The process by which semen is kept viable outside of the organism from which it was derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).
The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains SPERMATOZOA and their nutrient plasma.
The quality of SEMEN, an indicator of male fertility, can be determined by semen volume, pH, sperm concentration (SPERM COUNT), total sperm number, sperm viability, sperm vigor (SPERM MOTILITY), normal sperm morphology, ACROSOME integrity, and the concentration of WHITE BLOOD CELLS.
The process by which organs are kept viable outside of the organism from which they were removed (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).
Solutions used to store organs and minimize tissue damage, particularly while awaiting implantation.
The process of protecting various samples of biological material.
Movement characteristics of SPERMATOZOA in a fresh specimen. It is measured as the percentage of sperms that are moving, and as the percentage of sperms with productive flagellar motion such as rapid, linear, and forward progression.
A count of SPERM in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter.
A method of providing future reproductive opportunities before a medical treatment with known risk of loss of fertility. Typically reproductive organs or tissues (e.g., sperm, egg, embryos and ovarian or testicular tissues) are cryopreserved for future use before the medical treatment (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation) begins.
Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.
Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.
The emission of SEMEN to the exterior, resulting from the contraction of muscles surrounding the male internal urogenital ducts.
Artificial introduction of SEMEN or SPERMATOZOA into the VAGINA to facilitate FERTILIZATION.
A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.
The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.
Centers for acquiring and storing semen.
Liquids transforming into solids by the removal of heat.
A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.
A condition in which the percentage of progressively motile sperm is abnormally low. In men, it is defined as
Procedures or techniques used to keep food from spoiling.
A condition of suboptimal concentration of SPERMATOZOA in the ejaculated SEMEN to ensure successful FERTILIZATION of an OVUM. In humans, oligospermia is defined as a sperm count below 20 million per milliliter semen.
Substances that provide protection against the harmful effects of freezing temperatures.
A scientific or medical discipline concerning the study of male reproductive biology, diseases of the male genital organs, and male infertility. Major areas of interest include ENDOCRINOLOGY; SPERMATOGENESIS; semen analysis; FERTILIZATION; CONTRACEPTION; and CRYOPRESERVATION.
Surgical removal of the ductus deferens, or a portion of it. It is done in association with prostatectomy, or to induce infertility. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Human artificial insemination in which the semen used is that of a man other than the woman's husband.
Method of tissue preparation in which the tissue specimen is frozen and then dehydrated at low temperature in a high vacuum. This method is also used for dehydrating pharmaceutical and food products.
The process by which blood or its components are kept viable outside of the organism from which they are derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).
A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.
The chilling of a tissue or organ during decreased BLOOD perfusion or in the absence of blood supply. Cold ischemia time during ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION begins when the organ is cooled with a cold perfusion solution after ORGAN PROCUREMENT surgery, and ends after the tissue reaches physiological temperature during implantation procedures.
The secretory proteins of the seminal vesicles are proteins and enzymes that are important in the rapid clotting of the ejaculate. The major clotting protein is seminal vesicle-specific antigen. Many of these seminal vesicle proteins are under androgen regulation, and are substrates for the prostatic enzymes, such as the PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, a protease and an esterase.
Procedures for collecting, preserving, and transporting of specimens sufficiently stable to provide accurate and precise results suitable for clinical interpretation.
Inability to reproduce after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Reproductive sterility is permanent infertility.
Sexual stimulation or gratification of the self.
The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.
An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.
Clinical and laboratory techniques used to enhance fertility in humans and animals.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Techniques, procedures, and therapies carried out on diseased organs in such a way to avoid complete removal of the organ and preserve the remaining organ function.
Total or partial excision of the larynx.
A slightly alkaline secretion of the endocervical glands. The consistency and amount are dependent on the physiological hormone changes in the menstrual cycle. It contains the glycoprotein mucin, amino acids, sugar, enzymes, and electrolytes, with a water content up to 90%. The mucus is a useful protection against the ascent of bacteria and sperm into the uterus. (From Dictionary of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1988)
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Refraining from SEXUAL INTERCOURSE.
The cap-like structure covering the anterior portion of SPERM HEAD. Acrosome, derived from LYSOSOMES, is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the required hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes necessary for sperm penetration of the egg in FERTILIZATION.
Procedures to obtain viable sperm from the male reproductive tract, including the TESTES, the EPIDIDYMIS, or the VAS DEFERENS.
An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.
Individuals supplying living tissue, organs, cells, blood or blood components for transfer or transplantation to histocompatible recipients.

A novel approach to sperm cryopreservation. (1/581)

Human spermatozoa have unusual cryobiological behaviour and improvements in their survival have not been achieved by the standard approaches of cryobiology. Conventional approaches to cryopreservation impose a linear change of temperature with time; however, the stresses that cells encounter during cryopreservation are all non-linear with time. In this paper it is shown that improved methods of cryopreservation may be developed by specifically manipulating the manner in which cells experience physical changes instead of imposing a linear temperature reduction. Several treatments were compared: control of solidification to achieve constant ice formation with time was more damaging than the standard linear reduction in temperature. However, treatments which followed a chosen non-linear concentration profile, referred to as 'controlled concentration' allowed recovery of almost all the cells which were motile before freezing. The biophysical basis of these different responses was examined using the cryostage of a scanning electron microscope and freeze substitution and it was found that, surprisingly, all samples of spermatozoa in the frozen state were neither osmotically dehydrated nor had any visible intracellular ice. Viability on thawing did not appear to correlate with conventional theories of cellular freezing injury, which suggests that for human spermatozoa other factors determine viability following freezing and thawing.  (+info)

Ooplasmic injections of rabbit round spermatid nuclei or intact round spermatids from fresh, cryopreserved and cryostored samples. (2/581)

We compared the outcome of ooplasmic round spermatid nuclear injections (ROSNI) versus intact round spermatid injections (ROSI). Rabbit round spermatid nuclei and intact round spermatids were recovered and injected into rabbit oocytes (groups A and B, respectively). Fertilization, cleavage and embryonic development rates were compared. In additional studies, five protocols for cryopreservation of round spermatids and two protocols for cryostorage of round spermatids were applied. The outcome of ROSNI techniques using frozen-thawed or cryostored-warmed round spermatids was evaluated. The cleavage rate and the overall morula plus blastocyst development rate were significantly larger in group A than group B. ROSNI procedures are superior to ROSI techniques in the rabbit. The largest fertilization, cleavage and embryonic development rates after ROSNI techniques using cryopreserved or cryostored round spermatids were demonstrated in groups of round spermatids in which a mixture of seminal plasma plus test yolk buffer was employed as an extender, and dimethyl sulphoxide plus a high concentration of glycerol served as cryoprotectants. It appears that the seminal plasma contains factors protecting round spermatids during cryopreservation or cryostorage, and/or the employment of two cryoprotectants has a beneficial role in the maintenance of round spermatid reproductive capacity.  (+info)

Perinatal and obstetric outcomes of donor insemination using cryopreserved semen in Victoria, Australia. (3/581)

This study compared the perinatal and obstetric outcomes of 1552 donor insemination pregnancies in Victoria, Australia, with a control group of 7717 normally conceived pregnancies from the general population. Data on the outcomes of pregnancies of at least 20 weeks gestation, for both groups, were obtained from the same population-based birth registry. The study showed that there were no significant differences between the donor insemination and control groups in the incidence of preterm birth, low birthweight, multiple birth, perinatal death and birth defects, or in the sex ratio. Pregnancies conceived by donor insemination were significantly more likely than controls to have an induced labour (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1. 4-1.8), a forceps delivery (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.3-1.8) and/or a Caesarean section (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-1.9) and to develop pre-eclampsia (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.8) after adjusting for maternal age, multiple birth, parity and presentation. Reasons for the higher rate of induced and operative deliveries are not clear. Overall, the study's findings are reassuring for couples considering infertility treatment with donor insemination. The study illustrates the importance of complete follow-up in studies of pregnancy outcomes after assisted conception and the use of appropriate population-based control groups with comparable ascertainment of outcomes.  (+info)

Testicular sperm retrieval and cryopreservation prior to initiating ovarian stimulation as the first line approach in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. (4/581)

The potency for fertilization and successful implantation was compared between fresh and cryopreserved testicular spermatozoa obtained from the same patient with non-obstructive azoospermia. Spermatozoa cryopreserved at the outset were also evaluated. Non-obstructive azoospermic men (n = 55) underwent testicular sperm extraction (TESE); mature spermatozoa were found in 33 (60%) of them. Of 57 intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles in 25 patients, 15 used fresh spermatozoa (14 patients, group 1), 24 used the excess spermatozoa cryopreserved after 'fresh' ICSI (11 couples who did not conceive in the 'fresh' cycle, group 2) and 18 cycles used cryopreserved spermatozoa at the outset (11 other patients, group 3). Fertilization, cleavage, embryo quality, implantation and take home baby rates were not significantly different in groups 1 and 2, and 6/14 couples ultimately had healthy babies (42.8% cumulative take home baby rate per TESE). In group 3, neither the fertilization rate, embryo development, pregnancy nor implantation rates per embryo transfer were significantly different from groups 1 and 2. The cumulative delivery and ongoing pregnancy rate in this group was 36. 4%. Cryopreservation did not impair the availability of motile spermatozoa for ICSI. When immotile spermatozoa were injected, however, fertilization rate decreased dramatically. Since criteria for predicting the presence of spermatozoa in the testicular tissue of patients with non-obstructive azoospermia are inadequate, it is suggested that TESE be performed prior to initiating ovarian stimulation.  (+info)

British Andrology Society guidelines for the screening of semen donors for donor insemination (1999). (5/581)

The British Andrology Society (BAS) guidelines for the screening of semen donors have undergone a recent review, and following consultation with members of the Society and with experts in the allied professions, the following revised guidelines have been issued. Major changes include the introduction of an upper age limit for semen donors (<40 years old) and the general exclusion of men who are seropositive for cytomegalovirus as donors. The BAS recommends the screening of prospective semen donors for chromosomal abnormalities and for cystic fibrosis carrier status. Following the report of cross-contamination of human cells with hepatitis B virus within a liquid nitrogen storage vessel, the BAS recommends that steps be taken to ensure the safe cryopreservation of donor gametes.  (+info)

Lipid dynamics in the plasma membrane of fresh and cryopreserved human spermatozoa. (6/581)

