Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes consisting of three isoprene units, forming a 15-carbon skeleton, which can be found in various plant essential oils and are known for their diverse chemical structures and biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties.
SESQUITERPENES cyclized to one 10-carbon ring.
SESQUITERPENES cyclized into two adjoining rings, one being 7-carbons and the other is 5-carbons.
SESQUITERPENES cyclized into two adjoining cyclohexane rings but with a different configuration from the ARTEMISININS.
A plant family of the order Celastrales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.
A plant family of the order Zingiberales, subclass Zingiberidae, class Liliopsida. It includes plants which have both flavoring and medicinal properties such as GINGER; turmeric (CURCUMA), and cardamom (ELETTARIA).
Oils which evaporate readily. The volatile oils occur in aromatic plants, to which they give odor and other characteristics. Most volatile oils consist of a mixture of two or more TERPENES or of a mixture of an eleoptene (the more volatile constituent of a volatile oil) with a stearopten (the more solid constituent). The synonym essential oils refers to the essence of a plant, as its perfume or scent, and not to its indispensability.
A large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of "daisy" refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.
A plant genus of the family Illiciaceae, order Illiciales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. They have evergreen, aromatic leaves and bisexual flowers. The female portion of the flower consists of 7 to 15 carpels.
A plant genus of the family CELASTRACEAE.
Compounds with a core of 10 carbons generally formed via the mevalonate pathway from the combination of 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. They are cyclized and oxidized in a variety of ways. Due to the low molecular weight many of them exist in the form of essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE).
A plant family of the order Myrtales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are mainly trees and shrubs. Many members contain mucilage and COUMARINS.
A plant genus of the family WINTERACEAE. They have leathery, elliptic-shaped leaves; red-tinged shoots; and jasmine-scented, cream-colored, 8- to 12-petaled, 2.5-centimeter (1-inch) flowers in clusters.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain pulicanadienes and other cytotoxic SESQUITERPENES.
A class of compounds composed of repeating 5-carbon units of HEMITERPENES.
Root-like underground horizontal stem of plants that produces shoots above and roots below. Distinguished from true roots which don't have buds and nodes. Similar to true roots in being underground and thickened by storage deposits.
A plant genus of the family VALERIANACEAE, order Dipsacales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. It is best known for the sedative use and valepotriate content of the roots. It is sometimes called Garden Heliotrope but is unrelated to true Heliotrope (HELIOTROPIUM).
A plant genus in the LAURACEAE family. Lindera benzoin is a source of a balsamic resin called benzoin which is up to 1/3 BENZOIC ACID. This should not be confused with the chemical BENZOIN or the plant STYRAX BENZOIDES.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain INULIN, alantol, helenin, alantic acid, and acrid resin.
A plant family of the order Magnoliales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are trees and shrubs having an elongated conelike floral axis with fragrant flowers that have six tepals (sepals and petals that are not distinctly different) and many spirally arranged stamens.
A plant genus of the family MYOPORACEAE. Members have been used in FOLK MEDICINE.
Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The common names of daisy or marguerite are easily confused with other plants. Some species in this genus have been reclassified to TANACETUM.
A plant genus of the family ZINGIBERACEAE that contains CURCUMIN and curcuminoids.
A phase transition from liquid state to gas state, which is affected by Raoult's law. It can be accomplished by fractional distillation.
A plant species of the family ACTINIDIACEAE, order Theales.
A somewhat heterogeneous class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or related groups (excluding methyl groups). EC 2.5.
An order of ascomycetous FUNGI which includes many economically important plant parasites as well as saprophytes.
A genus of RED ALGAE in the family Rhodomelaceae. Some species are a rich source of chlorine-and bromine-containing metabolites which show significant antibacterial activity.
Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).
A plant genus of the family TAXODIACEAE. Its POLLEN is one of the major ALLERGENS.
Agents that affect ION PUMPS; ION CHANNELS; ABC TRANSPORTERS; and other MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS.
Spectrophotometry in the infrared region, usually for the purpose of chemical analysis through measurement of absorption spectra associated with rotational and vibrational energy levels of molecules. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A plant family of the order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta (conifers). They are mainly resinous, aromatic evergreen trees.
A genus in the mint family (LAMIACEAE).
A large plant family in the order Apiales, also known as Umbelliferae. Most are aromatic herbs with alternate, feather-divided leaves that are sheathed at the base. The flowers often form a conspicuous flat-topped umbel. Each small individual flower is usually bisexual, with five sepals, five petals, and an enlarged disk at the base of the style. The fruits are ridged and are composed of two parts that split open at maturity.
Organic compounds that have a relatively high VAPOR PRESSURE at room temperature.
A plant genus of the family VERBENACEAE. Lippsidoquinone; TRITERPENES; SESQUITERPENES; and THYMOL have been found in this genus. Plant extracts have cytotoxic activity. It is sometimes called Mexican oregano but that confuses it with real oregano (ORIGANUM).
A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that contains dihydroayapin (COUMARINS) and phenanthraquinones.
A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of a wide range of biomolecules, such as glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and peptides. Positive and negative fast atom bombardment spectra are recorded on a mass spectrometer fitted with an atom gun with xenon as the customary beam. The mass spectra obtained contain molecular weight recognition as well as sequence information.
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
The outer layer of the woody parts of plants.
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
Phosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid esters of polyisoprenoids.
Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
Cyclic esters of hydroxy carboxylic acids, containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure. Large cyclic lactones of over a dozen atoms are MACROLIDES.
The above-ground plant without the roots.
Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.
Oils derived from plants or plant products.
The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals.
Biologically active molecules which are covalently bound to the enzymes or binding proteins normally acting on them. Binding occurs due to activation of the label by ultraviolet light. These labels are used primarily to identify binding sites on proteins.
The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.
NMR spectroscopy on small- to medium-size biological macromolecules. This is often used for structural investigation of proteins and nucleic acids, and often involves more than one isotope.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals.
Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.
A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.
The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.
An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.
The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Microbial and chemical transformations of some 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9,10-enes. (1/2267)

Resting cells of Streptomyces griseus, Mucor mucedo, and a growing culture of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus when mixed with compounds related to 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene-4beta,15-diacetoxy-3alpha-ol(anguidine) produced a series of derivatives that were either partially hydrolyzed or selectively acylated. These derivatives showed marked differences in activities as assayed by antifungal and tissue culture cytotoxicity tests.  (+info)

Inhibition of angiogenesis induces chromaffin differentiation and apoptosis in neuroblastoma. (2/2267)

Inhibition of angiogenesis has been shown to reduce tumor growth, metastasis, and tumor microvascular density in experimental models. To these effects we would now like to add induction of differentiation, based on biological analysis of xenografted human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y, WAG rnu/rnu) treated with the angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470. Treatment with TNP-470 (10 mg/kg s.c., n = 15) reduced the tumor growth by 66% and stereological vascular parameters (Lv, Vv, Sv) by 36-45%. The tumor cell apoptotic fraction increased more than threefold, resulting in a decrease in viable tumor cells by 33%. In contrast, the mean vascular diameter (29 microm) and the mean tumor cell proliferative index (49%) were unaffected. TNP-470-treated tumors exhibited striking chromaffin differentiation of neuroblastoma cells, observed as increased expression of insulin-like growth factor II gene (+88%), tyrosine hydroxylase (+96%), chromogranin A, and cellular processes. Statistical analysis revealed an inverse correlation between differentiation and angiogenesis. It is suggested that by inhibiting angiogenesis, TNP-470 induces metabolic stress, resulting in chromaffin differentiation and apoptosis in neuroblastoma. Such agonal differentiation may be the link between angiostatic therapy and tumor cell apoptosis.  (+info)

Declining concentrations of dihydroartemisinin in plasma during 5-day oral treatment with artesunate for Falciparum malaria. (3/2267)

Six patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria received artesunate for 5 days. Plasma concentrations of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The concentrations of dihydroartemisinin in plasma 2 h after a dose showed a time-dependent decline. Concentrations of artesunate in plasma especially after the last dose, were very low. Despite this, all patients responded with a fast recovery.  (+info)

Enhanced antitumor activity of 6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene in combination with irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil in the HT29 human colon tumor xenograft model. (4/2267)

6-Hydroxymethylacylfulvene (MGI-114) is a semisynthetic analogue of the toxin illudin S, a product of the Omphalotus mushroom. MGI-114 induces cytotoxicity in a variety of solid tumors in vivo, including the refractory HT29 human colon cancer xenograft. In this study, the potential application of MGI-114 in the treatment of colon cancer was further explored by evaluating the activity of MGI-114 in combination with irinotecan (CPT-11) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU). Groups of 9 nude mice bearing HT29 xenografts were treated with either single agent MGI-114, CPT-11, or 5FU, or MGI-114 in combination with CPT-11 or 5FU. MGI-114 was administered at doses of 3.5 and 7 mg/kg i.p. daily on days 1 through 5, and CPT-11 and 5FU were administered at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg i.p. on days 1, 12, and 19. In the single agent studies, MGI-114, CPT-11, and 5FU all resulted in decreased final tumor weights compared with vehicle-treated controls (P<0.05), but only MGI-114 at 7 mg/kg produced partial responses. When MGI-114 at 3.5 mg/kg was combined with CPT-11, significant decrements in final tumor weights occurred compared with monotherapy with the same doses of MGI-114 and CPT-11 (P< or =0.001). Also, administration of the low-dose combination (MGI-114 at 35 mg/kg and CPT-11 at 50 mg/kg) resulted in final tumor weights similar to those achieved after administration of high-dose MGI-114 as a single agent. Moreover, the combination of MGI-114 and CPT-11 produced partial responses in nearly all of the animals, with some animals achieving complete responses. The outcome with the combination of MGI-114 and 5FU was less striking, with fewer partial responses and no complete responses. These results suggest enhanced activity when MGI-114 is combined with CPT-11, and clinical trials to further evaluate this combination regimen are planned.  (+info)

A randomized, double-blind, comparative trial of a new oral combination of artemether and benflumetol (CGP 56697) with mefloquine in the treatment of acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand. (5/2267)

