Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with ROTAVIRUS.
A genus of REOVIRIDAE, causing acute gastroenteritis in BIRDS and MAMMALS, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. Seven species (Rotaviruses A thru G) are recognized.
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.
A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.
Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.
Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.
Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.
Two or more vaccines in a single dosage form.
Viruses containing two or more pieces of nucleic acid (segmented genome) from different parents. Such viruses are produced in cells coinfected with different strains of a given virus.
Schedule giving optimum times usually for primary and/or secondary immunization.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.
Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.
Removal of a drug from the market due to the identification of an intrinsic property of the drug that results in a serious risk to public health.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.
Organized services to administer immunization procedures in the prevention of various diseases. The programs are made available over a wide range of sites: schools, hospitals, public health agencies, voluntary health agencies, etc. They are administered to an equally wide range of population groups or on various administrative levels: community, municipal, state, national, international.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nicaragua" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. Nicaragua is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordering Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. It has both Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The term you might be looking for is "Nicotine," which is a highly addictive stimulant found in tobacco leaves and is used as an ingredient in various products, including cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, and some medications.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
An infant during the first month after birth.
The relationship between an elicited ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE and the dose of the vaccine administered.
Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.
Semisynthetic vaccines consisting of polysaccharide antigens from microorganisms attached to protein carrier molecules. The carrier protein is recognized by macrophages and T-cells thus enhancing immunity. Conjugate vaccines induce antibody formation in people not responsive to polysaccharide alone, induce higher levels of antibody, and show a booster response on repeated injection.
Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.
The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
Surveillance of drugs, devices, appliances, etc., for efficacy or adverse effects, after they have been released for general sale.
The geographic area of Latin America in general and when the specific country or countries are not indicated. It usually includes Central America, South America, Mexico, and the islands of the Caribbean.
A vaccine consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and whole-cell PERTUSSIS VACCINE. The vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough.
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources.
A live vaccine containing attenuated poliovirus, types I, II, and III, grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture, used for routine immunization of children against polio. This vaccine induces long-lasting intestinal and humoral immunity. Killed vaccine induces only humoral immunity. Oral poliovirus vaccine should not be administered to immunocompromised individuals or their household contacts. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).
Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause malaria in humans, or from P. berghei which causes malaria in rodents.
Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.
Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms without their virulence altered. Examples include smallpox (vaccinia) and adenovirus vaccines.
The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS. Human vaccines are intended to reduce the incidence of UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS, so they are sometimes considered a type of CANCER VACCINES. They are often composed of CAPSID PROTEINS, especially L1 protein, from various types of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS.
Any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen.
Animals not contaminated by or associated with any foreign organisms.
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uzbekistan" is a country located in Central Asia and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.
Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.
Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.
A live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had measles or been immunized with live measles vaccine and have no serum antibodies against measles. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mexico" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is the name of a country located in North America, known officially as the United Mexican States. If you have any questions related to medical topics or terminology, I would be happy to help answer those!
Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
A suspension of killed Bordetella pertussis organisms, used for immunization against pertussis (WHOOPING COUGH). It is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP). There is an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared from the purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis, which causes fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine and, like the whole-cell vaccine, is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Philadelphia, in a medical context, does not have a specific definition as it is a city and not a term used for diagnosis or clinical condition; however, it is known for being the location of several major hospitals and medical institutions, including the University of Pennsylvania Health System and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing antigenic polysaccharides from Haemophilus influenzae and designed to prevent infection. The vaccine can contain the polysaccharides alone or more frequently polysaccharides conjugated to carrier molecules. It is also seen as a combined vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.
An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.
A suspension of formalin-inactivated poliovirus grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture and used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Special hospitals which provide care for ill children.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent and treat RABIES. The inactivated virus vaccine is used for preexposure immunization to persons at high risk of exposure, and in conjunction with rabies immunoglobulin, for postexposure prophylaxis.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
Systems developed for collecting reports from government agencies, manufacturers, hospitals, physicians, and other sources on adverse drug reactions.
A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. Cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with VIBRIO CHOLERAE. The original cholera vaccine consisted of killed bacteria, but other kinds of vaccines now exist.
Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often PROTEINS, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants (PLANTS, TOXIC), or ANIMALS.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.
Vaccines used to prevent TYPHOID FEVER and/or PARATYPHOID FEVER which are caused by various species of SALMONELLA. Attenuated, subunit, and inactivated forms of the vaccines exist.
A live VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine of calf lymph or chick embryo origin, used for immunization against smallpox. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to smallpox virus. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Complications that result from smallpox vaccination include vaccinia, secondary bacterial infections, and encephalomyelitis. (Dorland, 28th ed)
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat TUBERCULOSIS.
A republic in southern Africa east of ZAMBIA and MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Lilongwe. It was formerly called Nyasaland.
Any dummy medication or treatment. Although placebos originally were medicinal preparations having no specific pharmacological activity against a targeted condition, the concept has been extended to include treatments or procedures, especially those administered to control groups in clinical trials in order to provide baseline measurements for the experimental protocol.
A live, attenuated varicella virus vaccine used for immunization against chickenpox. It is recommended for children between the ages of 12 months and 13 years.
Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.
The personal cost of acute or chronic disease. The cost to the patient may be an economic, social, or psychological cost or personal loss to self, family, or immediate community. The cost of illness may be reflected in absenteeism, productivity, response to treatment, peace of mind, or QUALITY OF LIFE. It differs from HEALTH CARE COSTS, meaning the societal cost of providing services related to the delivery of health care, rather than personal impact on individuals.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
Vaccines used to prevent infection by MUMPS VIRUS. Best known is the live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had mumps or been immunized with live mumps vaccine. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus (HEPATOVIRUS).
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)
A specialized agency of the United Nations designed as a coordinating authority on international health work; its aim is to promote the attainment of the highest possible level of health by all peoples.
Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.
A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.
Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a drug container or wrapper. It includes contents, indications, effects, dosages, routes, methods, frequency and duration of administration, warnings, hazards, contraindications, side effects, precautions, and other relevant information.
A combined vaccine used to prevent MEASLES; MUMPS; and RUBELLA.
Inbred BALB/c mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical to each other, making them useful for scientific research and experiments due to their consistent genetic background and predictable responses to various stimuli or treatments.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent ANTHRAX.
The largest of the continents. It was known to the Romans more specifically as what we know today as Asia Minor. The name comes from at least two possible sources: from the Assyrian asu (to rise) or from the Sanskrit usa (dawn), both with reference to its being the land of the rising sun, i.e., eastern as opposed to Europe, to the west. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p82 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p34)
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with DENGUE VIRUS. These include live-attenuated, subunit, DNA, and inactivated vaccines.
Vaccines using VIROSOMES as the antigen delivery system that stimulates the desired immune response.

Rotavirus vaccine for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among children. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). (1/345)

These recommendations represent the first statement by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on the use of an oral, live rotavirus vaccine licensed by the Food and Drug Administration on August 31, 1998, for use among infants. This report reviews the epidemiology of rotavirus, describes the licensed rotavirus vaccine, and makes recommendations regarding its use for the routine immunization of infants in the United States. These recommendations are based on estimates of the disease burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis among children in the United States and on the results of clinical trials of the vaccine. Rotavirus affects virtually all children during the first 5 years of life in both developed and developing countries, and rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. In the United States, rotavirus is a common cause of hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and outpatient clinic visits, and it is responsible for considerable health-care costs. Because of this large burden of disease, several rotavirus vaccines have been developed. One of these vaccines - an oral, live, tetravalent, rhesus-based rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) -- was found to be safe and efficacious in clinical trials among children in North America, South America, and Europe and on the basis of these studies is now licensed for use among infants in the United States. The vaccine is an oral, live preparation that should be administered to infants between the ages of 6 weeks and 1 year. The recommended schedule is a three-dose series, with doses to be administered at ages 2, 4, and 6 months. The first dose may be administered from the ages of 6 weeks to 6 months; subsequent doses should be administered with a minimum interval of 3 weeks between any two doses. The first dose should not be administered to children aged > or =7 months because of an increased rate of febrile reactions after the first dose among older infants. Second and third doses should be administered before the first birthday. Implementation of these recommendations in the United States should prevent most physician visits for rotavirus gastroenteritis and at least two-thirds of hospitalizations and deaths related to rotavirus.  (+info)

Intussusception among recipients of rotavirus vaccine--United States, 1998-1999. (2/345)

On August 31, 1998, a tetravalent rhesus-based rotavirus vaccine (RotaShield, Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., Marietta, Pennsylvania) (RRV-TV) was licensed in the United States for vaccination of infants. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Academy of Family Physicians have recommended routine use of RRV-TV for vaccination of healthy infants. During September 1, 1998-July 7, 1999, 15 cases of intussusception (a bowel obstruction in which one segment of bowel becomes enfolded within another segment) among infants who had received RRV-TV were reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). This report summarizes the clinical and epidemiologic features of these cases and preliminary data from ongoing studies of intussusception and rotavirus vaccine.  (+info)

Public health considerations for the introduction of new rotavirus vaccines for infants: a case study of tetravalent rhesus rotavirus-based reassortant vaccine.(3/345)

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Withdrawal of rotavirus vaccine recommendation. (4/345)

In July 1999, CDC recommended that health-care providers and parents postpone use of the rhesus rotavirus vaccine-tetravalent (RRV-TV) (RotaShield, Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., Marietta, Pennsylvania), for infants, at least until November 1999. This action was based on reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System of intussusception (a type of bowel obstruction that occurs when the bowel folds in on itself) among 15 infants who received rotavirus vaccine. Also at that time, the manufacturer, in consultation with the Food and Drug Administration, voluntarily ceased further distribution of the vaccine.  (+info)