Preserving the integrity of the plasma membrane of spermatozoa is crucial for retention of their fertilizing capacity, especially after stressful procedures such as freezing and storage. In this investigation we have measured lipid diffusion in different regions of the plasma membrane of fresh and cryopreserved human spermatozoa using a sensitive, high resolution fluorescence photobleaching technique (FRAP) with 5-(N-octadecanyl)aminofluorescein as reporter probe. Results show that diffusion was significantly faster on the plasma membrane overlying the acrosome and decreased progressively in the postacrosome, midpiece and principal piece. The midpiece plasma contains a higher proportion of immobile lipids than other regions. In cryopreserved spermatozoa, lipid diffusion in the plasma membrane was significantly reduced on the acrosome, postacrosome and midpiece relative to fresh spermatozoa. Diffusion, however, could be restored to normal levels by washing spermatozoa in a medium containing 0.4% polyvinylpyrrolidine but not in medium alone or in medium containing 0.4% albumin. These results suggest that (i) lipid dynamics in the plasma membrane of human spermatozoa varies significantly between surface regions; (ii) in-plane diffusion is adversely affected by cryopreservation; and (iii) washing frozen spermatozoa in 0.4% polyvinylpyrrolidine restores membrane lipid fluidity to normal levels. The latter finding has important implications for improving the fertility of human spermatozoa following cryopreservation.  (+info)

Subzero water permeability parameters of mouse spermatozoa in the presence of extracellular ice and cryoprotective agents. (7/581)

Optimization of techniques for cryopreservation of mammalian sperm is limited by a lack of knowledge regarding water permeability characteristics during freezing in the presence of extracellular ice and cryoprotective agents (CPAs). Cryomicroscopy cannot be used to measure dehydration during freezing in mammalian sperm because they are highly nonspherical and their small dimensions are at the limits of light microscopic resolution. Using a new shape-independent differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) technique, volumetric shrinkage during freezing of ICR mouse epididymal sperm cell suspensions was obtained at cooling rates of 5 and 20 degrees C/min in the presence of extracellular ice and CPAs. Using previously published data, the mouse sperm cell was modeled as a cylinder (122-microm long, radius 0.46 microm) with an osmotically inactive cell volume (V(b)) of 0.61V(o), where V(o) is the isotonic cell volume. By fitting a model of water transport to the experimentally obtained volumetric shrinkage data, the best-fit membrane permeability parameters (L(pg) and E(Lp)) were determined. The "combined best-fit" membrane permeability parameters at 5 and 20 degrees C/min for mouse sperm cells in solution are as follows: in D-PBS: L(pg) = 1.7 x 10(-15) m(3)/Ns (0.01 microm/min-atm) and E(Lp) = 94.1 kJ/mole (22.5 kcal/mole) (R(2) = 0.94); in "low" CPA media (consisting of 1% glycerol, 6% raffinose, and 15% egg yolk in D-PBS): L(pg)[cpa] = 1.7 x 10(-15) m(3)/Ns (0.01 microm/min-atm) and E(Lp)[cpa] = 122.2 kJ/mole (29.2 kcal/mole) (R(2) = 0.98); and in "high" CPA media (consisting of 4% glycerol, 16% raffinose, and 15% egg yolk in D-PBS): L(pg)[cpa] = 0.68 x 10(-15) m(3)/Ns (0.004 microm/min-atm) and E(Lp)[cpa] = 63.6 kJ/mole (15.2 kcal/mole) (R(2) = 0.99). These parameters are significantly different than previously published parameters for mammalian sperm obtained at suprazero temperatures and at subzero temperatures in the absence of extracellular ice. The parameters obtained in this study also suggest that damaging intracellular ice formation (IIF) could occur in mouse sperm cells at cooling rates as low as 25-45 degrees C/min, depending on the concentrations of the CPAs. This may help to explain the discrepancy between the empirically determined optimal cryopreservation cooling rates, 10-40 degrees C/min, and the numerically predicted optimal cooling rates, greater than 5000 degrees C/min, obtained using suprazero mouse sperm permeability parameters that do not account for the presence of extracellular ice. As an independent test of this prediction, the percentages of viable and motile sperm cells were obtained after freezing at two different cooling rates ("slow" or 5 degrees C/min; "fast," or 20 degrees C/min) in both the low and high CPA media. The greatest sperm motility and viability was found with the low CPA media under fast (20 degrees C/min) cooling conditions.  (+info)

Male seminal fluid proteins are essential for sperm storage in Drosophila melanogaster. (8/581)

The seminal fluid that is transferred along with sperm during mating acts in many ways to maximize a male's reproductive success. Here, we use transgenic Drosophila melanogaster males deficient in the seminal fluid proteins derived from the accessory gland (Acps) to investigate the role of these proteins in the fate of sperm transferred to females during mating. Competitive PCR assays were used to show that while Acps contribute to the efficiency of sperm transfer, they are not essential for the transfer of sperm to the female. In contrast, we found that Acps are essential for storage of sperm by females. Direct counts of stored sperm showed that 10% of normal levels are stored by females whose mates transfer little or no Acps along with sperm.  (+info)

Semen preservation is the process of collecting, liquefying, testing, and storing semen samples for future use in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as artificial insemination (AI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The semen sample is usually collected through masturbation, and then it is mixed with a cryoprotectant solution to prevent damage during the freezing and thawing process. After that, the sample is divided into straws or vials and frozen in liquid nitrogen tanks at temperatures below -196°C. Properly preserved semen can be stored for many years without significant loss of quality or fertility potential. Semen preservation is often recommended for men who are about to undergo medical treatments that may affect their sperm production or fertility, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or for those who wish to postpone fatherhood for personal or medical reasons.

Semen is a complex, whitish fluid that is released from the male reproductive system during ejaculation. It is produced by several glands, including the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. Semen contains several components, including sperm (the male reproductive cells), as well as various proteins, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals. Its primary function is to transport sperm through the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse, providing nutrients and aiding in the protection of the sperm as they travel toward the egg for fertilization.

Semen analysis is a laboratory test that evaluates various characteristics of semen, the fluid that is released during ejaculation. These characteristics include:

1. Volume: The amount of semen produced in one ejaculation.
2. Liquefaction time: The time it takes for the semen to change from a gel-like consistency to a liquid state.
3. pH: The acidity or alkalinity of the semen.
4. Sperm concentration: The number of sperm present in each milliliter of semen.
5. Total sperm count: The total number of sperm in the entire ejaculate.
6. Motility: The percentage of sperm that are moving and their forward progression.
7. Morphology: The shape and size of the sperm.
8. Vitality: The percentage of live sperm in the sample.
9. White blood cell count: The presence of white blood cells, which can indicate an infection.

Semen analysis is often used to help diagnose male infertility, as well as to monitor the effectiveness of treatments for infertility. It may also be used to detect abnormalities in the reproductive system or to evaluate the effects of certain medications on sperm production and quality.

Organ preservation is a medical technique used to maintain the viability and functionality of an organ outside the body for a certain period, typically for transplantation purposes. This process involves cooling the organ to slow down its metabolic activity and prevent tissue damage, while using specialized solutions that help preserve the organ's structure and function. Commonly preserved organs include hearts, livers, kidneys, lungs, and pancreases. The goal of organ preservation is to ensure that the transplanted organ remains in optimal condition until it can be successfully implanted into a recipient.

Organ preservation solutions are specialized fluids used to maintain the viability and functionality of organs ex vivo (outside the body) during the process of transplantation. These solutions are designed to provide optimal conditions for the organ by preventing tissue damage, reducing metabolic activity, and minimizing ischemic injuries that may occur during the time between organ removal from the donor and implantation into the recipient.

The composition of organ preservation solutions typically includes various ingredients such as:

1. Cryoprotectants: These help prevent ice crystal formation and damage to cell membranes during freezing and thawing processes, especially for organs like the heart and lungs that require deep hypothermia for preservation.
2. Buffers: They maintain physiological pH levels and counteract acidosis caused by anaerobic metabolism in the absence of oxygen supply.
3. Colloids: These substances, such as hydroxyethyl starch or dextran, help preserve oncotic pressure and prevent cellular edema.
4. Electrolytes: Balanced concentrations of ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate are essential for maintaining physiological osmolarity and membrane potentials.
5. Energy substrates: Glucose, lactate, or other energy-rich compounds can serve as fuel sources to support the metabolic needs of the organ during preservation.
6. Antioxidants: These agents protect against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation induced by ischemia-reperfusion injuries.
7. Anti-inflammatory agents and immunosuppressants: Some solutions may contain substances that mitigate the inflammatory response and reduce immune activation in the transplanted organ.

Examples of commonly used organ preservation solutions include University of Wisconsin (UW) solution, Histidine-Tryptophan-Ketoglutarate (HTK) solution, Custodiol HTK solution, and Euro-Collins solution. The choice of preservation solution depends on the specific organ being transplanted and the duration of preservation required.

Biological preservation is the process of preventing decomposition or decay of biological materials, such as tissues, cells, organs, or organisms, in order to maintain their structural and functional integrity for further studies, research, education, or conservation purposes. This can be achieved through various methods, including fixation, freezing, drying, or the use of chemical preservatives. The goal is to maintain the samples in a stable state so that they can be examined, analyzed, or used in experiments at a later time.

Sperm motility is the ability of sperm to move actively and effectively through the female reproductive tract towards the egg for fertilization. It is typically measured as the percentage of moving sperm in a sample, and their progressiveness or velocity. Normal human sperm motility is generally defined as forward progression of at least 25 micrometers per second, with at least 50% of sperm showing progressive motility. Reduced sperm motility, also known as asthenozoospermia, can negatively impact fertility and reproductive outcomes.

Sperm count, also known as sperm concentration, is the number of sperm present in a given volume of semen. The World Health Organization (WHO) previously defined a normal sperm count as at least 20 million sperm per milliliter of semen. However, more recent studies suggest that fertility may be affected even when sperm counts are slightly lower than this threshold. It's important to note that sperm count is just one factor among many that can influence male fertility. Other factors, such as sperm motility (the ability of sperm to move properly) and morphology (the shape of the sperm), also play crucial roles in successful conception.

