids) under the skin or in other tissues, often associated with high cholesterol levels or other lipid metabolism disorders.
4. Calciphylaxis: A rare condition characterized by calcification of small blood vessels and subsequent tissue death, typically affecting patients with chronic kidney disease.
5. Erythropoietic protoporphyria: A genetic disorder affecting heme biosynthesis, leading to photosensitivity, burning, itching, and scarring after sun exposure.
6. Gout: A form of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in joints, which can also lead to the formation of tophi (nodules) on the skin.
7. Amyloidosis: A group of diseases characterized by the abnormal accumulation of amyloid proteins in various organs and tissues, including the skin.

Treatment for metabolic skin diseases often involves addressing the underlying metabolic issue or disorder, as well as managing symptoms and preventing complications.

"Military hygiene" is not a term that has a specific medical definition in the same way that terms like "cardiology" or "pulmonology" do. However, it generally refers to the practices and measures taken to maintain health and prevent disease among military personnel. This can include topics such as:

* Environmental health, including sanitation, water supply, food safety, and housing conditions
* Personal hygiene, including bathing, laundry, and grooming standards
* Medical surveillance and screening of personnel for infectious diseases and other health issues
* Immunizations and preventive medicine measures
* Occupational health and safety, including protection from chemical, biological, and physical hazards
* Health promotion and education programs to encourage healthy behaviors and lifestyles.

The goal of military hygiene is to maintain the health and readiness of military personnel, reduce absenteeism due to illness or injury, and prevent the spread of infectious diseases within military populations and between military and civilian communities.

Contact dermatitis is a type of inflammation of the skin that occurs when it comes into contact with a substance that the individual has developed an allergic reaction to or that causes irritation. It can be divided into two main types: allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis.

Allergic contact dermatitis is caused by an immune system response to a substance, known as an allergen, which the individual has become sensitized to. When the skin comes into contact with this allergen, it triggers an immune reaction that results in inflammation and characteristic symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and blistering. Common allergens include metals (such as nickel), rubber, medications, fragrances, and cosmetics.

Irritant contact dermatitis, on the other hand, is caused by direct damage to the skin from a substance that is inherently irritating or corrosive. This can occur after exposure to strong acids, alkalis, solvents, or even prolonged exposure to milder irritants like water or soap. Symptoms of irritant contact dermatitis include redness, pain, burning, and dryness at the site of contact.

The treatment for contact dermatitis typically involves avoiding further exposure to the allergen or irritant, as well as managing symptoms with topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, or other medications as needed. In some cases, patch testing may be performed to identify specific allergens that are causing the reaction.

Skin abnormalities refer to any changes in the skin that deviate from its normal structure, function, or color. These can manifest as various conditions such as lesions, growths, discolorations, or textural alterations. Examples include moles, freckles, birthmarks, rashes, hives, acne, eczema, psoriasis, rosacea, skin cancer, and many others. Some skin abnormalities may be harmless and require no treatment, while others might indicate an underlying medical condition that requires further evaluation and management.

Keratoderma, palmoplantar is a medical term that refers to a group of skin conditions characterized by thickening and hardening (hyperkeratosis) of the skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. This condition can affect people of all ages, but it's most commonly seen in children.

The thickening of the skin is caused by an overproduction of keratin, a protein that helps to form the tough, outer layer of the skin. In palmoplantar keratoderma, this excess keratin accumulates in the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, leading to the formation of rough, scaly, and thickened patches on the palms and soles.

There are several different types of palmoplantar keratoderma, each with its own specific symptoms and causes. Some forms of the condition are inherited and present at birth or develop in early childhood, while others may be acquired later in life as a result of an underlying medical condition, such as atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, or psoriasis.

Treatment for palmoplantar keratoderma typically involves the use of emollients and keratolytic agents to help soften and remove the thickened skin. In some cases, oral retinoids or other systemic medications may be necessary to manage more severe symptoms. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

Acantholysis is a medical term that refers to the separation of the cells in the upper layer of the skin (the epidermis), specifically between the pickle cell layer (stratum spinosum) and the granular cell layer (stratum granulosum). This separation results in the formation of distinct, round, or oval cells called acantholytic cells, which are typically seen in certain skin conditions.

Acantholysis is a characteristic feature of several skin disorders, including:

1. Pemphigus vulgaris: A rare autoimmune blistering disorder where the immune system produces antibodies against desmoglein-1 and -3 proteins, leading to acantholysis and formation of flaccid blisters.
2. Pemphigus foliaceus: Another autoimmune blistering disorder that specifically targets desmoglein-1 protein, causing superficial blisters and erosions on the skin.
3. Hailey-Hailey disease (familial benign chronic pemphigus): An autosomal dominant genetic disorder affecting ATP2C1 gene, leading to defective calcium transport and abnormal keratinocyte adhesion, resulting in acantholysis and recurrent skin eruptions.
4. Darier's disease (keratosis follicularis): An autosomal dominant genetic disorder affecting ATP2A2 gene, causing dysfunction of calcium transport and abnormal keratinocyte adhesion, resulting in acantholysis and characteristic papular or keratotic skin lesions.
5. Grover's disease (transient acantholytic dermatosis): An acquired skin disorder of unknown cause, characterized by the development of pruritic, red, and scaly papules and vesicles due to acantholysis.