CGP 56697, a new oral fixed combination of artemether and benflumetol, was tested in a double-blinded, randomized trial in 252 adult patients treated either with CGP 56697 (4 x 4 tablets each containing 20 mg of artemether and 120 mg of benflumetol, given at 0, 8, 24, and 48 hr), or with mefloquine (three tablets of 250 mg at initial diagnosis, followed by two tablets of 250 mg at 8 hr). Baseline data of the two groups were comparable. The 28-day cure rate with CGP 56697 was lower than with mefloquine (69.3% versus 82.4%; P = 0.002). However, CGP 56697 was more effective than mefloquine in parasite clearance time (43 hr versus 66 hr; P < 0.001) fever clearance time (32 hr versus 54 hr; P < 0.005), and gametocyte clearance time (152 hr versus 331 hr; P < 0.001). This study revealed that CGP 56697 is effective against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand, but higher doses will probably be needed to improve the cure rate.  (+info)

The pharmacokinetics of artemisinin after administration of two different suppositories to healthy Vietnamese subjects. (6/2267)

Eight healthy Vietnamese male subjects received 400 mg artemisinin formulated into fatty suppositories (FS), and six different subjects received 500 mg of artemisinin formulated in polyethylene glycol suppositories (PEGS). Plasma concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection; concentration versus time curves were analyzed with nonparametric methods. No statistically significant differences were found between the two formulations. The maximum concentration (Cmax) was 100 +/- 102 microg/L (mean +/- SD, range = 24-330) microg/L (FS), the pharmacokinetic lag time (Tlag) was 1.3 +/- 1.0 hr (range = 0-3) (FS), and the time of the maximum concentration (Tmax) was 7.1 +/- 2.1 hr (range = 3-10) hr (FS). Because artemisinin is not available for intravenous dosage, absolute bioavailability cannot be assessed. However, compared with a previous study on oral artemisinin in healthy Vietnamese subjects, bioavailability relative to oral administration was estimated to be approximately 30%. We conclude that therapeutic blood concentrations of artemisinin can be reached after rectal dosage. The dose after rectal administration should probably be higher than after oral administration; doubling or tripling the oral dose might be necessary, which would imply a rectal dose of at least 20 mg/kg of body weight given twice a day.  (+info)

Comparison between huperzine A, tacrine, and E2020 on cholinergic transmission at mouse neuromuscular junction in vitro. (7/2267)

AIM: To compare the effects of huperzine A (Hup A), tacrine, and E2020 on cholinergic transmission at mouse neuromuscular junction in vitro. METHODS: The isolated mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations were used with the conventional intracellular recording technique. The miniature end-plate potentials (MEPP), the mean quantal content of end-plate potentials (EPP), and the resting membrane potentials of muscle fiber were recorded. RESULTS: Hup A, tacrine, and E2020 at the concentration of 1.0 mumol.L-1 increased the amplitude, time-to-peak, and half-decay time of MEPP in the potencies of E2020 > Hup A > tacrine. Hup A did not significantly change the frequency of MEPP, the appearance of giant MEPP or slow MEPP, the resting membrane potentials, and the mean quantal content of EPP. CONCLUSION: Hup A is a selective and potent cholinesterase inhibitor, by which activity it facilitates the cholinergic transmission at mouse neuromuscular junction, and devoid of pre- and post-synaptic actions.  (+info)

Effect of artemether on glucose uptake and glycogen content in Schistosoma japonicum. (8/2267)

AIM: To study the effect of artemether (Art) on glucose uptake and glycogen content in schistosomes. METHODS: Schistosomes recovered from mice treated intragastrically with Art 300 mg.kg-1 for 24-48 h, were incubated in the drug-free medium containing [U-14C]glucose 11.1 MBq.L-1. The glycogen content, [U-14C]glucose uptake, and incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into worm glycogen in both male and female worms were determined. RESULTS: When above-mentioned schistosomes were exposed to drug-free medium containing [U-14C]glucose for 1-24 h, the glycogen contents of male and female worms decreased 27%-61% and 39%-78%, respectively. Only 3 out of 6 male worm groups showed 23%-35% decrease in glucose uptake, while much less glucose uptake was found in female worms in all groups with reduction rates of 18%-38%. Apart from 2 male groups no apparent change in the incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into the worm glycogen was seen. CONCLUSIONS: Art-induced glycogen reduction in schistosomes was related to an inhibition of glycolysis rather than an interference with glucose uptake.  (+info)

Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units, hence the name "sesqui-" meaning "one and a half" in Latin. They are composed of 15 carbon atoms and have a wide range of chemical structures and biological activities. Sesquiterpenes can be found in various plants, fungi, and insects, and they play important roles in the defense mechanisms of these organisms. Some sesquiterpenes are also used in traditional medicine and have been studied for their potential therapeutic benefits.

Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and have the molecular formula C15H24. They are naturally occurring organic compounds that are synthesized by a variety of plants, insects, and other organisms. Sesquiterpenes play important roles in plant defense and communication, and some have been found to have medicinal properties.

Germacrane is a particular type of sesquiterpene that contains a specific carbon skeleton. It is a bicyclic compound with a five-membered ring fused to a seven-membered ring. Germacrane and its derivatives are found in various essential oils and have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities.

Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes, which are large and diverse group of naturally occurring organic compounds derived from isoprene, a five-carbon molecule. Sesquiterpenes are composed of three isoprene units, making them 15-carbon structures. They are synthesized in plants, fungi, and some insects, and can be found in various essential oils, resins, and other natural products.

Guaiane is a subclass of sesquiterpenes characterized by a particular carbon skeleton structure. Guaiane-type sesquiterpenes contain a unique bicyclic ring system with a five-membered ring fused to a seven-membered ring. This class of compounds includes various natural products, some of which have been found to exhibit biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic effects.

Examples of guaiane sesquiterpenes include:

1. Guaiol: A compound found in the wood of the guaiacum tree, it has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties.
2. Bulnesin: A compound isolated from the bulnesia sarmientoi tree, it has shown potential as an anticancer agent.
3. Elephantopusin: A compound found in elephantopus mollis, it has been studied for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

It is important to note that while these compounds have demonstrated biological activities, further research is necessary to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications.

Eudesmane is a subclass of sesquiterpenes, which are organic compounds consisting of three isoprene units and having the molecular formula C15H24. Sesquiterpenes are derived from farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) in the mevalonate pathway and are biosynthesized through a series of enzymatic reactions.

Eudesmane sesquiterpenes are characterized by a unique carbon skeleton with a cyclohexane ring fused to a bicyclic system consisting of a cyclopentane and a cyclobutane ring. They can be found in various plants, fungi, and insects, and some eudesmane derivatives have been shown to possess biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties.

Eudesmane sesquiterpenes can exist in different forms, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters, depending on the functional groups attached to the carbon skeleton. Some examples of eudesmane sesquiterpenes include α-eudesmol, β-eudesmol, and eudesma-1,4-diene.

Celastraceae is a family of flowering plants, also known as the staff tree or bittersweet family. It includes trees, shrubs, and woody climbers that are found in tropical and temperate regions around the world. The plants in this family have simple, opposite leaves and small, usually greenish-white flowers. Many species in Celastraceae produce brightly colored fruits, such as berries or capsules, which contain seeds that are dispersed by birds and other animals. Some well-known members of this family include the bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), staff tree (Celastrus articulatus), and crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica).

Zingiberaceae is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in botany. It refers to the family of flowering plants that includes ginger, turmeric, and cardamom, among others. These plants are native to warm and tropical regions, primarily in Asia. Some species of Zingiberaceae have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating digestive issues or inflammation. However, the specific medicinal properties and uses of each plant depend on the species and may vary. Therefore, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before using any herbal remedies.

Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are a type of organic compound that are naturally produced in plants. They are called "volatile" because they evaporate quickly at room temperature due to their high vapor pressure. These oils are composed of complex mixtures of various compounds, including terpenes, terpenoids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and alcohols. They are responsible for the characteristic aroma and flavor of many plants and are often used in perfumes, flavors, and aromatherapy. In a medical context, volatile oils may have therapeutic properties and be used in certain medications or treatments, but it's important to note that they can also cause adverse reactions if not used properly.

Asteraceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the daisy family or sunflower family. It is one of the largest and most diverse families of vascular plants, with over 1,900 genera and 32,000 species. The family includes a wide variety of plants, ranging from annual and perennial herbs to shrubs and trees.

The defining characteristic of Asteraceae is the presence of a unique type of inflorescence called a capitulum, which resembles a single flower but is actually composed of many small flowers (florets) arranged in a dense head. The florets are typically bisexual, with both male and female reproductive structures, and are radially symmetrical.

Asteraceae includes many economically important plants, such as sunflowers, daisies, artichokes, lettuce, chicory, and ragweed. Some species of Asteraceae are also used in traditional medicine and have been found to contain bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic uses.

It's worth noting that the taxonomy of this family has undergone significant revisions in recent years, and some genera and species have been moved to other families or renamed.

"Illicium" is a botanical term that refers to a genus of plants, primarily found in Asia and parts of the Americas. Commonly known as "star anise," these plants produce a fruit that is widely used in cooking for its distinct licorice-like flavor, and in traditional medicine for its purported health benefits. However, it's important to note that the term "Illicium" itself is not a medical term, but a taxonomic one.

'Euonymus' is a term that refers to a genus of flowering plants, also known as spindle trees or shrubs. It is not a medical term and does not have a specific medical definition. The plants in this genus are often used in landscaping and gardening due to their attractive foliage and flowers. Some species of Euonymus contain a toxic compound called grayanotoxin, which can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and dizziness if ingested. However, these plants are not commonly associated with medical conditions or treatments.

Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. They are major components of many essential oils found in plants, giving them their characteristic fragrances and flavors. Monoterpenes can be further classified into various subgroups based on their structural features, such as acyclic (e.g., myrcene), monocyclic (e.g., limonene), and bicyclic (e.g., pinene) compounds. In the medical field, monoterpenes have been studied for their potential therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. However, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and clinical applications.