Fertility preservation is a medical procedure or treatment that is aimed at protecting and preserving the reproductive function and potential of an individual, typically before undergoing medical treatments that can potentially compromise their fertility. This may involve the cryopreservation (freezing) and storage of gametes (sperm or eggs), embryos, or reproductive tissues, such as ovarian or testicular tissue, for future use.

Fertility preservation is often recommended for individuals who are facing medical treatments that can have a negative impact on their fertility, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgical removal of reproductive organs. It may also be considered for individuals with conditions that can affect their fertility, such as certain genetic disorders or autoimmune diseases.

The goal of fertility preservation is to allow individuals to have biological children in the future, even if their fertility is compromised by medical treatments or conditions. The success of fertility preservation depends on several factors, including the age and health of the individual at the time of preservation, the type and duration of the medical treatment, and the quality of the preserved gametes or tissues.

Spermatozoa are the male reproductive cells, or gametes, that are produced in the testes. They are microscopic, flagellated (tail-equipped) cells that are highly specialized for fertilization. A spermatozoon consists of a head, neck, and tail. The head contains the genetic material within the nucleus, covered by a cap-like structure called the acrosome which contains enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the female's egg (ovum). The long, thin tail propels the sperm forward through fluid, such as semen, enabling its journey towards the egg for fertilization.

Cryopreservation is a medical procedure that involves the preservation of cells, tissues, or organs by cooling them to very low temperatures, typically below -150°C. This is usually achieved using liquid nitrogen. The low temperature slows down or stops biological activity, including chemical reactions and cellular metabolism, which helps to prevent damage and decay.

The cells, tissues, or organs that are being cryopreserved must be treated with a cryoprotectant solution before cooling to prevent the formation of ice crystals, which can cause significant damage. Once cooled, the samples are stored in specialized containers or tanks until they are needed for use.

Cryopreservation is commonly used in assisted reproductive technologies, such as the preservation of sperm, eggs, and embryos for fertility treatments. It is also used in research, including the storage of cell lines and stem cells, and in clinical settings, such as the preservation of skin grafts and corneas for transplantation.

Male infertility is a condition characterized by the inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female. It is typically defined as the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.

The causes of male infertility can be varied and include issues with sperm production, such as low sperm count or poor sperm quality, problems with sperm delivery, such as obstructions in the reproductive tract, or hormonal imbalances that affect sperm production. Other factors that may contribute to male infertility include genetic disorders, environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions or treatments.

It is important to note that male infertility can often be treated or managed with medical interventions, such as medication, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies (ART). A healthcare provider can help diagnose the underlying cause of male infertility and recommend appropriate treatment options.

Ejaculation is the discharge of semen, typically accompanied by orgasm, during sexual activity. It occurs when the male reproductive system releases semen from the penis. This process is usually brought on by sexual arousal and stimulation, which cause the sperm-carrying vas deferens to contract and push the semen into the urethra, from where it is expelled through the tip of the penis.

There are two types of ejaculation:

1. **Reflex ejaculation**: This occurs when there is a high level of sexual excitement or stimulation, leading to an involuntary and automatic response.
2. **Premature ejaculation**: This refers to the condition where ejaculation happens too quickly, often before or shortly after penetration, causing distress and affecting sexual satisfaction for both partners.

It is essential to understand that a healthy male can experience variations in the timing of ejaculation throughout their life, influenced by factors such as age, stress levels, and overall health. If you have concerns about your ejaculation patterns or any related issues, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional for advice and treatment options.

Artificial insemination (AI) is a medical procedure that involves the introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterus for the purpose of achieving pregnancy. This procedure can be performed using sperm from a partner or a donor. It is often used when there are issues with male fertility, such as low sperm count or poor sperm motility, or in cases where natural conception is not possible due to various medical reasons.

There are two types of artificial insemination: intracervical insemination (ICI) and intrauterine insemination (IUI). ICI involves placing the sperm directly into the cervix, while IUI involves placing the sperm directly into the uterus using a catheter. The choice of procedure depends on various factors, including the cause of infertility and the preferences of the individuals involved.

Artificial insemination is a relatively simple and low-risk procedure that can be performed in a doctor's office or clinic. It may be combined with fertility drugs to increase the chances of pregnancy. The success rate of artificial insemination varies depending on several factors, including the age and fertility of the individuals involved, the cause of infertility, and the type of procedure used.

Raffinose is a complex carbohydrate, specifically an oligosaccharide, that is composed of three sugars: galactose, fructose, and glucose. It is a non-reducing sugar, which means it does not undergo oxidation reactions like reducing sugars do.

Raffinose is found in various plants, including beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, and whole grains. It is a member of the class of carbohydrates known as alpha-galactosides.

In humans, raffinose cannot be digested because we lack the enzyme alpha-galactosidase, which is necessary to break down the bond between galactose and glucose in raffinose. As a result, it passes through the small intestine intact and enters the large intestine, where it is fermented by gut bacteria. This fermentation process can lead to the production of gases such as methane and hydrogen, which can cause digestive discomfort, bloating, and flatulence in some individuals.

It's worth noting that raffinose has been studied for its potential prebiotic properties, as it can promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. However, excessive consumption may lead to digestive issues in sensitive individuals.

Fertility is the natural ability to conceive or to cause conception of offspring. In humans, it is the capacity of a woman and a man to reproduce through sexual reproduction. For women, fertility usually takes place during their reproductive years, which is from adolescence until menopause. A woman's fertility depends on various factors including her age, overall health, and the health of her reproductive system.

For men, fertility can be affected by a variety of factors such as age, genetics, general health, sexual function, and environmental factors that may affect sperm production or quality. Factors that can negatively impact male fertility include exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Infertility is a common medical condition affecting about 10-15% of couples trying to conceive. Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility refers to the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse, while secondary infertility refers to the inability to conceive following a previous pregnancy.

Infertility can be treated with various medical and surgical interventions depending on the underlying cause. These may include medications to stimulate ovulation, intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), or surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities.

A sperm bank is a facility that collects, stores, and distributes semen from donors for the purpose of artificial insemination. The sperm samples are typically collected through masturbation and then frozen in liquid nitrogen to preserve them for long-term storage. Potential donors undergo rigorous screening processes, including medical examinations, genetic testing, and background checks, to ensure that their sperm is healthy and free from infectious diseases.

Sperm banks may be used by individuals or couples who are unable to conceive naturally due to male infertility, same-sex female couples, single women, or those with genetic disorders who wish to avoid passing on certain genetic conditions to their offspring. Recipients can choose a donor based on various factors such as physical characteristics, ethnicity, education level, and personality traits.

It is important to note that the regulations governing sperm banks vary by country and even by state or province within countries. Therefore, it is essential to research and understand the specific laws and guidelines that apply in your location before using a sperm bank.

"Freezing" is a term used in the medical field to describe a phenomenon that can occur in certain neurological conditions, most notably in Parkinson's disease. It refers to a sudden and temporary inability to move or initiate movement, often triggered by environmental factors such as narrow spaces, turning, or approaching a destination. This can increase the risk of falls and make daily activities challenging for affected individuals.

Freezing is also known as "freezing of gait" (FOG) when it specifically affects a person's ability to walk. During FOG episodes, the person may feel like their feet are glued to the ground, making it difficult to take steps forward. This can be very distressing and debilitating for those affected.

It is important to note that "freezing" has different meanings in different medical contexts, such as in the field of orthopedics, where it may refer to a loss of joint motion due to stiffness or inflammation. Always consult with a healthcare professional for accurate information tailored to your specific situation.

Allopurinol is a medication used to treat chronic gout and certain types of kidney stones. It works by reducing the production of uric acid in the body, which is the substance that can cause these conditions when it builds up in high levels. Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, meaning it blocks an enzyme called xanthine oxidase from converting purines into uric acid. By doing this, allopurinol helps to lower the levels of uric acid in the body and prevent the formation of new kidney stones or gout attacks.

It is important to note that allopurinol can have side effects, including rash, stomach upset, and liver or kidney problems. It may also interact with other medications, so it is essential to inform your healthcare provider of any other drugs you are taking before starting allopurinol. Your healthcare provider will determine the appropriate dosage and monitoring schedule based on your individual needs and medical history.

Asthenozoospermia is a term used in the field of andrology, which is the study of male reproductive health. It refers to a condition where the majority of sperm in a semen sample have reduced motility, meaning they do not move normally or efficiently. This can make it more difficult for the sperm to reach and fertilize an egg, potentially leading to infertility issues.

To be more specific, asthenozoospermia is defined as having less than 40% of sperm with progressive motility, which means they move forward in a straight line or in a large circle. The condition can be caused by various factors, including genetic abnormalities, environmental toxins, infections, and structural issues with the sperm themselves.

It's worth noting that asthenozoospermia is often diagnosed through a semen analysis, which is a routine test used to assess male fertility. If you or someone you know has been diagnosed with this condition, it may be helpful to consult with a reproductive endocrinologist or andrologist who can provide more information and guidance on potential treatment options.

Food preservation, in the context of medical and nutritional sciences, refers to the process of treating, handling, and storing food items to reduce the risk of foodborne illness and to extend their shelf life. The goal is to prevent the growth of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and mold, as well as to slow down the oxidation process that can lead to spoilage.

Common methods of food preservation include:

1. Refrigeration and freezing: These techniques slow down the growth of microorganisms and enzyme activity that cause food to spoil.
2. Canning: This involves sealing food in airtight containers, then heating them to destroy microorganisms and inactivate enzymes.
3. Dehydration: Removing water from food inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds.
4. Acidification: Adding acidic ingredients like lemon juice or vinegar can lower the pH of food, making it less hospitable to microorganisms.
5. Fermentation: This process involves converting sugars into alcohol or acids using bacteria or yeasts, which can preserve food and also enhance its flavor.
6. Irradiation: Exposing food to small doses of radiation can kill bacteria, parasites, and insects, extending the shelf life of certain foods.
7. Pasteurization: Heating food to a specific temperature for a set period of time can destroy harmful bacteria while preserving the nutritional value and taste.

Proper food preservation is crucial in preventing foodborne illnesses and ensuring the safety and quality of the food supply.

Oligospermia is a medical term used to describe a condition in which the semen contains a lower than normal number of sperm. Generally, a sperm count of less than 15 million sperm per milliliter (ml) of semen is considered to be below the normal range.

Oligospermia can make it more difficult for a couple to conceive naturally and may require medical intervention such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF). The condition can result from various factors, including hormonal imbalances, genetic abnormalities, varicocele, environmental factors, and certain medications.

