Scenedesmus
Chlorophyta
Microalgae
Photobioreactors
Thorium
Daphnia
Cyclosteroids
Biofuels
Eukaryota
Plastoquinone
Chlorophyll
Phytoplankton
Hydrogenase
Photosystem II Protein Complex
Biomass
Chloroplasts
Pulmonary Surfactants
Detergents
Surface-Active Agents
Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A
Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins
Batch Cell Culture Techniques
Vertical distribution of zooplankton: density dependence and evidence for an ideal free distribution with costs. (1/30)
BACKGROUND: In lakes with a deep-water algal maximum, herbivorous zooplankton are faced with a trade-off between high temperature but low food availability in the surface layers and low temperature but sufficient food in deep layers. It has been suggested that zooplankton (Daphnia) faced with this trade-off distribute vertically according to an "Ideal Free Distribution (IFD) with Costs". An experiment has been designed to test the density (competition) dependence of the vertical distribution as this is a basic assumption of IFD theory. RESULTS: Experiments were performed in large, indoor mesocosms (Plankton Towers) with a temperature gradient of 10 degrees C and a deep-water algal maximum established below the thermocline. As expected, Daphnia aggregated at the interface between the two different habitats when their density was low. The distribution spread asymmetrically towards the algal maximum when the density increased until 80 % of the population dwelled in the cool, food-rich layers at high densities. Small individuals stayed higher in the water column than large ones, which conformed with the model for unequal competitors. CONCLUSION: The Daphnia distribution mimics the predictions of an IFD with costs model. This concept is useful for the analysis of zooplankton distributions under a large suite of environmental conditions shaping habitat suitability. Fish predation causing diel vertical migrations can be incorporated as additional costs. This is important as the vertical location of grazing zooplankton in a lake affects phytoplankton production and species composition, i.e. ecosystem function. (+info)Isolation and absolute configuration determination of aliphatic sulfates as the Daphnia kairomones inducing morphological defense of a phytoplankton. (2/30)
2,6-Dimethylheptyl sulfate (1) and 6-methyloctyl sulfate (3) were isolated from Daphnia pulex as the Daphnia kairomones that induced morphological defense of a freshwater phytoplankton Scenedesmus gutwinskii var. heterospina (NIES-802). The absolute stereochemistry at C2 of 1 was determined by (1)H-NMR analysis of the (R)-MTPA ester of alcohol 2. The absolute configuration at C6 of 3 was determined by Ohrui's method applied to alcohol 4. (+info)The complete chloroplast genome sequence of the chlorophycean green alga Scenedesmus obliquus reveals a compact gene organization and a biased distribution of genes on the two DNA strands. (3/30)
BACKGROUND: The phylum Chlorophyta contains the majority of the green algae and is divided into four classes. While the basal position of the Prasinophyceae is well established, the divergence order of the Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae and Chlorophyceae (UTC) remains uncertain. The five complete chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences currently available for representatives of these classes display considerable variability in overall structure, gene content, gene density, intron content and gene order. Among these genomes, that of the chlorophycean green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has retained the least ancestral features. The two single-copy regions, which are separated from one another by the large inverted repeat (IR), have similar sizes, rather than unequal sizes, and differ radically in both gene contents and gene organizations relative to the single-copy regions of prasinophyte and ulvophyte cpDNAs. To gain insights into the various changes that underwent the chloroplast genome during the evolution of chlorophycean green algae, we have sequenced the cpDNA of Scenedesmus obliquus, a member of a distinct chlorophycean lineage. RESULTS: The 161,452 bp IR-containing genome of Scenedesmus features single-copy regions of similar sizes, encodes 96 genes, i.e. only two additional genes (infA and rpl12) relative to its Chlamydomonas homologue and contains seven group I and two group II introns. It is clearly more compact than the four UTC algal cpDNAs that have been examined so far, displays the lowest proportion of short repeats among these algae and shows a stronger bias in clustering of genes on the same DNA strand compared to Chlamydomonas cpDNA. Like the latter genome, Scenedesmus cpDNA displays only a few ancestral gene clusters. The two chlorophycean genomes share 11 gene clusters that are not found in previously sequenced trebouxiophyte and ulvophyte cpDNAs as well as a few genes that have an unusual structure; however, their single-copy regions differ considerably in gene content. CONCLUSION: Our results underscore the remarkable plasticity of the chlorophycean chloroplast genome. Owing to this plasticity, only a sketchy portrait could be drawn for the chloroplast genome of the last common ancestor of Scenedesmus and Chlamydomonas. (+info)Karyotypic differences and evolutionary tendencies of some species from the subgenus Obliquodesmus Mlad. of genus Scenedesmus Meyen (Chlorophyta, Chlorococcales). (4/30)