Thymelaeaceae is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in botany. It refers to a family of flowering plants that includes around 50 genera and about 800 species. Some members of this family have been used in traditional medicine, but it's important to note that the use of specific plant species for medicinal purposes should be under the guidance of healthcare professionals, as they can provide information on safe usage, potential interactions with other medications, and appropriate dosages.

'Drimys' is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs that belong to the family Winteraceae. This genus includes several species, some of which are known for their medicinal properties. For instance, the bark of Drimys winteri (also known as "winter's bark") has been used traditionally in folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and expectorant properties. However, it is important to note that the use of these plants should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can also have potential side effects or interact with other medications.

"Pulicaria" is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family, Asteraceae. It includes around 100 species that are primarily found in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Some common names for plants in this genus include fleabane, fleawort, and camphor plant. While some species of Pulicaria have been used in traditional medicine, there is no widely accepted medical definition specifically for "Pulicaria."

It's worth noting that the term "pulicaria" has been used historically to refer to certain plants with insect-repellent properties, which were believed to be effective against fleas. However, this usage is not related to a specific medical definition or diagnosis. If you have any specific concerns about health conditions or treatments, it's always best to consult with a qualified healthcare professional.

Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds produced by a variety of plants, including cannabis. They are responsible for the distinctive aromas and flavors found in different strains of cannabis. Terpenes have been found to have various therapeutic benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial properties. Some terpenes may also enhance the psychoactive effects of THC, the main psychoactive compound in cannabis. It's important to note that more research is needed to fully understand the potential medical benefits and risks associated with terpenes.

A rhizome is not typically used as a medical term, but it is a term borrowed from botany that has been adopted in some areas of medicine, particularly in psychiatry and psychotherapy.

In its original botanical sense, a rhizome is a horizontal stem of a plant that grows underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes. This growth pattern is contrasted with that of a root system, which grows downward, and a stem system, which grows upward.

In psychiatry and psychotherapy, the term "rhizome" has been used as a metaphor to describe a non-hierarchical and decentralized approach to understanding mental processes and subjectivity. The rhizome model emphasizes the complexity, multiplicity, and interconnectedness of these processes, and rejects simplistic or reductionist explanations that focus on a single cause or origin. Instead, it encourages a more holistic and dynamic view of mental life, one that is open to multiple perspectives and interpretations.

It's important to note that the use of the term "rhizome" in this context is metaphorical and not medical in the strict sense. It is a way of thinking about mental processes and subjectivity that has been influenced by poststructuralist and feminist theories, among others.

Valerian is not a medical term, but rather the name of a plant (Valeriana officinalis) that has been used in herbal medicine. The root of this plant contains several chemical compounds, including valerenic acid and other volatile oils, which are believed to have sedative and anxiolytic effects.

In medical terms, Valerian is sometimes referred to as a "herbal supplement" or "botanical extract" used for the treatment of sleep disorders, anxiety, and stress. It's important to note that while some studies suggest that Valerian may help with these conditions, more research is needed to fully understand its effects and safety. As with any medication or supplement, it should be taken under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

"Lindera" is not a medical term itself, but rather it refers to a genus of flowering plants in the family Lauraceae, commonly known as spicebush or narrow-leafed berry. Some species of Lindera have been used in traditional medicine in various cultures. For example, Lindera aggregata has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for treating gastrointestinal disorders and rheumatism. However, it's important to note that the use of these plants as medicines should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have side effects or interact with other medications.

"Inula" is a term that refers to a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. These plants are native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, and include several species such as I. helenium (Elecampane), I. racemosa (Horseheal), and I. viscosa (Sticky Inula). While some Inula species have been used in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory, expectorant, and diuretic properties, "Inula" itself is not a medical term or concept. It's essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using any plant or herbal remedy for medicinal purposes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Magnoliaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in botany, referring to the magnolia family of flowering plants. This family includes around 220 species of trees and shrubs, many of which are known for their large, fragrant flowers. The plants are primarily native to Asia and the Americas. If you have any questions about a medical term or concept, I'd be happy to help with that instead!

Eremophila is a genus of flowering plants in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae. These plants are native to Australia and are commonly known as emu bushes or poverty bushes. They are characterized by their shrubby or tree-like growth habits and their tubular flowers, which attract nectar-feeding birds and insects. Some species of Eremophila have medicinal properties and have been used in traditional Aboriginal medicine. However, it is important to note that the use of these plants as medicine should only be done under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as some species may have toxic effects if not used properly.

A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.

I am not a doctor, but I can provide some information about chrysanthemums. Chrysanthemums are flowering plants that belong to the genus Chrysanthemum in the family Asteraceae. They are native to Asia and northeastern Europe and are particularly significant in East Asian cultures.

Chrysanthemums have been cultivated for centuries for their beautiful flowers, which come in a variety of colors including white, yellow, red, and purple. In some countries, chrysanthemums are considered symbolic of death and are used in funerals or on graves, while in others they represent life, joy, and longevity.

While chrysanthemums do not have a direct medical definition, some parts of the plant have been used in traditional medicine in various cultures. For example, chrysanthemum flowers are sometimes used to make teas that are believed to help with headaches, fever, and inflammation. However, it is important to note that the effectiveness of these remedies has not been scientifically proven, and chrysanthemums can cause allergic reactions or other adverse effects in some people. Therefore, it is always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using any herbal remedies.

Curcuma is a genus of plants in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It includes several species of herbaceous perennial plants that are native to tropical Asia. The most well-known and widely used species is Curcuma longa, which is commonly known as turmeric.

Turmeric has been used for centuries in Ayurvedic medicine and traditional Chinese medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and digestive properties. The rhizomes of the plant are harvested, dried, and ground into a powder that is used as a spice, food coloring, and dietary supplement.

The active ingredient in turmeric is curcumin, which has been studied for its potential health benefits in a variety of conditions, including arthritis, cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits and establish safe and effective dosages.

Volatilization, in the context of pharmacology and medicine, refers to the process by which a substance (usually a medication or drug) transforms into a vapor state at room temperature or upon heating. This change in physical state allows the substance to evaporate and be transferred into the air, potentially leading to inhalation exposure.

In some medical applications, volatilization is used intentionally, such as with essential oils for aromatherapy or topical treatments that utilize a vapor action. However, it can also pose concerns when volatile substances are unintentionally released into the air, potentially leading to indoor air quality issues or exposure risks.

It's important to note that in clinical settings, volatilization is not typically used as a route of administration for medications, as other methods such as oral, intravenous, or inhalation via nebulizers are more common and controlled.

'Actinidia' is a genus of woody climbing plants native to East Asia, commonly known as "kiwifruit" or "Chinese gooseberries." The most commercially important species in this genus is Actinidia deliciosa, which produces the familiar fuzzy green kiwifruit. Other species in the genus include Actinidia arguta (smooth skin kiwi or kiwi berry) and Actinidia chinensis (golden kiwi). These plants are known for their edible fruit, which contains high levels of vitamin C and other nutrients. In a medical context, 'Actinidia' may be mentioned in relation to the health benefits of consuming kiwifruit or its potential use in natural medicine.

Alkyl and aryl transferases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or aryl groups from one molecule to another. These enzymes play a role in various biological processes, including the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics, as well as the biosynthesis of certain natural compounds.

Alkyl transferases typically catalyze the transfer of methyl or ethyl groups, while aryl transferases transfer larger aromatic rings. These enzymes often use cofactors such as S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) or acetyl-CoA to donate the alkyl or aryl group to a recipient molecule.

Examples of alkyl and aryl transferases include:

1. Methyltransferases: enzymes that transfer methyl groups from SAM to various acceptor molecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and small molecules.
2. Histone methyltransferases: enzymes that methylate specific residues on histone proteins, which can affect chromatin structure and gene expression.
3. N-acyltransferases: enzymes that transfer acetyl or other acyl groups to amino groups in proteins or small molecules.
4. O-acyltransferases: enzymes that transfer acyl groups to hydroxyl groups in lipids, steroids, and other molecules.
5. Arylsulfatases: enzymes that remove sulfate groups from aromatic rings, releasing an alcohol and sulfate.
6. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs): enzymes that transfer the tripeptide glutathione to electrophilic centers in xenobiotics and endogenous compounds, facilitating their detoxification and excretion.

Xylariales is an order of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes, which are primarily wood-inhabiting species. This group includes both saprobic and pathogenic fungi, with some members known to cause various plant diseases. The order contains several families, including Xylariaceae, Amphisphaeriaceae, and Graphostromataceae, among others. Many species in Xylariales produce dark-colored, melanized structures called pycnidia or stromata, which contain the reproductive structures of the fungi. Some members of this order also have potential industrial applications, such as the production of enzymes and bioactive compounds.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Laurencia" is not a commonly used medical term or diagnosis. It is possible that you may be referring to "Laurasia," which is a geological supercontinent that existed during the early Mesozoic Era, but it is not a medical concept. If you have a different context or meaning in mind, please provide more information so I can give a more accurate response.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that provides information about the biochemical composition of tissues, including their metabolic state. It is often used in conjunction with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to analyze various metabolites within body tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, and muscles.

During MRS, a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer are used to produce detailed images and data about the concentration of specific metabolites in the targeted tissue or organ. This technique can help detect abnormalities related to energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, pH balance, and other biochemical processes, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseases.

There are different types of MRS, such as Proton (^1^H) MRS, Phosphorus-31 (^31^P) MRS, and Carbon-13 (^13^C) MRS, each focusing on specific elements or metabolites within the body. The choice of MRS technique depends on the clinical question being addressed and the type of information needed for diagnosis or monitoring purposes.

"Cryptomeria" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is actually the scientific name for a type of evergreen tree, also known as Japanese cedar. In some cases, Cryptomeria pollen may cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals, leading to symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes. However, it is not a medical condition itself.

Membrane transport modulators refer to a class of molecules that affect the movement of ions, nutrients, and other substances across cell membranes by interacting with membrane transport proteins. These proteins, also known as transporters or carriers, facilitate the passive or active transport of molecules in and out of cells.