It's important to note that oligospermia is not the same as azoospermia, which is a condition where there is no sperm present in the semen at all.

Cryoprotective agents are substances that are used to protect biological material from damage during freezing and thawing. These agents work by reducing the amount of ice that forms in the cells, which can help to prevent the formation of damaging ice crystals. Commonly used cryoprotective agents include dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, and ethylene glycol.

When biological material, such as cells or tissues, is cooled to very low temperatures for storage or transportation, the water in the cells can freeze and form ice crystals. These ice crystals can damage the cell membranes and other structures within the cell, leading to cell death. Cryoprotective agents help to prevent this by lowering the freezing point of the solution that the cells are stored in, which reduces the amount of ice that forms.

Cryoprotective agents are often used in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART) to protect sperm, eggs, and embryos during freezing and thawing. They are also used in research settings to preserve cells and tissues for later use. It is important to note that while cryoprotective agents can help to reduce the amount of damage that occurs during freezing and thawing, they cannot completely prevent it. Therefore, it is important to carefully control the freezing and thawing process to minimize any potential harm to the biological material.

Andrology is a branch of medical science that deals with the male reproductive system and male sexual concerns. It involves the study, diagnosis, and treatment of various conditions related to male infertility, erectile dysfunction, ejaculation disorders, prostate diseases, testicular cancer, and other issues affecting the male reproductive and sexual health.

Andrologists are medical professionals who specialize in this field, often working closely with urologists to provide comprehensive care for their patients. They may also collaborate with reproductive endocrinologists to address fertility concerns and offer treatments such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or hormone therapy.

In addition to clinical practice, andrology research focuses on understanding the physiology of male reproduction and sexual function, developing new diagnostic tools and therapies, and improving existing treatments for various conditions affecting men's health.

A vasectomy is a surgical procedure for male sterilization or permanent contraception. It involves cutting and sealing the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to the prostate gland, to prevent the release of sperm during ejaculation. This procedure is typically performed in an outpatient setting, using local anesthesia, and takes about 20-30 minutes. It is considered a highly effective form of birth control with a low risk of complications. However, it does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so additional protection such as condoms may still be necessary.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Artificial insemination, heterologous (also known as donor insemination) is a medical procedure that involves the introduction of sperm from a donor into a woman's reproductive tract with the aim of achieving pregnancy. The sperm used in this procedure comes from a donor who is not the woman's sexual partner. This method may be used when the male partner has severe fertility problems, such as azoospermia (absence of sperm in the ejaculate), or when the couple has a high risk of passing on genetic disorders to their offspring. The donor sperm can be injected into the woman's uterus through intrauterine insemination (IUI) or placed directly into the cervix through intracervical insemination (ICI).

Freeze-drying, also known as lyophilization, is a method of preservation that involves the removal of water from a frozen product by sublimation, which is the direct transition of a solid to a gas. This process allows for the preservation of the original shape and structure of the material while significantly extending its shelf life. In medical contexts, freeze-drying can be used for various purposes, including the long-term storage of pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and diagnostic samples. The process helps maintain the efficacy and integrity of these materials until they are ready to be reconstituted with water and used.

Blood preservation refers to the process of keeping blood viable and functional outside of the body for transfusion purposes. This is typically achieved through the addition of various chemical additives, such as anticoagulants and nutrients, to a storage solution in which the blood is contained. The preserved blood is then refrigerated or frozen until it is needed for transfusion.

The goal of blood preservation is to maintain the structural integrity and functional capacity of the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, as well as the coagulation factors, in order to ensure that the transfused blood is safe and effective. Different storage conditions and additives are used for the preservation of different components of blood, depending on their specific requirements.

It's important to note that while blood preservation extends the shelf life of donated blood, it does not last indefinitely. The length of time that blood can be stored depends on several factors, including the type of blood component and the storage conditions. Regular testing is performed to ensure that the preserved blood remains safe and effective for transfusion.

A varicocele is defined as an abnormal dilation and tortuosity (twisting or coiling) of the pampiniform plexus, which is a network of veins that surrounds the spermatic cord in the scrotum. This condition is most commonly found on the left side, and it's more prevalent in men of reproductive age.

The dilation of these veins can cause a decrease in the temperature around the testicle, leading to impaired sperm production, reduced sperm quality, and, in some cases, pain or discomfort. Varicoceles are often asymptomatic but may present as a scrotal mass, discomfort, or infertility issues. In severe cases or when accompanied by symptoms, treatment options include surgical ligation (tying off) or embolization of the affected veins to improve testicular function and alleviate symptoms.

Cold ischemia is a medical term that refers to the loss of blood flow and subsequent lack of oxygen delivery to an organ or tissue, which is then cooled and stored in a solution at temperatures between 0-4°C (32-39°F) for the purpose of transplantation. The term "cold" indicates the temperature range, while "ischemia" refers to the lack of blood flow and oxygen delivery to the tissue.

During cold ischemia, the metabolic activity of the organ or tissue slows down significantly, which helps to reduce the rate of cellular damage that would otherwise occur due to the absence of oxygen and nutrients. However, even with cold storage, there is still some degree of injury to the organ or tissue, and this can affect its function after transplantation.

The duration of cold ischemia time is an important factor in determining the success of a transplant procedure. Prolonged cold ischemia times are associated with increased risk of poor organ function and rejection, as well as decreased graft survival rates. Therefore, it is essential to minimize the cold ischemia time as much as possible during organ transplantation to ensure optimal outcomes for the recipient.

Seminal vesicle secretory proteins are a group of proteins that are produced and released by the seminal vesicles, which are accessory glands of the male reproductive system in many mammals. These proteins make up a significant portion of the fluid contributed by the seminal vesicles to the ejaculate during sexual activity.

The seminal vesicle secretions contain several types of proteins, including various enzymes, structural proteins, and immunomodulatory proteins. Some of the key proteins found in seminal vesicle secretions include:

1. Semenogelins: These are large, structural proteins that contribute to the formation of a gel-like substance in semen, which helps to prolong the lifespan of sperm and protect them from the acidic environment of the vagina.
2. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA): Although primarily produced by the prostate gland, PSA is also present in seminal vesicle secretions. It is a protease enzyme that helps to liquefy the gel-like substance in semen and facilitate sperm motility.
3. Prostaglandins: These are hormone-like substances that play a role in regulating inflammation, blood flow, and muscle contractions. In the male reproductive system, prostaglandins help to promote sperm motility and capacitation (a process that prepares sperm for fertilization).
4. Immunomodulatory proteins: Seminal vesicle secretions contain several proteins that can modulate the immune response, helping to prevent rejection of sperm by the female's immune system during fertilization.

These proteins play important roles in maintaining the health and function of sperm, as well as facilitating their movement through the female reproductive tract for successful fertilization.

Specimen handling is a set of procedures and practices followed in the collection, storage, transportation, and processing of medical samples or specimens (e.g., blood, tissue, urine, etc.) for laboratory analysis. Proper specimen handling ensures accurate test results, patient safety, and data integrity. It includes:

1. Correct labeling of the specimen container with required patient information.
2. Using appropriate containers and materials to collect, store, and transport the specimen.
3. Following proper collection techniques to avoid contamination or damage to the specimen.
4. Adhering to specific storage conditions (temperature, time, etc.) before testing.
5. Ensuring secure and timely transportation of the specimen to the laboratory.
6. Properly documenting all steps in the handling process for traceability and quality assurance.

Infertility is a reproductive health disorder defined as the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse or due to an impairment of a person's capacity to reproduce either as an individual or with their partner. It can be caused by various factors in both men and women, including hormonal imbalances, structural abnormalities, genetic issues, infections, age, lifestyle factors, and others. Infertility can have significant emotional and psychological impacts on individuals and couples experiencing it, and medical intervention may be necessary to help them conceive.

Masturbation is the self-stimulation of the genitals to achieve sexual pleasure or orgasm. It's a normal and healthy sexual behavior that is commonly practiced by people of all ages, gender identities, and sexual orientations. Masturbation is generally considered safe and has few, if any, negative physical side effects.

It's important to note that masturbation is a personal choice, and individuals should feel comfortable and unpressured in their decision to engage in this behavior or not. Some people may choose not to masturbate due to personal, cultural, or religious beliefs, while others may find it to be a valuable way to explore their bodies, learn about their sexual responses, and relieve sexual tension.

If you have any concerns or questions about masturbation, it's always a good idea to speak with a healthcare provider who can provide you with accurate information and address any concerns you may have.

The testis, also known as the testicle, is a male reproductive organ that is part of the endocrine system. It is located in the scrotum, outside of the abdominal cavity. The main function of the testis is to produce sperm and testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.

The testis is composed of many tiny tubules called seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced. These tubules are surrounded by a network of blood vessels, nerves, and supportive tissues. The sperm then travel through a series of ducts to the epididymis, where they mature and become capable of fertilization.

Testosterone is produced in the Leydig cells, which are located in the interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It also supports sperm production and sexual function.

Abnormalities in testicular function can lead to infertility, hormonal imbalances, and other health problems. Regular self-examinations and medical check-ups are recommended for early detection and treatment of any potential issues.

"Cold temperature" is a relative term and its definition can vary depending on the context. In general, it refers to temperatures that are lower than those normally experienced or preferred by humans and other warm-blooded animals. In a medical context, cold temperature is often defined as an environmental temperature that is below 16°C (60.8°F).

Exposure to cold temperatures can have various physiological effects on the human body, such as vasoconstriction of blood vessels near the skin surface, increased heart rate and metabolic rate, and shivering, which helps to generate heat and maintain body temperature. Prolonged exposure to extreme cold temperatures can lead to hypothermia, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by a drop in core body temperature below 35°C (95°F).

It's worth noting that some people may have different sensitivities to cold temperatures due to factors such as age, health status, and certain medical conditions. For example, older adults, young children, and individuals with circulatory or neurological disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of cold temperatures.

Assisted reproductive techniques (ART) are medical procedures that involve the handling of human sperm and ova to establish a pregnancy. These techniques are used when other methods of achieving pregnancy have failed or are not available. Examples of ART include in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), and zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT). These procedures may be used to treat infertility, prevent genetic disorders, or to help same-sex couples or single people have children. It is important to note that the use of ART can involve significant physical, emotional, and financial costs, and it may not always result in a successful pregnancy.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Organ sparing treatments refer to medical interventions that are designed to preserve the structure and function of an organ, while still effectively treating the underlying disease or condition. These treatments can include surgical techniques, radiation therapy, or medications that aim to target specific cells or processes involved in the disease, while minimizing damage to healthy tissues.

