Sanitation
Toilet Facilities
Hygiene
Water Supply
Sanitary Engineering
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Ascaris lumbricoides
Soaps
Diarrhea
Cholera
Waste Management
Developing Countries
Water Purification
Ascariasis
Exhibits as Topic
Hookworm Infections
Ancylostomatoidea
Water Microbiology
Haiti
Helminths
Hand Disinfection
Environmental Illness
Landslides
Child Welfare
Child Mortality
Capital Expenditures
Developed Countries
Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines
Brazil
Parasitic Diseases
Pest Control
Typhoid Fever
Schistosomiasis
Cholera Vaccines
Communicable Disease Control
Public Health
Feces
Environmental Health
India
Bangladesh
Food Handling
Hepatitis A Antibodies
Criteria for successful sanitation programmes in low income countries. (1/351)
In the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-90), the development of a consensus on the concept of sanitation and the planning and implementation of effective and efficient sanitation programmes was not emphasized. Yet lack of good sanitation is a growing burden and environmental threat. Significant improvement of human health cannot be achieved without good environmental sanitation conditions and practices. A consensus on what makes a sanitation programme successful can help to conserve limited funds and spend those available more wisely. It will also help to reduce the increasing flows of waste poisoning precious sources of drinking water. This article was written to stimulate discussion on what attributes can be taken as characteristic of good environmental sanitation programmes, and on which indicators can be used to assess those attributes in actual sanitation programmes. (+info)A reassessment of the cost-effectiveness of water and sanitation interventions in programmes for controlling childhood diarrhoea. (2/351)
Cost-effectiveness analysis indicates that some water supply and sanitation (WSS) interventions are highly cost-effective for the control of diarrhoea among under-5-year-olds, on a par with oral rehydration therapy. These are relatively inexpensive "software-related" interventions such as hygiene education, social marketing of good hygiene practices, regulation of drinking-water, and monitoring of water quality. Such interventions are needed to ensure that the potentially positive health impacts of WSS infrastructure are fully realized in practice. The perception that WSS programmes are not a cost-effective use of health sector resources has arisen from three factors: an assumption that all WSS interventions involve construction of physical infrastructure, a misperception of the health sector's role in WSS programmes, and a misunderstanding of the scope of cost-effectiveness analysis. WSS infrastructure ("hardware") is generally built and operated by public works agencies and financed by construction grants, operational subsidies, user fees and property taxes. Health sector agencies should provide "software" such as project design, hygiene education, and water quality regulation. Cost-effectiveness analysis should measure the incremental health impacts attributable to health sector investments, using the actual call on health sector resources as the measure of cost. The cost-effectiveness of a set of hardware and software combinations is estimated, using US$ per case averted, US$ per death averted, and US$ per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) saved. (+info)Variations in infant mortality rates among municipalities in the state of Ceara, Northeast Brazil: an ecological analysis. (3/351)
BACKGROUND: Infant mortality rates vary substantially among municipalities in the State of Ceara, from 14 to 193 per 1000 live births. Identification of the determinants of these differences can be of particular importance to infant health policy and programmes in Brazil where local governments play a pivotal role in providing primary health care. METHODS: Ecological study across 140 municipalities in the State of Ceara, Brazil. RESULTS: To determine the interrelationships between potential predictors of infant mortality, we classified 11 variables into proximate determinants (adequate weight gain and exclusively breastfeeding), health services variables (prenatal care up-to-date, participation in growth monitoring, immunization up-to-date, and decentralization of health services), and socioeconomic factors (female literacy rate, household income, adequate water supply, adequate sanitation, and per capita gross municipality product), and included the variables in each group simultaneously in linear regression models. In these analyses, only one of the proximate determinants (exclusively breastfeeding (inversely), R2 = 9.3) and one of the health services variables (prenatal care up-to-date (inversely), R2 = 22.8) remained significantly associated with infant mortality. In contrast, female literacy rate (inversely), household income (directly) and per capita GMP (inversely) were independently associated with the infant mortality rate (for the model including the three variables R2 = 25.2). Finally, we considered simultaneously the variables from each group, and selected a model that explained 41% of the variation in infant mortality rates between municipalities. The paradoxical direct association between household income and infant mortality was present only in models including female illiteracy rate, and suggests that among these municipalities, increases in income unaccompanied by improvements in female education may not substantially reduce infant mortality. The lack of independent associations between inadequate sanitation and infant mortality rates may be due to the uniformly poor level of this indicator across municipalities and provides no evidence against its critical role in child survival. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that promotion of exclusive breastfeeding and increased prenatal care utilization, as well as investments in female education would have substantial positive effects in further reducing infant mortality rates in the State of Ceara. (+info)Fin-de-siecle Philadelphia and the founding of the Medical Library Association. (4/351)
Philadelphia at the time of the founding of the Medical Library Association (MLA) is described. Several factors that promoted the birth of the association are discussed, including the rapid increase in the labor force and the rise of other health related professions, such as the American Hospital Association and the professionalization of nursing. The growth of the public hygiene movement in Philadelphia at the time of Sir William Osler's residency in the city is discussed. Finally, the rapid growth of the medical literature is considered a factor promoting the development of the association. This article continues the historical consideration of the MLA begun in the author's article on the three founders of the association. The background information is drawn from the items listed in the bibliography, and the conclusions are those of the author. (+info)Seroprevalence of human cysticercosis in Maputo, Mozambique. (5/351)
We carried out a serosurvey for cysticercosis among people visiting the Central Hospital of Maputo, the capital of Mozambique, between January and June 1993. A standardized questionnaire was designed to obtain information on demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral characteristics related to the transmission of the infection. Four hundred eighty-nine individuals were tested for anti-cysticercosis antibodies: 222 blood donors and patients from the Department of Orthopedics, 148 patients from the Department of Neurology, and 119 patients from the Department of Psychiatry. The overall positivity rate was 12.1% (59 of 489). Anti-cysticercus antibodies was detected in 14.9% of the blood donors and patients from the Department of Orthopedics, 11.5% of the patients from the Department of Neurology, and 7.6% of the patients from the Department of Psychiatry. Living in poor sanitary conditions seems to be an important factor related to human cysticercosis in Maputo, Mozambique. (+info)Considerations regarding mass vaccination against typhoid fever as an adjunct to sanitation and public health measures: potential use in an epidemic in Tajikistan. (6/351)
We report on the ongoing epidemic of typhoid fever in Tajikistan that started in 1996. It has involved more than 24,000 cases to date, and is characterized by multiple point sources, overflow of sewage, contaminated municipal water, and person-to-person spread. Of the Salmonella typhi isolates available for testing in western laboratories, more than 90% are multidrug-resistant (MDR). Most recently, 28 (82%) of 34 isolates are resistant to ciprofloxacin, representing the first reported epidemic of quinolone-resistant typhoid fever. In the past, mass immunization during typhoid fever epidemics has been discouraged. A review of this policy is recommended in light of the alarming emergence of quinolone-resistant strains of S. typhi, the availability of improved vaccines, and the ongoing epidemic in Tajikistan. Mass immunization may be a useful measure for the control of prolonged MDR typhoid fever epidemics, as an adjunct to correction of municipal infrastructure and public health intervention. (+info)Hepatitis A incidence rate estimates from a pilot seroprevalence survey in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. (7/351)
BACKGROUND: To assess the impact of water sanitation and sewage disposal, part of a major environmental control programme in Rio de Janeiro, we carried out sero-prevalence studies for Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in three micro-regions in Rio de Janeiro. Each region varied with regard to level of sanitation. We are interested in assessing the discriminating power of age-specific prevalence curves for HAV as a proxy for improvement in sanitation. These curves will serve as baseline information to future planned surveys as the sanitation programme progresses. METHODS: Incidence rate curves from prevalence data are estimated parametrically via a Weibull-like survival function, and non-parametrically via maximum likelihood and monotonic splines. Sera collected from children and adults in the three areas are used to detect antibodies against HAV through ELISA. RESULTS: We compare baseline incidence curves at the three sites estimated by the three methods. We observe a strong negative correlation between level of sanitation and incidence rates for HAV infection. Incidence estimates yielded by the parametric and non-parametric approaches tend to agree at early ages in the microregion showing the best level of sanitation and to increasingly disagree in the other two. CONCLUSION: Our results support the choice of HAV as a sentinel disease that is associated with level of sanitation. We also introduce monotonic splines as a novel non-parametric approach to estimate incidence from prevalence data. This approach outperforms current estimating procedures. (+info)The impact of economic sanctions on health and human rights in Haiti, 1991-1994. (8/351)
OBJECTIVES: This report examines the impact of an economic embargo from 1991 to 1994 on health, well-being, and human rights in Haiti. METHODS: Data from surveillance systems for nutrition, reportable diseases, and hospital diagnoses were combined with survey data and interviews with affected women, governmental representatives, diplomats, and staff of nongovernmental organizations. RESULTS: Changes included declining income, rising unemployment, poorer nutrition, declining infant mortality, rising mortality among 1- to 4-year-olds, decreased attention to children's well-being and education, and family breakdown. Survival strategies among poor Haitians included changed dietary habits, informal-sector economic activity, moving in with relatives, selling domestic goods, increased informal unions among couples, decreased school attendance, and indentured servitude among children. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of economic sanctions in Haiti resulted in extensive violations of rights; the impact was greatest on the most disadvantaged Haitians. Many Haitian and international supporters of democracy were unaware of the extensive negative impact that sanctions could have. The impact continues now, 5 years after sanctions ended. Modified policies reduced some of the burden of sanctions, and international assistance prevented what otherwise might have become a humanitarian disaster during sanctions. (+info)Sanitation is the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human feces and urine, and the cleaning of homes, workplaces, streets, and other spaces where people live and work. This includes the collection, transport, treatment, and disposal or reuse of human waste, as well as the maintenance of hygienic conditions in these areas to prevent the spread of diseases.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines sanitation as "the use of toilets or latrines that safely dispose of human waste, as well as the safe management of human waste at the household, community, and national levels." Sanitation is an essential component of public health and is critical for preventing the spread of infectious diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, and polio.