The presence of acantholysis in these conditions can be confirmed through histopathological examination of skin biopsies.

Desmoglein 3 is a type of desmoglein protein that is primarily found in the upper layers of the epidermis, specifically in the desmosomes of the skin. Desmogleins are part of the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules and play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and cohesion of tissues, particularly in areas subjected to mechanical stress.

Desmoglein 3 is essential for the formation and maintenance of desmosomal junctions in stratified squamous epithelia, such as the skin and mucous membranes. It is involved in cell-to-cell adhesion by forming calcium-dependent homophilic interactions with other Desmoglein 3 molecules on adjacent cells.

Mutations in the gene encoding Desmoglein 3 have been associated with several skin disorders, including pemphigus vulgaris, a severe autoimmune blistering disease that affects the mucous membranes and skin. In pemphigus vulgaris, autoantibodies target Desmoglein 3 (and sometimes Desmoglein 1) molecules, leading to loss of cell-to-cell adhesion and formation of blisters and erosions.

A patch test is a method used in clinical dermatology to identify whether a specific substance causes allergic inflammation of the skin (contact dermatitis). It involves applying small amounts of potential allergens to patches, which are then placed on the skin and left for a set period of time, usually 48 hours. The skin is then examined for signs of an allergic reaction such as redness, swelling or blistering. This helps in identifying the specific substances that an individual may be allergic to, enabling appropriate avoidance measures and treatment.

Staphylococcal skin infections are a type of skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria, which commonly live on the skin and inside the nose without causing harm. However, if they enter the body through a cut or scratch, they can cause an infection.

There are several types of staphylococcal skin infections, including:

1. Impetigo: A highly contagious superficial skin infection that typically affects children and causes red, fluid-filled blisters that burst and leave a yellowish crust.
2. Folliculitis: An inflammation of the hair follicles that causes red, pus-filled bumps or pimples on the skin.
3. Furunculosis: A deeper infection of the hair follicle that forms a large, painful lump or boil under the skin.
4. Cellulitis: A potentially serious bacterial infection that affects the deeper layers of the skin and can cause redness, swelling, warmth, and pain in the affected area.
5. Abscess: A collection of pus that forms in the skin, often caused by a staphylococcal infection.

Treatment for staphylococcal skin infections typically involves antibiotics, either topical or oral, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In some cases, drainage of pus or other fluids may be necessary to promote healing. Preventing the spread of staphylococcal skin infections involves good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently, covering wounds and cuts, and avoiding sharing personal items like towels or razors.

Mite infestations refer to the presence and multiplication of mites, which are tiny arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida, on or inside a host's body. This can occur in various sites such as the skin, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract, depending on the specific mite species.

Skin infestations by mites, also known as dermatophilosis or mange, are common and may cause conditions like scabies (caused by Sarcoptes scabiei) or demodecosis (caused by Demodex spp.). These conditions can lead to symptoms such as itching, rash, and skin lesions.

Lung infestations by mites, although rare, can occur in people who work in close contact with mites, such as farmers or laboratory workers. This condition is called "mite lung" or "farmer's lung," which is often caused by exposure to high levels of dust containing mite feces and dead mites.

Gastrointestinal infestations by mites can occur in animals but are extremely rare in humans. The most common example is the intestinal roundworm, which belongs to the phylum Nematoda rather than Arachnida.

It's important to note that mite infestations can be treated with appropriate medical interventions and prevention measures.

"Cutaneous administration" is a route of administering medication or treatment through the skin. This can be done through various methods such as:

1. Topical application: This involves applying the medication directly to the skin in the form of creams, ointments, gels, lotions, patches, or solutions. The medication is absorbed into the skin and enters the systemic circulation slowly over a period of time. Topical medications are often used for local effects, such as treating eczema, psoriasis, or fungal infections.

2. Iontophoresis: This method uses a mild electrical current to help a medication penetrate deeper into the skin. A positive charge is applied to a medication with a negative charge, or vice versa, causing it to be attracted through the skin. Iontophoresis is often used for local pain management and treating conditions like hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating).

3. Transdermal delivery systems: These are specialized patches that contain medication within them. The patch is applied to the skin, and as time passes, the medication is released through the skin and into the systemic circulation. This method allows for a steady, controlled release of medication over an extended period. Common examples include nicotine patches for smoking cessation and hormone replacement therapy patches.

Cutaneous administration offers several advantages, such as avoiding first-pass metabolism (which can reduce the effectiveness of oral medications), providing localized treatment, and allowing for self-administration in some cases. However, it may not be suitable for all types of medications or conditions, and potential side effects include skin irritation, allergic reactions, and systemic absorption leading to unwanted systemic effects.

"Agricultural Workers' Diseases" is a term used to describe a variety of health conditions and illnesses that are associated with agricultural work. These can include both acute and chronic conditions, and can be caused by a range of factors including exposure to chemicals, dusts, allergens, physical injuries, and biological agents such as bacteria and viruses.