Organ sparing treatments may be used in a variety of medical contexts, such as cancer treatment, where the goal is to eliminate malignant cells while preserving as much normal tissue as possible. For example, radiation therapy may be delivered with precise techniques that limit exposure to surrounding organs, or medications may be used to target specific receptors on cancer cells, reducing the need for more extensive surgical interventions.

Similarly, in the context of kidney disease, organ sparing treatments may include medications that help control blood pressure and reduce proteinuria (protein in the urine), which can help slow the progression of kidney damage and potentially delay or prevent the need for dialysis or transplantation.

Overall, organ sparing treatments represent an important area of medical research and practice, as they offer the potential to improve patient outcomes, reduce treatment-related morbidity, and maintain quality of life.

A laryngectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the larynx, also known as the voice box. This is typically performed in cases of advanced laryngeal cancer or other severe diseases of the larynx. After the surgery, the patient will have a permanent stoma (opening) in the neck to allow for breathing. The ability to speak after a total laryngectomy can be restored through various methods such as esophageal speech, tracheoesophageal puncture with a voice prosthesis, or electronic devices.

The cervix is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. Cervical mucus is a clear or cloudy secretion produced by glands in the cervix. The amount and consistency of cervical mucus changes throughout a woman's menstrual cycle, influenced by hormonal fluctuations.

During the fertile window (approximately mid-cycle), estrogen levels rise, causing the cervical mucus to become more abundant, clear, and stretchy (often described as resembling raw egg whites). This "fertile" mucus facilitates the movement of sperm through the cervix and into the uterus, increasing the chances of fertilization.

As the menstrual cycle progresses and progesterone levels rise after ovulation, cervical mucus becomes thicker, cloudier, and less abundant, making it more difficult for sperm to penetrate. This change in cervical mucus helps prevent additional sperm from entering and fertilizing an already-fertilized egg.

Changes in cervical mucus can be used as a method of natural family planning or fertility awareness, with women checking their cervical mucus daily to identify their most fertile days. However, this method should be combined with other tracking methods for increased accuracy and reliability.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Medical definitions typically come from authoritative sources such as medical textbooks or professional organizations. Here is a definition from the World Health Organization (WHO):

"Sexual abstinence is the act of refraining from sexual activity, which may be chosen for a variety of reasons, including personal, health, religious, or other reasons."

It's important to note that sexual abstinence can have different meanings for different people. For some, it may mean avoiding all forms of sexual contact, while for others, it may refer only to vaginal or anal intercourse. It's a personal decision and can be interpreted differently based on cultural, religious, and individual beliefs.

The acrosome is a specialized structure located on the anterior part of the sperm head in many species of animals, including humans. It contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the outer covering of the egg (zona pellucida) during fertilization. The acrosome reaction is the process by which the acrosome releases its enzymes, allowing the sperm to digest a path through the zona pellucida and reach the egg plasma membrane for fusion and fertilization.

The acrosome is formed during spermatogenesis, the process of sperm production in the testis, from the Golgi apparatus, a cellular organelle involved in protein trafficking and modification. The acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes such as hyaluronidase, acrosin, and proteases that are activated during the acrosome reaction to facilitate sperm-egg fusion.

Abnormalities in acrosome formation or function can lead to infertility in males.

Sperm retrieval is a medical procedure that involves obtaining sperm from a male patient, usually for the purpose of assisted reproduction. This can be indicated in cases where the man has obstructive or non-obstructive azoospermia (absence of sperm in the semen), ejaculatory dysfunction, or other conditions that prevent the successful collection of sperm through conventional means, such as masturbation.

There are several methods for sperm retrieval, including:

1. Testicular sperm aspiration (TESA): A procedure where a fine needle is inserted into the testicle to aspirate (or draw out) sperm.
2. Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA): Similar to TESA, but the needle is inserted into the epididymis, a small structure that stores and transports sperm from the testicle.
3. Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA): A more invasive procedure where an incision is made in the scrotum to directly visualize the epididymis with a surgical microscope, allowing for the careful removal of sperm.
4. Testicular sperm extraction (TESE): Involves making a small incision in the testicle and removing a piece of tissue containing sperm-producing tubules. The tissue is then processed to extract viable sperm.
5. Microdissection testicular sperm extraction (microTESE): A refined version of TESE, where a surgical microscope is used to identify and isolate individual seminiferous tubules containing sperm in men with non-obstructive azoospermia.

The retrieved sperm can then be used for various assisted reproductive techniques, such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg to facilitate fertilization.

Fertilization in vitro, also known as in-vitro fertilization (IVF), is a medical procedure where an egg (oocyte) and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish to facilitate fertilization. The fertilized egg (embryo) is then transferred to a uterus with the hope of establishing a successful pregnancy. This procedure is often used when other assisted reproductive technologies have been unsuccessful or are not applicable, such as in cases of blocked fallopian tubes, severe male factor infertility, and unexplained infertility. The process involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture, and embryo transfer. In some cases, additional techniques such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) may be used to increase the chances of success.

A tissue donor is an individual who has agreed to allow organs and tissues to be removed from their body after death for the purpose of transplantation to restore the health or save the life of another person. The tissues that can be donated include corneas, heart valves, skin, bone, tendons, ligaments, veins, and cartilage. These tissues can enhance the quality of life for many recipients and are often used in reconstructive surgeries. It is important to note that tissue donation does not interfere with an open casket funeral or other cultural or religious practices related to death and grieving.