Poor sanitation can have serious consequences for individuals and communities, including increased risk of disease and death, decreased productivity, reduced economic growth, and negative impacts on social and mental well-being. Providing access to safe sanitation is a key target of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with a goal to ensure that everyone has access to adequate and equitable sanitation by 2030.
'Toilet facilities' refer to the designated area or room that contains fixtures and equipment for the purpose of personal hygiene and sanitation, including toilets (water closets), urinals, sinks (wash basins), and sometimes bathing facilities. They are essential in various settings such as hospitals, clinics, healthcare facilities, schools, workplaces, and public places to maintain cleanliness, promote health, and ensure dignity and comfort for individuals. Accessible and well-maintained toilet facilities are crucial for infection control, prevention of diseases, and ensuring the safety and convenience of users, especially those with special needs or disabilities.
Hygiene is the science and practice of maintaining and promoting health and preventing disease through cleanliness in personal and public environments. It includes various measures such as handwashing, bathing, using clean clothes, cleaning and disinfecting surfaces, proper waste disposal, safe food handling, and managing water supplies to prevent the spread of infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
In a medical context, hygiene is crucial in healthcare settings to prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and ensure patient safety. Healthcare professionals are trained in infection control practices, including proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), environmental cleaning and disinfection, and safe injection practices.
Overall, maintaining good hygiene is essential for overall health and well-being, reducing the risk of illness and promoting a healthy lifestyle.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "water supply" is not a medical term per se. It is a general term used to describe the system or arrangement providing water for consumption or use, such as a public water supply system or a private well. However, in a medical context, it could refer to the source of water used in a healthcare facility for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and patient care, which must meet certain quality standards to prevent infection and ensure safety.
Sanitary engineering is not typically considered a medical definition, but rather it falls under the field of public health and environmental engineering. However, it is closely related to medicine and public health due to its focus on preventing disease transmission through the design and construction of safe water supplies, sanitary sewage disposal systems, and solid waste management facilities.
Here's a definition of sanitary engineering from the American Public Health Association (APHA):
"Sanitary engineering is the application of engineering principles to public health problems involving the control of environmental factors that affect human health. It includes the design, construction, and maintenance of systems for the collection, treatment, and disposal of wastewater and solid waste; the protection of water supplies from contamination; and the control of vectors of disease through the management of public facilities and environments."
In summary, sanitary engineering involves the application of engineering principles to prevent the spread of diseases by ensuring safe and adequate water supplies, proper sewage disposal, and effective solid waste management.
Infantile diarrhea is a medical condition characterized by loose, watery stools in infants and young children. It can be caused by various factors such as viral or bacterial infections, food intolerances, allergies, or malabsorption disorders. In some cases, it may also be associated with certain medications or underlying medical conditions.
Infantile diarrhea can lead to dehydration and other complications if not treated promptly and properly. It is important to monitor the infant's hydration status by checking for signs of dehydration such as dry mouth, sunken eyes, and decreased urine output. If diarrhea persists or is accompanied by vomiting, fever, or other concerning symptoms, it is recommended to seek medical attention promptly.
Treatment for infantile diarrhea typically involves rehydration with oral electrolyte solutions, as well as addressing the underlying cause of the diarrhea if possible. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.
Parasitic intestinal diseases are disorders caused by microscopic parasites that invade the gastrointestinal tract, specifically the small intestine. These parasites include protozoa (single-celled organisms) and helminths (parasitic worms). The most common protozoan parasites that cause intestinal disease are Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Entamoeba histolytica. Common helminthic parasites include roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), tapeworms (Taenia saginata and Taenia solium), hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), and pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis).
Parasitic intestinal diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weight loss. The severity and duration of the symptoms depend on the type of parasite, the number of organisms present, and the immune status of the host.
Transmission of these parasites can occur through various routes, including contaminated food and water, person-to-person contact, and contact with contaminated soil or feces. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, washing hands thoroughly after using the toilet and before handling food, cooking food thoroughly, and avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked meat, poultry, or seafood.
Treatment of parasitic intestinal diseases typically involves the use of antiparasitic medications that target the specific parasite causing the infection. In some cases, supportive care such as fluid replacement and symptom management may also be necessary.
'Ascaris lumbricoides' is the medical term for a type of intestinal roundworm that can infect humans. This parasitic worm is one of the largest that can infest humans, and it is particularly prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene.
The life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides begins when an infected person passes eggs in their feces. These eggs can then be ingested through contaminated food or water, or by accidentally ingesting soil that contains the eggs. Once inside the body, the larvae hatch from the eggs and migrate through the tissues to the lungs, where they mature further. They are then coughed up and swallowed, entering the digestive system again, where they mature into adult worms.
Adult female Ascaris lumbricoides worms can grow up to 20-35 cm in length, while males are smaller, typically around 15-30 cm. They live in the small intestine and feed on partially digested food. Females can lay tens of thousands of eggs per day, which are passed in the feces and can infect other people if they come into contact with them.
Symptoms of ascariasis (the infection caused by Ascaris lumbricoides) can vary depending on the number of worms present and the severity of the infestation. Mild infections may cause no symptoms at all, while more severe infections can lead to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. In rare cases, the worms can cause intestinal obstruction or migrate to other parts of the body, leading to serious complications.
Treatment for ascariasis typically involves medication to kill the worms, such as albendazole or mebendazole. Preventing infection requires good hygiene practices, including washing hands thoroughly with soap and water after using the toilet and before eating, and avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Soaps" is not a medical term, but rather refers to cleaning agents that are widely used in daily life for personal and household hygiene.
However, if you're referring to "saponification," it is a chemical process that occurs when fats or oils react with an alkali, resulting in the formation of soap and glycerin. This term can be relevant in medical contexts, such as in the production of medicated soaps used for various skin conditions.
If you meant something else by "Soaps," please clarify your question, and I will do my best to provide an accurate answer.
Diarrhea is a condition in which an individual experiences loose, watery stools frequently, often exceeding three times a day. It can be acute, lasting for several days, or chronic, persisting for weeks or even months. Diarrhea can result from various factors, including viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, food intolerances, medications, and underlying medical conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. Dehydration is a potential complication of diarrhea, particularly in severe cases or in vulnerable populations like young children and the elderly.
Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which is usually transmitted through contaminated food or water. The main symptoms of cholera are profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, which can lead to electrolyte imbalances, shock, and even death if left untreated. Cholera remains a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene. The disease is preventable through proper food handling, safe water supplies, and improved sanitation, as well as vaccination for those at high risk.
Helminthiasis is a medical condition characterized by the infection and infestation of body tissues and organs by helminths, which are parasitic worms. These worms can be classified into three main groups: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes).
Helminthiasis infections can occur through various modes of transmission, such as ingestion of contaminated food or water, skin contact with contaminated soil, or direct contact with an infected person or animal. The severity of the infection depends on several factors, including the type and number of worms involved, the duration of the infestation, and the overall health status of the host.
Common symptoms of helminthiasis include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, anemia, and nutritional deficiencies. In severe cases, the infection can lead to organ damage or failure, impaired growth and development in children, and even death.
Diagnosis of helminthiasis typically involves microscopic examination of stool samples to identify the presence and type of worms. Treatment usually consists of administering anthelmintic drugs that are effective against specific types of worms. Preventive measures include improving sanitation and hygiene, avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water, and practicing safe food handling and preparation.
I'm happy to help, but I must clarify that I can't provide a "medical definition" of waste management since it is not a medical term per se. Waste management is a broader environmental and public health issue. However, I can offer a definition related to healthcare facilities:
Waste management in the context of healthcare facilities refers to the practices, processes, and systems used to collect, transport, treat, dispose, recycle, or reuse waste materials generated from healthcare activities. This includes various types of waste such as hazardous (e.g., infectious, chemical, pharmaceutical), non-hazardous, and radioactive waste. Proper management is crucial to prevent infection, protect the environment, conserve resources, and ensure occupational safety for healthcare workers and the public.
The term "developing countries" is a socio-economic classification used to describe nations that are in the process of industrialization and modernization. This term is often used interchangeably with "low and middle-income countries" or "Global South." The World Bank defines developing countries as those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of less than US $12,695.
In the context of healthcare, developing countries face unique challenges including limited access to quality medical care, lack of resources and infrastructure, high burden of infectious diseases, and a shortage of trained healthcare professionals. These factors contribute to significant disparities in health outcomes between developing and developed nations.
Water purification is the process of removing or reducing contaminants in water to make it safe and suitable for specific uses, such as drinking, cooking, irrigation, or medical purposes. This is typically achieved through physical, chemical, or biological methods, or a combination thereof. The goal is to eliminate or reduce harmful substances like bacteria, viruses, parasites, heavy metals, pesticides, and other pollutants that can cause illness or negatively impact human health, aquatic life, or the environment.
The specific purification methods used may vary depending on the nature of the contaminants and the desired level of purity for the intended use. Common techniques include filtration (using various types of filters like activated carbon, ceramic, or reverse osmosis), disinfection (using chemicals like chlorine or UV light to kill microorganisms), sedimentation (allowing particles to settle and be removed), and distillation (heating water to create steam, which is then condensed back into pure water).