Some common examples of Agricultural Workers' Diseases include:

1. Pesticide poisoning: This can occur when agricultural workers are exposed to high levels of pesticides or other chemicals used in farming. Symptoms can range from mild skin irritation to severe neurological damage, depending on the type and amount of chemical exposure.
2. Respiratory diseases: Agricultural workers can be exposed to a variety of dusts and allergens that can cause respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and farmer's lung. These conditions are often caused by prolonged exposure to moldy hay, grain dust, or other organic materials.
3. Musculoskeletal injuries: Agricultural workers are at risk of developing musculoskeletal injuries due to the physical demands of their job. This can include back pain, repetitive strain injuries, and sprains and strains from lifting heavy objects.
4. Zoonotic diseases: Agricultural workers who come into contact with animals are at risk of contracting zoonotic diseases, which are illnesses that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Examples include Q fever, brucellosis, and leptospirosis.
5. Heat-related illnesses: Agricultural workers who work outside in hot weather are at risk of heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Prevention of Agricultural Workers' Diseases involves a combination of engineering controls, personal protective equipment, and training to help workers understand the risks associated with their job and how to minimize exposure to hazards.

Erythema multiforme is a skin condition that typically presents as symmetric, red, raised spots or bumps on the skin and mucous membranes. The rash can vary in appearance, but it often has a target-like or irregular shape with central dusky or necrotic areas surrounded by pale rings and red flares. The rash usually begins on the extremities, such as the hands and feet, and then spreads to involve other parts of the body, including the trunk and face.

Erythema multiforme can be caused by various triggers, including infections (most commonly herpes simplex virus), medications, and other medical conditions. The condition is thought to represent a hypersensitivity reaction, where the immune system attacks the skin and mucous membranes.

The severity of erythema multiforme can range from mild to severe, with some cases causing significant pain and discomfort. In more severe cases, the rash may be accompanied by fever, mouth sores, and other systemic symptoms. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, if known, as well as providing supportive care for the skin lesions. Topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, and pain relievers may be used to help manage symptoms.

Ectoparasitic infestations refer to the invasion and multiplication of parasites, such as lice, fleas, ticks, or mites, on the outer surface of a host organism, typically causing irritation, itching, and other skin disorders. These parasites survive by feeding on the host's blood, skin cells, or other bodily substances, leading to various health issues if left untreated.

Ectoparasitic infestations can occur in humans as well as animals and may require medical intervention for proper diagnosis and treatment. Common symptoms include redness, rash, inflammation, and secondary bacterial or viral infections due to excessive scratching. Preventive measures such as personal hygiene, regular inspections, and avoiding contact with infested individuals or environments can help reduce the risk of ectoparasitic infestations.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that typically affects areas of the body where there are sweat glands, such as the armpits, groin, and buttocks. The main features of HS are recurrent boil-like lumps or abscesses (nodules) that form under the skin. These nodules can rupture and drain pus, leading to painful, swollen, and inflamed lesions. Over time, these lesions may heal, only to be replaced by new ones, resulting in scarring and tunnel-like tracts (sinus tracts) beneath the skin.

HS is a debilitating condition that can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, causing physical discomfort, emotional distress, and social isolation. The exact cause of HS remains unclear, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Treatment options for HS include topical and oral antibiotics, biologic therapies, surgical interventions, and lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss and smoking cessation.

Scalp dermatoses refer to various skin conditions that affect the scalp. These can include inflammatory conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff, cradle cap), psoriasis, atopic dermatitis (eczema), and lichen planus; infectious processes like bacterial folliculitis, tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp), and viral infections; as well as autoimmune conditions such as alopecia areata. Symptoms can range from mild scaling and itching to severe redness, pain, and hair loss. The specific diagnosis and treatment of scalp dermatoses depend on the underlying cause.

Poxviridae infections refer to diseases caused by the Poxviridae family of viruses, which are large, complex viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome. This family includes several pathogens that can infect humans, such as Variola virus (which causes smallpox), Vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine and can rarely cause infection), Monkeypox virus, and Cowpox virus.

These viruses typically cause skin lesions or pocks, hence the name "Poxviridae." The severity of the disease can vary depending on the specific virus and the immune status of the host. Smallpox, once a major global health threat, was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization in 1980 thanks to a successful vaccination campaign. However, other Poxviridae infections continue to pose public health concerns, particularly in regions with lower vaccination rates and where animal reservoirs exist.

Irritant contact dermatitis is a type of inflammation of the skin (dermatitis) that results from exposure to an external substance that directly damages the skin. It can be caused by both chemical and physical agents, such as solvents, detergents, acids, alkalis, friction, and extreme temperatures. The reaction typically occurs within hours or days of exposure and can cause symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, burning, and pain. Unlike allergic contact dermatitis, which requires sensitization to a specific allergen, irritant contact dermatitis can occur after a single exposure to an irritant in sufficient concentration or after repeated exposures to lower concentrations of the substance.

Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare, inflammatory skin condition that typically begins as a small pustule or blister, which then rapidly progresses to form painful ulcers with a characteristic violaceous (bluish-purple) undermined border. The etiology of pyoderma gangrenosum is not entirely clear, but it's often associated with an underlying systemic disease, such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or hematologic disorders.

The pathophysiology of pyoderma gangrenosum involves a dysregulated immune response and neutrophil-mediated tissue damage. Diagnosis is often based on the clinical presentation and exclusion of other conditions with similar lesions. Treatment typically includes systemic immunosuppressive therapy, such as corticosteroids, cyclosporine, or biologic agents, along with local wound care to promote healing and prevent infection.