Membrane transport modulators can either inhibit or enhance the activity of these transport proteins. They play a crucial role in pharmacology and therapeutics, as they can influence drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Examples of membrane transport modulators include ion channel blockers, inhibitors of efflux pumps like P-glycoprotein, and enhancers of nutrient uptake transporters.

It is important to note that the term "membrane transport modulator" can encompass a wide range of molecules with varying mechanisms and specificities, so further characterization is often necessary for a more precise understanding of their effects.

Spectrophotometry, Infrared is a scientific analytical technique used to measure the absorption or transmission of infrared light by a sample. It involves the use of an infrared spectrophotometer, which directs infrared radiation through a sample and measures the intensity of the radiation that is transmitted or absorbed by the sample at different wavelengths within the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Infrared spectroscopy can be used to identify and quantify functional groups and chemical bonds present in a sample, as well as to study the molecular structure and composition of materials. The resulting infrared spectrum provides a unique "fingerprint" of the sample, which can be compared with reference spectra to aid in identification and characterization.

Infrared spectrophotometry is widely used in various fields such as chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals, forensics, and materials science for qualitative and quantitative analysis of samples.

Cupressaceae is a family of coniferous plants, also known as the cypress family. It includes a variety of genera such as *Cupressus* (cypress), *Juniperus* (juniper), *Thuja* (arborvitae or cedar), and *Chamaecyparis* (false cypress or Port Orford cedar). These plants are characterized by their small, scale-like leaves, and many produce cones that contain seeds. Some species in this family have economic importance as timber, ornamental plants, or for their essential oils.

"Salvia" is a genus of plants that includes over 900 species, with some commonly known as sage. However, in a medical context, the term "Salvia" often refers to Salvia divinorum, a specific species of this plant. Salvia divinorum, also known as sage of the diviners, is a psychoactive herb that can produce hallucinations and other altered mental states when ingested, usually by smoking or chewing the leaves. It contains a chemical called salvinorin A, which is believed to be responsible for its psychoactive effects.

It's important to note that while Salvia divinorum has been used in traditional healing practices in some cultures, it can also have dangerous side effects and its use is regulated in many parts of the world. It should only be used under medical supervision and with a clear understanding of its potential risks.

Apiaceae is a family of flowering plants also known as Umbelliferae. It includes aromatic herbs and vegetables such as carrots, parsley, celery, fennel, and dill. The plants in this family are characterized by their umbrella-shaped clusters of flowers (umbels) and hollow stems. Some members of Apiaceae contain toxic compounds, so caution should be taken when identifying and consuming wild plants from this family.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a low boiling point and easily evaporate at room temperature. They can be liquids or solids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde, which are found in many household products, including paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; cleaning supplies; pesticides; building materials and furnishings; office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper; and glues and adhesives.

VOCs can cause both short- and long-term health effects. Short-term exposure to high levels of VOCs can cause headaches, dizziness, visual disturbances, and memory problems. Long-term exposure can cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. Some VOCs are also suspected or known carcinogens.

It is important to properly use, store, and dispose of products that contain VOCs to minimize exposure. Increasing ventilation by opening windows and doors or using fans can also help reduce exposure to VOCs.

"Lippia" is a genus of plants in the verbena family, Verbenaceae. Some species of Lippia are used in traditional medicine and have been studied for their potential medicinal properties. For example, Lippia citriodora (also known as lemon balm) has been used in herbal medicine for its calming and sedative effects. Lippia graveolens (also known as Mexican oregano) is used as a spice and has been studied for its potential anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. However, it's important to note that the use of these plants as medicine should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can interact with other medications and have potential side effects.

Dendrobium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. It contains around 1,200 to 1,500 species, making it one of the largest orchid genera. The name Dendrobium comes from the Greek words "dendron" meaning tree and "bios" meaning life, which refers to the fact that many of these orchids grow on trees or other plants as epiphytes.

Dendrobium orchids are native to a wide range of habitats in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. They vary greatly in size, shape, and color, but most have fleshy, jointed stems and narrow leaves. Some species produce flowers that are highly fragrant and last for several weeks.

In traditional medicine, some Dendrobium species have been used for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-boosting properties. However, it is important to note that the safety and efficacy of using these plants as medicinal remedies have not been thoroughly studied and should be approached with caution.

Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) Mass Spectrometry is a technique used for determining the mass of ions in a sample. In FAB-MS, the sample is mixed with a matrix material and then bombarded with a beam of fast atoms, usually xenon or cesium. This bombardment leads to the formation of ions from the sample which can then be detected and measured using a mass analyzer. The resulting mass spectrum provides information about the molecular weight and structure of the sample molecules. FAB-MS is particularly useful for the analysis of large, thermally labile, or polar molecules that may not ionize well by other methods.

Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Plant Bark" is not a term with a specific medical definition. In general, the bark refers to the outermost covering of a tree or other plant, which serves as protection and provides a barrier against external threats. It is composed of layers including the inner bark (phloem), which transports nutrients throughout the plant, and the outer bark (periderm), which is made up of dead cells that form a protective layer.

While some plants or plant parts do have medicinal properties and are used in various forms of traditional or alternative medicine, "Plant Bark" by itself does not have any specific medical connotations. If you're referring to a specific type of plant bark with potential medicinal uses, please provide more details so I can give a more accurate response.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a powerful analytical technique that combines the separating power of gas chromatography with the identification capabilities of mass spectrometry. This method is used to separate, identify, and quantify different components in complex mixtures.

In GC-MS, the mixture is first vaporized and carried through a long, narrow column by an inert gas (carrier gas). The various components in the mixture interact differently with the stationary phase inside the column, leading to their separation based on their partition coefficients between the mobile and stationary phases. As each component elutes from the column, it is then introduced into the mass spectrometer for analysis.

The mass spectrometer ionizes the sample, breaks it down into smaller fragments, and measures the mass-to-charge ratio of these fragments. This information is used to generate a mass spectrum, which serves as a unique "fingerprint" for each compound. By comparing the generated mass spectra with reference libraries or known standards, analysts can identify and quantify the components present in the original mixture.

GC-MS has wide applications in various fields such as forensics, environmental analysis, drug testing, and research laboratories due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and ability to analyze volatile and semi-volatile compounds.

Polyisoprenyl phosphates are a type of organic compound that play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of various essential biomolecules in cells. They are formed by the addition of isoprene units, which are five-carbon molecules with a branched structure, to a phosphate group.

In medical terms, polyisoprenyl phosphates are primarily known for their role as intermediates in the biosynthesis of dolichols and farnesylated proteins. Dolichols are long-chain isoprenoids that function as lipid carriers in the synthesis of glycoproteins, which are proteins that contain carbohydrate groups attached to them. Farnesylated proteins, on the other hand, are proteins that have been modified with a farnesyl group, which is a 15-carbon isoprenoid. This modification plays a role in the localization and function of certain proteins within the cell.

Abnormalities in the biosynthesis of polyisoprenyl phosphates and their downstream products have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and genetic syndromes. Therefore, understanding the biology and regulation of these compounds is an active area of research with potential therapeutic implications.

I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.

Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.

Lactones are not a medical term per se, but they are important in the field of pharmaceuticals and medicinal chemistry. Lactones are cyclic esters derived from hydroxy acids. They can be found naturally in various plants, fruits, and some insects. In medicine, lactones have been used in the synthesis of drugs, including certain antibiotics and antifungal agents. For instance, the penicillin family of antibiotics contains a beta-lactone ring in their structure, which is essential for their antibacterial activity.

Aerial parts of plants refer to the above-ground portions of a plant, including leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits. These parts are often used in medicine, either in their entirety or as isolated extracts, to take advantage of their medicinal properties. The specific components of aerial parts that are used in medicine can vary depending on the plant species and the desired therapeutic effects. For example, the leaves of some plants may contain active compounds that have anti-inflammatory or analgesic properties, while the flowers of others may be rich in antioxidants or compounds with sedative effects. In general, aerial parts of plants are used in herbal medicine to treat a wide range of conditions, including respiratory, digestive, and nervous system disorders, as well as skin conditions and infections.

Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet (UV-Vis) is a type of spectrophotometry that measures how much ultraviolet (UV) and visible light is absorbed or transmitted by a sample. It uses a device called a spectrophotometer to measure the intensity of light at different wavelengths as it passes through a sample. The resulting data can be used to determine the concentration of specific components within the sample, identify unknown substances, or evaluate the physical and chemical properties of materials.

UV-Vis spectroscopy is widely used in various fields such as chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals, and environmental science. It can detect a wide range of substances including organic compounds, metal ions, proteins, nucleic acids, and dyes. The technique is non-destructive, meaning that the sample remains unchanged after the measurement.

In UV-Vis spectroscopy, the sample is placed in a cuvette or other container, and light from a source is directed through it. The light then passes through a monochromator, which separates it into its component wavelengths. The monochromatic light is then directed through the sample, and the intensity of the transmitted or absorbed light is measured by a detector.

The resulting absorption spectrum can provide information about the concentration and identity of the components in the sample. For example, if a compound has a known absorption maximum at a specific wavelength, its concentration can be determined by measuring the absorbance at that wavelength and comparing it to a standard curve.

Overall, UV-Vis spectrophotometry is a versatile and powerful analytical technique for quantitative and qualitative analysis of various samples in different fields.

Mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI-MS) is an analytical technique used to identify and quantify chemical species in a sample based on the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. In ESI-MS, analytes are ionized through the use of an electrospray, where a liquid sample is introduced through a metal capillary needle at high voltage, creating an aerosol of charged droplets. As the solvent evaporates, the analyte molecules become charged and can be directed into a mass spectrometer for analysis.

ESI-MS is particularly useful for the analysis of large biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids, due to its ability to gently ionize these species without fragmentation. The technique provides information about the molecular weight and charge state of the analytes, which can be used to infer their identity and structure. Additionally, ESI-MS can be interfaced with separation techniques such as liquid chromatography (LC) for further purification and characterization of complex samples.

Medical definitions generally do not include plant oils as a specific term. However, in a biological or biochemical context, plant oils, also known as vegetable oils, are defined as lipid extracts derived from various parts of plants such as seeds, fruits, and leaves. They mainly consist of triglycerides, which are esters of glycerol and three fatty acids. The composition of fatty acids can vary between different plant sources, leading to a range of physical and chemical properties that make plant oils useful for various applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Some common examples of plant oils include olive oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, and jojoba oil.