"Trichuris" is a genus of parasitic roundworms that are known to infect the intestines of various mammals, including humans. The species that commonly infects humans is called "Trichuris trichiura," which is also known as the human whipworm. These worms are named for their long, thin shape that resembles a whip.
The life cycle of Trichuris involves ingestion of eggs containing infective larvae through contaminated food or water. Once inside the human body, the larvae hatch and migrate to the large intestine, where they mature into adult worms that live in the caecum and colon. Adult female worms lay thousands of eggs every day, which are passed in the feces and can survive in the environment for years, waiting to infect a new host.
Infections with Trichuris trichiura can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, and weight loss. In severe cases, it can lead to anemia, malnutrition, and impaired growth in children. Treatment for trichuriasis typically involves medication that kills the adult worms, such as albendazole or mebendazole.
Ascariasis is a medical condition caused by infection with the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. This type of worm infection, also known as intestinal ascariasis, occurs when people ingest contaminated soil, food, or water that contains Ascaris eggs. Once inside the body, these eggs hatch into larvae, which then migrate through the tissues and eventually reach the small intestine, where they mature into adult worms.
The adult worms can grow to be several inches long and live in the small intestine, where they feed on partially digested food. Female worms can produce thousands of eggs per day, which are then passed out of the body in feces. If these eggs hatch and infect other people, the cycle of infection continues.
Symptoms of ascariasis can vary depending on the severity of the infection. Mild infections may not cause any symptoms, while more severe infections can lead to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. In some cases, the worms can cause intestinal blockages or migrate to other parts of the body, leading to potentially serious complications.
Treatment for ascariasis typically involves medication to kill the adult worms and prevent them from producing more eggs. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly after using the bathroom and before eating, and avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water.
I'm not entirely sure what you're looking for with "Exhibits as Topic" in the context of medical definitions. However, I can provide some general information about how medical conditions or findings might be exhibited, as well as examples of medical resources that discuss various medical topics through exhibits.
In medical terminology, "exhibit" generally refers to something that is shown or displayed, such as a symptom, sign, finding, or condition. For example, a patient with diabetes might exhibit symptoms like increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue. In a laboratory setting, a sample might be examined for the presence of certain exhibits, such as bacteria or abnormal cells.
There are many medical resources that use exhibits to help illustrate various topics. For example, museums and educational centers often have exhibits on health-related topics, such as anatomy, disease processes, and medical technology. Medical schools and teaching hospitals may also have exhibits of specimens, models, or other materials used for educational purposes.
In addition, there are many online resources that use interactive exhibits to help explain complex medical concepts. For example, the National Library of Medicine's "Medical Museum" website has a variety of virtual exhibits on topics such as medical instruments, historical medical practices, and public health campaigns. The American Cancer Society also has an interactive exhibit on cancer cells and treatments that allows users to explore different types of cancer and learn about the latest research and treatment options.
Overall, "Exhibits as Topic" in a medical context can refer to a variety of resources and materials used to illustrate and explain medical concepts, findings, or conditions.
Hookworm infections are parasitic diseases caused by the ingestion or penetration of hookworm larvae (immature worms) into the human body. The two main species that infect humans are Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale.
The infection typically occurs through skin contact with contaminated soil, often when walking barefoot on dirty ground. The larvae then penetrate the skin, enter the bloodstream, and travel to the lungs where they mature further. They are coughed up and swallowed, eventually reaching the small intestine, where they attach to the intestinal wall and feed on blood.
Hookworm infections can cause a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, weight loss, and fatigue. In severe cases, chronic hookworm infections can lead to serious complications such as protein malnutrition and heart failure. Treatment typically involves the use of anti-parasitic medications, such as albendazole or mebendazole, which kill the adult worms and allow the body to expel them. Preventive measures include improving sanitation and hygiene practices, wearing shoes in areas with contaminated soil, and regular deworming of at-risk populations.
Ancylostomatoidea is a superfamily of nematode (roundworm) parasites that includes the genera Ancylostoma and Necator, which are commonly known as hookworms. These parasites are primarily found in the small intestine of their hosts, which can include humans and other animals.
Ancylostomatoidea parasites have a complex life cycle that involves both free-living and parasitic stages. The life cycle begins when the parasite's eggs are passed in the feces of an infected host and hatch into larvae in the soil. The larvae then infect a new host by penetrating the skin, usually through contact with contaminated soil.
Once inside the host, the larvae migrate through the body to the lungs, where they mature and are coughed up and swallowed, allowing them to reach the small intestine. Here, they attach to the intestinal wall and feed on the host's blood, causing anemia and other symptoms of hookworm infection.
Hookworm infections can cause a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue. In severe cases, they can lead to anemia, intestinal obstruction, and even death. Prevention measures include wearing shoes in areas with contaminated soil, practicing good hygiene, and treating infected individuals to prevent the spread of the parasite.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lesotho" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Southern Africa. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.
In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.
Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.
Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.
Water pollution is defined medically as the contamination of water sources by harmful or sufficient amounts of foreign substances (pathogens, chemicals, toxic compounds, etc.) which tend to interfere with its normal functioning and can have negative effects on human health. Such pollutants can find their way into water bodies through various means including industrial waste disposal, agricultural runoff, oil spills, sewage and wastewater discharges, and accidental chemical releases, among others.
Exposure to polluted water can lead to a range of health issues, from minor problems like skin irritation or stomach upset, to severe conditions such as neurological disorders, reproductive issues, cancer, and even death in extreme cases. It also poses significant risks to aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and leading to the decline or extinction of various species. Therefore, maintaining clean and safe water supplies is critical for both human health and environmental preservation.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Haiti" is not a medical term. It is a country located in the Caribbean, specifically on the island of Hispaniola. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.
Helminths are a type of parasitic worm that can infect humans and animals. They are multi-cellular organisms that belong to the phyla Platyhelminthes (flatworms) or Nematoda (roundworms). Helminths can be further classified into three main groups: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes).
Helminth infections are typically acquired through contact with contaminated soil, food, or water. The symptoms of helminth infections can vary widely depending on the type of worm and the location and extent of the infection. Some common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, and malnutrition.
Helminths have complex life cycles that often involve multiple hosts. They can be difficult to diagnose and treat, and in some cases, may require long-term treatment with anti-parasitic drugs. Preventive measures such as good hygiene practices, proper sanitation, and access to clean water can help reduce the risk of helminth infections.
Hand disinfection is the process of eliminating or reducing harmful microorganisms on the hands, using a medically approved product such as an alcohol-based hand sanitizer or soap and water. The goal of hand disinfection is to prevent the spread of infections and maintain a clean and hygienic environment, particularly in healthcare settings. It is an essential component of standard precautions to prevent the transmission of pathogens and ensure patient safety. Proper hand disinfection techniques include applying enough product to cover all surfaces of the hands, rubbing the product over all areas for at least 20-30 seconds, and allowing the product to dry completely before touching anything else.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "housing" is not a term that has a medical definition. In a general sense, housing refers to a place where someone lives, such as a house or apartment. If you have any questions related to healthcare, medicine, or health-related topics, I would be happy to try to help answer them.
Environmental Illness (EI) is a condition in which individuals report experiencing various symptoms that they believe are caused or worsened by exposure to specific environmental factors. These factors can include chemicals, allergens, pollutants, or other substances present in the air, water, or food. The symptoms of EI can vary widely and may include headaches, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, respiratory problems, skin irritations, and gastrointestinal issues.
It's important to note that while some people may be more sensitive than others to environmental factors, the term "Environmental Illness" is not recognized as a formal medical diagnosis by major medical organizations such as the American Medical Association or the World Health Organization. Instead, the symptoms of EI are often attributed to other conditions, such as allergies, asthma, or chemical sensitivities.
In some cases, individuals with EI may be diagnosed with a related condition called Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS), which is characterized by heightened sensitivity to chemicals and other environmental factors. However, MCS is also not recognized as a formal medical diagnosis by many major medical organizations.
Overall, while some people may experience symptoms that they believe are caused by exposure to environmental factors, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.
I apologize for any confusion, but "landslides" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Landslides are a geological phenomenon involving the mass movement of soil or rock down a slope. They can occur due to various factors such as heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic activity, or human activities that alter the stability of a slope.
If you have any questions related to health or medicine, please provide more context so I can offer an accurate and helpful response.
Drinking water, also known as potable water, is water that is safe to consume and meets the health-based standards established by regulatory agencies for human consumption. It is free from harmful levels of contaminants, including microorganisms, chemicals, radiological elements, and aesthetic factors such as taste, odor, and appearance.
Drinking water can come from various sources, including surface water (e.g., rivers, lakes), groundwater (e.g., wells), and treated wastewater that has undergone advanced purification processes. The treatment of drinking water typically involves several steps, such as coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection, to remove or inactivate pathogens and other contaminants.
Access to safe drinking water is essential for human health, as it helps prevent various waterborne diseases and ensures proper hydration. Regular monitoring and testing of drinking water sources and distribution systems are necessary to maintain the quality and safety of the water supply.
Trichuriasis is a parasitic infection caused by the nematode (roundworm) Trichuris trichiura, also known as the whipworm. This infection primarily affects the large intestine (cecum and colon). The main symptoms of trichuriasis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. In heavy infections, there can be severe complications such as anemia, growth retardation, and rectal prolapse. Trichuriasis is typically transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated soil containing Trichuris trichiura eggs, often through poor hygiene practices or exposure to contaminated food and water.