It's important to note that pyoderma gangrenosum can be a challenging condition to manage, and a multidisciplinary approach involving dermatologists, internists, and surgeons may be necessary for optimal care.

Exfoliative dermatitis is a severe form of widespread inflammation of the skin (dermatitis), characterized by widespread scaling and redness, leading to the shedding of large sheets of skin. It can be caused by various factors such as drug reactions, underlying medical conditions (like lymphoma or leukemia), or extensive eczema. Treatment typically involves identifying and removing the cause, along with supportive care, such as moisturizers and medications to control inflammation and itching. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for close monitoring and management of fluid and electrolyte balance.

Buruli ulcer is a neglected tropical disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans. It mainly affects the skin and occasionally the bones and joints. The infection typically begins with a painless nodule or papule that may progress to a large, painful ulcer with undermined edges if left untreated. In severe cases, it can lead to permanent disfigurement and disability. Buruli ulcer is primarily found in rural areas of West and Central Africa, but also occurs in other parts of the world including Australia, Asia, and South America. It is transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil, although the exact mode of transmission is not fully understood. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics can cure the disease and prevent complications.

Warts are small, rough growths on the skin or mucous membranes caused by one of several types of human papillomavirus (HPV). They can appear anywhere on the body but most often occur on the hands, fingers, and feet. Warts are benign, non-cancerous growths, but they can be unsightly, uncomfortable, or painful, depending on their location and size.

Warts are caused by HPV infecting the top layer of skin, usually through a small cut or scratch. The virus triggers an overproduction of keratin, a protein in the skin, leading to the formation of a hard, rough growth. Warts can vary in appearance depending on their location and type, but they are generally round or irregularly shaped, with a rough surface that may be flat or slightly raised. They may also contain small black dots, which are actually tiny blood vessels that have clotted.

Warts are contagious and can spread from person to person through direct skin-to-skin contact or by sharing personal items such as towels or razors. They can also be spread by touching a wart and then touching another part of the body. Warts may take several months to develop after exposure to HPV, so it may not always be clear when or how they were contracted.

There are several types of warts, including common warts, plantar warts (which occur on the soles of the feet), flat warts (which are smaller and smoother than other types of warts), and genital warts (which are sexually transmitted). While most warts are harmless and will eventually go away on their own, some may require medical treatment if they are causing discomfort or are unsightly. Treatment options for warts include topical medications, cryotherapy (freezing the wart with liquid nitrogen), and surgical removal.

According to the medical definition, ultraviolet (UV) rays are invisible radiations that fall in the range of the electromagnetic spectrum between 100-400 nanometers. UV rays are further divided into three categories: UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (280-320 nm), and UVC (100-280 nm).

UV rays have various sources, including the sun and artificial sources like tanning beds. Prolonged exposure to UV rays can cause damage to the skin, leading to premature aging, eye damage, and an increased risk of skin cancer. UVA rays penetrate deeper into the skin and are associated with skin aging, while UVB rays primarily affect the outer layer of the skin and are linked to sunburns and skin cancer. UVC rays are the most harmful but fortunately, they are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere and do not reach the surface.

Healthcare professionals recommend limiting exposure to UV rays, wearing protective clothing, using broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, and avoiding tanning beds to reduce the risk of UV-related health problems.

Keratolytic agents are substances that cause the softening and sloughing off of excess keratin, the protein that makes up the outermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum). These agents help to break down and remove dead skin cells, increase moisture retention, and promote the growth of new skin cells. They are commonly used in the treatment of various dermatological conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, warts, calluses, and ichthyosis. Examples of keratolytic agents include salicylic acid, urea, lactic acid, and retinoic acid.

Keratin-14 is a type of keratin protein that is specifically expressed in the suprabasal layers of stratified epithelia, including the epidermis. It is a component of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton and plays an important role in maintaining the structural integrity and stability of epithelial cells. Mutations in the gene encoding keratin-14 have been associated with several genetic skin disorders, such as epidermolysis bullosa simplex and white sponge nevus.

Diffuse scleroderma is a medical condition that falls under the systemic sclerosis category of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. It is characterized by thickening and hardening (sclerosis) of the skin and involvement of internal organs. In diffuse scleroderma, the process affects extensive areas of the skin and at least one internal organ.

The disease process involves an overproduction of collagen, a protein that makes up connective tissues in the body. This excessive collagen deposition leads to fibrosis (scarring) of the skin and various organs, including the esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, heart, lungs, and kidneys.

Diffuse scleroderma can present with a rapid progression of skin thickening within the first few years after onset. The skin involvement may extend to areas beyond the hands, feet, and face, which are commonly affected in limited scleroderma (another form of systemic sclerosis). Additionally, patients with diffuse scleroderma have a higher risk for severe internal organ complications compared to those with limited scleroderma.

Early diagnosis and appropriate management of diffuse scleroderma are crucial to prevent or slow down the progression of organ damage. Treatment typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, focusing on symptom management, immunosuppressive therapy, and addressing specific organ involvement.