A plant root is not a medical term per se, but it is a term from botany, which is the study of plants. However, I can certainly provide a definition for you.

Plant roots are the underground organs of a plant that typically grow downward into the soil. They serve several important functions, including:

1. Anchorage: Roots help to stabilize the plant and keep it upright in the ground.
2. Absorption: Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are essential for the plant's growth and development.
3. Conduction: Roots conduct water and nutrients up to the above-ground parts of the plant, such as the stem and leaves.
4. Vegetative reproduction: Some plants can reproduce vegetatively through their roots, producing new plants from root fragments or specialized structures called rhizomes or tubers.

Roots are composed of several different tissues, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and vascular tissue. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the root, which secretes a waxy substance called suberin that helps to prevent water loss. The cortex is the middle layer of the root, which contains cells that store carbohydrates and other nutrients. The endodermis is a thin layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue and regulates the movement of water and solutes into and out of the root. The vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

Medicinal plants are defined as those plants that contain naturally occurring chemical compounds which can be used for therapeutic purposes, either directly or indirectly. These plants have been used for centuries in various traditional systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, and Native American medicine, to prevent or treat various health conditions.

Medicinal plants contain a wide variety of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, and saponins, among others. These compounds have been found to possess various pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.

Medicinal plants can be used in various forms, including whole plant material, extracts, essential oils, and isolated compounds. They can be administered through different routes, such as oral, topical, or respiratory, depending on the desired therapeutic effect.

It is important to note that while medicinal plants have been used safely and effectively for centuries, they should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Some medicinal plants can interact with prescription medications or have adverse effects if used inappropriately.

Photoaffinity labels are molecules that, upon exposure to light, form covalent bonds with nearby proteins or other biomolecules. These labels typically contain a reactive group that becomes highly reactive after photoactivation, allowing for the specific and irreversible labeling of proteins in their native environment. This technique is widely used in molecular biology research to study protein-protein interactions, protein structure, and protein function. The labeled proteins can then be identified and analyzed using various methods such as gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, or microscopy.

Molecular conformation, also known as spatial arrangement or configuration, refers to the specific three-dimensional shape and orientation of atoms that make up a molecule. It describes the precise manner in which bonds between atoms are arranged around a molecular framework, taking into account factors such as bond lengths, bond angles, and torsional angles.

Conformational isomers, or conformers, are different spatial arrangements of the same molecule that can interconvert without breaking chemical bonds. These isomers may have varying energies, stability, and reactivity, which can significantly impact a molecule's biological activity and function. Understanding molecular conformation is crucial in fields such as drug design, where small changes in conformation can lead to substantial differences in how a drug interacts with its target.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Biomolecular is a research technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to study the structure and dynamics of biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. This technique measures the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei within these molecules, specifically their spin, which can be influenced by the application of an external magnetic field.

When a sample is placed in a strong magnetic field, the nuclei absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation at specific frequencies, known as resonance frequencies, which are determined by the molecular structure and environment of the nuclei. By analyzing these resonance frequencies and their interactions, researchers can obtain detailed information about the three-dimensional structure, dynamics, and interactions of biomolecules.

NMR spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique that allows for the study of biological molecules in solution, which makes it an important tool for understanding the function and behavior of these molecules in their natural environment. Additionally, NMR can be used to study the effects of drugs, ligands, and other small molecules on biomolecular structure and dynamics, making it a valuable tool in drug discovery and development.

Fungi, in the context of medical definitions, are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The study of fungi is known as mycology.

Fungi can exist as unicellular organisms or as multicellular filamentous structures called hyphae. They are heterotrophs, which means they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by living as parasites on other organisms. Some fungi can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants, known as mycoses. These infections range from superficial, localized skin infections to systemic, life-threatening invasive diseases.

Examples of fungal infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (dermatophytosis), candidiasis (yeast infection), histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the potential for drug resistance.

Drug screening assays for antitumor agents are laboratory tests used to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of potential drugs or compounds that can inhibit the growth of tumor cells or induce their death. These assays are typically performed in vitro (in a test tube or petri dish) using cell cultures of various types of cancer cells.

The assays measure different parameters such as cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and cytotoxicity to determine the ability of the drug to kill or inhibit the growth of tumor cells. The results of these assays can help researchers identify promising antitumor agents that can be further developed for clinical use in cancer treatment.

There are different types of drug screening assays for antitumor agents, including high-throughput screening (HTS) assays, which allow for the rapid and automated testing of a large number of compounds against various cancer cell lines. Other types of assays include phenotypic screening assays, target-based screening assays, and functional screening assays, each with its own advantages and limitations.

Overall, drug screening assays for antitumor agents play a critical role in the development of new cancer therapies by providing valuable information on the activity and safety of potential drugs, helping to identify effective treatments and reduce the time and cost associated with bringing new drugs to market.

Antineoplastic agents, phytogenic, also known as plant-derived anticancer drugs, are medications that are derived from plants and used to treat cancer. These agents have natural origins and work by interfering with the growth and multiplication of cancer cells, helping to slow or stop the spread of the disease. Some examples of antineoplastic agents, phytogenic include paclitaxel (Taxol), vincristine, vinblastine, and etoposide. These drugs are often used in combination with other treatments such as surgery, radiation therapy, and other medications to provide a comprehensive approach to cancer care.

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a type of infrared spectroscopy that uses the Fourier transform mathematical technique to convert the raw data obtained from an interferometer into a more interpretable spectrum. This technique allows for the simultaneous collection of a wide range of wavelengths, resulting in increased sensitivity and speed compared to traditional dispersive infrared spectroscopy.

FTIR spectroscopy measures the absorption or transmission of infrared radiation by a sample as a function of frequency, providing information about the vibrational modes of the molecules present in the sample. This can be used for identification and quantification of chemical compounds, analysis of molecular structure, and investigation of chemical interactions and reactions.

In summary, FTIR spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique that uses infrared radiation to study the vibrational properties of molecules, with increased sensitivity and speed due to the use of Fourier transform mathematical techniques and an interferometer.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "fruit" is not a medical term per se. It is a common term used to describe the part of a plant that develops from the ovary after flowering and contains seeds. However, in a nutritional or dietary context, "fruits" are often referred to as foods that are typically sweet and juicy, and come from plants' flowers. They are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, making them an essential part of a healthy diet. But in a strict medical sense, there isn't a specific definition for "fruit."

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique used to identify and quantify the chemical components of a mixture or compound. It works by ionizing the sample, generating charged molecules or fragments, and then measuring their mass-to-charge ratio in a vacuum. The resulting mass spectrum provides information about the molecular weight and structure of the analytes, allowing for identification and characterization.

In simpler terms, mass spectrometry is a method used to determine what chemicals are present in a sample and in what quantities, by converting the chemicals into ions, measuring their masses, and generating a spectrum that shows the relative abundances of each ion type.

Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism (structural arrangement of atoms) in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the three-dimensional orientation of their atoms in space. This occurs when the molecule contains asymmetric carbon atoms or other rigid structures that prevent free rotation, leading to distinct spatial arrangements of groups of atoms around a central point. Stereoisomers can have different chemical and physical properties, such as optical activity, boiling points, and reactivities, due to differences in their shape and the way they interact with other molecules.

There are two main types of stereoisomerism: enantiomers (mirror-image isomers) and diastereomers (non-mirror-image isomers). Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, but cannot be superimposed on one another. Diastereomers, on the other hand, are non-mirror-image stereoisomers that have different physical and chemical properties.

Stereoisomerism is an important concept in chemistry and biology, as it can affect the biological activity of molecules, such as drugs and natural products. For example, some enantiomers of a drug may be active, while others are inactive or even toxic. Therefore, understanding stereoisomerism is crucial for designing and synthesizing effective and safe drugs.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of chromatography that separates and analyzes compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase under high pressure. The mobile phase, which can be a gas or liquid, carries the sample mixture through a column containing the stationary phase.

In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid, and it is pumped through the column at high pressures (up to several hundred atmospheres) to achieve faster separation times and better resolution than other types of liquid chromatography. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid, and it interacts differently with each component in the sample mixture, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.

HPLC is widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other fields to separate, identify, and quantify compounds present in complex mixtures. It can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, including drugs, hormones, vitamins, pigments, flavors, and pollutants. HPLC is also used in the preparation of pure samples for further study or use.