Karyotype structures of Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lagerch.) Chod. and Scenedesmus pectinatus Meyen are compared. The karyotype of S. acuminatus (n = 5) is described for the first time. It reveals four large metacentric and one large submetacentric chromosomes (4M + 1SM). The established karyotype differences have been helpful in clarifying the taxonomic position of these two species. The cytological analyses of other related clonal cultures suggest an evolutionary transition from S. pectinatus towards S. regularis through S. pectinatus f. regularis, which correlates with the morphological data about their variability. These results are discussed from the cytogenetic, morphological and evolutionary point of view. On the basis of the karyotypic analysis, it was confirmed that from a taxonomic point of view S. pectinatus, S. acuminatus and S. regularis are separate biological species. (+info)A polyamine- and LHCII protease activity-based mechanism regulates the plasticity and adaptation status of the photosynthetic apparatus. (5/30)
In the present study we aim to dissect the basis of the polyamine mode of action in the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus. Although the modulating effects of polyamines in photosynthesis have been reported since long [K. Kotzabasis, A role for chloroplast-associated polyamines? Bot. Acta 109 (1996) 5-7], the underlying mechanisms remained until today largely unknown. The diamine putrescine was employed in this study, by being externally added to Scenedesmus obliquus cultures acclimated to either low or high light conditions. The results revealed the high efficiency by which putrescine can alter the levels of the major photosynthetic complexes in a concerted manner inducing an overall structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus similar to that under higher light conditions. The revealed mechanism for this phenomenon involves alterations in the level of the polyamines putrescine and spermine which are bound to the photosynthetic complexes, mainly to the LHCII oligomeric and monomeric forms. In vitro studies point out to a direct impact of the polyamines on the autoproteolytic degradation of LHCII. Concomitantly to the reduction of the LHCII size, exogenously supplied putrescine, induces the reaction centers' density and thus the photosynthetic apparatus is adjusted as if it was adapted to higher light conditions. Thus polyamines, through LHCII, play a crucial role in the regulation of the photosynthetic apparatus' photoadaptation. The protective role of polyamines on the photosynthetic apparatus under various environmental stresses is also discussed in correlation to this phenomenon. (+info)Salt stress impact on the molecular structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus--the protective role of polyamines. (6/30)
In the present study the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus was used to assess the effects of high salinity (high NaCl-concentration) on the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus and the possibility for alleviation by exogenous putrescine (Put). Chlorophyll fluorescence data revealed the range of the changes induced in the photosynthetic apparatus by different NaCl concentrations, which altogether pointed towards an increased excitation pressure. At the same time, changes in the levels of endogenous polyamine concentrations, both in cell and in isolated thylakoid preparations were also evidenced. Certain polyamine changes (Put reduction) were correlated with changes in the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus, such as the increase in the functional size of the antenna and the reduction in the density of active photosystem II reaction centers. Thus, exogenously added Put was used to compensate for this stress condition and to adjust the above mentioned changes, so that to confer some kind of tolerance to the photosynthetic apparatus against enhanced NaCl-salinity and permit cell growth even in NaCl concentrations that under natural conditions would be toxic. (+info)Changes in the LHCII-mediated energy utilization and dissipation adjust the methanol-induced biomass increase. (7/30)
Considerably low methanol concentrations of 0.5% (v/v), induce an immense increase in biomass production in cultures of the unicellular green alga Scenedesmus obliquus compared to controls without additional methanol. The effect is light-regulated and it mimics high-CO2 induced changes of the molecular structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus. There is evidence that methanol enhances under high light conditions by molecular changes in the LHCII--a decrease of the functional antenna-size per active reaction center--the photochemical effectiveness of the absorbed energy. This means that the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is minimized and thereby the overall dissipation energy. Experiments with mutants of Scenedesmus Wt produced evidence that the LHCII is the locus of the mechanism which regulates the methanol effect. The employed mutants were Wt-LHC, lacking a functioning LHCII, the light-dependent greening mutant C-2A', and the double mutant C-2A'-LHC, combining both mutations. (+info)A comparative approach towards thylakoid membrane proteome analysis of unicellular green alga Scenedesmus obliquus. (8/30)