A rural population refers to people who live in areas that are outside of urban areas, typically defined as having fewer than 2,000 residents and lacking certain infrastructure and services such as running water, sewage systems, and paved roads. Rural populations often have less access to healthcare services, education, and economic opportunities compared to their urban counterparts. This population group can face unique health challenges, including higher rates of poverty, limited access to specialized medical care, and a greater exposure to environmental hazards such as agricultural chemicals and industrial pollutants.
Rural health is a branch of healthcare that focuses on the unique health challenges and needs of people living in rural areas. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines rural health as "the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in the rural population."
Rural populations often face disparities in healthcare access and quality compared to their urban counterparts. Factors such as geographic isolation, poverty, lack of transportation, and a shortage of healthcare providers can contribute to these disparities. Rural health encompasses a broad range of services, including primary care, prevention, chronic disease management, mental health, oral health, and emergency medical services.
The goal of rural health is to improve the health outcomes of rural populations by addressing these unique challenges and providing high-quality, accessible healthcare services that meet their needs. This may involve innovative approaches such as telemedicine, mobile health clinics, and community-based programs to reach people in remote areas.
Child welfare is a broad term that refers to the overall well-being and protection of children. It encompasses a range of services and interventions aimed at promoting the physical, emotional, social, and educational development of children, while also protecting them from harm, abuse, and neglect. The medical definition of child welfare may include:
1. Preventive Services: Programs and interventions designed to strengthen families and prevent child maltreatment, such as home visiting programs, parent education classes, and family support services.
2. Protective Services: Interventions that aim to protect children from harm, abuse, or neglect, including investigations of reports of maltreatment, removal of children from dangerous situations, and provision of alternative care arrangements.
3. Family Reunification Services: Efforts to reunite children with their families when it is safe and in the best interest of the child, such as family therapy, parent-child visitation, and case management services.
4. Permanency Planning: The development of long-term plans for children who cannot safely return to their families, including adoption, guardianship, or other permanent living arrangements.
5. Foster Care Services: Provision of temporary care for children who cannot safely remain in their own homes, including placement with foster families, group homes, or residential treatment facilities.
6. Child Health and Development Services: Programs that promote the physical, emotional, and developmental well-being of children, such as health screenings, immunizations, mental health services, and early intervention programs for children with special needs.
7. Advocacy and Policy Development: Efforts to promote policies and practices that support the well-being and protection of children, including advocating for laws and regulations that protect children's rights and ensure their safety and well-being.
Child mortality refers to the death of children under a specific age, typically under 5 years old. It is usually expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 live births in a given population during a specified period. High child mortality rates are often indicative of underlying issues related to health care access, nutrition, sanitation, and socioeconomic factors. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals set a target to reduce under-five child mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015, and this goal has been continued in the Sustainable Development Goals with a new target of ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age by 2030.
Capital expenditures, also known as capital expenses or CapEx, refer to the funds used by a company to acquire, upgrade, and maintain physical assets such as property, buildings, machinery, and equipment. These expenditures are considered long-term investments and are intended to enhance the company's ability to generate future revenue and profits.
Capital expenditures are typically significant in amount and are recorded on a company's balance sheet as assets, rather than being expensed immediately on the income statement. Instead, the cost of these assets is gradually expensed over their useful life through depreciation or amortization.
Examples of capital expenditures include purchasing new manufacturing equipment, constructing a new building, renovating an existing facility, or upgrading computer systems and software. These types of expenses are often necessary for a company to remain competitive and grow its business over time.
Developed countries, also known as high-income countries or industrialized nations, are sovereign states that have advanced economies and highly developed infrastructure. These countries typically have high levels of industrialization, urbanization, and technological development, along with a high standard of living and access to quality healthcare, education, and social services.
The World Bank defines developed countries as those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of $12,695 or more in 2020. Examples of developed countries include the United States, Canada, Germany, France, Japan, Australia, and many others in Western Europe and Asia.
It's important to note that the term "developed" is relative and can change over time as a country's economy and infrastructure advance or decline. Additionally, there are significant disparities within developed countries, with some regions or populations experiencing poverty, inequality, and lack of access to basic needs and services.
Nematode infections, also known as roundworm infections, are caused by various species of nematodes or roundworms. These parasitic worms can infect humans and animals, leading to a range of health problems depending on the specific type of nematode and the location of the infection within the body.
Common forms of nematode infections include:
1. Ascariasis: Caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, this infection occurs when people ingest the parasite's eggs through contaminated food or water. The larvae hatch in the small intestine, mature into adult worms, and can cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe cases, the worms may obstruct the intestines or migrate to other organs, leading to potentially life-threatening complications.
2. Hookworm infections: These are caused by Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. The larvae penetrate the skin, usually through bare feet, and migrate to the small intestine, where they attach to the intestinal wall and feed on blood. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, and protein loss.
3. Trichuriasis: Also known as whipworm infection, this is caused by Trichuris trichiura. The larvae hatch in the small intestine, mature into adult worms, and reside in the large intestine, causing abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal prolapse in severe cases.
4. Strongyloidiasis: Caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, this infection occurs when the larvae penetrate the skin, usually through contaminated soil, and migrate to the lungs and then the small intestine. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and skin rashes. In immunocompromised individuals, strongyloidiasis can lead to disseminated disease, which is potentially fatal.
5. Toxocariasis: This infection is caused by the roundworms Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, found in dogs and cats, respectively. Humans become infected through ingestion of contaminated soil or undercooked meat. Symptoms include fever, cough, abdominal pain, and vision loss in severe cases.
6. Enterobiasis: Also known as pinworm infection, this is caused by Enterobius vermicularis. The larvae hatch in the small intestine, mature into adult worms, and reside in the large intestine, causing perianal itching and restlessness, especially at night.
Preventive measures include:
1. Proper hand hygiene: Wash hands with soap and water after using the toilet, changing diapers, handling pets or their feces, and before preparing or eating food.
2. Personal hygiene: Keep fingernails short and clean, avoid biting nails, and wear shoes in public areas, especially where soil may be contaminated with human or animal feces.
3. Food safety: Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly, cook meat properly, and avoid consuming raw or undercooked meat, poultry, or fish.
4. Environmental cleanliness: Regularly clean surfaces that come into contact with food, such as countertops, cutting boards, and utensils. Dispose of trash properly and maintain a clean living environment.
5. Pet care: Keep pets healthy and regularly deworm them as recommended by a veterinarian. Pick up pet feces promptly to prevent contamination of the environment.
6. Public health measures: Implement public health interventions, such as regular waste disposal, sewage treatment, and vector control, to reduce the transmission of parasitic infections.
Sewage is not typically considered a medical term, but it does have relevance to public health and medicine. Sewage is the wastewater that is produced by households and industries, which contains a variety of contaminants including human waste, chemicals, and other pollutants. It can contain various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can cause diseases in humans if they come into contact with it or consume contaminated food or water. Therefore, the proper treatment and disposal of sewage is essential to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and protect public health.
Typhoid-Paratyphoid vaccines are immunizations that protect against typhoid fever and paratyphoid fevers, which are caused by the Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi, respectively. These vaccines contain inactivated or attenuated bacteria or specific antigens that stimulate an individual's immune system to develop immunity against these diseases without causing the illness itself. There are several types of typhoid-paratyphoid vaccines available, including:
1. Ty21a (oral live attenuated vaccine): This is a live but weakened form of the Salmonella Typhi bacteria. It is given orally in capsule form and requires a series of 4 doses taken every other day. The vaccine provides protection for about 5-7 years.
2. Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) typhoid vaccine: This vaccine contains purified Vi antigens from the Salmonella Typhi bacterium's outer capsular layer. It is given as an injection and provides protection for approximately 2-3 years.
3. Combined typhoid-paratyphoid A and B vaccines (Vi-rEPA): This vaccine combines Vi polysaccharide antigens from Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A and B. It is given as an injection and provides protection for about 3 years against typhoid fever and paratyphoid fevers A and B.
4. Typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs): These vaccines combine the Vi polysaccharide antigen from Salmonella Typhi with a protein carrier to enhance the immune response, particularly in children under 2 years of age. TCVs are given as an injection and provide long-lasting protection against typhoid fever.
It is important to note that none of these vaccines provides 100% protection, but they significantly reduce the risk of contracting typhoid or paratyphoid fevers. Additionally, good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and safe food handling, can further minimize the risk of infection.
I apologize, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or condition. It is the largest country in both South America and Latin America by land area and population. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, please provide more information and I will do my best to help.
Parasitic diseases are infections or illnesses caused by parasites, which are organisms that live and feed on host organisms, often causing harm. Parasites can be protozoans (single-celled organisms), helminths (worms), or ectoparasites (ticks, mites, fleas). These diseases can affect various body systems and cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of parasite and the location of infection. They are typically spread through contaminated food or water, insect vectors, or direct contact with an infected host or contaminated environment. Examples of parasitic diseases include malaria, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis, ascariasis, and leishmaniasis.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pest control" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Pest control refers to the regulation or management of species considered to be pests, which can include insects, rodents, and other organisms that can cause damage to crops, transmit diseases, or otherwise negatively impact human activities.
In a medical context, you might be looking for information on "pesticide exposure" or "insect-borne diseases." Pesticide exposure refers to the contact with pesticides, which are substances used to control pests. These exposures can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact and may lead to a variety of health effects depending on the type and amount of pesticide involved. Insect-borne diseases are illnesses transmitted to humans through the bite of infected insects, such as mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas. Examples include malaria, Lyme disease, and Zika virus infection.