Look up sesquiterpene in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Sesquiterpenes at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical ... which is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes such as farnesene. Cyclic sesquiterpenes are more common than ... Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and often have the molecular formula C15H24. Like ... Sesquiterpene lactones are a common class of sesquiterpenoids that contain a lactone ring, hence the name. They are found in ...
... s (SLs) are a class of sesquiterpenoids that contain a lactone ring. They are most often found in plants ... Media related to Sesquiterpene lactones at Wikimedia Commons (Articles with short description, Short description is different ... Dall'Acqua S, Viola G, Giorgetti M, Loi MC, Innocenti G (August 2006). "Two new sesquiterpene lactones from the leaves of ... "Sesquiterpene Lactones and their toxicity to livestock". Cornell CALS. Cornell University. Retrieved December 29, 2018. ...
... may refer to: Delta-cadinene synthase, an enzyme Aristolochene synthase, an enzyme Trichodiene synthase, ... an enzyme This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sesquiterpene cyclase. If an internal link led you ...
Tumerones are a group of related chemical compounds of the sesquiterpene class. They are found in turmeric (Curcuma longa), ...
Sesquiterpenes of ginger oil". Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications. 18: 297-300. doi:10.1135/cccc19530248. K. ... Zingiberene is a monocyclic sesquiterpene that is the predominant constituent of the oil of ginger (Zingiber officinale), from ... and sesquiterpenes. Gingerol sequiphellandrene Herout, Vlastimil; Benesova, Vera; Pliva, Josef (1953). "Terpenes. XLI. ...
Garcez, W. S.; Garcez, F. R.; Ramos, L.; Camargo, M. J.; Damasceno Jr., G. A. (1997). "Sesquiterpenes from Trichilia catigua". ...
Laurence G. Cool (2005). "Sesquiterpenes from Cupressus macrocarpa foliage". Phytochemistry. 66 (2): 249-260. doi:10.1016/j. ... Unusual sesquiterpenes can be found in the foliage. Longiborneol (also known as juniperol or macrocarpol) can also be isolated ...
The active agent has not been identified but thought to be sesquiterpenes, which have been isolated from this species and the ... 1980). Sesquiterpenes from Russula sardonia. Phytochemistry 19: 93-97 Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). Mushrooms: poisons and ...
Terpene Terpenoid Diterpene Sesquiterpene Eberhard Breitmaier (2006). "Hemi‐ and Monoterpenes". Terpenes: Flavors, Fragrances, ... Davis, Edward M.; Croteau, Rodney (2000). "Cyclization enzymes in the biosynthesis of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and ... and sesquiterpenes (e.g., zederone, germacrone) exhibited liver toxicity" and that i.a. intensive research on terpenes toxicity ... "Hepatotoxicity of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes". Archives of Toxicology. 92 (1): 1-13. doi:10.1007/s00204-017-2062-2. ISSN ...
Duh, Chang-Yih; Chen, Kuan-Jen; El-Gamal, Ali Ali H.; Dai, Chang-Feng (November 2001). "Sesquiterpenes from the Formosan ...
The latex contains sesquiterpene pigments with guaiane skeletons; these include the compounds given the common names ... 9 (4): 247-8. doi:10.1016/0305-1978(81)90002-8. De Rosa S, De Stefano S (1986). "Guaiane sesquiterpenes from Lactarius ... "The isolation of a guaiane sesquiterpene from fruit bodies of Lactarius sanguifluus". Phytochemistry. 28 (9): 2501-2. doi: ...
additional sesquiterpenes Joseph P. Hou; Youyu Jin (2005-04-25). The healing power of Chinese herbs and medicinal recipes. ... Wang, H. X.; Liu, C. M.; Liu, Q.; Gao, K. (2008). "Three types of sesquiterpenes from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea". ...
2009). Sesquiterpenes from Curcuma comosa. Journal of Natural Medicines 63 102. Piyachaturawat, P., S. Ercharuporn, and A. ...
Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone with an endoperoxide bridge and has been produced as an antimalarial drug. The efficacy ... Other phytochemicals include 38 sesquiterpenes. Dihydroartemisinin is the active metabolite of artemisinin, and artesunate is a ...
... is a sesquiterpene and chemical constituent of Nardostachys jatamansi. In in vitro studies, the compound has ... Itokawa H, Masuyama K, Morita H, Takeya K (1993). "Cytotoxic sesquiterpenes from Nardostachys chinensis". Chemical & ... Sesquiterpenes, Organic peroxides, Enones, Oxygen heterocycles, Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings). ...
The active agent has not been identified but is thought to consist of sesquiterpenes, which have been isolated from Russula ... 1980). "Sesquiterpenes from Russula sardonia." Phytochemistry 19: 93-97 Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). Mushrooms: Poisons and ...
This sesquiterpene alcohol is thought to be formed in carrot seeds (Daucus carota L., Umbelliferae) during the vegetation ... Parker, W.; Roberts, J.S. (1967). "Sesquiterpene Biogenesis". Quart. Rev. 21 (3): 331-363. doi:10.1039/qr9672100331. (Articles ... This type of cyclisation is unconventional for the typical chemistry of sesquiterpenes. The only other proposed mechanism ...
"Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of Isocomene Sesquiterpenes". Tetrahedron Lett. 25 (23): 2447. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)81201 ...
Chemically, the copaenes are tricyclic sesquiterpenes. The molecules are chiral, and the α-copaene enantiomer most commonly ... Minor Sesquiterpenes of the Wood of Pinus silvestris L. And of Swedish Sulphate Turpentine". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 21: 152 ...
Neosporol, Sporol". Part B: Bicyclic and Tricyclic Sesquiterpenes. The Total Synthesis of Natural Products. Vol. 11. John Wiley ...
Neosporol, Sporol". Part B: Bicyclic and Tricyclic Sesquiterpenes. The Total Synthesis of Natural Products. Vol. 11. John Wiley ...
Büchi, G.; Hofheinz, W.; Paukstelis, J. V. (November 1969). "Synthesis of (-)-aromadendrene and related sesquiterpenes". ...
The term cadinene has sometimes also been used in a broad sense to refer to any sesquiterpene with the so-called cadalane (4- ...
A sesquiterpene[which?] has been isolated and a synthetic derivative of the ketone form has been commercially produced in Japan ... An example of a sesquiterpene that has been isolated and characterized is oplapanone. "Oplopanax japonicus - (Nakai.)Nakai". ... a new sesquiterpene from oplopanax japonicus (NAKAI) NAKAI". Tetrahedron. 22: 219-225. doi:10.1016/s0040-4020(01)99108-2. Media ...
Humulene, a sesquiterpene. Taxadiene, a diterpene, precursor to the diterpenoid taxol, an anticancer agent. Squalene, a ...
Sesquiterpenes consist of three isoprene units and have the molecular formula C15H24. Examples of sesquiterpenes and ... Similarly all sesquiterpenes and diterpenes have formulas of C15H24 and C20H32 respectively. The structural diversity of mono ... Humulene, a sesquiterpene. Taxadiene, a diterpene, precursor to the diterpenoid taxol, an anticancer agent. Squalene, a ... For example, the aroma and flavor of hops comes, in part, from sesquiterpenes (mainly α-humulene and β-caryophyllene), which ...
These are mainly volatile terpenes and sesquiterpenes. α-Pinene Myrcene Linalool Limonene Trans-β-ocimene α-Terpinolene Trans- ... These compounds are found in much lower concentrations than the major terpenes and sesquiterpenes. However, they contribute ...
Davis, Edward M.; Croteau, Rodney (2000). "Cyclization Enzymes in the Biosynthesis of Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes, and ... Ashour, Mohamed; Wink, Michael; Gershenzon, Jonathan (2010). "Biochemistry of Terpenoids: Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes and ...
"Cytotoxic sesquiterpenes from luminescent mushroom Neonothopanus nambi". Tetrahedron. 68 (39): 8261-8266. doi:10.1016/j.tet. ...
Various sesquiterpene compounds have also been identified in C. bulleri, including cybrodol (derived from humulene), nidulol, ... Ayer WA, McCaskill RH (1981). "The cybrodins, a new class of sesquiterpenes". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 59 (14): 2150-8. ...
Look up sesquiterpene in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Sesquiterpenes at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical ... which is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes such as farnesene. Cyclic sesquiterpenes are more common than ... Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and often have the molecular formula C15H24. Like ... Sesquiterpene lactones are a common class of sesquiterpenoids that contain a lactone ring, hence the name. They are found in ...
"Sesquiterpenes, Eudesmane" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... SESQUITERPENES cyclized into two adjoining cyclohexane rings but with a different configuration from the ARTEMISININS. ... Alantolactone, a sesquiterpene lactone, inhibits breast cancer growth by antiangiogenic activity via blocking VEGFR2 signaling ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Sesquiterpenes, Eudesmane" by people in Harvard Catalyst ...
Sesquiterpenes are ubiquitous in essential oils but an assessment of their environmental behavior is still required for their ... Sesquiterpenes are ubiquitous in essential oils but an assessment of their environmental behavior is still required for their ... Persistency plays a key role in hazard and risk assessment, but the current knowledge on the biodegradation of sesquiterpenes ... Persistency assessment and aerobic biodegradation of selected cyclic sesquiterpenes present in essential oils Environ Toxicol ...
The anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene lactone helenalin found in Arnica inhibits the transcription factor NF-kappaB by directly ... This sesquiterpene lactone is the first anti-inflammatory agent shown to exert its effect by directly modifying NF-kappaB. ... The anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene lactone helenalin found in Arnica inhibits the transcription factor NF-kappaB by directly ... The sesquiterpene lactone helenalin is a potent anti-inflammatory drug whose molecular mechanism of action remains unclear ...
Profiling versus fingerprinting analysis of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons for the geographical authentication of extra virgin ... FraudGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryGeographyOlive OilProspective StudiesSesquiterpenesSolid Phase Microextraction ... Monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons of virgin olive oil by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas ... The present study aims to evaluate sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (SHs) as markers of EVOO geographical origin and to compare the ...
Inuloxin A is a promising plant phytotoxic sesquiterpene that deserves further studies to evaluate its potential as a ... Encapsulation of inuloxin A, a plant germacrane sesquiterpene with potential herbicidal activity, in β-cyclodextrins ... Encapsulation of inuloxin A, a plant germacrane sesquiterpene with potential herbicidal activity, in β-cyclodextrins A. Moeini ... Inuloxin A is a promising plant phytotoxic sesquiterpene that deserves further studies to evaluate its potential as a ...
Sesquiterpene lactones from Ixeris sonchifolia Hance and their cytotoxicities on A549 human non-small cell lung cancer cells. ... New guaiane sesquiterpene lactones from Ixeris dentata.. *Zinagrandinolides A-C, cytotoxic delta-elemanolide-type sesquiterpene ... A new sesquiterpene lactone glucoside from Ixeris sonchifolia.. *Cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones from Pseudoelephantopus ... A new sesquiterpene lactone glucoside, 11,13-dihydroixerinoside (1), together with the five known sesquiterpene lactones, ...