Urticaria, also known as hives, is an allergic reaction that appears on the skin. It is characterized by the rapid appearance of swollen, pale red bumps or plaques (wheals) on the skin, which are often accompanied by itching, stinging, or burning sensations. These wheals can vary in size and shape, and they may change location and appear in different places over a period of hours or days. Urticaria is usually caused by an allergic reaction to food, medication, or other substances, but it can also be triggered by physical factors such as heat, cold, pressure, or exercise. The condition is generally harmless, but severe cases of urticaria may indicate a more serious underlying medical issue and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

214-5 Keratoderma Skin lesion James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical ... Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions). ...
... and Other Papulosquamous and Hyperkeratotic Diseases". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). ... Erythroderma is an inflammatory skin disease with redness and scaling that affects nearly the entire cutaneous surface. This ... The most common cause of erythroderma is exacerbation of an underlying skin disease, such as psoriasis, contact dermatitis, ... Erythroderma is generalized exfoliative dermatitis, which involves 90% or more of the patient's skin. ...
... manifestations of COVID-19 are characteristic signs or symptoms of the Coronavirus disease 2019 that occur in the skin. The ... papulosquamous purpura (discolouration with scale. 9.9%) and retiform purpura (blood vessel obstruction and downstream ... This type of skin rashes may be seen in cold-induced vasoconstriction as seen in polycythemia or other causes leading up to ... Pernio-like lesions were more common in mild disease while retiform purpura was seen only in critically ill patients. The major ...
These diseases included intertrigo, lichenoid eruptions, vitiligo, furuncle, leprosy, papulosquamous disease, skin reactions to ... and skin lesions. When reflecting on the treatments of skin diseases and infections in the Hippocratic Corpus, it is evident ... Jaundice is when the skin or eyes turn yellow. The Greek physicians thought of Jaundice to be a disease itself rather than what ... The skin appears to be green. The analogy made in the text is that the skin is greener than a green lizard. The patient will ...
p. 4. ISBN 978-0-323-61269-2. "papule" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary Allen, Herbert B. (2010). "1. Papulosquamous diseases". ... Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). Elsevier. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6. Oakley, Amanda. "Terminology in ... A papule is a small, well-defined bump in the skin. It may have a rounded, pointed or flat top, and may have a dip. It can ... A papule is a small, well-defined bump in the skin. It is smaller than a nodule; it can be as tiny as a pinhead and is ...
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Skin lesion James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions ... Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases is a common skin disorder that occurs most often in black patients, with skin lesions ...
ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1. James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions ... Keratoderma climactericum is a skin condition characterized by hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles beginning at about the ... Haxthausen's disease): clinical signs, laboratory findings and etretinate treatment in 10 patients". Dermatologica. 172 (5): ...
Historically, this condition was also referred to as "Gibert disease". His best written work on skin diseases was a book called ... Gibert is remembered for providing the first accurate description of a papulosquamous skin disorder that he named pityriasis ...
Endocrine diseases". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). Elsevier. p. 503. ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6 ... ISBN 978-1-55664-229-6. (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic ... It is believed that growth factors secreted by cancer cells cause some skin cells to grow. Diagnosis is by its appearance and a ...
Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; ... Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions). ... The loss of this corneal layer of the skin, which protects the ... It is characterized by dry skin and superficial, air-filled blisters. These blisters can be peeled off very easily and will ... Due to excessive sweating and friction, in for example athletic shoes, the skin can start to exfoliate. Other factors that can ...
In 1854 he published an important textbook on skin diseases titled Traité pratique des maladies de la peau. When he retired, ... In 1856 Devergie was the first to describe a chronic papulosquamous disorder known as pityriasis rubra pilaris, also referred ... Devergie's disease @ Who Named It bium.univ-paris5.fr (biographical information) (Articles with short description, Short ... to as "Devergie's disease", a term introduced by Ernest Henri Besnier (1831-1909) in 1889. ...
This skin disease commonly affects adolescents and young adults, especially in warm and humid climates. The yeast is thought to ... "Adolescent Health Curriculum - Medical Problems - Dermatology - Papulosquamous Lesions (B4)". Archived from the original on ... while in those with lighter skin color, hyperpigmentation (increase in skin color) is more common. These discolorations have ... Weedon, D. (2002). Skin pathology (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-07069-5. Inamadar AC, Palit A (2003). "The genus ...
ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1. James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical ... Conditions of the skin appendages, Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions). ... Histopathological analysis of skin or nail tissue is not helpful in diagnosis of PC, but can be used to rule out some related ... The disease affects both males and females. There are several ongoing investigational therapies for pachyonychia congenita, ...