Typhoid fever is an acute illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. It is characterized by sustained fever, headache, constipation or diarrhea, rose-colored rash (in some cases), abdominal pain, and weakness. The bacteria are spread through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with an infected person's feces. If left untreated, typhoid fever can lead to severe complications and even be fatal. It is diagnosed through blood, stool, or urine tests and treated with antibiotics. Vaccination is available for prevention.
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a parasitic infection caused by several species of the trematode flatworm Schistosoma. The infection occurs when people come into contact with freshwater contaminated with the parasite's larvae, which are released by infected freshwater snails.
The larvae penetrate the skin, enter the bloodstream, and mature into adult worms in the blood vessels of the urinary tract or intestines. The female worms lay eggs, which can cause inflammation and scarring in various organs, including the liver, lungs, and brain.
Symptoms of schistosomiasis may include fever, chills, cough, muscle aches, and diarrhea. In chronic cases, the infection can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage, bladder cancer, and seizures. Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions with poor sanitation and lack of access to safe drinking water. It is preventable through improved water supply, sanitation, and snail control measures. Treatment typically involves the use of a medication called praziquantel, which kills the adult worms.
Cholera vaccines are preventive measures used to protect against the infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. There are several types of cholera vaccines available, including:
1. Inactivated oral vaccine (ICCV): This vaccine contains killed whole-cell bacteria and is given in two doses, with each dose administered at least 14 days apart. It provides protection for up to six months and can be given to adults and children over the age of one year.
2. Live attenuated oral vaccine (LCV): This vaccine contains weakened live bacteria that are unable to cause disease but still stimulate an immune response. The most commonly used LCV is called CVD 103-HgR, which is given in a single dose and provides protection for up to three months. It can be given to adults and children over the age of six years.
3. Injectable cholera vaccine: This vaccine contains inactivated bacteria and is given as an injection. It is not widely available and its effectiveness is limited compared to oral vaccines.
Cholera vaccines are recommended for travelers visiting areas with known cholera outbreaks, particularly if they plan to eat food or drink water that may be contaminated. They can also be used in response to outbreaks to help control the spread of the disease. However, it is important to note that vaccination alone is not sufficient to prevent cholera infection and good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and safe food handling, should always be followed.
Communicable disease control is a branch of public health that focuses on preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases within a population. The goal is to reduce the incidence and prevalence of communicable diseases through various strategies, such as:
1. Surveillance: Monitoring and tracking the occurrence of communicable diseases in a population to identify trends, outbreaks, and high-risk areas.
2. Prevention: Implementing measures to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, such as vaccination programs, education campaigns, and environmental interventions (e.g., water treatment, food safety).
3. Case management: Identifying, diagnosing, and treating cases of communicable diseases to reduce their duration and severity, as well as to prevent further spread.
4. Contact tracing: Identifying and monitoring individuals who have been in close contact with infected persons to detect and prevent secondary cases.
5. Outbreak response: Coordinating a rapid and effective response to disease outbreaks, including the implementation of control measures, communication with affected communities, and evaluation of interventions.
6. Collaboration: Working closely with healthcare providers, laboratories, policymakers, and other stakeholders to ensure a coordinated and comprehensive approach to communicable disease control.
7. Research: Conducting research to better understand the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and prevention strategies for communicable diseases.
Effective communicable disease control requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines expertise in medicine, epidemiology, microbiology, public health, social sciences, and healthcare management.
Public health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts of society." It focuses on improving the health and well-being of entire communities, populations, and societies, rather than individual patients. This is achieved through various strategies, including education, prevention, surveillance of diseases, and promotion of healthy behaviors and environments. Public health also addresses broader determinants of health, such as access to healthcare, housing, food, and income, which have a significant impact on the overall health of populations.
Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.
Trachoma is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It primarily affects the eyes, causing repeated infections that lead to scarring of the inner eyelid and eyelashes turning inward (trichiasis), which can result in damage to the cornea and blindness if left untreated.
The disease is spread through direct contact with eye or nose discharge from infected individuals, often through contaminated fingers, shared towels, or flies that have come into contact with the discharge. Trachoma is prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water, making it a significant public health issue in many developing countries.
Preventive measures include improving personal hygiene, such as washing hands regularly, promoting facial cleanliness, and providing safe water and sanitation facilities. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection and surgery for advanced cases with trichiasis or corneal damage.
Environmental health is a branch of public health that focuses on the study of how environmental factors, including physical, chemical, and biological factors, impact human health and disease. It involves the assessment, control, and prevention of environmental hazards in order to protect and promote human health and well-being.
Environmental health encompasses a wide range of issues, such as air and water quality, food safety, waste management, housing conditions, occupational health and safety, radiation protection, and climate change. It also involves the promotion of healthy behaviors and the development of policies and regulations to protect public health from environmental hazards.
The goal of environmental health is to create safe and healthy environments that support human health and well-being, prevent disease and injury, and promote sustainable communities. This requires a multidisciplinary approach that involves collaboration between various stakeholders, including policymakers, researchers, healthcare providers, community organizations, and the public.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bangladesh" is a country located in South Asia, rather than a medical term or condition. It is bordered by India to the west, north, and east, and by Myanmar (Burma) to the southeast, with the Bay of Bengal to the south. The official name of the country is the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you!
"Food handling" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in the context of public health and food safety, it generally refers to the activities involved in the storage, preparation, and serving of food in a way that minimizes the risk of contamination and foodborne illnesses. This includes proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and wearing gloves, separating raw and cooked foods, cooking food to the correct temperature, and refrigerating or freezing food promptly. Proper food handling is essential for ensuring the safety and quality of food in various settings, including restaurants, hospitals, schools, and homes.
Hepatitis A antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to a Hepatitis A virus infection or after vaccination. There are two types of Hepatitis A antibodies:
1. IgM anti-HAV (Hepatitis A Virus) antibodies: These are the first type of antibodies produced by the immune system during a Hepatitis A infection. They appear in the blood within 2 to 4 weeks after exposure to the virus and remain detectable for up to 12 weeks. The presence of IgM anti-HAV antibodies indicates a recent or ongoing Hepatitis A infection.
2. IgG anti-HAV antibodies: These are the second type of antibodies produced by the immune system during a Hepatitis A infection, and they appear in the blood several weeks after the onset of illness. IgG anti-HAV antibodies remain detectable for many years, providing long-term immunity against future Hepatitis A infections. After vaccination, only IgG anti-HAV antibodies are produced, indicating immunity to Hepatitis A.
Testing for Hepatitis A antibodies is used to diagnose acute or past Hepatitis A infections and to assess immunity following vaccination.
"World Health" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is often used in the context of global health, which can be defined as:
"The area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. It emphasizes trans-national health issues, determinants, and solutions; involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and engages stakeholders from across sectors and societies." (World Health Organization)
Therefore, "world health" could refer to the overall health status and health challenges faced by populations around the world. It encompasses a broad range of factors that affect the health of individuals and communities, including social, economic, environmental, and political determinants. The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a key role in monitoring and promoting global health, setting international standards and guidelines, and coordinating responses to global health emergencies.
Water quality, in the context of public health and environmental medicine, refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water that determine its suitability for various uses, such as drinking, recreation, or industrial processes. The term encompasses a wide range of parameters, including but not limited to:
1. Microbial contaminants: Presence of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microorganisms that can cause waterborne diseases.
2. Chemical contaminants: Including heavy metals (e.g., lead, mercury), pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), disinfection byproducts, and other potentially harmful substances.
3. Physical parameters: Such as temperature, turbidity (cloudiness), color, taste, and odor, which can affect the water's acceptability for different uses.
4. Radiological contaminants: Exposure to ionizing radiation from radioactive elements present in water sources.
Regulatory agencies establish guidelines and standards for water quality to protect public health and minimize potential adverse effects associated with exposure to contaminated water. Regular monitoring, treatment, and management of water sources are essential to ensure safe and reliable water supplies.
Sanitation
Sanitation Syndrome
Sanitation Day
Sanitation harvest
Plug (sanitation)
Improved sanitation
Sustainable sanitation
Ecological sanitation
Modern Sanitation
Sanitation worker
Emergency sanitation
Charleston sanitation strike
Swimming pool sanitation
Ship Sanitation Certificate
Memphis sanitation strike
Sanitation in Dubai
Container-based sanitation
Marine sanitation device
Sustainable Sanitation Alliance
Sarphati Sanitation Awards
Water and Sanitation Agency
Ministry of Sanitation (Maharashtra)
National Sanitation Day (Ghana)
International Year of Sanitation
Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures
Field Hygiene and Sanitation
1977 Atlanta sanitation strike
Community-led total sanitation
2018 Atlanta sanitation strike
Sanitation in ancient Rome
Sanitation - Wikipedia
Sanitation worker - Wikipedia
Ship Sanitation Certificate Information | Quarantine | CDC
sanitation | Ohioline
Water, sanitation and hygiene | UNICEF
National Shellfish Sanitation Program (NSSP) | FDA
Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership
The Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation (LVWATSAN-Mwanza) Project: Mobilization and Institutional Facilitation of Sanitation (UN...
Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) | UNICEF European Union
Smartwatches track sanitation workers in India | Popular Science
GHO | World Health Statistics data visualizations dashboard | Sanitation
Water and Sanitation Provision, Tunisia | GRID-Arendal
Sanitation Worker Hit By Car In Nashville
Water+ - Global Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene - CARE
IDB | Water Supply and Sanitation Infrastructure Improvement Program
Management of Fecal Waste | Global Water, Sanitation and Hygiene | Healthy Water | CDC
Providing Basic Sanitation | Small Wars Journal
Martin Luther King, Jr., and Memphis Sanitation Workers | National Archives
Food and Sanitation | Environmental Health & Safety | Amherst College
CCOHS: Sanitation and Infection Control for Cleaning Staff
Rethinking Sanitation | Food Engineering
Orchard sanitation remains critical
Water and sanitation images - Practical Action
sanitation | Blogs | CDC
sanitation | KGOU
Food Safety Update: Equipment & Sanitation | Manufacturing.net
Pittsburgh Sanitation Workers Hold Wildcat Strike, Demanding Safety Gear | Democracy Now!
First sanitation services for over 100,000 people in Jordan
Water and Sanitation background | PSI
Sanitation - The City of Asheville
Drinking water and sanitation3
- The Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of the WHO ( World Health Organization ) and UNICEF ( United Nations Children's Fund ) was responsible for monitoring progress towards the Millennium Development Goal for drinking water and sanitation. (wikipedia.org)
- All in all, less than 10 per cent of Liberians have access to safely managed drinking water and sanitation services, according to the JMP 2017. (unicef.org)
- The call to action comes from Léo Heller, the UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation. (world-psi.org)
Open defecation7
- The World Bank helps countries address the sanitation challenges: ending open defecation, improving service delivery, and closing the loop from access to sanitation facilities to sustainable management of wastewater. (worldbank.org)
- In addition to the challenges of providing many millions of rural households with adequate sanitation, the world continues to urbanize, and cities and small towns will increasingly bear the burden of poor sanitation - with an estimated 57% of urban dwellers lacking access to toilets that provide a full sanitation service, 16% of urban dwellers lacking access to basic sanitation services, and almost 100 million urban residents practicing open defecation. (worldbank.org)
- 3.5 billion people still live without safely managed sanitation, including 419 million who practise open defecation. (unwater.org)
- Three out of ten people (2.1 billion people in 2015) do not have access to safe drinking water, six out of ten (4.5 billion people in 2015) do not have access to safely managed sanitation services, and one out of nine (892 million people) practice open defecation. (unhabitat.org)
- To address the sanitation and hygiene issues, we are educating communities about the risks and negative impacts of Open Defecation and poor sanitation processes and we are equipping families to build their own improved sanitation facilities. (wvi.org)
- Major causes of water-borne disease amongst the region's rural population, and of malnutrition amongst children under five, are open defecation and poor sanitation facilities. (sevamandir.org)
- achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations. (bvsalud.org)
Community-led total1
- Building national systems is complemented by work at the community level, which involves implementing low-cost and high impact approaches to improve sanitation and hygiene, such as Community Led Total Sanitation. (unicef.org)
Safely managed9
- The estimate in 2017 by JMP states that 4.5 billion people currently do not have safely managed sanitation. (wikipedia.org)
- The project will help improve the city's livability with safely managed sanitation services in Dhaka, particularly in its southern part. (worldbank.org)
- Globally 3.5 billion people lack access to safely managed sanitation services. (worldbank.org)
- The health and socio-economic benefits of safely managed water can only be fully realized alongside safely managed sanitation and good hygiene practices. (unwater.org)
- Billions have no access to WASH. Enormous numbers of people, the vast majority in low income countries, have no access to safely managed water and sanitation, or to handwashing facilities with soap or alcohol-based rub. (unwater.org)
- Safely managed water and sanitation services and adequate and equitable hygiene for all will drive progress across the 2030 Agenda, particularly in health, gender equality and livelihoods. (unwater.org)
- The 1.9 billion people living in fragile contexts are twice as likely to lack safely managed drinking water and basic hygiene and 1.5 times as likely to lack safely managed sanitation services. (unwater.org)
- To enable widespread use of safely managed, sustainable sanitation services that contribute to positive health, economic, and gender equality outcomes for the world's poorest people. (gatesfoundation.org)
- More than 3.5 billion people around the world live without safely managed sanitation. (gatesfoundation.org)
Improved sanitation facilities6
- In some circumstances "improved" sanitation facilities can be regarded as not sustainable, whereas in other circumstances "unimproved" sanitation facilities can be regarded as sustainable. (wikipedia.org)
- Among those, 580 million shared improved sanitation facilities with other households, counted as "limited" services and 616 million used "unimproved" facilities. (worldbank.org)
- We want all children to enjoy access to clean water and improved sanitation facilities close to their homes so that they can stay well. (wvi.org)
- Lack of access to clean water and improved sanitation facilities plague families in Lesotho, especially those in rural areas. (wvi.org)
- 66.2% of the rural population lack access to improved sanitation facilities. (wvi.org)
- Although there is still more work to be done, we are excited that 76% of families in the areas where we work are drinking clean water and that 39% of families now have access to improved sanitation facilities. (wvi.org)
Invest in sanitation3
- To get households to invest in sanitation, they need an offer they cannot refuse: a quality, high-value facility that is within their reach. (nextbillion.net)
- Such enterprises stand testimony to the fact that entrepreneurs in sanitation can build scalable businesses, generating piqued interest from corporates to invest in sanitation. (livemint.com)
- Why invest in sanitation? (lu.se)
Programme2
- Small-scale water supplies and sanitation systems are an integral part of the Programme of work for 2017-2019 , adopted by the Meeting of the Parties at its fourth session (Geneva, 14-16 November 2016). (unece.org)
- A new doctoral programme with a focus on sanitation and management will be started, resulting in a strengthening of the field of social sciences and increased public knowledge. (lu.se)
UNICEF3
- I have been working for UNICEF Timor-Leste as a UN Volunteer Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Engineer since the end of January, 2010. (unv.org)
- My responsibilities with the UNICEF WASH project include overseeing planning, coordination, monitoring and capacity building of our counterparts such as the Department of Environmental Health in the Ministry of Health, the School Health Focal Point in the Ministry of Education, and the Department of Sanitation National Director for Water and Sanitation in the Ministry infrastructure. (unv.org)
- For me, working as a UN Volunteer with UNICEF in Timor-Leste allows me a great opportunity to help many children who need access to clean water and basic sanitation facilities which will improve their basic standard of living and provide them with the means to be healthy and happy in the future. (unv.org)
Focus on sanitation1
- We will continue to give food and water for the coming month, but we are also beginning to focus on sanitation solutions that could help prevent the spread of disease as the situation in Port au Prince shifts from emergency to recovery. (counterpunch.org)
Interest in sanitation1
- Just as people never slept in the street before the earthquake, there was no active interest in sanitation in Haiti prior to Jan 12. (counterpunch.org)
20202
- Despite significant gains - 2.4 billion people gained access to improved toilets or latrines between 2000 and 2020 - sanitation was one of the most off-track Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) globally. (worldbank.org)
- 2020 marks ten years since the United Nations recognized water and sanitation as a fundamental human right. (commondreams.org)
India3
- Poor sanitation costs billions to some countries, amounting to the equivalent of 6.3% of GDP in Bangladesh (2007), 6.4% of GDP in India (2006), 7.2% of GDP in Cambodia (2005), 2.4% of GDP in Niger (2012), and 3.9% of GDP in Pakistan (2006). (worldbank.org)
- Paramjit is one of the thousands of sanitation workers in several cities of India - including Indore, Panchkula, Nagpur and Navi Mumbai - that are being monitored while performing several duties, including sweeping streets, cleaning toilets and maintaining septic tanks. (newint.org)
- India, in particular, provides a global model for sanitation reform through the government's Swachh Bharat Mission and a growing network of sanitation operators and utilities that are implementing fecal sludge management. (gatesfoundation.org)
Urban sanitation2
- Modernised Mixtures in Urban Sanitation Services presented by Dr ir Bas van Vliet, Environmental Policy Group Wageningen University at the IRC event, The Hague, 9 September 2015. (slideshare.net)
- Modernised Mixtures in Urban Sanitation Services Dr ir Bas van Vliet, Environmental Policy Group Wageningen University. (slideshare.net)
Better sanitation1
- it has a baby's face, while dengue is abstract, it moves people less, despite the high mortality rate," Carlos said in an interview with IPS, explaining why this is a favourable moment to push for better sanitation in this country of 205 million people. (ipsnews.net)
Improve sanitation1
- The project will improve sanitation services in Dhaka city benefiting around 1.5 million people. (worldbank.org)
Inadequate sanitation5
- Nor did decades of dengue - a much more serious disease than Zika - create widespread awareness that the root of these problems lies in inadequate sanitation and the failure to make a clean water supply universal. (ipsnews.net)
- Inadequate sanitation and hygiene are estimated to have caused more than half a million deaths from diarrhea alone in 2016. (gatesfoundation.org)
- The burden of inadequate sanitation-and, therefore, the potential for progress-is greatest in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, so we focus our efforts in those regions. (gatesfoundation.org)
- Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities. (who.int)
- Unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and insufficient hygiene are also associated with 2 billion nematode infections, 200 million cases of schistosomiasis , 0.5 million cases of malaria, as well as outbreaks of dengue, Japanese encephalitis , and onchocerciasis . (medscape.com)
Ecological sanitation1
- In comparison, ecological sanitation (ecosan) has a strong focus on the reuse of waste. (wikipedia.org)
Unsafe4
- Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene are responsible for the deaths of around 1,000 children under 5 every day. (unwater.org)
- Under-fives living in countries experiencing protracted conflict are 20 times more likely to die from causes linked to unsafe water and sanitation than from direct violence. (unwater.org)
- The latest estimates link unsafe drinking water, inadequate availability of water for hygiene, and lack of access to sanitation with about 88% (1.5 million) of deaths from diarrheal diseases (including cholera, typhoid and dysentery) in children younger than 5 years of age. (medscape.com)