The chlorophyll (Chl)-containing membrane protein complexes from the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus have been isolated from the thylakoid membranes by solubilization with dodecyl-beta-maltoside and fractionation using a sucrose density gradient. The Chl-containing protein fractions were characterized by absorption spectroscopy, tricine SDS PAGE, BN-PAGE, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). BN-PAGE showed the presence of seven protein complexes with molecular weights in the range of 68, 118, 157, 320, 494, 828 and 955 kDa, respectively. Furthermore, light scattering reveals the simultaneous presence of particles of different sizes in the 3-4 nm and 6.0-7.5 nm range, respectively. The smaller size is related to the hydrodynamic radius of the trimer Light Harvesting Complex (LHCII), whereas the larger size is associated with the presence of photosystem I and photosystem II reaction centers. Additionally, functional information regarding protein-protein interactions was deconvoluted using coupling 2-D BN-PAGE, MALDI-TOF MS and a detailed mapping of S. obliquus photosynthetic proteome of the solubilized thylakoid membranes is therefore presented. (+info)I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Scenedesmus" is not a medical term. It is actually the name of a genus of green algae that are commonly found in freshwater environments. These algae are single-celled, but they can exist in colonies, and they are often used in research and industry due to their ability to produce various useful compounds. If you have any questions about biology or another non-medical topic, I'd be happy to try to help!
Chlorophyta is a division of green algae, also known as green plants. This group includes a wide variety of simple, aquatic organisms that contain chlorophylls a and b, which gives them their characteristic green color. They are a diverse group, ranging from unicellular forms to complex multicellular seaweeds. Chlorophyta is a large and varied division with approximately 7,00
Microalgae are microscopic, simple, thalloid, often unicellular organisms that belong to the kingdom Protista. They can be found in freshwater and marine environments, and they are capable of photosynthesis, which allows them to convert light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into organic compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Microalgae are a diverse group of organisms that include various taxonomic groups such as cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae), diatoms, dinoflagellates, and euglenoids. They have important ecological roles in the global carbon cycle, oxygen production, and nutrient recycling.
In addition to their ecological significance, microalgae have gained attention for their potential applications in various industries, including food and feed, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biofuels, and environmental bioremediation. Some species of microalgae contain high levels of valuable compounds such as omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, pigments, and bioactive molecules that have potential health benefits for humans and animals.
A photobioreactor is not a medical term, but rather a term used in the fields of biology, engineering, and environmental science. It refers to a device or system designed for the cultivation of photosynthetic organisms such as algae, cyanobacteria, and other microorganisms using light as an energy source.
In simple terms, a photobioreactor is a bioreactor that uses light to drive the growth of photosynthetic organisms. These systems are often used in research, biotechnology, and wastewater treatment applications to produce valuable products such as biofuels, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and other high-value compounds.
While photobioreactors may not have a direct medical application, they can contribute to medical research and healthcare through the production of biomass or specific compounds that can be used in medical treatments, diagnostics, or therapeutic interventions.
Thorium is not a medical term, but it is a chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90. It's a naturally occurring, slightly radioactive metal that is found in small amounts in soil, rocks, and water. While thorium has no direct medical applications or definitions, it is worth noting that it has been studied for its potential use in nuclear medicine due to its alpha-emitting properties. However, the use of thorium in medical applications remains highly experimental and not widely adopted.
'Daphnia' is not a medical term, but rather it refers to a group of small, planktonic crustaceans commonly known as water fleas. They are widely distributed in various freshwater environments and play an important role in the aquatic food chain as they serve as a food source for many larger animals such as fish.
While Daphnia may not have a direct medical definition, there has been some research into their potential use in biomedical applications due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. For instance, they have been used as indicators of water quality and toxicity levels in ecotoxicological studies. However, it is important to note that Daphnia itself is not a medical term or concept.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Cyclosteroids" is not a recognized medical term or a well-defined class of steroid compounds in medicine or biology. Steroids are a type of organic compound that includes several hormones naturally produced in animals and plants. In medical contexts, the term "steroid" often refers to corticosteroids or anabolic steroids, which have various therapeutic uses and potential side effects.