James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders ... Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions, Neuro-cardio-facial-cutaneous syndromes, Human appearance, Syndromes ... curly scalp hair A range of skin abnormalities from dermatitis to thick, scaly skin over the entire body (generalized ... Bentires-Alj M, Kontaridis MI, Neel BG (March 2006). "Stops along the RAS pathway in human genetic disease". Nat. Med. 12 (3): ...
Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. p. 207. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. Online Mendelian ... Rare diseases, Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions, All stub articles, Genodermatoses stubs). ...
ISBN 0-07-138076-0. James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology ... Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions, Syndromes affecting the skin). ... is a rare congenital disease of the skin caused by a mutation in the KIND1 gene. Infants and young children with Kindler ... However, pigment changes and thinning of the skin become more prominent. Kindler syndrome can affect various mucous tissues ...
ISBN 0-07-138076-0. Devergie M. G. A. (1856). "[Pityriasis pilaris, a skin disease not described by dermatologists] (Pityriasis ... Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions). ... M. G. A. Devergie and the eponymous named Devergie's disease at ... on the skin, severe flaking (Latin: pityriasis), uncomfortable itching, thickening of the skin on the feet and hands, and ... It was first described by Marie-Guillaume-Alphonse Devergie in 1856, and the condition is also known as Devergie's disease. Dr ...
... is a hornlike skin condition. The keratodermas are classified into the following subgroups:: 506 Simple ... Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions, All stub articles, Cutaneous condition stubs). ... congenita type I Pachyonychia congenita type II Focal palmoplantar keratoderma with oral mucosal hyperkeratosis Camisa disease ... syphilis Tinea pedis Sézary syndrome Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis Drug-induced keratoderma Palmoplantar keratoderma Skin lesion ...
Berger, Timothy G.; Odom, Richard B.; Andrews, George E.; James, William D. (2000). Andrews' Diseases of the skin: clinical ... Papulosquamous disorders). ... The disease usually affects children and young adults and is ... If the disease process is symptomatic, generalized and extensive, oral glucocorticoids may be indicated. Other reported ... Lichen nitidus is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause characterized by 1-2 mm, discrete and uniform, shiny, flat- ...
... is not just a skin disease. The symptoms of psoriasis can sometimes go beyond the skin and can have a negative impact ... another common papulosquamous disorder that commonly involves both the skin and mouth. When psoriasis involves the oral mucosa ... skin folds next to the nose, the skin surrounding the mouth, skin on the chest above the sternum, and in skin folds. Psoriatic ... Topical agents are typically used for mild disease, phototherapy for moderate disease, and systemic agents for severe disease. ...
... (LP) is a chronic inflammatory and immune-mediated disease that affects the skin, nails, hair, and mucous ... ISBN 978-0-9804764-3-9. "Inverse lichen planus: An unusual morphologic variant of a classic papulosquamous dermatosis". Journal ... ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1. James WD, Elston DM, Berger TG (2011). Andrews' Diseases of the skin : clinical dermatology (11th ed ... ISBN 978-0-07-138076-8. James WD, Elston DM, Berger TG (2011). Andrews' Diseases of the skin : clinical dermatology (11th ed ...
Onalaja, Amanda A.; Taylor, Susan C. (2021). "1. Defining skin color". In Li, Becky S.; Maibach, Howard I. (eds.). Ethnic Skin ... This tends to fade as the rash develops and does not usually last through the entire course of the disease. About a fifth of ... An important papulosquamous disorder". International Journal of Dermatology. 44 (9): 757-764. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005. ... pinkish with a red edge in people with light skin and greyish in darker skin. About 20% of cases show atypical deviations from ...
... a very rare yaws-caused deformity around the nose The disease is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact with an infective lesion, ... Secondary lesions vary in appearance (see list of terms) Here two different appearances (papulosquamous plaque and yellow- ... The disease begins with a round, hard swelling of the skin, 2 to 5 cm (0.79 to 1.97 in) in diameter. The center may break open ... 2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. OCLC 62736861. Mitjà O; ...
Disease may result from close contact with the spores and filaments of T.concentricum or contact and sharing of household items ... There has been rare occurrences where the nails, skin and palms are affected but it has not been known to invade hair. Most ... This is characterized by concentric rings of overlapping scales called papulosquamous patches which may exist for an ... The disease affects mostly pure race and lack of proper hygienic conditions have been shown to increase risk of infection. ...
Treatment of Skin Disease: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-7020-4328-4. ... Rare diseases, Syndromes, Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions). ... and disseminating onto the skin of the entire body. These skin lesions develop on the trunk, extremities, and face.: 63 ... Evaluation of a skin biopsy clearly distinguishes FCP from viral warts. FCP is associated with underlying cancer of the breast ...
... a skin infection consisting of an eruption of a number of concentric rings of overlapping scales forming papulosquamous patches ... Cat diseases, Eurotiomycetes genera). ... Scratching also damages skin layers, making it easier for the ... These fungi thrive in warm moist dark environments, such as in the dead upper layers of skin between the toes of a sweaty foot ... When the hyphae of the fungi burrow into the skin and release enzymes to digest keratin, they may irritate nerve endings and ...
Skin Disorders at Curlie All the Internet - Directory - Main/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Skin_Disorders Archived 18 June ... Vitamin K deficiency Zinc deficiency Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions are those that present with papules and ... Peeling skin syndrome (acral peeling skin syndrome, continual peeling skin syndrome, familial continual skin peeling, ... The two main types of human skin are: glabrous skin, the hairless skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the " ...