Intussusception among infants given an oral rotavirus vaccine. (5/345)

BACKGROUND: Intussusception is a form of intestinal obstruction in which a segment of the bowel prolapses into a more distal segment. Our investigation began on May 27, 1999, after nine cases of infants who had intussusception after receiving the tetravalent rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) were reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. METHODS: In 19 states, we assessed the potential association between RRV-TV and intussusception among infants at least 1 but less than 12 months old. Infants hospitalized between November 1, 1998, and June 30, 1999, were identified by systematic reviews of medical and radiologic records. Each infant with intussusception was matched according to age with four healthy control infants who had been born at the same hospital as the infant with intussusception. Information on vaccinations was verified by the provider. RESULTS: Data were analyzed for 429 infants with intussusception and 1763 matched controls in a case-control analysis as well as for 432 infants with intussusception in a case-series analysis. Seventy-four of the 429 infants with intussusception (17.2 percent) and 226 of the 1763 controls (12.8 percent) had received RRV-TV (P=0.02). An increased risk of intussusception 3 to 14 days after the first dose of RRV-TV was found in the case-control analysis (adjusted odds ratio, 21.7; 95 percent confidence interval, 9.6 to 48.9). In the case-series analysis, the incidence-rate ratio was 29.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 16.1 to 53.6) for days 3 through 14 after a first dose. There was also an increase in the risk of intussusception after the second dose of the vaccine, but it was smaller than the increase in risk after the first dose. Assuming full implementation of a national program of vaccination with RRV-TV, we estimated that 1 case of intussusception attributable to the vaccine would occur for every 4670 to 9474 infants vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS: The strong association between vaccination with RRV-TV and intussusception among otherwise healthy infants supports the existence of a causal relation. Rotavirus vaccines with an improved safety profile are urgently needed.  (+info)

Combination vaccines: defining and addressing current safety concerns. (6/345)

Combination vaccines have been in use for >50 years. Historical problems with vaccines, including intussusception after rotavirus vaccine, carrier suppression with tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines, and decreased immunogenicity of some Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines when mixed with acellular pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus, have contributed to some misperceptions about current vaccines. There is no evidence that adding additional vaccines through combination products increases the burden on the immune system, which has the capability of responding to many millions of antigens. Combining antigens usually does not increase adverse effects-in fact, it can lead to an overall reduction in adverse events. Combination products simplify immunization and allow for the introduction of new vaccines without requiring the vaccinee to make additional visits to his or her health care provider. Licensed combination vaccines undergo extensive testing before approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration to assure that the new products are safe and effective.  (+info)

Perspectives on the design and analysis of prelicensure trials: bridging the gap to postlicensure studies. (7/345)

Recently, there has been growing concern regarding vaccine safety. Vaccines have led to the eradication of many serious diseases. Accordingly, there is less familiarity with the consequences of diseases and increasing concern with potential rare adverse events. The availability of clinical information systems within health maintenance organizations makes assessment of safety in larger cohorts, with power to assess rare adverse events, possible. However, no trial, no matter how large, can rule out all possible adverse events. There will always be the possibility that a rarer adverse event-just beyond the power of detection of a given trial-may occur. It is proposed that prelicensure trials in 10,000-40,000 children are now feasible. However, it will be necessary to develop an analytic continuum in which prelicensure studies are followed up with postmarketing assessments. Accordingly, the rapid identification of intussusception as a complication of rotavirus vaccination should not be seen as a failure of prelicensure studies but rather as a positive example of an effective integrated safety assessment program.  (+info)

Enhancing vaccine safety surveillance: a capture-recapture analysis of intussusception after rotavirus vaccination. (8/345)

The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is the passive reporting system for postmarketing surveillance of vaccine safety in the United States. The proportion of cases of an adverse event after vaccination that are reported to VAERS (i.e., VAERS reporting completeness) is mostly unknown. Therefore, the risk of such an event cannot be derived from VAERS only. To study whether its reporting sensitivity and risks could be estimated, VAERS was linked to data from a case-control and a retrospective cohort study in a capture-recapture analysis of intussusception after rotavirus vaccination (RV). Cases of intussusception after RV were selected from the common time frame (December 1998 through June 1999) and the common geographic area (19 states) of the three sources. Matching occurred on birth date, gender, state, date of vaccination, and date of diagnosis. Thirty-five matches were identified among a total of 84 cases. The estimated VAERS reporting completeness was 47%. The relative risks of intussusception in the periods 3-7 and 8-14 days after RV (relative risk = 22.7 and 4.4, respectively) were comparable with those reported in the two studies. Linkage of VAERS to complimentary data sources may permit more timely postmarketing assessment of vaccine safety.  (+info)

Rotavirus vaccines are preventive measures used to protect against rotavirus infections, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhea and dehydration among infants and young children worldwide. These vaccines contain weakened or inactivated forms of the rotavirus, a pathogen that infects and causes symptoms by multiplying inside cells lining the small intestine.

The weakened or inactivated virus in the vaccine stimulates an immune response in the body, enabling it to recognize and fight off future rotavirus infections more effectively. The vaccines are usually administered orally, as a liquid droplet or on a sugar cube, to mimic natural infection through the gastrointestinal tract.

There are currently two licensed rotavirus vaccines available globally:

1. Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline): This vaccine contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of human rotavirus and is given in a two-dose series, typically at 2 and 4 months of age.
2. RotaTeq (Merck): This vaccine contains five reassortant viruses, combining human and animal strains to provide broader protection. It is administered in a three-dose series, usually at 2, 4, and 6 months of age.

Rotavirus vaccines have been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis and related hospitalizations among infants and young children. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination in national immunization programs, particularly in countries with high child mortality rates due to diarrheal diseases.

Rotavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA virus in the Reoviridae family, which is a leading cause of severe diarrhea and gastroenteritis in young children and infants worldwide. The virus infects and damages the cells lining the small intestine, resulting in symptoms such as vomiting, watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever.

Rotavirus is highly contagious and can be spread through contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces, food, or water. The virus is typically transmitted via the fecal-oral route, meaning that it enters the body through the mouth after coming into contact with contaminated hands, objects, or food.

Rotavirus infections are often self-limiting and resolve within a few days to a week, but severe cases can lead to dehydration, hospitalization, and even death, particularly in developing countries where access to medical care and rehydration therapy may be limited. Fortunately, there are effective vaccines available that can prevent rotavirus infection and reduce the severity of symptoms in those who do become infected.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children under 5 years of age. It is responsible for around 215,000 deaths among children in this age group each year.

Rotavirus infection causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines, resulting in symptoms such as vomiting, watery diarrhea, and fever. The virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated hands, food, or water. It can also be spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Rotavirus infections are highly contagious and can spread rapidly in communities, particularly in settings where children are in close contact with each other, such as child care centers and schools. The infection is usually self-limiting and resolves within a few days, but severe cases can lead to dehydration and require hospitalization.

Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as handwashing with soap and water, safe disposal of feces, and rotavirus vaccination. The WHO recommends the inclusion of rotavirus vaccines in national immunization programs to reduce the burden of severe diarrhea caused by rotavirus infection.

Gastroenteritis is not a medical condition itself, but rather a symptom-based description of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, primarily involving the stomach and intestines. It's often referred to as "stomach flu," although it's not caused by influenza virus.

Medically, gastroenteritis is defined as an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, usually resulting in symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. This condition can be caused by various factors, including viral (like rotavirus or norovirus), bacterial (such as Salmonella, Shigella, or Escherichia coli), or parasitic infections, food poisoning, allergies, or the use of certain medications.

Gastroenteritis is generally self-limiting and resolves within a few days with proper hydration and rest. However, severe cases may require medical attention to prevent complications like dehydration, which can be particularly dangerous for young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Intussusception is a medical condition in which a part of the intestine telescopes into an adjacent section, leading to bowel obstruction and reduced blood flow. It often affects children under 3 years old but can also occur in adults. If not treated promptly, it can result in serious complications such as perforation, peritonitis, or even death. The exact cause is usually unknown, but it may be associated with infections, intestinal disorders, or tumors.

Attenuated vaccines consist of live microorganisms that have been weakened (attenuated) through various laboratory processes so they do not cause disease in the majority of recipients but still stimulate an immune response. The purpose of attenuation is to reduce the virulence or replication capacity of the pathogen while keeping it alive, allowing it to retain its antigenic properties and induce a strong and protective immune response.

Examples of attenuated vaccines include:

1. Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV): This vaccine uses live but weakened polioviruses to protect against all three strains of the disease-causing poliovirus. The weakened viruses replicate in the intestine and induce an immune response, which provides both humoral (antibody) and cell-mediated immunity.
2. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine: This combination vaccine contains live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. It is given to protect against these three diseases and prevent their spread in the population.
3. Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine: This vaccine uses a weakened form of the varicella-zoster virus, which causes chickenpox. By introducing this attenuated virus into the body, it stimulates an immune response that protects against future infection with the wild-type virus.
4. Yellow fever vaccine: This live attenuated vaccine is used to prevent yellow fever, a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. The vaccine contains a weakened form of the yellow fever virus that cannot cause the disease but still induces an immune response.
5. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: This live attenuated vaccine is used to protect against tuberculosis (TB). It contains a weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, which does not cause TB in humans but stimulates an immune response that provides some protection against the disease.