If you have any questions about steroids or a specific type of steroid compound, I'd be happy to try to help clarify those topics for you.
Biofuels are defined as fuels derived from organic materials such as plants, algae, and animal waste. These fuels can be produced through various processes, including fermentation, esterification, and transesterification. The most common types of biofuels include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas.
Biodiesel is a type of fuel that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. It can be used in diesel engines with little or no modification and can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional fossil fuels.
Ethanol is a type of alcohol that is produced through the fermentation of sugars found in crops such as corn, sugarcane, and switchgrass. It is typically blended with gasoline to create a fuel known as E85, which contains 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.
Biogas is a type of fuel that is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic materials such as food waste, sewage sludge, and agricultural waste. It is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide and can be used to generate electricity or heat.
Overall, biofuels offer a renewable and more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decrease dependence on non-renewable resources.
Eukaryota is a domain that consists of organisms whose cells have a true nucleus and complex organelles. This domain includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists. The term "eukaryote" comes from the Greek words "eu," meaning true or good, and "karyon," meaning nut or kernel. In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is housed within a membrane-bound nucleus, and the DNA is organized into chromosomes. This is in contrast to prokaryotic cells, which do not have a true nucleus and have their genetic material dispersed throughout the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. They have many different organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, that perform specific functions to support the cell's metabolism and survival. Eukaryotic cells also have a cytoskeleton made up of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments, which provide structure and shape to the cell and allow for movement of organelles and other cellular components.
Eukaryotes are diverse and can be found in many different environments, ranging from single-celled organisms that live in water or soil to multicellular organisms that live on land or in aquatic habitats. Some eukaryotes are unicellular, meaning they consist of a single cell, while others are multicellular, meaning they consist of many cells that work together to form tissues and organs.
In summary, Eukaryota is a domain of organisms whose cells have a true nucleus and complex organelles. This domain includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists, and the eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
Plastoquinone is a lipid-soluble electron carrier in the photosynthetic electron transport chain located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. It plays a crucial role in both the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis and cyclic photophosphorylation.
In more detail, plastoquinone exists in an oxidized (PQ) and reduced form (PQH2). In its oxidized state, it accepts electrons from cytochrome b6f complex during the transfer of electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I. Once plastoquinone accepts two electrons and two protons, it converts into its reduced form, plastoquinol (PQH2). Plastoquinol then donates the electrons to the cytochrome b6f complex, which in turn passes them on to the next carrier in the electron transport chain.
Plastoquinone is a member of the quinone family and is synthesized via the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, also known as the non-mevalonate pathway.
Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic plants, algae, and some bacteria. It plays an essential role in light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis by absorbing light energy, primarily from the blue and red parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and converting it into chemical energy to fuel the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. The structure of chlorophyll includes a porphyrin ring, which binds a central magnesium ion, and a long phytol tail. There are several types of chlorophyll, including chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, which have distinct absorption spectra and slightly different structures. Chlorophyll is crucial for the process of photosynthesis, enabling the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy and the release of oxygen as a byproduct.
Phytoplankton are microscopic photosynthetic organisms that live in watery environments such as oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers. They are a diverse group of organisms, including bacteria, algae, and protozoa. Phytoplankton are a critical component of the marine food chain, serving as primary producers that convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and nutrients into organic matter through photosynthesis. This organic matter forms the base of the food chain and supports the growth and survival of many larger organisms, including zooplankton, fish, and other marine animals. Phytoplankton also play an important role in global carbon cycling and help to regulate Earth's climate by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen.
Hydrogenase is not a medical term per se, but a biochemical term. It is used to describe an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion between molecular hydrogen (H2) and protons (H+) or vice versa. These enzymes are found in certain bacteria, algae, and archaea, and they play a crucial role in their energy metabolism, particularly in processes like hydrogen production and consumption.
While not directly related to medical terminology, understanding the function of hydrogenase can be important in fields such as microbiology, molecular biology, and environmental science, which can have implications for human health in areas like infectious diseases, biofuels, and waste management.