- Globally, the lack of basic sanitation facilities for 1.7 billion people with 494 million subjected to unsafe sanitation, leaving them susceptible to the COVID-19 virus and other diseases are two unsettling realities that were highlighted at the peak of the pandemic and extended lockdowns. (livemint.com)
Lack6
- Lack of access to sanitation has an impact not only on public health but also on human dignity and personal safety. (wikipedia.org)
- A lack of sanitation also holds back economic growth. (worldbank.org)
- Sanitation is a low expenditure priority for households, but the lack of interest is not necessarily driven by lack of money. (nextbillion.net)
- Even in areas with sufficient water infrastructure, the policy implementation still leaves many at risk of contracting the virus due to lack of access to water and sanitation. (commondreams.org)
- [ 1 ] An estimated 2.5 billion people lack access to adequate sanitation (more than 35% of the world's population). (medscape.com)
- Lack of proper sanitation services costs the world an estimated US$223 billion every year. (livemint.com)
Services12
- The World Health Organization defines the term "sanitation" as follows: "Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. (wikipedia.org)
- The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal. (wikipedia.org)
- Governments must ensure that water and sanitation services and hygiene behaviours and facilities can withstand and be sustained during and after climate-related disasters, helping to protect public health in an uncertain future. (unwater.org)
- SDG6: Water and sanitation are fundamental services, privatization is not a means of implementation! (world-psi.org)
- Water and Sanitation Services Peshawar (WSSP) launched a 14-day sanitation campaign that will focus on localities previously neglected due to inaccessibility. (com.pk)
- Adams Sanitation is a fast-growing waste hauler serving residents and businesses in Northwest Florida providing a full range of waste and recycling collection and disposal services. (indeed.com)
- We already have the breakthrough technologies needed to provide safe and affordable sanitation services to the billions of people who are at risk of waste-borne diseases. (gatesfoundation.org)
- View more Public Works, Sanitation and Utilities services or online services . (dc.gov)
- A preliminary version of a 2013 study by the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) and International Finance Corporation (IFC) of the World Bank surveyed more 100 firms providing on-site sanitation services to base of the pyramid customers in four countries: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Peru and Tanzania. (nextbillion.net)
- ADB has supported the government in improving water supply and sanitation services in 70 of the 176 small towns in Nepal through three small towns projects introducing continuous water supply, meeting national quality standards, and providing universal household connections with subsidized connections and affordable supply for poor and vulnerable households. (adb.org)
- The Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (Sector) Project will support the ongoing efforts of the Government of Nepal to provide better access to water supply and sanitation services to the growing urban population. (adb.org)
- LA Sanitation & Environment (LASAN) has a wide variety of services and it is our goal to help you with what you need as quickly and efficiently as possible. (lacitysan.org)
Sustainable15
- Sustainable sanitation approaches focus on the "sanitation value chain" which includes collection, emptying, transport, treatment and reuse /disposal. (wikipedia.org)
- Sustainable sanitation is a sanitation system designed to meet certain criteria and to work well over the long-term. (wikipedia.org)
- Sustainable sanitation systems consider the entire "sanitation value chain", from the experience of the user, excreta and wastewater collection methods, transportation or conveyance of waste, treatment, and reuse or disposal. (wikipedia.org)
- [2] The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) includes five features (or criteria) in its definition of "sustainable sanitation": Systems need to be economically and socially acceptable, technically and institutionally appropriate and protect the environment and natural resources. (wikipedia.org)
- The purpose of sustainable sanitation is the same as sanitation in general: to protect human health . (wikipedia.org)
- However, "sustainable sanitation" attends to all processes of the system: This includes methods of collecting, transporting, treating and the disposal (or reuse) of waste. (wikipedia.org)
- Increasingly, sustainable sanitation also involves the consideration of climate change related impacts on sanitation infrastructure and behaviour and the resilience of technologies and communities. (wikipedia.org)
- Sustainable sanitation, defined with the five sustainability measures, may or may not have an focus on reuse of excreta , because the criterion of "protecting the natural resources" is only one of several that need to be aimed towards. (wikipedia.org)
- In order to be sustainable a sanitation system has to be not only economically viable, socially acceptable, and technically and institutionally appropriate, but it should also protect the environment and the natural resources . (wikipedia.org)
- Sanitation is a global development priority and the subject of Sustainable Development Goal 6. (wikipedia.org)
- Improved water resources management and access to safe water and sanitation for all is essential for eradicating poverty, building peaceful and prosperous societies, and ensuring that 'no one is left behind' on the path towards sustainable development. (unhabitat.org)
- Safe sanitation is essential to a healthy and sustainable future for developing economies. (gatesfoundation.org)
- Multistakeholder participation, therefore, becomes a priority among private and public sector players to enable universal and sustainable access to water and sanitation. (livemint.com)
- Water and sanitation are at the very core of sustainable development, critical for thriving people, planet and prosperity. (bvsalud.org)
- Integrated water resources management is essential to harness synergies as well as to manage potential trade-offs across sectors and regions, to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. (bvsalud.org)
Access24
- Securing access to safe water and adequate sanitation for all would go a long way in reducing infection, disease and death. (unicef.org)
- The recent Ebola outbreak has also highlighted the risks associated with inadequate access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) to prevent or stop the spread of diseases. (unicef.org)
- The economic losses are mainly driven by premature deaths, the cost of health care treatment, lost time and productivity seeking treatment, and lost time and productivity finding access to sanitation facilities. (worldbank.org)
- Access to water and sanitation are human rights. (unwater.org)
- We conclude by making the case for new research to improve our understanding of the association between gender and sanitation, support the development of gender-responsive designs, and evaluate the impacts of these designs on access, adoption, and longer term outcomes, including health, safety, productivity, and gender equity. (rti.org)
- Considering people in the four countries who do not yet have access to improved sanitation, the potential market is even larger - estimated at US$2.6 billion. (nextbillion.net)
- In the four countries studied, out of the 227 million people without access to improved sanitation, more than 65 percent are living above the poverty line. (nextbillion.net)
- Water.org has empowered more than 60 million people with access to safe water or sanitation through affordable financing. (water.org)
- For millions around the world, access to funds stands between them and safe water and sanitation in their homes. (water.org)
- Water.org offers smart solutions that break down the financial barriers between people living in poverty and access to safe water and sanitation. (water.org)
- Today more than 60 million people around the world can turn on a tap or safely use a toilet because small, affordable loans empowered them to get access to safe water and sanitation at home. (water.org)
- Together with our 148 partners around the world, we've helped mobilize more than $4.8 billion in capital to support small loans that bring access to safe water and sanitation to millions of people in need. (water.org)
- For families like Erenice's, access to safe water and sanitation at home means health, hope, and time for work and play. (water.org)
- Erenice is one of the 60 million people Water.org has empowered with access to safe water or sanitation. (water.org)
- In addition to committing to not shutting off water, municipalities can also support homeless and housing-insecure people access water, sanitation and shelter facilities to stop the spread of the virus. (commondreams.org)
- Seva Mandir focuses on a holistic approach to the sanitation problem in the region by incorporating three critical areas: access, design and usage. (sevamandir.org)
- As a result of Seva Mandir's intervention on sanitation since 2010, nearly 1,800 families now have access to functional toilets with 78% of the toilet facilities being regularly used at the household level, and 56% being used by all members of the household. (sevamandir.org)
- Over 10,000 citizens from Turbhe Store, a suburb of Navi Mumbai, will now have access to clean and affordable drinking water through the "Landmark Project", a water and sanitation initiative by BASF, with the support of the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC). (basf.com)
- R&D and Investments are two vital keys that will yield solutions in improving access and availability of safe water and sanitation practices. (livemint.com)
- The publication of each of these texts during 2008-declared the International Year of Sanitation by the United Nations General Assembly to draw attention to the 2.6 billion people without access to basic sanitation-is timely. (cdc.gov)
- Each seeks to provide practical information and guidance to increase the proportion of the population with access to sanitation. (cdc.gov)
- Access to good sanitation is a basic human right. (lu.se)
- For many years, major international organisations have focused on giving people in poor countries access to adequate sanitation facilities. (lu.se)
- There are still 45 countries in the world where less than half of the population has access to adequate sanitation facilities. (lu.se)
People9
- More than 94,000 people have applied for February's city Sanitation Department exam, whose registration deadline was last Friday. (observer.com)
- Sanitation is very poor, with the vast majority of people in rural areas lacking decent toilets and latrines, and having to defecate in the open instead. (unicef.org)
- The world missed the MDG target for sanitation by almost 700 million people. (worldbank.org)
- Besides, teams of community development officers have started an awareness drive holding corner meetings with traders, ulema, teachers and people from all walks of life and sensitizing them on water and sanitation. (com.pk)
- People have asked 25 questions about working at Adams Sanitation. (indeed.com)
- The sanitation crisis did not come from the earthquake, the earthquake only exacerbated it, as people spilled into the streets so too did their secrets, and when you don't have a toilet, sanitation is a secret. (counterpunch.org)
- Authorities in Takeo province's Samrong district said at least five tonnes of rubbish are collected each day and burned in incinerators north of Phnom Chisor as efforts continue to educate people in the community on sanitation and the payment of waste collection fees. (phnompenhpost.com)
- He added that the district authorities have been continuing to educate people about community hygiene and sanitation so that they better understand and help maintain environmental cleanliness by paying rubbish collection fees which they often seem reluctant to do. (phnompenhpost.com)