Attenuated vaccines are generally effective at inducing long-lasting immunity and can provide robust protection against targeted diseases. However, they may pose a risk for individuals with weakened immune systems, as the attenuated viruses or bacteria could potentially cause illness in these individuals. Therefore, it is essential to consider an individual's health status before administering live attenuated vaccines.

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. It typically contains an agent that resembles the disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it encounters in the future.

Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight disease that is already present). The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccinations are generally administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.

The term "vaccine" comes from Edward Jenner's 1796 use of cowpox to create immunity to smallpox. The first successful vaccine was developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner, who showed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox. He reasoned that exposure to cowpox protected against smallpox and tested his theory by injecting a boy with pus from a cowpox sore and then exposing him to smallpox, which the boy did not contract. The word "vaccine" is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 during a conversation with a fellow physician and later in the title of his 1801 Inquiry.

A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.

Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.

It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.

Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build protection to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.

A vaccination usually contains a small, harmless piece of a virus or bacteria (or toxins produced by these germs) that has been made inactive or weakened so it won't cause the disease itself. This piece of the germ is known as an antigen. When the vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and produces antibodies to fight it.

If a person then comes into contact with the actual disease-causing germ, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce antibodies to destroy it. The person is therefore protected against that disease. This is known as active immunity.

Vaccinations are important for both individual and public health. They prevent the spread of contagious diseases and protect vulnerable members of the population, such as young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated or for whom vaccination is not effective.

Diarrhea is a condition in which an individual experiences loose, watery stools frequently, often exceeding three times a day. It can be acute, lasting for several days, or chronic, persisting for weeks or even months. Diarrhea can result from various factors, including viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, food intolerances, medications, and underlying medical conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. Dehydration is a potential complication of diarrhea, particularly in severe cases or in vulnerable populations like young children and the elderly.

Inactivated vaccines, also known as killed or non-live vaccines, are created by using a version of the virus or bacteria that has been grown in a laboratory and then killed or inactivated with chemicals, heat, or radiation. This process renders the organism unable to cause disease, but still capable of stimulating an immune response when introduced into the body.

Inactivated vaccines are generally considered safer than live attenuated vaccines since they cannot revert back to a virulent form and cause illness. However, they may require multiple doses or booster shots to maintain immunity because the immune response generated by inactivated vaccines is not as robust as that produced by live vaccines. Examples of inactivated vaccines include those for hepatitis A, rabies, and influenza (inactivated flu vaccine).

Infantile diarrhea is a medical condition characterized by loose, watery stools in infants and young children. It can be caused by various factors such as viral or bacterial infections, food intolerances, allergies, or malabsorption disorders. In some cases, it may also be associated with certain medications or underlying medical conditions.

Infantile diarrhea can lead to dehydration and other complications if not treated promptly and properly. It is important to monitor the infant's hydration status by checking for signs of dehydration such as dry mouth, sunken eyes, and decreased urine output. If diarrhea persists or is accompanied by vomiting, fever, or other concerning symptoms, it is recommended to seek medical attention promptly.

Treatment for infantile diarrhea typically involves rehydration with oral electrolyte solutions, as well as addressing the underlying cause of the diarrhea if possible. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Combined vaccines are defined in medical terms as vaccines that contain two or more antigens from different diseases, which are given to provide protection against multiple diseases at the same time. This approach reduces the number of injections required and simplifies the immunization schedule, especially during early childhood. Examples of combined vaccines include:

1. DTaP-Hib-IPV (e.g., Pentacel): A vaccine that combines diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, and poliovirus components in one injection to protect against these five diseases.
2. MMRV (e.g., ProQuad): A vaccine that combines measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) antigens in a single injection to provide immunity against all four diseases.
3. HepA-HepB (e.g., Twinrix): A vaccine that combines hepatitis A and hepatitis B antigens in one injection, providing protection against both types of hepatitis.
4. MenACWY-TT (e.g., MenQuadfi): A vaccine that combines four serogroups of meningococcal bacteria (A, C, W, Y) with tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein in one injection for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by these serogroups.
5. PCV13-PPSV23 (e.g., Vaxneuvance): A vaccine that combines 13 pneumococcal serotypes with PPSV23, providing protection against a broader range of pneumococcal diseases in adults aged 18 years and older.

Combined vaccines have been thoroughly tested for safety and efficacy to ensure they provide a strong immune response and an acceptable safety profile. They are essential tools in preventing various infectious diseases and improving overall public health.

Reassortant viruses are formed when two or more different strains of a virus infect the same cell and exchange genetic material, creating a new strain. This phenomenon is most commonly observed in segmented RNA viruses, such as influenza A and B viruses, where each strain may have a different combination of gene segments. When these reassortant viruses emerge, they can sometimes have altered properties, such as increased transmissibility or virulence, which can pose significant public health concerns. For example, pandemic influenza viruses often arise through the process of reassortment between human and animal strains.

An immunization schedule is a series of planned dates when a person, usually a child, should receive specific vaccines in order to be fully protected against certain preventable diseases. The schedule is developed based on scientific research and recommendations from health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

The immunization schedule outlines which vaccines are recommended, the number of doses required, the age at which each dose should be given, and the minimum amount of time that must pass between doses. The schedule may vary depending on factors such as the individual's age, health status, and travel plans.

Immunization schedules are important for ensuring that individuals receive timely protection against vaccine-preventable diseases, and for maintaining high levels of immunity in populations, which helps to prevent the spread of disease. It is important to follow the recommended immunization schedule as closely as possible to ensure optimal protection.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

Capsid proteins are the structural proteins that make up the capsid, which is the protective shell of a virus. The capsid encloses the viral genome and helps to protect it from degradation and detection by the host's immune system. Capsid proteins are typically arranged in a symmetrical pattern and can self-assemble into the capsid structure when exposed to the viral genome.

The specific arrangement and composition of capsid proteins vary between different types of viruses, and they play important roles in the virus's life cycle, including recognition and binding to host cells, entry into the cell, and release of the viral genome into the host cytoplasm. Capsid proteins can also serve as targets for antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

Synthetic vaccines are artificially produced, designed to stimulate an immune response and provide protection against specific diseases. Unlike traditional vaccines that are derived from weakened or killed pathogens, synthetic vaccines are created using synthetic components, such as synthesized viral proteins, DNA, or RNA. These components mimic the disease-causing agent and trigger an immune response without causing the actual disease. The use of synthetic vaccines offers advantages in terms of safety, consistency, and scalability in production, making them valuable tools for preventing infectious diseases.

I could not find a specific medical definition for "Vaccines, DNA." However, I can provide you with some information about DNA vaccines.

DNA vaccines are a type of vaccine that uses genetically engineered DNA to stimulate an immune response in the body. They work by introducing a small piece of DNA into the body that contains the genetic code for a specific antigen (a substance that triggers an immune response). The cells of the body then use this DNA to produce the antigen, which prompts the immune system to recognize and attack it.

DNA vaccines have several advantages over traditional vaccines. They are relatively easy to produce, can be stored at room temperature, and can be designed to protect against a wide range of diseases. Additionally, because they use DNA to stimulate an immune response, DNA vaccines do not require the growth and culture of viruses or bacteria, which can make them safer than traditional vaccines.

DNA vaccines are still in the experimental stages, and more research is needed to determine their safety and effectiveness. However, they have shown promise in animal studies and are being investigated as a potential tool for preventing a variety of infectious diseases, including influenza, HIV, and cancer.

Safety-based drug withdrawals refer to the removal of a medication from the market due to concerns about its safety profile. This action is typically taken by regulatory authorities, such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), when new information emerges that suggests a drug may pose an unacceptable risk of harm to patients, even if the benefit-risk balance was previously considered favorable.

Safety-based drug withdrawals can occur for various reasons, including the identification of new adverse effects, interactions with other medications or medical conditions, or an increased understanding of the drug's pharmacology or toxicology. In some cases, safety-based drug withdrawals may be temporary, allowing the manufacturer to conduct further studies and address the safety concerns. However, in other instances, the withdrawal may be permanent, leading to the discontinuation of the drug's production and distribution.

It is important to note that safety-based drug withdrawals are rare and typically represent a small fraction of the drugs approved for use. Nevertheless, they serve as an essential mechanism for protecting public health and ensuring that medications on the market are safe and effective for their intended use.

Bacterial vaccines are types of vaccines that are created using bacteria or parts of bacteria as the immunogen, which is the substance that triggers an immune response in the body. The purpose of a bacterial vaccine is to stimulate the immune system to develop protection against specific bacterial infections.

There are several types of bacterial vaccines, including:

1. Inactivated or killed whole-cell vaccines: These vaccines contain entire bacteria that have been killed or inactivated through various methods, such as heat or chemicals. The bacteria can no longer cause disease, but they still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response.
2. Subunit, protein, or polysaccharide vaccines: These vaccines use specific components of the bacterium, such as proteins or polysaccharides, that are known to trigger an immune response. By using only these components, the vaccine can avoid using the entire bacterium, which may reduce the risk of adverse reactions.
3. Live attenuated vaccines: These vaccines contain live bacteria that have been weakened or attenuated so that they cannot cause disease but still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine can provide long-lasting immunity, but it may not be suitable for people with weakened immune systems.

Bacterial vaccines are essential tools in preventing and controlling bacterial infections, reducing the burden of diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. They work by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of the bacteria or its components, which triggers the production of antibodies and memory cells that can recognize and fight off future infections with that same bacterium.