'Aquatic organisms' are living beings that inhabit bodies of water, such as oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and ponds. This group includes a wide variety of species, ranging from tiny microorganisms like plankton to large marine mammals like whales. Aquatic organisms can be divided into several categories based on their specific adaptations to their environment, including:
1. Plankton: small organisms that drift with the water currents and include both plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton).
2. Nekton: actively swimming aquatic organisms, such as fish, squid, and marine mammals.
3. Benthos: organisms that live on or in the bottom of bodies of water, including crustaceans, mollusks, worms, and some types of algae.
4. Neuston: organisms that live at the air-water interface, such as certain species of insects and small fish.
Aquatic organisms play a critical role in maintaining the health and balance of aquatic ecosystems, providing food and habitat for other species, and contributing to global nutrient cycling and climate regulation.
Photosystem II Protein Complex is a crucial component of the photosynthetic apparatus in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. It is a multi-subunit protein complex located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts. Photosystem II plays a vital role in light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, where it absorbs sunlight and uses its energy to drive the oxidation of water molecules into oxygen, electrons, and protons.
The protein complex consists of several subunits, including the D1 and D2 proteins, which form the reaction center, and several antenna proteins that capture light energy and transfer it to the reaction center. Photosystem II also contains various cofactors, such as pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), redox-active metal ions (manganese and calcium), and quinones, which facilitate the charge separation and electron transfer processes during photosynthesis.
Photosystem II Protein Complex is responsible for the initial charge separation event in photosynthesis, which sets off a series of redox reactions that ultimately lead to the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH and the synthesis of ATP, providing energy for the carbon fixation reactions in the Calvin cycle. Additionally, Photosystem II Protein Complex is involved in oxygen evolution, contributing to the Earth's atmosphere's oxygen levels and making it an essential component of global carbon fixation and oxygen production.
Biomass is defined in the medical field as a renewable energy source derived from organic materials, primarily plant matter, that can be burned or converted into fuel. This includes materials such as wood, agricultural waste, and even methane gas produced by landfills. Biomass is often used as a source of heat, electricity, or transportation fuels, and its use can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels.
In the context of human health, biomass burning can have both positive and negative impacts. On one hand, biomass can provide a source of heat and energy for cooking and heating, which can improve living standards and reduce exposure to harmful pollutants from traditional cooking methods such as open fires. On the other hand, biomass burning can also produce air pollution, including particulate matter and toxic chemicals, that can have negative effects on respiratory health and contribute to climate change.
Therefore, while biomass has the potential to be a sustainable and low-carbon source of energy, it is important to consider the potential health and environmental impacts of its use and implement appropriate measures to minimize any negative effects.
Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in the cells of green plants, algae, and some protists. They are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis, which is the process by which these organisms convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds, such as glucose.
Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy from the sun. They also contain a system of membranes and enzymes that convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through a series of chemical reactions known as the Calvin cycle. This process not only provides energy for the organism but also releases oxygen as a byproduct, which is essential for the survival of most life forms on Earth.
Chloroplasts are believed to have originated from ancient cyanobacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells and eventually became integrated into their host's cellular machinery through a process called endosymbiosis. Over time, chloroplasts evolved to become an essential component of plant and algal cells, contributing to their ability to carry out photosynthesis and thrive in a wide range of environments.
Pulmonary surfactants are a complex mixture of lipids and proteins that are produced by the alveolar type II cells in the lungs. They play a crucial role in reducing the surface tension at the air-liquid interface within the alveoli, which helps to prevent collapse of the lungs during expiration. Surfactants also have important immunological functions, such as inhibiting the growth of certain bacteria and modulating the immune response. Deficiency or dysfunction of pulmonary surfactants can lead to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants and other lung diseases.
Detergents are cleaning agents that are often used to remove dirt, grease, and stains from various surfaces. They contain one or more surfactants, which are compounds that lower the surface tension between two substances, such as water and oil, allowing them to mix more easily. This makes it possible for detergents to lift and suspend dirt particles in water so they can be rinsed away.
Detergents may also contain other ingredients, such as builders, which help to enhance the cleaning power of the surfactants by softening hard water or removing mineral deposits. Some detergents may also include fragrances, colorants, and other additives to improve their appearance or performance.
In a medical context, detergents are sometimes used as disinfectants or antiseptics, as they can help to kill bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms on surfaces. However, it is important to note that not all detergents are effective against all types of microorganisms, and some may even be toxic or harmful if used improperly.