Unexpected positive patch test reactions to sesquiterpene lactones in patients sensitized to the glucose sensor FreeStyle Libre ... sesquiterpene lactones, simultaneous reactions. in Contact Dermatitis. volume. 81. issue. 5. pages. 354 - 367. publisher. Wiley ... with a considerable number of them also showing unexpected positive patch test reactions to sesquiterpene lactone (SL) mix (SLM ... with a considerable number of them also showing unexpected positive patch test reactions to sesquiterpene lactone (SL) mix (SLM ...
... is rich in sesquiterpene lactones, the experiments of anti-tumor activity in vitro showed that total sesquiterpene lactone ... After that, 18 sesquiterpene lactones in the total sesquiterpene lactone extracts were determined by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS ... Three sesquiterpene lactone compounds, 2α,5α-dihydroxy-11αH-eudesma-4(15)-en-12,8β-olide (1), telekin (2), oxoeudesm-11(13)-eno ... Three sesquiterpene lactones were determined as 2α,5α-dihydroxy-11αH-eudesma-4(15)-en-12,8β-olide (1) [22], telekin (2) [23], ...
Botany One uses AI for grammar checking on posts.. It also uses AI image generators for some posts, and since 2023, we may have used AI to generate the first draft of a post. For more details see our statement on AI.. ...
Sesquiterpenes Isoborneol - Terpene Profile. Isoborneol properties give stability to scent and has a distinctive healing scent ...
Espiritu, R. A. (2010). A bioactive sesquiterpene from Bixa orellana L.. Retrieved from https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/etd ...
Sesquiterpenes created in lab. 17 February 2017. Researchers almost double the production of compound on the way to ...
Hartwig, Steffen: Biokatalytische Wege zur Darstellung funktioneller Sesquiterpene. Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ...
Two new eudesmane sesquiterpenes have been isolated from Eremophila spectabilis subsp. brevis. The structures of 6β-hydroxy-7α( ... The irregular C-backbone originates from the oxidative removal of a C3 side chain from the C15 sesquiterpene, which arises from ... The compounds 11,12,13-tri-nor-sesquiterpenes are degraded sesquiterpenoids which have lost the C3 unit of isopropyl or ... A synthesis of the optically inactive form of the natural sesquiterpene davanone (1)together with three stereoisomers has been ...
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Sesquiterpenes are hydrocarbons of the composition, C15H24, which occur in many essential oils. They have been classified by ... The Sesquiterpene Fractions of some New Zealand Essential Oils. Batt, Richard Dean ... RL)D (1) Acyclic 69.5 (2) Monocyclic 67.8 (3) Bicyclic 66.1 (4) Tricyclic 64.4 Of the several hundred sesquiterpenes reported ...
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New guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones and other constituents from Pyrethrum pulchrum ... New guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones and other constituents from Pyrethrum pulchrum Erdenetsogt, U., Nadmid, S., Paetz, C., ... 2022). New guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones and other constituents from Pyrethrum pulchrum. Planta Medica, 88(05), 380-388. ...
Sesquiterpene glycosides from cosmospora joca. Zong-Huei Li, Chung Kuang Lu, Guei Jane Wang, Ya Chih Chang, Wen Bin Yang, Yu ... 深入研究「Sesquiterpene glycosides from cosmospora joca」主題。共同形成了獨特的指紋。 ...
Sesquiterpene cyclases catalyze the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate, a linear compound, into a dizzying array of molecular ... Popping the lid off: Rare bicyclic sesquiterpene may emerge from a tricyclic intermediate. ...
A fungal sesquiterpene biosynthesis gene cluster critical for mutualist-pathogen transition in Colletotrichum tofieldiae Plant- ...
2015B provided low yields of four new cis, cis-germacranolide sesquiterpene lactones which were named melcanthin D (83), E (84 ... Twenty-two melampolide-type sesquiterpene lactones and their ester derivatives were tested for inhibition of the enzyme ... and palmitate ester derivatives were prepared of four melampolide-type sesquiterpene lactones from Melampodium: melampodin B ( ... 2015B provided low yields of four new cis, cis-germacranolide sesquiterpene lactones which were named melcanthin D (83), E (84 ...
Two new sesquiterpenoids-13-hydroxycurzerenone (|b|1|/b|) and 1-oxocurzerenone (|b|2|/b|)-have been isolated from the rhizomes of |i|Curcuma zedoaria|/i|, together with 13 known compounds (|b|3|/b|-|b|15|/b|). The structures of two new compounds were determined through spectroscopic and MS analyses. …
Both compounds, the first being a polyacetylene and the second a sesquiterpene, were not identified in any of the studied ... including oxygenated and non-oxygenated mono and sesquiterpenes) was identified in the hydrodistilled oil, while only a few ...
Novel dihydro-β-agarofuran sesquiterpenes as potent modulators of human P-glycoprotein dependent multidrug resistance * Torres- ...
  • Sesquiterpene lactones are a common class of sesquiterpenoids that contain a lactone ring, hence the name. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have previously shown that helenalin and other sesquiterpene lactones selectively inhibit activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, a central mediator of the human immune response. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • It has previously been reported that sesquiterpene lactones exert their effect by inhibiting degradation of IkappaB, the inhibitory subunit of NF-kappaB. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Carpesium abrotanoides L. is rich in sesquiterpene lactones, the experiments of anti-tumor activity in vitro showed that total sesquiterpene lactone extracts exhibited the most cytotoxicity activities against HepG-2 cells (IC 50 = 4.2 μg/mL). (researchsquare.com)
  • Carpesium abrotanoides L., is rich in sesquiterpene lactones with significant cytotoxicity effects on the HepG-2 cell line. (researchsquare.com)
  • The Chemistry and Biological Activity of Sesquiterpene Lactones of Heliantheae (Compositae). (lsu.edu)
  • Investigations of the antineoplastic crude extracts of Melampodium cinereum No. 2015B provided low yields of four new cis, cis-germacranolide sesquiterpene lactones which were named melcanthin D (83), E (84), F (87), and G (88). (lsu.edu)
  • For structure-biological activity correlation studies (antineoplastic activity, cytotoxicity, and phosphofructokinase deactivation), acetate, isobutyrate, hexanoate, and palmitate ester derivatives were prepared of four melampolide-type sesquiterpene lactones from Melampodium: melampodin B (86), melcanthin B (99), melampodin A (100), and cinerenin (101). (lsu.edu)
  • Twenty-two melampolide-type sesquiterpene lactones and their ester derivatives were tested for inhibition of the enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) and the apparent K(,i) values were determined. (lsu.edu)
  • Saturated sesquiterpene lactones-rich species (Artemisia kopetdaghensis, Artemisia santolina, Artemisia sieberi) showed the highest suppressive activity on NO and PGE2 production via suppression of iNOS and COX-2 expression. (ac.ir)
  • Fractions bearing unusual (Artemisia fragrans and Artemisia absinthium) and unsaturated sesquiterpene lactones (Artemisia ciniformis) possess less modulatory effect on PGE2 production and COX-2 expression. (ac.ir)
  • Determining sesquiterpene lactones in Belgian endive roots (Cichorium intybus L. var. (ilvo.be)
  • In vitro antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of sesquiterpene lactones from Vernonia fimbrillifera Less. (univ-reunion.fr)
  • Three sesquiterpene lactones were isolated, namely 8-(4'-hydroxymethacrylate) dehydromelitensin (1), onopordopicrin (2) and 8α-[4'-hydroxymethacryloyloxy]-4-epi-sonchucarpolide (3). (univ-reunion.fr)
  • Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) are a large group of terpenoids most commonly found in plants of the Asteraceae family, e.g., in chicory plants, displaying a wide range of interesting biological activities. (mdpi.com)
  • Sesquiterpene lactones containing a 3-methylenedihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (or α-methylene-γ-lactone) moiety, for example damsin (1), are Michael acceptors that affect biological processes such as cell proliferation, death/apoptosis, and cell migration, by interfering with cell signalling pathways. (lu.se)
  • Ghantous A, Gali-Muhtasib H, Vuorela H, Saliba NA, Darwiche N (2010) What Made Sesquiterpene Lactones Reach Cancer Clinical Trials? (who.int)
  • Alantolactone, a sesquiterpene lactone, inhibits breast cancer growth by antiangiogenic activity via blocking VEGFR2 signaling. (harvard.edu)
  • The anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene lactone helenalin found in Arnica inhibits the transcription factor NF-kappaB by directly targeting p65. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • The sesquiterpene lactone helenalin is a potent anti-inflammatory drug whose molecular mechanism of action remains unclear despite numerous investigations. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • This sesquiterpene lactone is the first anti-inflammatory agent shown to exert its effect by directly modifying NF-kappaB. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Background: Most diabetic patients sensitized to FreeStyle Libre react to isobornyl acrylate (IBOA), with a considerable number of them also showing unexpected positive patch test reactions to sesquiterpene lactone (SL) mix (SLM) tested in the baseline series. (lu.se)
  • Three sesquiterpene lactone compounds, 2 α ,5 α -dihydroxy-11 α H-eudesma-4(15)-en-12,8 β -olide ( 1 ), telekin ( 2 ), oxoeudesm-11(13)-eno-12,8 α -lactone ( 3 ) were obtained. (researchsquare.com)
  • In conclusion, three sesquiterpene lactone compounds inhibited the proliferation of HepG-2 cells via suppressing the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. (researchsquare.com)
  • 11. Emami SA, Taghizadeh Rabe SZ, Iranshahi M, Ahi A, Mahmoudi M. Sesquiterpene lactone fraction from Artemisia khorassanica inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression through the inactivation of NF-κB. (ac.ir)
  • A recent study conducted in the Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets large cloud chamber at CERN, has identified sesquiterpenes - gaseous hydrocarbons that are released by plants - as potentially playing a major role in cloud formation in relatively pristine regions of the atmosphere. (wikipedia.org)
  • The present study aims to evaluate sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (SHs) as markers of EVOO geographical origin and to compare the discrimination efficiency of targeted profiling and fingerprinting approaches. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Sesquiterpenes are hydrocarbons of the composition, C15H24, which occur in many essential oils. (wgtn.ac.nz)
  • abstract = "Two new sesquiterpenes, godotol A (1) and godotol B (2), were isolated from Pluchea arabica. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Sesquiterpenes, Eudesmane" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Sesquiterpenes, Eudesmane" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Sesquiterpenes, Eudesmane" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Sesquiterpenes, Eudesmane" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
  • The gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas-chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC/FID) analyses showed that the EOs were rich in sesquiterpenes, germacrene D (10.3-12.1%), β-bisabolene (14.4%), kessane (26.9%), germacrene B (8.2%), elemol (3.4-46.9%), β-bisabolenal (1.4-70.7%), β-bisabolenol (8.4%) and an eudesmane type sesquiterpene (1) (16.1%) with [M+218]. (iyte.edu.tr)