It's important to note that while vaccines are generally safe and effective, they may cause mild side effects such as pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site, fever, or fatigue. Serious side effects are rare but can occur, so it's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving any vaccine.

Immunization programs, also known as vaccination programs, are organized efforts to administer vaccines to populations or communities in order to protect individuals from vaccine-preventable diseases. These programs are typically implemented by public health agencies and involve the planning, coordination, and delivery of immunizations to ensure that a high percentage of people are protected against specific infectious diseases.

Immunization programs may target specific age groups, such as infants and young children, or populations at higher risk of certain diseases, such as travelers, healthcare workers, or individuals with weakened immune systems. The goals of immunization programs include controlling and eliminating vaccine-preventable diseases, reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases, and protecting vulnerable populations from outbreaks and epidemics.

Immunization programs may be delivered through a variety of settings, including healthcare facilities, schools, community centers, and mobile clinics. They often involve partnerships between government agencies, healthcare providers, non-governmental organizations, and communities to ensure that vaccines are accessible, affordable, and acceptable to the populations they serve. Effective immunization programs require strong leadership, adequate funding, robust data systems, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation to assess their impact and identify areas for improvement.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nicaragua" is not a medical term. It is the largest country in the Central American Isthmus, bordering Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. It has coastlines on both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean.

If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

An AIDS vaccine is a type of preventive vaccine that aims to stimulate the immune system to produce an effective response against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The goal of an AIDS vaccine is to induce the production of immune cells and proteins that can recognize and eliminate HIV-infected cells, thereby preventing the establishment of a persistent infection.

Despite decades of research, there is still no licensed AIDS vaccine available. This is due in part to the unique challenges posed by HIV, which has a high mutation rate and can rapidly evolve to evade the immune system's defenses. However, several promising vaccine candidates are currently being tested in clinical trials around the world, and researchers continue to explore new approaches and strategies for developing an effective AIDS vaccine.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.

Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.

Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.

It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Vaccine potency is a measure of the ability of a vaccine to induce an immune response in the recipient, typically measured by its ability to stimulate the production of antibodies or activate immune cells. It is usually expressed as the amount of antigen contained in the vaccine or the dose required to produce a specific level of immunity in a certain percentage of vaccinated individuals.

Potency testing is an important part of vaccine manufacturing and quality control, as it helps ensure that each batch of vaccine contains sufficient levels of active ingredients to provide protection against the targeted disease. Vaccine potency may be affected by various factors, including the age and health status of the recipient, the route of administration, and the storage and handling conditions of the vaccine.

A subunit vaccine is a type of vaccine that contains a specific piece or component of the microorganism (such as a protein, sugar, or part of the bacterial outer membrane), instead of containing the entire organism. This piece of the microorganism is known as an antigen, and it stimulates an immune response in the body, allowing the development of immunity against the targeted infection without introducing the risk of disease associated with live vaccines.

Subunit vaccines offer several advantages over other types of vaccines. They are generally safer because they do not contain live or weakened microorganisms, making them suitable for individuals with weakened immune systems or specific medical conditions that prevent them from receiving live vaccines. Additionally, subunit vaccines can be designed to focus on the most immunogenic components of a pathogen, potentially leading to stronger and more targeted immune responses.

Examples of subunit vaccines include the Hepatitis B vaccine, which contains a viral protein, and the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, which uses pieces of the bacterial polysaccharide capsule. These vaccines have been crucial in preventing serious infectious diseases and reducing associated complications worldwide.

Conjugate vaccines are a type of vaccine that combines a part of a bacterium with a protein or other substance to boost the body's immune response to the bacteria. The bacterial component is usually a polysaccharide, which is a long chain of sugars that makes up part of the bacterial cell wall.

By itself, a polysaccharide is not very immunogenic, meaning it does not stimulate a strong immune response. However, when it is conjugated or linked to a protein or other carrier molecule, it becomes much more immunogenic and can elicit a stronger and longer-lasting immune response.

Conjugate vaccines are particularly effective in protecting against bacterial infections that affect young children, such as Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcal disease. These vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of these diseases and their associated complications, such as meningitis and pneumonia.

Overall, conjugate vaccines work by mimicking a natural infection and stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against future infections with the same bacterium. By combining a weakly immunogenic polysaccharide with a protein carrier, these vaccines can elicit a stronger and more effective immune response, providing long-lasting protection against bacterial infections.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of the human body. It is primarily found in external secretions, such as saliva, tears, breast milk, and sweat, as well as in mucous membranes lining the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. IgA exists in two forms: a monomeric form found in serum and a polymeric form found in secretions.

The primary function of IgA is to provide immune protection at mucosal surfaces, which are exposed to various environmental antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and allergens. By doing so, it helps prevent the entry and colonization of pathogens into the body, reducing the risk of infections and inflammation.

IgA functions by binding to antigens present on the surface of pathogens or allergens, forming immune complexes that can neutralize their activity. These complexes are then transported across the epithelial cells lining mucosal surfaces and released into the lumen, where they prevent the adherence and invasion of pathogens.

In summary, Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a vital antibody that provides immune defense at mucosal surfaces by neutralizing and preventing the entry of harmful antigens into the body.

Hospitalization is the process of admitting a patient to a hospital for the purpose of receiving medical treatment, surgery, or other health care services. It involves staying in the hospital as an inpatient, typically under the care of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals. The length of stay can vary depending on the individual's medical condition and the type of treatment required. Hospitalization may be necessary for a variety of reasons, such as to receive intensive care, to undergo diagnostic tests or procedures, to recover from surgery, or to manage chronic illnesses or injuries.

Product surveillance, postmarketing refers to the ongoing monitoring and evaluation of a pharmaceutical or medical device product after it has been approved and released on the market. This process is used to detect any safety issues, adverse effects, or product performance concerns that may not have been identified during clinical trials. The data collected from postmarketing surveillance helps regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to make informed decisions about the continued use, modification, or withdrawal of a product from the market. Postmarketing surveillance is an essential component of post-market risk management and helps ensure the safety and efficacy of medical products throughout their lifecycle.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Latin America" is not a medical term. It is a geographical and cultural region that includes parts of North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean where Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, and French) are predominantly spoken. The term does not have a specific medical relevance or definition.

The Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis (DTaP) vaccine is a combination immunization that protects against three bacterial diseases: diphtheria, tetanus (lockjaw), and pertussis (whooping cough).

Diphtheria is an upper respiratory infection that can lead to breathing difficulties, heart failure, paralysis, or even death. Tetanus is a bacterial infection that affects the nervous system and causes muscle stiffness and spasms, leading to "lockjaw." Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory infection characterized by severe coughing fits, which can make it difficult to breathe and may lead to pneumonia, seizures, or brain damage.

The DTaP vaccine contains inactivated toxins (toxoids) from the bacteria that cause these diseases. It is typically given as a series of five shots, with doses administered at 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 15-18 months, and 4-6 years of age. The vaccine helps the immune system develop protection against the diseases without causing the actual illness.

It is important to note that there are other combination vaccines available that protect against these same diseases, such as DT (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids) and Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis), which contain higher doses of the diphtheria and pertussis components. These vaccines are recommended for different age groups and may be used as booster shots to maintain immunity throughout adulthood.

Oral administration is a route of giving medications or other substances by mouth. This can be in the form of tablets, capsules, liquids, pastes, or other forms that can be swallowed. Once ingested, the substance is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and enters the bloodstream to reach its intended target site in the body. Oral administration is a common and convenient route of medication delivery, but it may not be appropriate for all substances or in certain situations, such as when rapid onset of action is required or when the patient has difficulty swallowing.

Developed countries, also known as high-income countries or industrialized nations, are sovereign states that have advanced economies and highly developed infrastructure. These countries typically have high levels of industrialization, urbanization, and technological development, along with a high standard of living and access to quality healthcare, education, and social services.

The World Bank defines developed countries as those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of $12,695 or more in 2020. Examples of developed countries include the United States, Canada, Germany, France, Japan, Australia, and many others in Western Europe and Asia.

It's important to note that the term "developed" is relative and can change over time as a country's economy and infrastructure advance or decline. Additionally, there are significant disparities within developed countries, with some regions or populations experiencing poverty, inequality, and lack of access to basic needs and services.

Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral (OPV) is a vaccine used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). It contains live attenuated (weakened) polioviruses, which stimulate an immune response in the body and provide protection against all three types of wild, infectious polioviruses. OPV is given by mouth, usually in drops, and it replicates in the gastrointestinal tract, where it induces a strong immune response. This response not only protects the individual who receives the vaccine but also helps to stop the spread of poliovirus in the community, providing indirect protection (herd immunity) to those who are not vaccinated. OPV is safe, effective, and easy to administer, making it an important tool for global polio eradication efforts. However, due to the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP), inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is recommended for routine immunization in some countries.

Virus shedding refers to the release of virus particles by an infected individual, who can then transmit the virus to others through various means such as respiratory droplets, fecal matter, or bodily fluids. This occurs when the virus replicates inside the host's cells and is released into the surrounding environment, where it can infect other individuals. The duration of virus shedding varies depending on the specific virus and the individual's immune response. It's important to note that some individuals may shed viruses even before they show symptoms, making infection control measures such as hand hygiene, mask-wearing, and social distancing crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

Malaria vaccines are biological preparations that induce immunity against malaria parasites, thereby preventing or reducing the severity of malaria disease. They typically contain antigens (proteins or other molecules derived from the parasite) that stimulate an immune response in the recipient, enabling their body to recognize and neutralize the pathogen upon exposure.