- Along with the Union Government's work, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly introducing appropriate technology and focus-driven people into the sanitation economy. (livemint.com)
Wastewater6
- A sanitation system includes the capture, storage, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta and wastewater. (wikipedia.org)
- Reuse activities within the sanitation system may focus on the nutrients, water, energy or organic matter contained in excreta and wastewater. (wikipedia.org)
- Sanitation includes all four of these technical and non-technical systems: Excreta management systems, wastewater management systems (included here are wastewater treatment plants), solid waste management systems as well as drainage systems for rainwater, also called stormwater drainage. (wikipedia.org)
- The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council defines sanitation as "The collection, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta, domestic wastewater and solid waste, and associated hygiene promotion. (wikipedia.org)
- As African cities and towns continue to grow, especially within informal settlements, governments are acknowledging the need for innovative sanitation solutions that are easier to deploy and less expensive to operate than sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants. (gatesfoundation.org)
- Expand international cooperation and capacity building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation related activities and programs, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies. (bvsalud.org)
Toilets1
- For reasons of simplicity-being able to monitor the sanitation situation with household surveys-the JMP had to find a simple differentiation between "improved" sanitation (toilets that count towards the MDG goals) and "unimproved" sanitation (toilets that do not count towards the MDG goals). (wikipedia.org)
Facilities5
- As information and best practices emerged for preventing the spread of COVID-19, ATSDR led the effort to provide guidance on recommended safe sanitation and disinfection practices for homes, schools, and daycare facilities. (cdc.gov)
- Without adequate sanitation facilities, girls are more likely to drop out of school or are vulnerable to attacks while seeking privacy. (worldbank.org)
- A growing body of evidence has begun to document the specific challenges women face when accessing and using sanitation facilities, and the resultant adverse impacts on their health, safety, and productivity. (rti.org)
- Sanitation facilities in Indonesia. (nextbillion.net)
- Dr. Ramaswami N. (IAS), NMMC Commissioner said, "This project is a great example of how innovative chemistry can enable simple and cost-effective technologies to offer clean water and sanitation facilities. (basf.com)
WASH3
- citation needed] However, many in the WASH sector only include excreta management in their definition of sanitation. (wikipedia.org)
- One of them is "Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion" (WASH) and it includes the following areas: Hygiene promotion, water supply, excreta management, vector control, solid waste management and WASH in disease outbreaks and healthcare settings. (wikipedia.org)
- and the same reason we should always wash our winemaking equipment first before the sanitation step. (winemakermag.com)
Approaches2
- A range of sanitation technologies and approaches exists. (wikipedia.org)
- The Chinese government's Toilet Revolution, which promises the rapid scaling up of safe sanitation approaches for the country, presents a strong opportunity for the adoption of new technologies within China's rural and public toilet markets, particularly in areas facing water scarcity issues. (gatesfoundation.org)
Impacts1
- The term environmental sanitation is used to cover the wider concept of controlling all the factors in the physical environment which may have deleterious impacts on human health and well-being. (wikipedia.org)
Ascariasis1
- There are many other diseases which are easily transmitted in communities that have low levels of sanitation, such as ascariasis (a type of intestinal worm infection or helminthiasis), cholera, hepatitis, polio, schistosomiasis, and trachoma, to name just a few. (wikipedia.org)
Practices3
- Investments in safe water, adequate sanitation and good hygiene practices go a long way towards improving children's health and education. (unicef.org)
- ATSDR guides safe sanitation and disinfection practices in homes, schools, and daycares during the COVID-19 pandemic. (cdc.gov)
- We collaborate with government leaders, the private sector, and technologists to advance promising new toilet and waste treatment technologies, service delivery models, and policies with the greatest potential to revolutionize sanitation standards and practices at the local and national levels. (gatesfoundation.org)
City's2
Citywide1
- Oct. 1 will also mark the city of Pensacola no longer using the ECUA's facility, ending citywide curbside recycling for City of Pensacola Sanitation customers. (wkrg.com)
Poor9
- Dipika Ailani, associate program officer in the water, sanitation, and hygiene group at the Gates Foundation, discusses the importance of understanding "…the impact of poor sanitation on women and children and the role women play in sanitation investments, decisions, and expenses at a household level…" and poses questions for research that would ultimately inform the work of the sanitation team within the foundation (10/13). (kff.org)
- Poor sanitation offers a paradise for the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the carrier of dengue fever and the Chikungunya and Zika viruses. (ipsnews.net)
- We're continually told a number of myths about water, sanitation and the potential for companies to reach the poor in emerging markets that face daunting infrastructure challenges. (nextbillion.net)
- My co-authors, Robert Warner and Jane Jamieson, and I have finalized this study in our new book, " Tapping the Markets: Opportunities for Domestic Investments in Water and Sanitation for the Poor . (nextbillion.net)
- Among the poor, the study found that they spend as much on mobile phones each year as it would cost to install a basic sanitation system. (nextbillion.net)
- The poor are faced with limited sanitation options and significant coordination challenges, requiring a huge amount of motivation and capabilities on their part to overcome. (nextbillion.net)
- For poor households, there seems to be just too many reasons for not improving sanitation and to few compelling options to do so. (nextbillion.net)
- Poor households do not compare their desires against what governments or international standards define as "improved sanitation. (nextbillion.net)
- Lastly, the dramatic population increase will contribute to conditions of overcrowding and poor sanitation-conditions ripe for the flourishing of plague hosts and vectors. (medscape.com)
United Nations1
- The Human Right to Water and Sanitation was recognized by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 2010. (wikipedia.org)
20303
- With its impact on so many aspects of human and economic development, sanitation will be one of the key drivers to ending extreme poverty by 2030, as it will be an important input to the World Bank's Human Capital Index. (worldbank.org)
- To achieve SDG 6 - water and sanitation for all by 2030 - will require a six-fold increase in current global rates of progress on drinking water, a five-fold increase for sanitation, and a three-fold increase for hygiene. (unwater.org)
- In a world where sanitation and health are so intricately linked, organizations need to focus on increasing investments in sanitation technology and innovation with an annual market value that could reach USD 6 billion globally by 2030. (livemint.com)
20162
- In 2016, a publication entitled "Taking policy action to improve small-scale water supply and sanitation systems" was published in English and Russian. (unece.org)
- RIO DE JANEIRO, Feb 26 2016 (IPS) - Three decades of dengue fever epidemic did not manage to awaken a sense of urgency in Brazil regarding the need for improving and expanding basic sanitation. (ipsnews.net)
Disinfection1
- NCHH developed a Safe Sanitation and Disinfection Guide external icon in English and Spanish for healthy housing officials and homeowners/building owners. (cdc.gov)
Increasingly1
- Now the spotlight of international attention is directed on Haiti and it is impossible to ignore the increasingly dire sanitation crisis. (counterpunch.org)
Infrastructure1
- Building upon the successful implementation of earlier interventions, the project will fund physical investments in water supply and sanitation infrastructure and non-physical investments to improve service regulation, governance, and user participation in selected municipalities, previously referred to as small towns. (adb.org)
Programmes2
- Another definition is in the DFID guidance manual on water supply and sanitation programmes from 1998: "For the purposes of this manual, the word 'sanitation' alone is taken to mean the safe management of human excreta. (wikipedia.org)
- Therefore, we are also working on establishing connections between local groups and organisations that work specifically with sanitation issues, and programmes. (lu.se)
Sector1
- A common goal to pioneer smart solutions to the water crisis brought them together, and their combined water and sanitation expertise and star-power have allowed Water.org to emerge as a leader in the water and sanitation sector. (water.org)
Crisis1
- Before there was no question of where our wastes were going, and now the halls of DINEPA (the government direction of portable water and sanitation) are flooded with representatives of all of the world's big organizations, everyone clamoring to get a handle on the sanitation crisis that has been unveiled by the earthquake. (counterpunch.org)
Households1
- In Tanzania, 400,000 rural households wealthy enough to have cement floors in their homes do not have improved sanitation. (nextbillion.net)
World's population1
- Although the notion of eating a fruit or vegetable grown in excreta is unappealing to some, for most of the world's population, a solution to both the sanitation and waste-disposal conundrums results from building a toilet that has composting ability. (cdc.gov)
Basic2
- This underscores the need for basic sanitation, including adequate drainage, garbage disposal, turning over all containers, no matter how small, so they can't collect standing water, and urban storm systems and rainwater catchment basins to reduce flooding. (ipsnews.net)
- What I am looking for currently is a simple, basic, login credentials sanitation script. (stackoverflow.com)
Globally1
- The World Bank Group (WBG) has been addressing water and sanitation issues globally with large-scale finance and technical assistance to countries across the world. (worldbank.org)
Investments2
- Accelerating the development of safe, non-sewered sanitation systems and technologies is our top priority within the water, sanitation, and hygiene continuum because it is where we believe we can catalyze the biggest change by making investments that other partners are unlikely to make. (gatesfoundation.org)
- As the sanitation economy is expected to grow significantly in the region, the ecosystem requires more support, participation, and investments from corporations. (livemint.com)
Stunted growth1
- For example, diarrhea, a main cause of malnutrition and stunted growth in children, can be reduced through adequate sanitation. (wikipedia.org)
Water Supply4
- The work in the area of integrated management of small water supply and sanitation systems aims to of assess problems and health-related risks linked to small water supply and sanitation systems, taking into account the social and economic aspects. (unece.org)
- It also aims at sharing information on the management of small and very small water supply and sanitation systems. (unece.org)
- The prominence of health in donor policy for water supply and sanitation: a review. (nih.gov)
- Activities in water supply and sanitation. (nih.gov)