Dry skin is common and can affect anyone at any age. ... Dry skin is common and can affect anyone at any age. ... Dry skin occurs when your skin loses too much water and oil. ... Dry skin occurs when your skin loses too much water and oil. ... Eczemas, photodermatoses, papulosquamous (including fungal) diseases, and figurate erythemas. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. ... Dry skin: diagnosis and treatment. www.aad.org/diseases/a-z/dry-skin-treatment#overview. Accessed July 25, 2023. ...
Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous. 1. 2017. 19. 0.640. Why? Graft vs Host Reaction. 1. 2017. 106. 0.630. Why? ...
Categories: Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People ...
Categories: Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People ...
Lichen planus is a pruritic papulosquamous skin disorder of unclear etiology. The skin, mucosal surfaces, and/or nails may be ... The number of skin lesions varies and is not related to the severity of systemic disease. In addition to the characteristic ... Experimental evidence suggests that psoriasis is a T-lymphocyte-mediated skin disease. In addition, several reports have ... For early-stage disease, topical therapies may be effective. However, late-stage disease with extensive sclerosis is unlikely ...
214-5 Keratoderma Skin lesion James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews Diseases of the Skin: Clinical ... Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions). ...
Crohns Disease. Hidradenitis suppurativa. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Papulosquamous skin disease. Psoriatic arthritis. ... Crohns disease. Psoriatic arthritis. Psoriasis. Rheumatoid arthritis. Ulcerative colitis 26 May 2016 Samsung Bioepis ... Crohns disease. Psoriatic arthritis. Psoriasis. Rheumatoid arthritis. Ulcerative colitis 10 Sep 2013 Hospira (Pfizer) ... Crohns disease. Psoriatic arthritis. Psoriasis. Rheumatoid arthritis. Ulcerative colitis 10 Sep 2013 Celltrion ...
It is a chronic papulosquamous disorder of unknown etiology characterized by reddish orange scaly plaques, palmoplantar ... The disease may progress to erythroderma with distinct areas of uninvolved skin, the so-called islands of sparing. ... It is a chronic papulosquamous disorder of unknown etiology characterized by reddish orange scaly plaques, palmoplantar ... Mellett M. Regulation and dysregulation of CARD14 signalling and its physiological consequences in inflammatory skin disease. ...
... the role of HSPs in the pathogenesis of skin diseases has been studied in only limited skin diseases. Lichen planus (LP) is a ... relatively common papulosquamous dermatosis, and cell-mediated immunity plays an important role in its pathogenesis. Although ... Background: Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease in which numerous therapies have been used, with only ... Basic Principles of Disease. Learn the basic disease classifications of cancers, infections, and inflammation. Commonly Used ...
Papulosquamous Disorders. Papulosquamous Skin Disease. Papulosquamous Skin Diseases. Skin Disease, Papulosquamous. Tree number( ... Papulosquamous Disorder Papulosquamous Disorders Papulosquamous Skin Disease Papulosquamous Skin Diseases Skin Disease, ... Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous Entry term(s). Disease, Papulosquamous Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous Skin Disorder, ... Disease, Papulosquamous Skin. Diseases, Papulosquamous Skin. Disorder, Papulosquamous. Disorders, Papulosquamous. ...
Packs: DERM (01) Cutaneous Basic Science, DERM (02) Eczematous Disease, DERM (03) Papulosquamous Disease, And more! ... Decks: Acylic Products, Theory To Nails, Skin And Nail Knowledge, And more! ...
present a case of skin disorder in a child of 5, analyzed using Bogers concept of tissue affinity. ... A chronic, recurrent, inflammatory, autoimmune disease characterized by well circumscribed erythematous, papulo-squamous ... Role of Bogers approach in treating skin diseases.. *If Primary illness perfectly corresponds with the remedy than other ... Rash over whole body, with stinging sensation skin. Red tetter in hollow of knees. Pain and redness of an old cicatrix. Skin of ...
Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue *Section L40-L45: Papulosquamous disorders *Category L44: Other papulosquamous ... MDC 18 Infectious & Parasitic Diseases, Systemic or Unspecified Sites. Viral Illness *DRG 865 - VIRAL ILLNESS WITH MCC ...
Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (L00-L99). * Papulosquamous disorders (L40-L45). ... Skin Conditions. Your skin is your bodys largest organ. It covers and protects your body. Your skin:. *Holds body fluids in, ... histologically the disease is characterized by epidermal necrolysis. the chronic form shows milder skin changes with necrosis. ... NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. [Learn More in MedlinePlus] Psoriasis. Psoriasis is ...
Symptoms of lichen, strophulus, and prurigo, three skin diseases characterized by papules, depicted in 18 labeled figures. ... Traité théorique et pratique des maladies de la peau, Pierre-François Olive Rayers three-volume work on skin diseases, was ... Symptoms of lichen, strophulus, and prurigo, three skin diseases characterized by papules, depicted in 18 labeled figures. ... Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous. Lichenoid Eruptions. Prurigo. Book Illustrations. Description. Engraving by Ambroise Tardieu. ...
Therapy of Skin Diseases, Autore: Krieg Bickers Miyachi, Editore: Springer, Pagine: 766, Anno: 2010, ISBN: 9783540788133 ... Part III Papulosquamous Dermatoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191. 3.1 Psoriasis ... Impressive progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of skin diseases. This has led to the development of ... By explaining the molecular background of skin diseases, this book helps the reader choose the most appropriate novel or ...
Diagnosis Skin Diseases * Keratinising and Papulosquamous Disorders * Eczema * Skin Infections * Remedies for Acne-Prone Skin ... It will help you to get proper knowledge on different skin types, skin anatomy, skin nutrients. You can render your service as ... From enhancing our appearances, treating various skin conditions to supporting skin integrity - skincare is a great way of self ... Skincare and Disease Awareness. Course overview Learn about Childhood Disorder quickly and enhance your skills. You will ...