The most advanced malaria vaccine candidate is RTS,S/AS01 (Mosquirix), which targets the Plasmodium falciparum parasite's circumsporozoite protein (CSP). This vaccine has shown partial protection in clinical trials, reducing the risk of severe malaria and hospitalization in young children by about 30% over four years. However, it does not provide complete immunity, and additional research is ongoing to develop more effective vaccines against malaria.

Serotyping is a laboratory technique used to classify microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, based on the specific antigens or proteins present on their surface. It involves treating the microorganism with different types of antibodies and observing which ones bind to its surface. Each distinct set of antigens corresponds to a specific serotype, allowing for precise identification and characterization of the microorganism. This technique is particularly useful in epidemiology, vaccine development, and infection control.

"Live unattenuated vaccines" are a type of vaccine that contains live, weakened (not dead) microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. The weakened microorganisms in the vaccine are still alive, but they have been altered to reduce or eliminate their ability to cause disease. They are also called "live attenuated vaccines."

The purpose of using live, weakened microorganisms in a vaccine is to stimulate a strong and long-lasting immune response in the body. When the weakened microorganisms are introduced into the body through vaccination, they are able to multiply and cause an infection that is mild enough for the immune system to fight off without causing the disease. This process helps the immune system to recognize and remember the microorganism, so that it can mount a rapid and effective response if it encounters the same microorganism again in the future.

Examples of live unattenuated vaccines include the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, the chickenpox (varicella) vaccine, and the oral poliovirus vaccine. These vaccines are highly effective at preventing the diseases they target, but they may not be suitable for people with weakened immune systems or certain other health conditions. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving any type of vaccine to ensure that it is safe and appropriate.

Neutralization tests are a type of laboratory assay used in microbiology and immunology to measure the ability of a substance, such as an antibody or antitoxin, to neutralize the activity of a toxin or infectious agent. In these tests, the substance to be tested is mixed with a known quantity of the toxin or infectious agent, and the mixture is then incubated under controlled conditions. After incubation, the mixture is tested for residual toxicity or infectivity using a variety of methods, such as cell culture assays, animal models, or biochemical assays.

The neutralization titer is then calculated based on the highest dilution of the test substance that completely neutralizes the toxin or infectious agent. Neutralization tests are commonly used in the diagnosis and evaluation of immune responses to vaccines, as well as in the detection and quantification of toxins and other harmful substances.

Examples of neutralization tests include the serum neutralization test for measles antibodies, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for dengue virus antibodies, and the cytotoxicity neutralization assay for botulinum neurotoxins.

Papillomavirus vaccines are vaccines that have been developed to prevent infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV). HPV is a DNA virus that is capable of infecting the skin and mucous membranes. Certain types of HPV are known to cause cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer such as anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers. Other types of HPV can cause genital warts.

There are currently two papillomavirus vaccines that have been approved for use in the United States: Gardasil and Cervarix. Both vaccines protect against the two most common cancer-causing types of HPV (types 16 and 18), which together cause about 70% of cervical cancers. Gardasil also protects against the two most common types of HPV that cause genital warts (types 6 and 11).

Papillomavirus vaccines are given as a series of three shots over a period of six months. They are most effective when given to people before they become sexually active, as this reduces the risk of exposure to HPV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all boys and girls get vaccinated against HPV at age 11 or 12, but the vaccine can be given to people as young as age 9 and as old as age 26.

It is important to note that papillomavirus vaccines do not protect against all types of HPV, and they do not treat existing HPV infections or cervical cancer. They are intended to prevent new HPV infections and the cancers and other diseases that can be caused by HPV.

Secondary immunization, also known as "anamnestic response" or "booster," refers to the enhanced immune response that occurs upon re-exposure to an antigen, having previously been immunized or infected with the same pathogen. This response is characterized by a more rapid and robust production of antibodies and memory cells compared to the primary immune response. The secondary immunization aims to maintain long-term immunity against infectious diseases and improve vaccine effectiveness. It usually involves administering additional doses of a vaccine or booster shots after the initial series of immunizations, which helps reinforce the immune system's ability to recognize and combat specific pathogens.

A germ-free life refers to an existence in which an individual is not exposed to or colonized by any harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. This condition is also known as "sterile" or "aseptic." In a medical context, achieving a germ-free state is often the goal in certain controlled environments, such as operating rooms, laboratories, and intensive care units, where the risk of infection must be minimized. However, it is not possible to maintain a completely germ-free life outside of these settings, as microorganisms are ubiquitous in the environment and are an essential part of the human microbiome. Instead, maintaining good hygiene practices and a healthy immune system is crucial for preventing illness and promoting overall health.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seasons" is not a term that has a medical definition. Seasons refer to the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn or fall, and winter) based on the position of the earth in its orbit around the sun. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

Meningococcal vaccines are vaccines that protect against Neisseria meningitidis, a type of bacteria that can cause serious infections such as meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) and septicemia (bloodstream infection). There are several types of meningococcal vaccines available, including conjugate vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines. These vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against the different serogroups of N. meningitidis, including A, B, C, Y, and W-135. The specific type of vaccine used and the number of doses required may depend on a person's age, health status, and other factors. Meningococcal vaccines are recommended for certain high-risk populations, such as infants, young children, adolescents, and people with certain medical conditions, as well as for travelers to areas where meningococcal disease is common.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uzbekistan" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Asia. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

The term "developing countries" is a socio-economic classification used to describe nations that are in the process of industrialization and modernization. This term is often used interchangeably with "low and middle-income countries" or "Global South." The World Bank defines developing countries as those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of less than US $12,695.

In the context of healthcare, developing countries face unique challenges including limited access to quality medical care, lack of resources and infrastructure, high burden of infectious diseases, and a shortage of trained healthcare professionals. These factors contribute to significant disparities in health outcomes between developing and developed nations.

Immunization is defined medically as the process where an individual is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically through the administration of a vaccine. The vaccine stimulates the body's own immune system to recognize and fight off the specific disease-causing organism, thereby preventing or reducing the severity of future infections with that organism.

Immunization can be achieved actively, where the person is given a vaccine to trigger an immune response, or passively, where antibodies are transferred to the person through immunoglobulin therapy. Immunizations are an important part of preventive healthcare and have been successful in controlling and eliminating many infectious diseases worldwide.

"Hepatitis B vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. They work by introducing a small and harmless piece of the virus to your body, which triggers your immune system to produce antibodies to fight off the infection. These antibodies remain in your body and provide protection if you are exposed to the real hepatitis B virus in the future.

The hepatitis B vaccine is typically given as a series of three shots over a six-month period. It is recommended for all infants, children and adolescents who have not previously been vaccinated, as well as for adults who are at increased risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, people who inject drugs, and those with certain medical conditions.

It's important to note that hepatitis B vaccine does not provide protection against other types of viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis A or C."

A measles vaccine is a biological preparation that induces immunity against the measles virus. It contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of the measles virus, which stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that protect against future infection with the wild-type (disease-causing) virus. Measles vaccines are typically administered in combination with vaccines against mumps and rubella (German measles), forming the MMR vaccine.

The measles vaccine is highly effective, with one or two doses providing immunity in over 95% of people who receive it. It is usually given to children as part of routine childhood immunization programs, with the first dose administered at 12-15 months of age and the second dose at 4-6 years of age.

Measles vaccination has led to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of measles worldwide and is considered one of the greatest public health achievements of the past century. However, despite widespread availability of the vaccine, measles remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in some parts of the world, particularly in areas with low vaccination coverage or where access to healthcare is limited.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mexico" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in North America. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Clinical trials are research studies that involve human participants and are designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new medical treatments, drugs, devices, or behavioral interventions. The purpose of clinical trials is to determine whether a new intervention is safe, effective, and beneficial for patients, as well as to compare it with currently available treatments. Clinical trials follow a series of phases, each with specific goals and criteria, before a new intervention can be approved by regulatory authorities for widespread use.

Clinical trials are conducted according to a protocol, which is a detailed plan that outlines the study's objectives, design, methodology, statistical analysis, and ethical considerations. The protocol is developed and reviewed by a team of medical experts, statisticians, and ethicists, and it must be approved by an institutional review board (IRB) before the trial can begin.

Participation in clinical trials is voluntary, and participants must provide informed consent before enrolling in the study. Informed consent involves providing potential participants with detailed information about the study's purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and alternatives, as well as their rights as research subjects. Participants can withdraw from the study at any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which they are entitled.

Clinical trials are essential for advancing medical knowledge and improving patient care. They help researchers identify new treatments, diagnostic tools, and prevention strategies that can benefit patients and improve public health. However, clinical trials also pose potential risks to participants, including adverse effects from experimental interventions, time commitment, and inconvenience. Therefore, it is important for researchers to carefully design and conduct clinical trials to minimize risks and ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks.

Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.

It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.

Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.

A Pertussis vaccine is a type of immunization used to protect against pertussis, also known as whooping cough. It contains components that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the bacteria that cause pertussis, Bordetella pertussis. There are two main types of pertussis vaccines: whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines. wP vaccines contain killed whole cells of B. pertussis, while aP vaccines contain specific components of the bacteria, such as pertussis toxin and other antigens. Pertussis vaccines are often combined with diphtheria and tetanus to form combination vaccines, such as DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis) and TdaP (tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis). These vaccines are typically given to young children as part of their routine immunization schedule.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Philadelphia" is not a medical term. It is a place name, specifically referring to a large city in the state of Pennsylvania, USA. However, it could be used in a medical context if someone were discussing a treatment or procedure that was first developed or primarily practiced in Philadelphia.