It is always important to follow the manufacturer's instructions when using any cleaning product, including detergents, to ensure that they are used safely and effectively.
Surfactants, also known as surface-active agents, are amphiphilic compounds that reduce the surface tension between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. They contain both hydrophilic (water-soluble) and hydrophobic (water-insoluble) components in their molecular structure. This unique property allows them to interact with and stabilize interfaces, making them useful in various medical and healthcare applications.
In the medical field, surfactants are commonly used in pulmonary medicine, particularly for treating respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants. The lungs of premature infants often lack sufficient amounts of natural lung surfactant, which can lead to RDS and other complications. Exogenous surfactants, derived from animal sources or synthetically produced, are administered to replace the missing or dysfunctional lung surfactant, improving lung compliance and gas exchange.
Surfactants also have applications in topical formulations for dermatology, as they can enhance drug penetration into the skin, reduce irritation, and improve the spreadability of creams and ointments. Additionally, they are used in diagnostic imaging to enhance contrast between tissues and improve visualization during procedures such as ultrasound and X-ray examinations.
Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A (SP-A) is a protein that is a major component of pulmonary surfactant, which is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins found in the alveoli of the lungs. SP-A is produced by specialized cells called type II alveolar epithelial cells and has several important functions in the lung.
SP-A plays a role in innate immunity by binding to pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, and facilitating their clearance from the lungs. It also helps to regulate surfactant homeostasis by participating in the reuptake and recycling of surfactant components. Additionally, SP-A has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and may help to modulate the immune response in the lung.
Deficiencies or mutations in SP-A have been associated with various respiratory diseases, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Pulmonary surfactant-associated proteins are a group of proteins that are found in the pulmonary surfactant, a complex mixture of lipids and proteins that coats the inside surfaces of the alveoli in the lungs. The primary function of pulmonary surfactant is to reduce the surface tension at the air-liquid interface in the alveoli, which facilitates breathing by preventing collapse of the alveoli during expiration.
There are four main pulmonary surfactant-associated proteins, designated as SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D. These proteins play important roles in maintaining the stability and function of the pulmonary surfactant film, as well as participating in host defense mechanisms in the lungs.
SP-A and SP-D are members of the collectin family of proteins and have been shown to have immunomodulatory functions, including binding to pathogens and modulating immune cell responses. SP-B and SP-C are hydrophobic proteins that play critical roles in reducing surface tension at the air-liquid interface and maintaining the stability of the surfactant film.
Deficiencies or dysfunction of pulmonary surfactant-associated proteins have been implicated in various lung diseases, including respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants, chronic interstitial lung diseases, and pulmonary fibrosis.
Batch cell culture techniques refer to a method of growing cells in which all the necessary nutrients are added to the culture medium at the beginning of the growth period. The cells are allowed to grow and multiply until they exhaust the available nutrients, after which the culture is discarded. This technique is relatively simple and inexpensive but lacks the ability to continuously produce cells over an extended period.
In batch cell culture, cells are grown in a closed system with a fixed volume of medium, and no additional nutrients or fresh medium are added during the growth phase. The cells consume the available nutrients as they grow, leading to a decrease in pH, accumulation of waste products, and depletion of essential factors required for cell growth. As a result, the cells eventually stop growing and enter a stationary phase, after which they begin to die due to lack of nutrients and buildup of toxic metabolites.
Batch cell culture techniques are commonly used in research settings where large quantities of cells are needed for experiments or analysis. However, this method is not suitable for the production of therapeutic proteins or other biologics that require continuous cell growth and protein production over an extended period. For these applications, more complex culture methods such as fed-batch or perfusion culture techniques are used.
Surface tension is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is a physical chemistry concept that relates to the cohesive force between liquid molecules, causing the surface of the liquid to contract and have a higher intermolecular force than its bulk.
In a broader sense, surface tension can have implications in certain medical or biological contexts, such as the movement of liquids in the lungs or the stability of lipid bilayers in cell membranes. But it is not a term that is typically used to describe medical conditions or treatments.