Blum, Murray S.; Stephen Taber III (1960). "Preservation of Honey Bee Semen". Science. 131 (3415): 1734-1735. Bibcode:1960Sci ...
46, 4. Taber III, Stephen; Murray S. Blum (1960). "Preservation of Honey Bee Semen". Science. 131 (3415): 1734-1735. Bibcode: ...
Wilmut, Ian (1971). The preservation of boar semen (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. OCLC 500590369. "WILMUT, Sir Ian". ... from where he graduated in 1971 with a thesis on semen cryopreservation. During this time he was a postgraduate student at ...
Before starting any treatment, individuals may consider fertility issues and fertility preservation. Options include semen ...
Many studies are ongoing to improve preservation, increase liquid semen storage time, and reduce or remove bacteria from semen ... "Improving semen parameters through modification of semen collection/extension." (2011). Bartlett, D. J."Studies on dog semen." ... Semen collection refers to the process of obtaining semen from human males or other animals with the use of various methods, ... Semen can be either liquid or frozen. There are many kinds of preservatives used in dilution with semen - most contain energy ...
The preservation of this nectar is known as "urdhva retas" (literally: upward semen). The white drop is associated with the ... essence of semen, while the red bindu is associated with menstrual fluid. This chakra is sometimes known as the Indu, Chandra, ...
Males with cancer have fertility preservation options such as semen cryopreservation (also called sperm banking); testicular ... Females with cancer have fertility preservation options such as oocyte cryopreservation (also called egg cryopreservation or ... a procedure for males who are not able to produce a semen sample; and testicular tissue freezing (also called testicular tissue ... "Fertility Preservation in Patients With Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 36 (19 ...
Special freezing extender use also allows cryogenic preservation of sperm, which may be transported for use, or used on-site at ... Semen extender is a liquid diluent which is added to semen to preserve its fertilizing ability. It acts as a buffer to protect ... Semen extenders should not be confused with drugs or nutritional supplements designed to increase the volume of semen released ... Antibiotics are almost universal in semen extenders, especially those being used for shipping or freezing semen. Ticarcillin ( ...
Another important action in the conservation program is the semen preservation of male cattle from the breed. In the beginning ... The main measures of this conservation plan are based on the collection and preservation of Villard-de-Lans bull semen by the ... The preservation of the Villard-de-Lans has been possible thanks to a few passionate breeders who have managed to preserve a ...
People may choose between several methods of fertility preservation prior to chemotherapy, including cryopreservation of semen ...
Through artificial insemination and semen preservation, a sire can continue to produce offspring even after he is dead or his ... For this purpose the semen is bought and the cow is bred artificially with the hope that the young will receive that genetic ...
He also played an important role in developing methods for the storage and preservation of semen, which aided in artificial ...
Generally, there are ten things when an imbalance or restraint can cause illness: blood, semen, urine, feces, wind, vomiting, ... Tenet's underlying treatment of bodily illness includes preservation of health, protection from harm, and removal of harmful ...
Artificial fertilization (by shipping semen) is another option, but male animals can experience stress during semen collection ... Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. 27: 50-61. Griffin AS, Blumstein DT, Evans CS (2000). "Training Captive Bred or ... Furthermore, this approach yields lower-quality semen, because shipping requires extending the life of the sperm for the ... Pomeroy, Ross (June 24, 2013). "Finally: A Way to Collect Semen from Parrots". Real Clear Science. "Cryoconservation of Animal ...
Major projects of the division centers around ram semen preservation, artificial insemination and adjudging the physiological ... Artificial insemination (AI) in sheep with liquid semen. Indigenous intra-vaginal sponges for oestrus induction and ...
... this would include cryopreservation of semen in a sperm bank or preservation of oocytes or ovum. For such individuals, access ... Some transgender people use assisted reproduction technology services and preservation of reproductive tissue prior to having ...
Her function, besides being a household maid, is the collection of male genetic material (semen) through sexual means, after ... which it is saved, possibly for species preservation. Slave Doll was followed by a sequel, Slave Doll II (こわれものII, Kowaremono ...
People can also be identified from traces of their DNA from blood, skin, hair, saliva, and semen by DNA fingerprinting, from ... Proper evidence collection and preservation is crucial to ensure evidence is not being contaminated. Main procedures ... DNA can be sourced from biological material such as semen, blood, saliva, feces, urine, teeth, bone, and hair that is left ...
Examples include: Semen in semen cryopreservation Blood Special cells for transfusion like platelets (Thrombosomes by Cellphire ... Cryopreservation is a hallmark method for fungi that do not sporulate (otherwise other preservation methods for spores can be ... Semen can be used successfully almost indefinitely after cryopreservation. The longest reported successful storage is 22 years ... Planer NEWS and Press Releases > Child born after 22-year semen storage using Planer controlled rate freezer Archived 2012-09- ...
Because the Hog Island sheep population is so small, the preservation of the breed through a pure, inbred line would threaten ... The United States Department of Agriculture's National Animal Germplasm Program has collected semen samples from several of the ... as well as Colonial Williamsburg and the National Colonial Farm at Piscataway Park for preservation and increasing public ...
Established fertility preservation options for men include sperm banking, in which a semen sample is produced, frozen, and ... Fertility preservation costs may be prohibitive for young patients and multiple organizations now provide methods to reduce ... Scientists are developing methods to use this tissue for fertility preservation in males.[citation needed] Men who do not ... As cancer survivorship increases, the preservation of fertility in women, men, and children becomes a critically important ...
... blood preservation MeSH E05.760.833.445 - cold ischemia MeSH E05.760.833.660 - organ preservation MeSH E05.760.833.890 - semen ... tissue preservation MeSH E05.200.500.620.760.160 - cryopreservation MeSH E05.200.500.620.760.160.260 - freeze drying MeSH ... tissue preservation MeSH E05.200.750.600.760.160 - cryopreservation MeSH E05.200.750.600.760.160.260 - freeze drying MeSH ... preservation MeSH E05.799.638.231 - body burden MeSH E05.799.638.420 - film dosimetry MeSH E05.799.638.785 - thermoluminescent ...
In males, the semen (Vīrya) is considered sacred, and its preservation (except when used for procreation) and conversion into ... Conservation of the semen allegedly allows it to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream and aid in the healthy development of ... In modern times, the argument has been phrased in biological terms, claiming that loss of semen through ejaculation results in ... "The reabsorption of semen by the blood ... perhaps prompts the stimulus of power, the unrest of all forces towards the ...
... the medical doctors retrieved and collected Liu's semen for preservation to allow Chen the chance to conceive a child belonging ...
... blood preservation MeSH E01.450.865.366.833.660 - organ preservation MeSH E01.450.865.366.833.890 - semen preservation MeSH ... preservation, biological MeSH E01.450.865.366.156 - cryopreservation MeSH E01.450.865.366.156.260 - freeze drying MeSH E01.450. ...
"Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation". Awwp.alwabra.com. Retrieved 1 December 2021. "Parrot Who Was Among Last of Its Kind, Said to ... Michael Lierz, Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, developed a novel technique for semen collection and artificial ... Hämmerli were purchased by Sheikh Saud bin Muhammed bin Ali Al-Thani of Qatar and became Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation. Under ... The research team used artificial insemination for the first time ever in the Spix's macaw at Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation in ...
ISBN 978-1-441-99425-7. Fertility Preservation, ReproTech website Semen Storage through Cryopreservation Embryo Storage through ... Fertility preservation procedures are indicated when it is predicted that there will be exposure to a cause of infertility, ... Fertility preservation, such as ovarian tissue or oocyte cryopreservation, may also be used to prevent infertility, as well as ... Fertility preservation is the effort to help cancer patients retain their fertility, or ability to procreate. Research into how ...
... paradox Semantic primes Semantic tableaux Semantic theory of truth Semantic view of theories Semantics Semantics encoding Semen ... assumption Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal Self-love Self-organizing system Self-preservation Self- ...
Dried semen that is on clothing and skin can be detected with a fluorescent lamp. Notes will be attached to those items on ... This carefully monitored procedure of evidence collection and preservation is known as the chain of evidence. Maintaining the ... Samples of fluids are collected to determine the presence of the perpetrator's saliva and semen that may be present in the ... Although this type of lamp will improve the detection of dried semen, many other substances will fluoresce as well; thus, ...
Of the semen (On Semen) De Semine Wikimedia Commons has media related to De Sanitate Tuenda. Of the faculties or powers of ... Suc.) On the Ptisan, or Barley-water De Ptisana On the Preservation of Health De Sanitate Tuenda (San. Tu.) 1.4. Of (On) the ...
Is Tris-Egg Yolk Extender Better Than LDL Extender in Chilled Semen Preservation? * Falah Hasan Baiee, Ghadeer Sabah Bustani ... Semen preservation is the most technology used in artificial insemination and animal breeding. There are two critical types of ... 2022). Is Tris-Egg Yolk Extender Better Than LDL Extender in Chilled Semen Preservation?. Revista Electronica De Veterinaria, ... they are necessary to determine which of these are better used in semen preservation at chilling temperature. ...
Blum, Murray S.; Stephen Taber III (1960). "Preservation of Honey Bee Semen". Science. 131 (3415): 1734-1735. Bibcode:1960Sci ...
... doses of refrigerated stallion semen are stored, sent, and transported in single-use polystyrene transport boxes. To address a ... As the horse is not a production animal, the resources available for the research of stallion semen preservation have been ... Indeed, using chilled semen at a time of AI results in better pregnancy rates than frozen semen [15,22,23]. This is mainly due ... semen quality. Indeed, it has been shown that by storing semen at + 4°C, sperm metabolism is reduced by only 7%. In the same ...
Development of a cooling system and preservation of boar semen Zootecnia E Tecnologia E Inspeção De Produtos De Origem Animal. ... A container with controlled cooling rate from 37ºC to 17 or 5ºC was constructed for the preservation of boar semen. The ...
No, no sperm preservation before vasectomy / Non, absence de préservation de sperme avant la vasectomie ... 36. Have you used frozen preserved semen for insemination or post-vasectomy fertilization? / Avez-vous utilisé du sperme ... Lack of information on possible sperm preservation / Manque dinformation sur la préservation possible de sperme ...
At IVF1, we use the most advanced computer assisted semen analysis for the most accurate results. ... A semen analysis if a microscopic evaluation of the sperm. ... CryoFertility , The Fertility Preservation Program for Cancer ( ... Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA). What is a semen analysis?. A semen analysis is a test performed to screen for male ... In order to perform a semen analysis, a man must collect s semen specimen into a sterile cup. This is usually done by ...
This form of semen preservation can be done at any of our locations in the greater Los Angeles area. ... Couples preparing for IVF may need to store semen specimens in advance of the procedure. Others may want to freeze semen due to ... Frozen semen can be stored for as long as 50 years without additional sperm deterioration beyond that caused by the original ... Once a semen sample is provided it is tested for sperm quantity, shape and movement within each specimen. ...
What to Expect After Automated Semen Analysis. A basic fertility evaluation involves many complex parts. We have to look at ... He will then make a customized fertility-preservation plan. He takes into account multiple factors, including the stage of your ... More advanced types of cancer do not allow waiting for fertility preservation treatments, but your approach will likely require ...
Chapter 22 - Blood, Semen and Other Biological Materials 1. Bloodstains • Collection and Preservation of Bloodstains ...
Competitive show prospects, seed stock and semen always available. National winner 2018 NCBA Environmental Preservation Award. ... Livestock Foundations mission is to strengthen rural areas through historic preservation and community building, ROAM ON THE ...