If you're looking for a medical term, I'd be happy to help. Could you please provide more details?

Haemophilus vaccines are vaccines that are designed to protect against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), a bacterium that can cause serious infections such as meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis. There are two main types of Hib vaccines:

1. Polysaccharide vaccine: This type of vaccine is made from the sugar coating (polysaccharide) of the bacterial cells. It is not effective in children under 2 years of age because their immune systems are not yet mature enough to respond effectively to this type of vaccine.
2. Conjugate vaccine: This type of vaccine combines the polysaccharide with a protein carrier, which helps to stimulate a stronger and more sustained immune response. It is effective in infants as young as 6 weeks old.

Hib vaccines are usually given as part of routine childhood immunizations starting at 2 months of age. They are administered through an injection into the muscle. The vaccine is safe and effective, with few side effects. Vaccination against Hib has led to a significant reduction in the incidence of Hib infections worldwide.

BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is a type of immunization used primarily to prevent tuberculosis (TB). It contains a live but weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, which is related to the bacterium that causes TB in humans (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).

The BCG vaccine works by stimulating an immune response in the body, enabling it to better resist infection with TB bacteria if exposed in the future. It is often given to infants and children in countries where TB is common, and its use varies depending on the national immunization policies. The protection offered by the BCG vaccine is moderate and may not last for a very long time.

In addition to its use against TB, the BCG vaccine has also been investigated for its potential therapeutic role in treating bladder cancer and some other types of cancer. The mechanism of action in these cases is thought to be related to the vaccine's ability to stimulate an immune response against abnormal cells.

Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated (IPV) is a vaccine used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio), a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. IPV contains inactivated (killed) polioviruses of all three poliovirus types. It works by stimulating an immune response in the body, but because the viruses are inactivated, they cannot cause polio. After vaccination, the immune system recognizes and responds to the inactivated viruses, producing antibodies that protect against future infection with wild, or naturally occurring, polioviruses. IPV is typically given as an injection in the leg or arm, and a series of doses are required for full protection. It is a safe and effective way to prevent polio and its complications.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

A pediatric hospital is a specialized medical facility that provides comprehensive healthcare services for infants, children, adolescents, and young adults up to the age of 21. These hospitals employ medical professionals with expertise in treating various childhood illnesses, injuries, and developmental disorders. The facilities are designed to cater to the unique needs of children, including child-friendly environments, specialized equipment, and age-appropriate care.

Pediatric hospitals offer a wide range of services such as inpatient and outpatient care, emergency services, surgical procedures, diagnostic testing, rehabilitation, and mental health services. They also focus on preventive healthcare, family-centered care, and education to support the overall well-being of their young patients. Some pediatric hospitals may specialize further, focusing on specific areas such as cancer treatment, cardiology, neurology, or orthopedics.

Rabies vaccines are medical products that contain antigens of the rabies virus, which stimulate an immune response in individuals who receive them. The purpose of rabies vaccines is to prevent the development of rabies, a viral disease that is almost always fatal once symptoms appear.

There are two primary types of rabies vaccines available:

1. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) vaccines: These vaccines are given to individuals who are at high risk of coming into contact with the rabies virus, such as veterinarians, animal handlers, and travelers visiting areas where rabies is common. The vaccine series typically consists of three doses given over a period of 28 days.
2. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) vaccines: These vaccines are administered to individuals who have already been exposed to the rabies virus, usually through a bite or scratch from an infected animal. The vaccine series typically consists of four doses given over a period of 14 days, along with a dose of rabies immune globulin (RIG) to provide immediate protection while the immune system responds to the vaccine.

Both types of rabies vaccines are highly effective at preventing the disease, but it is essential to receive them as soon as possible after exposure or before potential exposure, as the virus can be fatal if left untreated.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Reporting Systems are spontaneous reporting systems used for monitoring the safety of authorized medicines in clinical practice. These systems collect and manage reports of suspected adverse drug reactions from healthcare professionals, patients, and pharmaceutical companies. The primary objective of ADR reporting systems is to identify new risks or previously unrecognized risks associated with the use of a medication, monitor the frequency and severity of known adverse effects, and contribute to post-marketing surveillance and pharmacovigilance activities.

Healthcare professionals, including physicians, pharmacists, and nurses, are encouraged to voluntarily report any suspected adverse drug reactions they encounter during their practice. In some countries, patients can also directly report any suspected adverse reactions they experience after taking a medication. Pharmaceutical companies are obligated to submit reports of adverse events identified through their own pharmacovigilance activities or from post-marketing surveillance studies.

The data collected through ADR reporting systems are analyzed to identify signals, which are defined as new, changing, or unknown safety concerns related to a medicine or vaccine. Signals are further investigated and evaluated for causality and clinical significance. If a signal is confirmed, regulatory actions may be taken, such as updating the product label, issuing safety communications, or restricting the use of the medication.

Examples of ADR reporting systems include the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) EudraVigilance, and the World Health Organization's (WHO) Uppsala Monitoring Centre.

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a systematic process used to compare the costs and benefits of different options to determine which one provides the greatest net benefit. In a medical context, CBA can be used to evaluate the value of medical interventions, treatments, or policies by estimating and monetizing all the relevant costs and benefits associated with each option.

The costs included in a CBA may include direct costs such as the cost of the intervention or treatment itself, as well as indirect costs such as lost productivity or time away from work. Benefits may include improved health outcomes, reduced morbidity or mortality, and increased quality of life.

Once all the relevant costs and benefits have been identified and quantified, they are typically expressed in monetary terms to allow for a direct comparison. The option with the highest net benefit (i.e., the difference between total benefits and total costs) is considered the most cost-effective.

It's important to note that CBA has some limitations and can be subject to various biases and assumptions, so it should be used in conjunction with other evaluation methods to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the value of medical interventions or policies.

Cholera vaccines are preventive measures used to protect against the infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. There are several types of cholera vaccines available, including:

1. Inactivated oral vaccine (ICCV): This vaccine contains killed whole-cell bacteria and is given in two doses, with each dose administered at least 14 days apart. It provides protection for up to six months and can be given to adults and children over the age of one year.
2. Live attenuated oral vaccine (LCV): This vaccine contains weakened live bacteria that are unable to cause disease but still stimulate an immune response. The most commonly used LCV is called CVD 103-HgR, which is given in a single dose and provides protection for up to three months. It can be given to adults and children over the age of six years.
3. Injectable cholera vaccine: This vaccine contains inactivated bacteria and is given as an injection. It is not widely available and its effectiveness is limited compared to oral vaccines.

Cholera vaccines are recommended for travelers visiting areas with known cholera outbreaks, particularly if they plan to eat food or drink water that may be contaminated. They can also be used in response to outbreaks to help control the spread of the disease. However, it is important to note that vaccination alone is not sufficient to prevent cholera infection and good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and safe food handling, should always be followed.

Biological toxins are poisonous substances that are produced by living organisms such as bacteria, plants, and animals. They can cause harm to humans, animals, or the environment. Biological toxins can be classified into different categories based on their mode of action, such as neurotoxins (affecting the nervous system), cytotoxins (damaging cells), and enterotoxins (causing intestinal damage).

Examples of biological toxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria, tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria, ricin toxin from the castor bean plant, and saxitoxin produced by certain types of marine algae.

Biological toxins can cause a range of symptoms depending on the type and amount of toxin ingested or exposed to, as well as the route of exposure (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, skin contact). They can cause illnesses ranging from mild to severe, and some can be fatal if not treated promptly and effectively.

Prevention and control measures for biological toxins include good hygiene practices, vaccination against certain toxin-producing bacteria, avoidance of contaminated food or water sources, and personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling or working with potential sources of toxins.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.

A capsid is the protein shell that encloses and protects the genetic material of a virus. It is composed of multiple copies of one or more proteins that are arranged in a specific structure, which can vary in shape and symmetry depending on the type of virus. The capsid plays a crucial role in the viral life cycle, including protecting the viral genome from host cell defenses, mediating attachment to and entry into host cells, and assisting with the assembly of new virus particles during replication.

Typhoid-Paratyphoid vaccines are immunizations that protect against typhoid fever and paratyphoid fevers, which are caused by the Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi, respectively. These vaccines contain inactivated or attenuated bacteria or specific antigens that stimulate an individual's immune system to develop immunity against these diseases without causing the illness itself. There are several types of typhoid-paratyphoid vaccines available, including:

1. Ty21a (oral live attenuated vaccine): This is a live but weakened form of the Salmonella Typhi bacteria. It is given orally in capsule form and requires a series of 4 doses taken every other day. The vaccine provides protection for about 5-7 years.
2. Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) typhoid vaccine: This vaccine contains purified Vi antigens from the Salmonella Typhi bacterium's outer capsular layer. It is given as an injection and provides protection for approximately 2-3 years.
3. Combined typhoid-paratyphoid A and B vaccines (Vi-rEPA): This vaccine combines Vi polysaccharide antigens from Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A and B. It is given as an injection and provides protection for about 3 years against typhoid fever and paratyphoid fevers A and B.
4. Typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs): These vaccines combine the Vi polysaccharide antigen from Salmonella Typhi with a protein carrier to enhance the immune response, particularly in children under 2 years of age. TCVs are given as an injection and provide long-lasting protection against typhoid fever.