  • Structure determination was accomplished from 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data which determined a new eudesmane type sesquiterpene, 3,7(11)-eudesmadien-2-one (1). (iyte.edu.tr)
  • Members contain eudesmane and elemane SESQUITERPENES. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the process of continuing to investigate ultraviolet b (UVB) irradiation protective constituents from Oplopanax elatus stems, nine new sesquiterpenes, named as eurylosesquiterpenosides A-D (1-4), eurylosesquiterpenols E-I (5-9), and ten known ones (10-19) were gained. (figshare.com)
  • The principal constituents are bicyclic terpenes (e.g. α-pinene, β-pinene, δ-3-carene), with smaller proportions of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and their hydrogenated and oxygenated terpenoid derivatives. (europa.eu)
  • Sesquiterpenes are constituents of a variety of essential oils that are used in flavorings, perfumes, personal care, and cleaning products. (cdc.gov)
  • The reaction of geranyl pyrophosphate with isopentenyl pyrophosphate results in the 15-carbon farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), which is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes such as farnesene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The compound is widespread in nature and serves as an important biosynthetic intermediate towards many other sesquiterpene alcohols including eudesmols, guaiols and rearranged compounds. (researchgate.net)
  • The compounds 11,12,13-tri-nor-sesquiterpenes are degraded sesquiterpenoids which have lost the C3 unit of isopropyl or isopropenyl at C-7 of the sesquiterpene skeleton. (researchgate.net)
  • Yu, Z 2010, ' Anticancer effects and mechanisms of sesquiterpene compounds isolated from Atractylodes Macrocephala in B16 melanoma cells ', The 9th Meeting of the Consortium for Globalization of Chinese Medicine (CGCM) = 第九屆中藥全球化聯盟國際研討會, 23/08/10 - 25/08/10 pp. (edu.hk)
  • Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of ozone and nitrate radicals with the sesquiterpenes: valencene and farnesol. (cdc.gov)
  • Two sesquiterpenes that are commonly used as indoor fragrances are valencene and farnesol. (cdc.gov)
  • Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and often have the molecular formula C15H24. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytotoxic effect of sesquiterpenes isolated from dichloromethane (DCM) extract of Tanacetum vulgare subsp sicilum (Guss. (anadolu.edu.tr)
  • Cytotoxic effect of sesquiterpenes isola. (anadolu.edu.tr)
  • Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes may be cyclic or contain rings, including many unique combinations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclic sesquiterpenes are more common than cyclic monoterpenes because of the increased chain length and additional double bond in the sesquiterpene precursors. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the present study, a persistency screening assessment was conducted on 11 cyclic sesquiterpenes selected from 10 different families of sesquiterpenes characterized by their carbon skeleton. (nih.gov)
  • Hedycaryol is a strained 10‐membered monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol whose chemistry is characterised by its transannular acid catalysed and thermal (Cope) reactions. (researchgate.net)
  • The present study was designed to isolate sesquiterpene fractions from several Artemisia species and evaluate their anti-inflammatory activities on key mediators and signaling molecules involved in regulation of inflammation. (ac.ir)
  • Sesquiterpene fractions were prepared from several Artemisia species using the Herz-Högenauer technique. (ac.ir)
  • RL)D (1) Acyclic 69.5 (2) Monocyclic 67.8 (3) Bicyclic 66.1 (4) Tricyclic 64.4 Of the several hundred sesquiterpenes reported in the literature, it is probable that only a small percentage are homogenous substances. (wgtn.ac.nz)
  • Lindenane type sesquiterpene dimers (LSDs) are characteristic metabolites of plants belonging to the genus Sarcandra (Chloranthaceae). (bvsalud.org)
  • Inuloxin A is a promising plant phytotoxic sesquiterpene that deserves further studies to evaluate its potential as a bioherbicide. (rsc.org)
  • Bioassay-guided (murine P388 lymphocytic leukemia and human cancer cell lines) separation of an ethyl acetate extract prepared from the inky cap fungus Coprinus cinereus led to the isolation of three new sesquiterpenes, 7,7a-diepicoprinastatin 1 (1), 14-hydroxy-5-desoxy-2S,3S,9R-illudosin (2), and 4,5-dehydro-5-deoxyarmillol (3), together with the known armillol (4). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Chemical investigation of the steam-volatile oil of the shrub Rubus rosifolius yielded pregeijerene (2), β-caryophyllene (3), humulene (4), dihydroagarofuran (5), an unidentified sesquiterpene ether, hedycaryol (6) and the novel epieudesmol rosifoliol for which structure (1) is proposed. (researchgate.net)
  • Current biodegradation prediction models (BioWin™, BioHCwin, and Catalogic) were found to be of limited use because most of the sesquiterpenes studied were outside the structural domain of the models. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we report the genome mining discovery and structural characterization of two class II sesquiterpene cyclases (STCs) from Streptomyces. (chemrxiv.org)
  • However, these effects could be dependent on the type of their sesquiterpene content. (ac.ir)
  • Lindenane-Type Sesquiterpene Dimers Mitigate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation by Inhibiting Toll-Like Receptor Signaling. (bvsalud.org)
  • Given that the shape of the biodegradation curves indicates poor bioavailability and ready biodegradability tests are very stringent, it is expected that all the sesquiterpenes tested in the present study would be degraded under environmental conditions. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, the present work is focus on isolating target sesquiterpenes rapidly via the strategy of high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) combined with high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). (researchsquare.com)
  • ß-Eudesmol, an Oxygenized Sesquiterpene, Reduces the Increase in Saliva 3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxyphenylglycol After the "Trier Social Stress Test" in Healthy Humans: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Cross-Over Study. (harvard.edu)
  • Sesquiterpenes are ubiquitous in essential oils but an assessment of their environmental behavior is still required for their use as components of natural fragrance ingredients and oral care flavors. (nih.gov)
  • Five novel sesquiterpene glycosides, namely, cosmosporasides A-E (1-5), were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the fermented broth of Cosmospora joca. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • however, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are inside the most abundant molecules. (intechopen.com)
  • The extracts include sesquiterpene esters, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and essential oils. (nih.gov)
  • and Sesquiterpene Esters (in E Purpurea). (optimallyorganic.com)
  • The reaction of geranyl pyrophosphate with isopentenyl pyrophosphate results in the 15-carbon farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), which is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes such as farnesene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Farnesene (FNS) is an acyclic sesquiterpene. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • All sesquiterpenoids feature a complex C 15 carbohydrate skeleton which is formed by the cyclization of the universal, aliphatic precursor farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), a reaction catalyzed by enzymes from the sesquiterpene synthase family. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sesquiterpene synthases typically belong to the class I terpene synthase (TPS) family, commonly exhibiting a α, αβ or αβγ domain architecture for monofunctional enzymes, with the catalytic site located in their respective α-domains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Essential oils high in sesquiterpenes are commonly used in aromatherapy to promote relaxation and create a soothing environment. (incenseherb.com)
  • The sesquiterpene (+)-δ-cadinol was previously shown to exhibit cytotoxic activity therefore having an application as possible, new, and sustainably sourced anti-tumor agent. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We solved the crystal structure of Copu9 in its closed conformation, for the first time providing molecular details of sesquiterpene synthase from Basidiomycota. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, the three sesquiterpenes strongly inhibited root and shoot growth of the weed. (bioone.org)
  • The results of this study indicated that the herbicidal activity of the isolated sesquiterpene may be attributed to inhibition of ALS. (bioone.org)
  • In an endeavour to study the pheromonal activity of four himachalene sesquiterpenes as an insect pest management strategy for the control of the blueberry flea beetle Altica sylvia Malloch (a major insect pest of the blueberry plantations in North America), attempts to repeat literature synthetic routes were found to be low yielding. (unb.ca)
  • This study sought to show that a high sesquiterpene C. aeruginosa extract (CA-ext) retards axillary hair growth in women. (nih.gov)
  • What are the benefits of essential oils high in sesquiterpenes? (incenseherb.com)
  • Essential oils high in sesquiterpenes have a wide range of benefits for both the mind and body. (incenseherb.com)
  • Essential oils high in sesquiterpenes have been shown to have a positive impact on emotional and mental well-being. (incenseherb.com)
  • Essential oils high in sesquiterpenes have a unique ability to deepen spiritual connections and facilitate a sense of grounding and centering. (incenseherb.com)
  • In addition to their emotional and spiritual benefits, essential oils high in sesquiterpenes also have numerous physical health benefits. (incenseherb.com)
  • If you're looking to deepen your meditation practice or improve your focus and concentration, essential oils high in sesquiterpenes can be incredibly beneficial. (incenseherb.com)
  • Incorporating essential oils high in sesquiterpenes into your daily rituals and spiritual practices can have a profound impact on your overall well-being. (incenseherb.com)
  • Sesquiterpenes are a type of organic compound found in many plants, including certain herbs used in essential oil production. (incenseherb.com)
  • A. Yes, the sesquiterpene ketone nootkatone is found in trace amounts in Grapefruit essential oil. (youngliving.com)
  • Primarily produced by the Atlantic White Cypress tree, this sesquiterpene can also be found in the downy Japanese Enokitake mushroom. (eybna.com)
  • Look up sesquiterpene in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. (wikipedia.org)
  • In an Escherichia coli strain, optimized for sesquiterpene production, titers of 225 mg l −1 and 395 mg l −1 , respectively, could be achieved. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes may be cyclic or contain rings, including many unique combinations. (wikipedia.org)
  • SESQUITERPENES cyclized into two adjoining rings, one being 7-carbons and the other is 5-carbons. (childrensmercy.org)
  • SESQUITERPENES cyclized into two adjoining cyclohexane rings but with a different configuration from the ARTEMISININS. (ouhsc.edu)
  • Two new sesquiterpenes and two new lignans from the leaves of Juniperus chinensis var. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Two new sesquiterpenes and two new lignans from the leaves of Juniperus chinensis var. (tmu.edu.tw)