Scenedesmus
Scenedesmus acuminatus
Scenedesmus obliquus
Scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial code
List of sequenced algae genomes
Tetradesmus dimorphus
Coenocyte
Pielinen
Udawalawe National Park
Scenedesmaceae
Lake Butte des Morts
Algae fuel
Lake Mohawk (Ohio)
Hoek, Mann and Jahns system
Lakes in Bangalore
2017 in paleobotany
Brachionus calyciflorus
Aphelidium tribonemae
Hydrogenase
Aphelidium
Strontium-90
Aminolevulinic acid
Strontium
Spent nuclear fuel
Sphaeropleales
Vampyrella
Industrial wastewater treatment
Travertine
Tetradesmus
Raton Formation
Scenedesmus - Wikipedia
PRIME PubMed | Phycoremediation and valorization of synthetic dairy wastewater using microalgal consortia of Chlorella...
PRIME PubMed | Efficient harvesting of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus obliquus cultivated in urban sewage by magnetic...
UTEX B 3018 Scenedesmus obliquus | UTEX Culture Collection of Algae
Algal oil recovery from crepe cotton processing effluent using Scenedesmus dimorphus in comparison with activated sludge...
Scenedesmus circumfusus var. bicaudatus - Detail - Biodiversity Maps
Scenedesmus semipulcher - Real Micro Life
Scenedesmus granulatus fo. subfuscus (NADED 510064)
Scenedesmus cf. pseudoarmatus T. Hortobágyi | CCALA
Scenedesmus obtusus Meyen emend. Hegewald et al. | Nordic Microalgae
A Taxonomic Study of the Genus Scenedesmus in Korea
Diversidade bacteriana em cultivos de Scenedesmus obliquus e Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Triacylglycerol content, productivity and fatty acid profile in Scenedesmus acutus PVUW12
Feasibility of CO<sub>2</sub> mitigation and carbohydrate production by microalga Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N used for...
Holdings: Annotated catalogue of scenedesmus and nomenclaturally related genery, including original descriptions and figures.
Effect of ph and light intensity on the growth and biomass productivity of microalgae scenedesmus sp.
Effect of voltage and electrode material on electroflocculation of Scenedesmus acuminatus | Bioresources and Bioprocessing |...
Kinetic Modeling and Evaluation of Optimal Growth, Lipid Enhancement and Harvesting Techniques of Green Microalgae Scenedesmus...
Biohydrogen production by Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus immobilized cultivated in artificial wastewater under...
Tenside Surfactants Detergents Volume 33 Issue 2
NCBI Taxonomy Homepage
Removal, biotransformation and toxicity variations of climbazole by freshwater algae Scenedesmus obliquus. | Environ Pollut...
Water | Free Full-Text | Salt Tolerance and Desalination Abilities of Nine Common Green Microalgae Isolates
Biosorption of Cd and Pb ions from aqueous solutions by biomass of the green microalgae Scenedesmus quadricauda | Dr ....
Use of factorial experimental design to study the effects of iron and sulfur on growth of Scenedesmus acuminatus with different...
Phenotypic plasticity in the green algae Desmodesmus and Scenedesmus with special reference to the induction of defensive...
An abrupt CO2-mediated decrease in pH affects growth rates, cellular features and the interspecific interaction of Scenedesmus ...
Water | Free Full-Text | Insight on Extraction and Characterisation of Biopolymers as the Green Coagulants for Microalgae...