It is important to note that none of these vaccines provides 100% protection, but they significantly reduce the risk of contracting typhoid or paratyphoid fevers. Additionally, good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and safe food handling, can further minimize the risk of infection.

The Smallpox vaccine is not a live virus vaccine but is instead made from a vaccinia virus, which is a virus related to the variola virus (the virus that causes smallpox). The vaccinia virus used in the vaccine does not cause smallpox, but it does cause a milder illness with symptoms such as a fever and a rash of pustules or blisters at the site of inoculation.

The smallpox vaccine was first developed by Edward Jenner in 1796 and is one of the oldest vaccines still in use today. It has been highly effective in preventing smallpox, which was once a major cause of death and disability worldwide. In fact, smallpox was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980, thanks in large part to the widespread use of the smallpox vaccine.

Despite the eradication of smallpox, the smallpox vaccine is still used today in certain circumstances. For example, it may be given to laboratory workers who handle the virus or to military personnel who may be at risk of exposure to the virus. The vaccine may also be used as an emergency measure in the event of a bioterrorism attack involving smallpox.

It is important to note that the smallpox vaccine is not without risks and can cause serious side effects, including a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle). As a result, it is only given to people who are at high risk of exposure to the virus and who have been determined to be good candidates for vaccination by a healthcare professional.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

A tuberculosis vaccine, also known as the BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine, is a type of immunization used to prevent tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The BCG vaccine contains a weakened strain of the bacteria that causes TB in cattle.

The BCG vaccine works by stimulating an immune response in the body, which helps to protect against severe forms of TB, such as TB meningitis and TB in children. However, it is not very effective at preventing pulmonary TB (TB that affects the lungs) in adults.

The BCG vaccine is not routinely recommended for use in the United States due to the low risk of TB infection in the general population. However, it may be given to people who are at high risk of exposure to TB, such as healthcare workers, laboratory personnel, and people traveling to countries with high rates of TB.

It is important to note that the BCG vaccine does not provide complete protection against TB and that other measures, such as testing and treatment for latent TB infection, are also important for controlling the spread of this disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malawi" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in southeastern Africa. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!

A placebo is a substance or treatment that has no inherent therapeutic effect. It is often used in clinical trials as a control against which the effects of a new drug or therapy can be compared. Placebos are typically made to resemble the active treatment, such as a sugar pill for a medication trial, so that participants cannot tell the difference between what they are receiving and the actual treatment.

The placebo effect refers to the phenomenon where patients experience real improvements in their symptoms or conditions even when given a placebo. This may be due to psychological factors such as belief in the effectiveness of the treatment, suggestion, or conditioning. The placebo effect is often used as a comparison group in clinical trials to help determine if the active treatment has a greater effect than no treatment at all.

The chickenpox vaccine, also known as varicella vaccine, is a preventive measure against the highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. The vaccine contains a live but weakened form of the virus, which stimulates the immune system to produce a response without causing the disease itself.

The chickenpox vaccine is typically given in two doses, with the first dose administered between 12 and 15 months of age and the second dose between 4 and 6 years of age. In some cases, the vaccine may be given to older children, adolescents, or adults who have not previously been vaccinated or who have never had chickenpox.

The chickenpox vaccine is highly effective at preventing severe cases of the disease and reducing the risk of complications such as bacterial infections, pneumonia, and encephalitis. It is also effective at preventing transmission of the virus to others.

Like any vaccine, the chickenpox vaccine can cause mild side effects such as soreness at the injection site, fever, or a mild rash. However, these side effects are generally mild and short-lived. Serious side effects are rare but may include allergic reactions or severe immune responses.

Overall, the chickenpox vaccine is a safe and effective way to prevent this common childhood disease and its potential complications.

Immunologic adjuvants are substances that are added to a vaccine to enhance the body's immune response to the antigens contained in the vaccine. They work by stimulating the immune system and promoting the production of antibodies and activating immune cells, such as T-cells and macrophages, which help to provide a stronger and more sustained immune response to the vaccine.

Immunologic adjuvants can be derived from various sources, including bacteria, viruses, and chemicals. Some common examples include aluminum salts (alum), oil-in-water emulsions (such as MF59), and bacterial components (such as lipopolysaccharide or LPS).

The use of immunologic adjuvants in vaccines can help to improve the efficacy of the vaccine, particularly for vaccines that contain weak or poorly immunogenic antigens. They can also help to reduce the amount of antigen needed in a vaccine, which can be beneficial for vaccines that are difficult or expensive to produce.

It's important to note that while adjuvants can enhance the immune response to a vaccine, they can also increase the risk of adverse reactions, such as inflammation and pain at the injection site. Therefore, the use of immunologic adjuvants must be carefully balanced against their potential benefits and risks.

"Cost of Illness" is a medical-economic concept that refers to the total societal cost associated with a specific disease or health condition. It includes both direct and indirect costs. Direct costs are those that can be directly attributed to the illness, such as medical expenses for diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and medications. Indirect costs include productivity losses due to morbidity (reduced efficiency while working) and mortality (lost earnings due to death). Other indirect costs may encompass expenses related to caregiving or special education needs. The Cost of Illness is often used in health policy decision-making, resource allocation, and evaluating the economic impact of diseases on society.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

The Mumps Vaccine is a biological preparation intended to induce immunity against mumps, a contagious viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands. The vaccine contains live attenuated (weakened) mumps virus, which stimulates the immune system to develop a protective response without causing the disease.

There are two types of mumps vaccines available:

1. The Jeryl Lynn strain is used in the United States and is part of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine and the Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella (MMRV) vaccine. This strain is derived from a clinical isolate obtained from the throat washings of a child with mumps in 1963.
2. The Urabe AM9 strain was used in some countries but has been discontinued in many places due to an increased risk of meningitis as a rare complication.

The MMR vaccine is typically given to children at 12-15 months of age and again at 4-6 years of age, providing long-lasting immunity against mumps in most individuals. The vaccine has significantly reduced the incidence of mumps and its complications worldwide.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Hepatitis A vaccines are inactivated or live attenuated viral vaccines that are administered to prevent infection and illness caused by the hepatitis A virus. The vaccine contains antigens that stimulate an immune response in the body, leading to the production of antibodies that protect against future infection with the virus.

The inactivated hepatitis A vaccine is made from viruses that have been chemically treated to destroy their ability to cause disease while preserving their ability to stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine is typically given in two doses, six months apart, and provides long-term protection against the virus.

The live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine contains a weakened form of the virus that is unable to cause illness but can still stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine is given as a single dose and provides protection against the virus for at least 20 years.

Hepatitis A vaccines are recommended for people who are at increased risk of infection, including travelers to areas where hepatitis A is common, men who have sex with men, people who use injection drugs, and people with chronic liver disease or clotting factor disorders. The vaccine is also recommended for children in certain states and communities where hepatitis A is endemic.

Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus that invades the body through the mouth, usually from contaminated water or food. The virus multiplies in the intestine and can invade the nervous system, causing paralysis.

The medical definition of Poliomyelitis includes:

1. An acute viral infection caused by the poliovirus.
2. Characterized by inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord (poliomyelitis), leading to muscle weakness, and in some cases, paralysis.
3. The disease primarily affects children under 5 years of age.
4. Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route or, less frequently, by respiratory droplets.
5. The virus enters the body via the mouth, multiplies in the intestines, and can invade the nervous system.
6. There are three types of poliovirus (types 1, 2, and 3), each capable of causing paralytic polio.
7. Infection with one type does not provide immunity to the other two types.
8. The disease has no cure, but vaccination can prevent it.
9. Two types of vaccines are available: inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV).
10. Rare complications of OPV include vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs).

The World Health Organization (WHO) is not a medical condition or term, but rather a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Here's a brief description:

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as the global authority on public health issues. Established in 1948, WHO's primary role is to coordinate and collaborate with its member states to promote health, prevent diseases, and ensure universal access to healthcare services. WHO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has regional offices around the world. It plays a crucial role in setting global health standards, monitoring disease outbreaks, and providing guidance on various public health concerns, including infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, mental health, environmental health, and maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health.

Viral nonstructural proteins (NS) are viral proteins that are not part of the virion structure. They play various roles in the viral life cycle, such as replication of the viral genome, transcription, translation regulation, and modulation of the host cell environment to favor virus replication. These proteins are often produced in large quantities during infection and can manipulate or disrupt various cellular pathways to benefit the virus. They may also be involved in evasion of the host's immune response. The specific functions of viral nonstructural proteins vary depending on the type of virus.

A dose-response relationship in immunology refers to the quantitative relationship between the dose or amount of an antigen (a substance that triggers an immune response) and the magnitude or strength of the resulting immune response. Generally, as the dose of an antigen increases, the intensity and/or duration of the immune response also increase, up to a certain point. This relationship helps in determining the optimal dosage for vaccines and immunotherapies, ensuring sufficient immune activation while minimizing potential adverse effects.

Drug labeling refers to the information that is provided on the packaging or container of a medication, as well as any accompanying promotional materials. This information is intended to provide healthcare professionals and patients with accurate and up-to-date data about the drug's composition, intended use, dosage, side effects, contraindications, and other important details that are necessary for safe and effective use.

The labeling of prescription drugs in the United States is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which requires manufacturers to submit proposed labeling as part of their new drug application. The FDA reviews the labeling to ensure that it is truthful, balanced, and not misleading, and provides accurate information about the drug's risks and benefits.