Diseases [C]. *Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases [C17]. *Skin Diseases [C17.800]. *Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous [C17.800.859 ... Eruptions are both psoriatic and lichenoid in appearance, but the diseases are distinct from psoriasis, lichen planus, or other ...
Diseases [C]. *Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases [C17]. *Skin Diseases [C17.800]. *Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous [C17.800.859 ... Eruptions are both psoriatic and lichenoid in appearance, but the diseases are distinct from psoriasis, lichen planus, or other ...
Appropriate and adequate health policies can prevent skin disease in prison. Keywords. Eczema, Papulosquamous, Infection, ... aged 23-62 years were suffering from various skin diseases. Most common skin disease were infectious dermatoses (72.18%, n=384 ... Prisoners and skin diseases in Toulouse, France: Epidemiological analysis and evaluation of life impact, J Eur Acad Dermatol ... Skin diseases are common among prisoners especially those from developing countries due to the substandard living conditions ...
Clinical subtypes include classical papulosquamous, hypertrophic, and erosive types.. Classical papulosquamous variant has ... VULVAR CROHNS DISEASE. Mucocutaneous involvement is seen in approximately 15% cases of Crohns disease, and skin involvement ... Copyright 2023 - Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (IADVL, Kerala) - All rights reserved. Published by ... Hailey-Hailey disease, Dariers disease, acantholytic dermatoses of the vulvocrural area. Granulomatous pattern. Crohns ...
Weedon, D. (2002). Skin pathology ... Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions, Animal fungal diseases, Papulosquamous disorders ... Disease1. *This disease its apparently analogous to recent bees colony collapse disorder and white nose syndrome of bats, ... Endemic Diseases. The constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. It ... Skin infections can cause skin lesions, and eye infections can cause vision problems.. Cryptococcosis is diagnosed by culturing ...
... www.consultant360.com/content/skin-disorders-older-adults-papulosquamous-and-bullous-diseases-part-1 Psoriasis affects elderly ... One of the symptoms of liver disease is skin problems. ... It is meant to be used for eczema, psoriasis, and other skin ... Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disease that speeds up the growth cycle of skin cells. How is psoriasis diagnosed and ... Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that causes dry, itchy, and thick patches of skin. Eczema is a chronic skin condition that ...
Psoriasis is a chronic papulosquamous inflammatory condition of the skin. It affects 2% of the US population. Psoriasis ... Solitary oral lesions may be part of a multisystem disease, and oral/periodontal disease may also be an early sign of disease ... The mouth is frequently involved in conditions that affect the skin or other multiorgan diseases. In many instances, oral ... Chronic liver disease. Chronic liver disease impacts many systems of the body. The coagulation pathway is one such system. The ...
Psoriasis is a chronic papulosquamous inflammatory condition of the skin. It affects 2% of the US population. Psoriasis ... Solitary oral lesions may be part of a multisystem disease, and oral/periodontal disease may also be an early sign of disease ... The mouth is frequently involved in conditions that affect the skin or other multiorgan diseases. In many instances, oral ... Chronic liver disease. Chronic liver disease impacts many systems of the body. The coagulation pathway is one such system. The ...
Evaluate under the General Rating Formula for the Skin 7821 Cutaneous manifestations of collagen-vascular diseases not listed ... Evaluate under the General Rating Formula for the Skin 7822 Papulosquamous disorders not listed elsewhere (including lichen ... 4.25 only if separate areas of skin are involved. If two or more skin conditions involve the same area of skin, then only the ... 7820 Infections of the skin not listed elsewhere (including bacterial, fungal, viral, treponemal, and parasitic diseases). ...
Differentiation of inflammatory papulosquamous skin diseases based on skin biophysical and ultrasonographic properties: A ... CONCLUSION: Skin biophysical and ultrasonographic properties may help in the differentiation of papulosquamous diseases as ... BACKGROUND: The biophysical and ultrasonographic properties of the skin change in papulosquamous diseases. AIMS: : To identify ... Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that affects the skin and nerves. The nerve damage in leprosy ...
The burden of the disease is higher in some variants including hypertrophic LP and erosive oral LP, which may have a more ... LP is a T-cell mediated immunologic disease but the responsible antigen remains unidentified. In this paper, we review the ... The literature suggests that certain presentations of the disease such as esophageal or ophthalmological involvement are ... We also review the histopathologic aspects of the disease, differential diagnoses, immunopathogenesis, and the clinical and ...
Psoriasis is a papulosquamous skin disease and is categorized as a common immune-mediated disorder. The pathogenesis of ... Psoriasis presents with red raised scaly patches on the skin and it can be present anywhere on the skin. This disease is immune ... Our skin naturally creates skin cells at a specific speed of a few weeks to a month, causing the dead skin cells to fall and ... Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that involves an inflammatory skin reaction on dry skin. This can result in poor healing and ...
... self-limiting papulosquamous skin disease. The etiology of the disease is totally unknown, however, many epidemiological and ... Evaluation of Demographics and Climatic Factors/Disease Relationship in Patients with Pityriasis Rosea ... aimed to analyze the demographic data of PR patients and to explore the role of climatic factors in the etiology of the disease ... clinical studies have suggested that infectious agents may cause the disease. Seasonal changes in the incidence may be an ...

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