Although semen cryopreservation represents the most efficient and safe fertility preservation method for males producing sperm ... This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Basis of Fertility Preservation and Restoration). ... This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Basis of Fertility Preservation and Restoration). ... as well as the area of food preservation. This review introduces recent advances and future perspectives in plasma technology, ...
... and avoid the controversy surrounding the preservation of embryos [120] [121]. Like semen, oocyte cryopreservation is ... of their semen, exhibiting good post-thaw semen quality, ranging from 50% - 70% motile spermatozoa. Pregnancy or calving rate ... An advantage of in vitro embryo preservation is that they are more resistant than gametes when subjected to high body ... 2013) Pregnancy Rate and Birth Rate of Calves from a Large-Scale IVF Program Using Reverse-Sorted Semen in Bos indicus, Bos ...
Processing Semen for Cryopreservation. The first critical aspect of a successful semen preservation technique is to obtain a ... The ideal sample for semen preservation (either cooling or freezing) is one that contains a high concentration of sperm and ... This abstract will focus on how semen should be processed for freezing, so to obtain the optimum semen quality that will ... Monitoring fertility of breeding stallions in AI programs with cryopreserved semen begins with the identification of the semen ...
Semen samples were produced at home by the workers and brought to the mobile laboratory in a thermos container within 1 hour of ... and preservation of seminal plasma. Morphologic and morphometric studies as well as computer analyses of video tapes were ... The use of new field methods of semen analysis in the study of occupational hazards to reproduction: the example of ethylene ... The researchers used mobile laboratory facilities with which they could evaluate fresh semen samples in the field for a wide ...
His Ph.D. studies at the University of Cambridge foreshadowed his later breakthroughs, focusing on "the preservation of semen ...
While men whose fertility is threatened can elect to have semen frozen for later use, at the moment, the preservation - and ... "The high rate of functional preservation of follicles following cryopreservation also suggests that cryopreservation of ovarian ...
By the preservation of the semen a good odour pervades the body of the Yogi. ... Semen gets firm and steady. The Jatharagni (gastric fire) is augmented. The student becomes so perfect in Brahmacharya that his ... Then this fluid is taken by the two spermatic ducts or tubes to the two small bags or reservoirs for the semen called Vesiculae ... Now I will describe, how this vital fluid semen is manufactured. The two testes or seeds that are located in the scrotal bag ...
Her research results on AI and preservation of dog semen are today used with great success on a global basis in assisted ... Her research results on AI and preservation of dog semen are today used with great success on a global basis in assisted ... Semen Collection and Assessment, and Artificial Insemination in the Cat. In: Recent Advances in Small Animal Reproduction ... Regulations and Recommendations for International Shipment of Chilled and Frozen Canine Semen. In: Recent Advances in Small ...
Manko; Minglei Fu; Semen M. Shanoylo; Yevhenii M. Morozov Show Abstract The improved scheme of data recording process on an ... Long-term data preservation on sapphire optical discs Author(s): Viacheslav V. Petrov; Andriy A. Kryuchyn; Anatoliy S. Lapchuk ...
... as the semen in man, who is a principle through generation. Hence as man does not suffer any natural deterioration by seminal ... OF THE PRESERVATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN THE PRIMITIVE STATE (FOUR ARTICLES). We next consider what belongs to the bodily state ... Objection 3: Further, we need food for the preservation of life. But Adam could preserve his life otherwise; for had he not ... To understand this, we must observe that in the primitive state man possessed, for the preservation of life, two remedies, ...
THE AMERICAN KENNEL CLUB ANNOUNCES THE CREATION OF THE AKC PUREBRED PRESERVATION BANK The American Kennel Club (AKC®), a not- ... not-for-profit canine genetic material repository primarily focused on frozen semen. The mission of the AKC Purebred ... is pleased to announce the formation of the AKC Purebred Preservation Bank, a 501 C3, ... https://www.akc.org/press-releases/american-kennel-club-announces-creation-akc-purebred-preservation-bank/ , July 31, 2023 ...
De Sanitate Tuenda On the Preservation of Health * De Sectis ad eos qui introducuntur On Sects for Beginners ... De Semine On Semen * De Septimestri Partu On the Seven-Month Child ...
The results indicated frozen semen AI could successfully be used for preservation, conservation and propagation in Jamunapari ... Reproductive performance of Jamunapari crossbred using frozen semen*. Authors: MM Rahman, ME Ali , MA Latif , M Fakruzzaman. ... The semen samples initially qualified for freezing was frozen as per the protocol standardized in BRAC bull station, stored in ... goat production with improved genetic merit by assessing the productive and reproductive traits using Jamunapari frozen semen. ...
In this study, we collect semen samples before and shortly after starting chemo and allocate as follows: *80% of the before ... If youd like to join one of our research studies, contact the Fertility Preservation Program at 412-641-7475 or email us at ... Fertility preservation for pediatric patients: Current state and future possibilities. The Journal of Urology 2017;198:186-194 ... Recent advances: Fertility preservation and fertility restoration options for males and females. Fac Rev 2021;10:55. ...
Impact of Varicocele Repair on Semen Parameters in Infertile Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. November 7, 2022 ... and utilization status of autologous sperm cryopreservation and fertility preservation in for 662 patients: a 6-year ... An evaluation of the population characteristics, semen quality, ...
Male pre-pubertal cancer patients are especially at risk since they are unable to provide a semen sample prior to their cancer ... Fertility preservation in pre-pubertal pediatric cancer patients is an emerging and ever-evolving field. However treatment ...
Semen is a thick, yellowish white, glairy, opalescent, secretion having a characteristic odour known as seminal odor.It is also ... COLLECTION & PRESERVATION OF SEMEN. Collection of semen stain has much precaution. Semen converts in to brittle after drying. ... semen at scene of crime, semen forensic analysis, semen test, test for sperms ... Preservation of semen stain always performed after complete dryness of stain. If stain is wet then bacterial growth is started ...
Furthermore, resveratrol has been supplemented to semen extenders improving the preservation of sperm quality. In conclusion, ...
The cryopreservation of semen or the preservation of masculine fertility consists of the freezing and storage of sperm for ... Fertility Preservation for Men. Semen freezing. What is semen freezing or the preservation of masculine fertility?. The ... These include masculine fertility preservation techniques (semen cryopreservation) that allow you to choose the best moment to ... The process of freezing semen. Before freezing any semen sample, blood tests are required to determine the risk of infection ( ...
Once you donate your dogs semen to the AKC Purebred Preservation Bank, the semen is now owned by the American Kennel Club, ... AKC Purebred Preservation Bank, Alexia Rodriguez, American Kennel Club, Anne Hier, Barbara Miller, Bobbie Wood, Debbie Hollan, ...
  • The high rate of functional preservation of follicles following cryopreservation also suggests that cryopreservation of ovarian tissues has real potential for clinical application. (bbc.co.uk)
  • An evaluation of the population characteristics, semen quality, and utilization status of autologous sperm cryopreservation and fertility preservation in for 662 patients: a 6-year monocentric retrospective study. (urotoday.com)
  • The cryopreservation of semen or the preservation of masculine fertility consists of the freezing and storage of sperm for reproductive purposes. (fertilitymadrid.com)
  • These include masculine fertility preservation techniques (semen cryopreservation) that allow you to choose the best moment to have a child. (fertilitymadrid.com)
  • We offer Oocyte, Sperm and Embryo Vitrification along with Testicular Tissue Cryopreservation and In Vitro Maturation of Oocytes as part of the fertility preservation program. (oasisindia.in)
  • Semen cryopreservation is the oldest and the most successful option for fertility preservation in male cancer survivors, where the sperms are frozen before initiating cancer treatments like chemotherapy or radiotherapy. (oasisindia.in)
  • She also offers semen collection and CLONE cryo preservation. (wonderfulspaniels.com)
  • We also recommend as Dr Heather Steyn is an excellent canine reproductive specialist in Fort Collins, Colorado offering AKC certified semen collection, cryo preservation and surgical procedures for reputable breeders. (wonderfulspaniels.com)
  • His Ph.D. studies at the University of Cambridge foreshadowed his later breakthroughs, focusing on "the preservation of semen and embryos for freezing. (yahoo.com)
  • Sperm (the reproductive cells found in a man's semen) is typically collected through masturbation. (scrcivf.com)
  • Male fertility testing involves semen analysis that investigates the quality and quantity of sperm in a man's semen. (thesire.sg)
  • In order to perform a semen analysis, a man must collect s semen specimen into a sterile cup. (ivf1.com)
  • To assess quality of the semen it is necessary to perform a semen analysis (concentration, mobility, morphology and sperm vitality), since the information obtained will be the main factor determining the viability of the sample once it is thawed. (fertilitymadrid.com)
  • A stallion may be subfertile in a frozen or cooled semen program and exhibit normal fertility in fresh AI or natural mating conditions. (ivis.org)
  • This happens particularly when mares are inseminated with cooled or frozen semen shipped internationally. (ivis.org)
  • While men whose fertility is threatened can elect to have semen frozen for later use, at the moment, the preservation - and reactivation - of eggs, and tissue from the ovary, is far more problematic. (bbc.co.uk)
  • How long do frozen semen samples last? (fertilitymadrid.com)
  • This paper presents lessons learned from semen collection from various species of rays and sharks, as well as progress made in the assessment, processing, and preservation of semen: fresh, chilled, or frozen. (vin.com)
  • The frozen semen is generally used to extend the life capacity of semen. (unair.ac.id)
  • Growing concern for the breed led a number of US breeders to import frozen semen from the UK to expand the genetic base of the Bluefaced Leicester in the US. (bflsheep.com)
  • A low volume can be caused by several different factors, including retrograde ejaculation (semen going into the bladder instead of out of the body) or a blockage in one of the ducts of the reproductive tract. (ucsf.edu)
  • Patients found to have complete absence of sperm on multiple semen analyses from either obstructive or nonobstructive azoospermia are candidates for surgical sperm retrieval. (medscape.com)
  • Male pre-pubertal cancer patients are especially at risk since they are unable to provide a semen sample prior to their cancer treatments. (hhs.gov)
  • Fertility preservation in pre-pubertal pediatric cancer patients is an emerging and ever-evolving field. (hhs.gov)
  • For patients, who for reasons unrelated to fertility treatment , cannot be available on the day the semen sample is needed. (fertilitymadrid.com)
  • Before freezing any semen sample, patients must have current blood tests (HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and syphilis). (fertilitymadrid.com)
  • We have the experience to help counsel and guide patients who are interested in learning more about fertility preservation. (pnwfertility.com)
  • Fertility Preservation is the latest advancement in reproductive medicine where patients can preserve or retain their fertility or ability to procreate. (oasisindia.in)
  • The indications for fertility preservation are also for patients undergoing treatments for conditions like fertileukemia's, lymphomas, sarcomas, systemic lupus erythematosus, acute glomerulonephritis and beehcet's disease. (oasisindia.in)
  • Faced with little opportunity to save and budget for the immediate high costs of cancer, most cancer patients do not have extra money for fertility preservation treatments before undergoing potentially sterilizing treatments. (coastalfertility.com)
  • As of 2019, a new California law compels insurance providers to cover the fertility preservation costs for cancer patients who have to undergo treatments and surgeries that might damage their reproductive organs. (coastalfertility.com)
  • Oncofertility patients can greatly benefit from this law and offset the costs of fertility preservation. (coastalfertility.com)
  • Coastal Fertility & Fertile Hope have partnered to help reduce costs of fertility preservation for cancer patients. (coastalfertility.com)
  • Home » Fertility preservation for male patients - why, when and how? (myivfanswers.com)
  • Couples preparing for IVF may need to store semen specimens in advance of the procedure. (scrcivf.com)
  • The ability to collect elasmobranch semen and the relative stability of elasmobranch semen opens a number of possibilities for the captive management and the conservation of elasmobranchs, including semen exchange between remote facilities, collection of semen in situ from wild specimens, and increasing heterozygosity. (vin.com)
  • Products can be stored for a long biological specimens, save animals, semen, biomedical field vaccines. (liquidnitrogendewars.com)