1,1-Dichloroethene (Vinylidene Chloride) (Cicads 51, 2003)
Obliquus8
- The current study investigated copper toxicity in the presence of nano-Al₂O₃ towards Scenedesmus obliquus. (unboundmedicine.com)
- To determine if this unexpected dichotomy is real or is due to insufficient or biased sampling and to define trends in the evolution of the green algal mitochondrial genome, we sequenced and analyzed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Scenedesmus obliquus. (nih.gov)
- The first draft genome of Scenedesmus obliquus (UTEX 393). (wur.nl)
- Using pure culturing Scenedesmus obliquus with different concentrations of Oenanthe javanica extracts, the effects of O.javanica on the growth, chlorophyll content and structure of S.obliquus were studied. (nefu.edu.cn)
- Allelopathy Effects of Oenanthe javanica Extracts on Scenedesmus obliquus [J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2011, 31(6): 735-738. (nefu.edu.cn)
- Extraction of pigments and fatty acids from the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus (Chlorophyceae). (mpg.de)
- 13. Effect of trophic conditions on microalga growth, nutrient removal, algal organic matter, and energy storage products in Scenedesmus (Acutodesmus) obliquus KGE-17 cultivation. (nih.gov)
- Scenedesmus obliquus, Turp. (nih.gov)
Subspicatus3
- In a 72 hour key study, the cultures of the green algae ( Scenedesmus subspicatus ) were exposed to sulphonic acids, petroleum, calcium salts at nominal concentrations of 0 and 100 mg/L nominal WAF loading rate under static conditions (limit test). (europa.eu)
- Scenedesmus subspicatus ) as test organism (Neuhahn, 2011). (europa.eu)
- Tebufenozide has moderate to high toxicity to certain aquatic species, particularly Crustaceans in the Order Cladocera (including Daphnia magna and others), the bivalve mollusc Eastern oyster ( Crassotrea virginica ), and potentially algae ( Scenedesmus subspicatus affected in a laboratory study, but no overall effect on phytoplankton in a Canadian lake study). (apvma.gov.au)
Quadricauda3
- Hence efforts are being made to evaluate the toxicity of herbal pharmaceutical effluents using green algae Scenedesmus quadricauda. (csircentral.net)
- Zachleder, V., Šetlík, I.: Timing of the cell cycle events in the chlorococcal alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. (alga.cz)
- Zachleder V., Kubínová A., Cepák V.: Relationships between chloroplast cytoplasmic rRNA accumulation during the cell cycle of the green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. (alga.cz)
Microalgae1
- Optimizing of Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. (mdpi.com)
Organisms1
- Some chemical compounds in Scenedesmus could even be toxic to certain organisms upon consumption. (wikipedia.org)
Desmodesmus4
- Hegewald denotes Acutodesmus, Desmodesmus, and Scenedesmus as the three major categories. (wikipedia.org)
- Acutodesmus is characterized as having acute cell poles, while Desmodesmus and Scenedesmus have obtuse/truncated cell poles (differentiated by the presence or absence of spines respectively). (wikipedia.org)
- Fossil records date Scenedesmus from 70 to 100 million years ago with Desmodesmus suspected to be the youngest of these three groups. (wikipedia.org)
- Scenedesmus can be divided into two subgenera, the non-spiny Scenedesmus and the spiny Desmodesmus. (wikipedia.org)
Genus2
- Scenedesmus is a genus of green algae, in the class Chlorophyceae. (wikipedia.org)
- The exterior ornamentation is highly variable within the genus Scenedesmus. (wikipedia.org)
Bijuga1
- Adaptation to elevation of the concentration of the trace element copper during growth of Scenedesmus bijuga is reflected in the properties of the copper uptake system. (uibk.ac.at)
Wastewater1
- Utilization of centrate from urban wastewater plants for the production of Scenedesmus sp. (ual.es)
Subgenera1
- Although spineless, the Scenedesmus subgenera cells have thick cells walls and mucilage, which may make them digestion-resistant. (wikipedia.org)
Algal1
- The mitochondrial genome of Scenedesmus combines features of both green algal mitochondrial genome types: the presence of a more complex set of protein-coding and tRNA genes is shared with the ancestral type, whereas the lack of 5S rRNA and ribosomal protein-coding genes as well as the presence of fragmented and scrambled rRNA genes are shared with the reduced-derived type of mitochondrial genome organization. (nih.gov)
Descriptor1
- Scenedesmus" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
Daphnia2
- Cells defensively form these bristles when kairomones are detected, an infochemical released by Daphnia that Scenedesmus has evolved to recognize as a warning signal. (wikipedia.org)
- Urea excretion by Daphnia: A colony-inducing factor in Scenedesmus? (mpg.de)
Chlorophyceae1
- Scenedesmus: a classification of green algae, specifically the class of Chlorophyceae. (labroots.com)
Species1
- Currently, there are 74 taxonomically accepted species of Scenedesmus. (wikipedia.org)
Production1
- Pilot-scale outdoor production of Scenedesmus sp. (ual.es)
Major1
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Scenedesmus" by people in this website by year, and whether "Scenedesmus" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uchicago.edu)
Study1
- The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the effects of toner, lotion, and cream containing Scenedesmus deserticola JD052 (JD052) extract on ultraviolet (UV) induced skin irritation, dermal density, facial wrinkles, and dermal moisture. (e-ajbc.org)