  • The researchers used mobile laboratory facilities with which they could evaluate fresh semen samples in the field for a wide variety of semen characteristics in addition to concentration and morphology. (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, semen quality must be evaluated by means of a semenogram (concentration, mobility, morphology and vitality). (fertilitymadrid.com)
  • It may require monthly semen analyses to monitor the return of sperm in the ejaculate. (pnwfertility.com)
  • At CRH, we perform semen analyses on-site in our andrology lab. (ucsf.edu)
  • A man is classified as sterile when the semen sample does not have sperms, this is called azoospermia. (fertilitycentermexico.com)
  • This abstract will focus on how semen should be processed for freezing, so to obtain the optimum semen quality that will inevitably help the practitioner to obtain the highest level of fertility for a given stallion. (ivis.org)
  • A computerized semen analysis will give many more parameters that are useful to the fertility specialist. (ivf1.com)
  • In order to guarantee the highest level of fertility from a stallion, semen parameters should be regularly checked by performing a strict post-thaw quality control on each batch of semen that is processed for freezing. (ivis.org)
  • Impact of Varicocele Repair on Semen Parameters in Infertile Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (urotoday.com)
  • Do you know which are the parameters of semen? (fertilitycentermexico.com)
  • Now that we have shared some information about the parameters of semen. (fertilitycentermexico.com)
  • If any of the above parameters are abnormal, your doctor may ask you to repeat the semen analysis and may order additional bloodwork. (ucsf.edu)
  • But, with medical advancements, young men and women can opt for fertility preservation techniques where they can vitrify their sperm or oocytes to be used later. (oasisindia.in)
  • Learn how sperm motility is analyzed at IVF1 using computer assisted semen analysis. (ivf1.com)
  • What is a semen analysis? (ivf1.com)
  • A semen analysis is a test performed to screen for male fertility problems. (ivf1.com)
  • This is sometimes referred to as CASA or computer assisted semen analysis. (ivf1.com)
  • The computerized semen analysis, however, takes precise measurements to determine what is normal and is therefore far more consistent than a manual analysis. (ivf1.com)
  • The use of new field methods of semen analysis in the study of occupational hazards to reproduction: the example of ethylene dibromide. (cdc.gov)
  • The authors conclude that the results of semen analysis studies can be used in epidemiological studies of occupational hazards to reproduction. (cdc.gov)
  • Once the preliminary screening tests are positive, a more detailed confirmatory analysis is carried out to establish that the stain is indeed semen. (forensicsdigest.com)
  • For developing new semen preservation media, he says "the use of computer-assisted semen analysis is absolutely needed as a tool to evaluate the potential of new preservation media. (hamiltonthorne.com)
  • When asked for any last words, he said, "I am sure that there is a big market to develop when it comes to rabbit semen analysis. (hamiltonthorne.com)
  • SIRE has made semen analysis much easier and discreet. (thesire.sg)
  • Traditionally, semen analysis needs to be done in a clinic, where the laboratory is situated. (thesire.sg)
  • Do you need semen analysis? (thesire.sg)
  • Semen analysis is a medical diagnostic test to assess your fertility, and it is the cornerstone investigation to establish if you have the potential to have (or in some cases, not have) a successful pregnancy with your partner. (thesire.sg)
  • Statistically, 50% of known causes of infertility are due to male factors, and so you can eliminate your doubt by providing a quick semen sample, which is made even easier with our home-based semen analysis kit. (thesire.sg)
  • Hence, it's a lot easier now to check 50% of the issue with our home-based semen analysis service. (thesire.sg)
  • Semen analysis is required to establish which procedure or treatment would be required for any male fertility issues. (thesire.sg)
  • Semen analysis can also be used to confirm that you won't get your partner pregnant, intentionally, so you can avoid contraception. (thesire.sg)
  • But before being given the green light, a man needs to confirm his ejaculate has no sperms by doing a post-vasectomy semen analysis. (thesire.sg)
  • A semen analysis is an important part of a basic infertility work-up, and evaluates the potential of the sperm to reach and fertilize the egg. (ucsf.edu)
  • Semen analysis appointments can be made Monday through Friday, and will be scheduled by your Care Team. (ucsf.edu)
  • Semen analysis can help diagnose male-factor infertility. (rmia.com)
  • Is Tris-Egg Yolk Extender Better Than LDL Extender in Chilled Semen Preservation? (veterinaria.org)
  • He is also working on a long term extender for rabbit semen. (hamiltonthorne.com)
  • The identification of one or more sperms is a conclusive proof of the presence of semen.However, there are difficulties in the identification of sperms due to several reasons. (forensicsdigest.com)
  • To identify if a man is infertile or sterile, a semen sample is going to be taken to analyze the sperms condition. (fertilitycentermexico.com)
  • Today, doses of refrigerated stallion semen are stored, sent, and transported in single-use polystyrene transport boxes. (researchgate.net)
  • Toda y, doses of r efrigerated stallion semen are stored, sent, and transported in single-use pol ystyrene transport boxes. (researchgate.net)
  • Monitoring fertility of breeding stallions in AI programs with cryopreserved semen begins with the identification of the semen freezing technique that allows to produce the best possible semen quality from a given stallion. (ivis.org)
  • The ideal sample for semen preservation (either cooling or freezing) is one that contains a high concentration of sperm and therefore a low ratio of seminal plasma to spermatozoa and exhibits a high percentage of progressively motile sperm with a low percentage of morphological abnormalities. (ivis.org)
  • The first critical aspect of a successful semen preservation technique is to obtain a high quality sample without damaging the fragile sperm during collection or processing. (ivis.org)
  • Ocean Park's veterinary team has a long record of collection and processing semen of cetaceans and pandas. (vin.com)
  • With liquid nitrogen as a refrigerant, save transport animal semen, vaccines, cryogenic assembly toxic species of bacteria and other biological samples, refrigeration health care, medical surgical refrigeration and cryogenic processing of metallic materials, precision parts. (liquidnitrogendewars.com)
  • Semen is a thick, yellowish white, glairy, opalescent, secretion having a characteristic odour known as seminal odor.It is also called seminal fluid, fluid that is ejaculated from the male reproductive tract and that contains sperm cells, which are capable of fertilizing the female eggs. (forensicsdigest.com)
  • The pH of semen(also referred to as seminal fluid) is slightly alkaline, ranging between pH 7.2 and 7.4. (forensicsdigest.com)
  • A semen sample is composed of seminal fluid, which is produced by several different glands in the male reproductive tract, and sperm, which is produced in the testicles. (ucsf.edu)
  • Providing a semen sample or undergoing a sperm extraction. (scrcivf.com)
  • Once a semen sample is provided it is tested for sperm quantity, shape and movement within each specimen. (scrcivf.com)
  • Males who can't produce a semen sample. (upmc.com)
  • Before freezing any semen sample, blood tests are required to determine the risk of infection (tests for HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and syphilis). (fertilitymadrid.com)
  • But like the fresh semen sample, its future fertilizing capacity is not guaranteed. (fertilitymadrid.com)
  • Each mucus sample was divided into four portions collected into a capillary tube and kept either at room temperature or at 4°C, -20° C or in liquid nitrogen for 1 h, afterwards thawed at 37°C and used in the in vitro penetration device for 1 h. 56 semen samples of good quality were used, the same sample for all four types of the same cervical mucus. (tau.ac.il)
  • Very high significant correlations were calculated between the penetration value (PV) rates in all four methods of cervical mucus preservation. (tau.ac.il)
  • The results of this study recommend the establishment of a cervical mucus bank using the 4°C and -20°C as possible methods for preservation of cervical mucus. (tau.ac.il)
  • In this webinar, Dr Melvin H. Thornton, Reproductive Endocrinologist at Global Fertility & Genetics, has talked about fertility preservation for men, when should it be indicated, how it's done and why. (myivfanswers.com)
  • Even if the semen retains sufficient biological quality after thawing for the purpose of assisted reproduction techniques, pregnancy from these sperm cannot be guaranteed, even if the patient has previously had offspring. (fertilitymadrid.com)
  • More advanced types of cancer do not allow waiting for fertility preservation treatments, but your approach will likely require some coordination between Dr. Ramirez and your oncologist. (montereybayivf.com)
  • Women now have a choice to opt for fertility preservation before undergoing these treatments. (oasisindia.in)
  • The quality of the semen was analyzed by a computer-assisted semen analyzer at the day of collection and after the 48 hours of storage. (researchgate.net)
  • Semen samples were produced at home by the workers and brought to the mobile laboratory in a thermos container within 1 hour of collection. (cdc.gov)
  • Collection of semen stain has much precaution. (forensicsdigest.com)
  • In the last 3 years we have directed resources towards collection of elasmobranch semen. (vin.com)
  • You will check in at the front desk with a photo ID and will be taken to a private room for the semen collection. (ucsf.edu)
  • The US Culture Collection Network lays the foundation for progress in preservation of valuable microbial resources. (cdc.gov)
  • Serious preservation efforts were started in 1995 by a handful of interested breeders. (bflsheep.com)
  • There are two critical types of preservation, including preservation in freezing and chilled temperature, which cause reducing in sperm quality and finally lead to a decrease in the fertilization rate. (veterinaria.org)
  • thus, they are necessary to determine which of these are better used in semen preservation at chilling temperature. (veterinaria.org)
  • In cases where the bodies are in an advanced state of decomposition, charred or rotting, or even when identification can not be performed by traditional dental methods, teeth are the only elements that can be used to identify, for better resist than any human tissue for post mortem degradation, variations in pressure and temperature enabling the preservation of individual genetic identity. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Live Configuration makes it possible to analyze rabbit semen in the best way and this makes the CEROS II unbeatable. (hamiltonthorne.com)
  • He continues, "Rabbit semen is very difficult to analyze since it contains a lot of prostatic particles. (hamiltonthorne.com)
  • In fact, providing the equine breeding industry with high quality semen should lead to achieve the optimum level of fertility in the field. (ivis.org)
  • Any infection in testis due to presence of some bacteria also secretes liquid like seminal stain from testis which creates doubt about semen. (forensicsdigest.com)
  • Dr. Bart van den Berg, the owner of Barex Biochemical Products, is involved in research, production, and sales of chemical components used to make liquid media for preservation of domestic animal semen for Artificial Insemination (AI). (hamiltonthorne.com)
  • Her research results on AI and preservation of dog semen are today used with great success on a global basis in assisted reproduction of the dog. (ivis.org)
  • MiOXSYS® and OxiSperm® II assays appear to provide no clinical utility for determining oxidative stress in human sperm - results from repeated semen collections. (urotoday.com)
  • If stain is wet then bacterial growth is started and putrefaction may occur due to presence of protein in semen. (forensicsdigest.com)
  • He says, "For swine semen extenders, the focus is on long term extenders that give a higher farrowing rate and litter size, plus a higher preservation capacity. (hamiltonthorne.com)
  • Others may want to freeze semen due to upcoming cancer therapy, military service, occupational risks, or for other personal reasons. (scrcivf.com)
  • If you or a loved one are facing the challenges of cancer and fertility preservation, please contact Coastal Fertility to discuss your options . (coastalfertility.com)
  • What are the strategies for fertility preservation in men with cancer? (myivfanswers.com)
  • Semen samples are stored in a cryoprotective medium that allows them to last for an indefinite period of time, preserving their fertilizing capacity. (fertilitymadrid.com)
  • For many years, evaluation of the semen has been performed by a laboratory technician looking through a microscope and manually counting sperm. (ivf1.com)
  • Introduction: Semen conservation is one of the conservation effort in preserving germplasm. (unair.ac.id)
  • The total volume of semen for each ejaculation of a human male averages between 2 and 5 ml. (forensicsdigest.com)
  • The seminal vesicles produce a yellowish viscous fluid rich in fructose and other substances that makes up about 70% of human semen. (forensicsdigest.com)
  • Semen preservation is the most technology used in artificial insemination and animal breeding. (veterinaria.org)