The labeling of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs is also regulated by the FDA, but in this case, the agency has established a set of monographs that specify the conditions under which certain active ingredients can be used and the labeling requirements for each ingredient. Manufacturers of OTC drugs must ensure that their labeling complies with these monographs.

In addition to the information required by regulatory agencies, drug labeling may also include additional information provided by the manufacturer, such as detailed instructions for use, storage requirements, and any warnings or precautions that are necessary to ensure safe and effective use of the medication. It is important for healthcare professionals and patients to carefully review and understand all of the information provided on a drug's labeling before using the medication.

The Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine is a combination immunization that protects against three infectious diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella. It contains live attenuated viruses of each disease, which stimulate an immune response in the body similar to that produced by natural infection but do not cause the diseases themselves.

The MMR vaccine is typically given in two doses, the first at 12-15 months of age and the second at 4-6 years of age. It is highly effective in preventing these diseases, with over 90% effectiveness reported after a single dose and near 100% effectiveness after the second dose.

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can cause fever, rash, cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes. It can also lead to serious complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and even death.

Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands, causing swelling and tenderness in the cheeks and jaw. It can also cause fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. Mumps can lead to serious complications such as deafness, meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), and inflammation of the testicles or ovaries.

Rubella, also known as German measles, is a viral infection that typically causes a mild fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes. However, if a pregnant woman becomes infected with rubella, it can cause serious birth defects such as hearing impairment, heart defects, and developmental delays in the fetus.

The MMR vaccine is an important tool in preventing these diseases and protecting public health.

BALB/c is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The strain was developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London by Henry Baldwin and his colleagues in the 1920s, and it has since become one of the most commonly used inbred strains in the world.

BALB/c mice are characterized by their black coat color, which is determined by a recessive allele at the tyrosinase locus. They are also known for their docile and friendly temperament, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory.

One of the key features of BALB/c mice that makes them useful for research is their susceptibility to certain types of tumors and immune responses. For example, they are highly susceptible to developing mammary tumors, which can be induced by chemical carcinogens or viral infection. They also have a strong Th2-biased immune response, which makes them useful models for studying allergic diseases and asthma.

BALB/c mice are also commonly used in studies of genetics, neuroscience, behavior, and infectious diseases. Because they are an inbred strain, they have a uniform genetic background, which makes it easier to control for genetic factors in experiments. Additionally, because they have been bred in the laboratory for many generations, they are highly standardized and reproducible, making them ideal subjects for scientific research.

Streptococcal vaccines are immunizations designed to protect against infections caused by Streptococcus bacteria. These vaccines contain antigens, which are substances that trigger an immune response and help the body recognize and fight off specific types of Streptococcus bacteria. There are several different types of streptococcal vaccines available or in development, including:

1. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV): This vaccine protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae, a type of bacteria that can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other serious infections. PCV is recommended for all children under 2 years old, as well as older children and adults with certain medical conditions.
2. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV): This vaccine also protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae, but it is recommended for adults 65 and older, as well as younger people with certain medical conditions.
3. Streptococcus pyogenes vaccine: This vaccine is being developed to protect against Group A Streptococcus (GAS), which can cause a variety of infections, including strep throat, skin infections, and serious diseases like rheumatic fever and toxic shock syndrome. There are several different GAS vaccine candidates in various stages of development.
4. Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine: This vaccine is being developed to protect against Group B Streptococcus (GBS), which can cause serious infections in newborns, pregnant women, and older adults with certain medical conditions. There are several different GBS vaccine candidates in various stages of development.

Overall, streptococcal vaccines play an important role in preventing bacterial infections and reducing the burden of disease caused by Streptococcus bacteria.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Anthrax vaccines are biological preparations designed to protect against anthrax, a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax can affect both humans and animals, and it is primarily transmitted through contact with contaminated animal products or, less commonly, through inhalation of spores.

There are two types of anthrax vaccines currently available:

1. Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA): This vaccine is licensed for use in the United States and is approved for pre-exposure prophylaxis in high-risk individuals, such as military personnel and laboratory workers who handle the bacterium. AVA contains a cell-free filtrate of cultured B. anthracis cells that have been chemically treated to render them non-infectious. The vaccine works by stimulating the production of antibodies against protective antigens (PA) present in the bacterial culture.
2. Recombinant Anthrax Vaccine (rPA): This vaccine, also known as BioThrax, is a newer generation anthrax vaccine that was approved for use in the United States in 2015. It contains only the recombinant protective antigen (rPA) of B. anthracis, which is produced using genetic engineering techniques. The rPA vaccine has been shown to be as effective as AVA in generating an immune response and offers several advantages, including a more straightforward manufacturing process, fewer side effects, and a longer shelf life.

Both vaccines require multiple doses for initial immunization, followed by periodic booster shots to maintain protection. Anthrax vaccines are generally safe and effective at preventing anthrax infection; however, they may cause mild to moderate side effects, such as soreness at the injection site, fatigue, and muscle aches. Severe allergic reactions are rare but possible.

It is important to note that anthrax vaccines do not provide immediate protection against anthrax infection. They require several weeks to stimulate an immune response, so they should be administered before potential exposure to the bacterium. In cases of known or suspected exposure to anthrax, antibiotics are used as a primary means of preventing and treating the disease.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Asia" is not a medical term. It is the largest continent in the world, comprising about 30% of the Earth's total land area and containing around 60% of the world's current human population. It is divided into several regions, including Northern Asia (Siberia), Eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Taiwan), Southern Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives), Southeastern Asia (Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei), and Western Asia (Middle East).

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help.

Population surveillance in a public health and medical context refers to the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health-related data for a defined population over time. It aims to monitor the health status, identify emerging health threats or trends, and evaluate the impact of interventions within that population. This information is used to inform public health policy, prioritize healthcare resources, and guide disease prevention and control efforts. Population surveillance can involve various data sources, such as vital records, disease registries, surveys, and electronic health records.

Dengue vaccines are designed to protect against dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral disease that can cause severe flu-like symptoms and potentially life-threatening complications. Dengue is caused by four distinct serotypes of the virus (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4), and infection with one serotype does not provide immunity against the others.

The first licensed dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV), is a chimeric yellow fever-dengue tetravalent vaccine developed by Sanofi Pasteur. It is approved for use in several countries and has demonstrated efficacy against dengue fever caused by all four serotypes in clinical trials. However, the vaccine has raised concerns about the risk of severe disease in individuals who have not been previously exposed to dengue. As a result, it is recommended primarily for people with a documented past dengue infection or living in areas with high dengue prevalence and where the benefits outweigh the risks.

Another dengue vaccine candidate, Takeda's TAK-003 (also known as TDV), is a live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine that has shown efficacy against all four serotypes in clinical trials. It was granted approval by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and several other countries for use in individuals aged 4-16 years old, living in endemic areas.

Research and development of additional dengue vaccine candidates are ongoing to address concerns about safety, efficacy, and accessibility, particularly for at-risk populations in low- and middle-income countries where dengue is most prevalent.

Virosomes are artificially constructed spherical vesicles composed of lipids and viral envelope proteins. They are used as a delivery system for vaccines and other therapeutic agents. In the context of vaccines, virosomes can be used to present viral antigens to the immune system in a way that mimics a natural infection, thereby inducing a strong immune response.

Virosome-based vaccines have several advantages over traditional vaccines. For example, they are non-infectious, meaning they do not contain live or attenuated viruses, which makes them safer for certain populations such as immunocompromised individuals. Additionally, virosomes can be engineered to target specific cells in the body, leading to more efficient uptake and presentation of antigens to the immune system.

Virosome-based vaccines have been developed for a variety of diseases, including influenza, hepatitis A, and HIV. While they are not yet widely used, they show promise as a safe and effective alternative to traditional vaccine approaches.

The vaccine contains a G1P[8] human rotavirus strain. Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine was licensed for use in China in 2000, and ... The rotavirus vaccine is a vaccine used to protect against rotavirus infections, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhea ... "Rotavirus". Vaccine Resource Library. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Rotavirus Vaccines at the U.S. National ... routinely using rotavirus vaccines in their national immunization programs found that rotavirus vaccines have reduced rotavirus ...
Serum Institute of India Cadila Healthcare Biotechnology in India "WHO prequalifies new rotavirus vaccine". WHO. Archived from ... Kang, G (October 2006). "Rotavirus vaccines". Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 24 (4): 252-7. doi:10.1016/S0255-0857(21) ... They were one of the first to develop vaccines for viral diseases like Chikungunya and Zika. The company also produces vaccines ... rotavirus vaccine in Indian infants: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". The Lancet. 383 (9935): 2136-2143. ...
"Homepage , ROTARIX (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral) for HCPs". www.rotarixhcp.com. Retrieved 2023-03-15. "Rotavirus Vaccine ... Rotarix, an FDA-approved rotavirus vaccine manufactured by GSK, comes in liquid form as a live-attenuated vaccine. This two- ... oral and pentavalent vaccine. Despite needing a third dose for full effect, both vaccines are effective in preventing rotavirus ... "RotaTeq® (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, Pentavalent) , Health Care Professionals". MerckVaccines.com. Retrieved 2023-03-15. " ...
Two commercial rotavirus vaccines exist and several more are in development. In Africa and Asia these vaccines reduced severe ... "Performance of rotavirus vaccines in developed and developing countries". Human Vaccines. 6 (7): 532-542. doi:10.4161/hv.6.7. ... "Summary of effectiveness and impact of rotavirus vaccination with the oral pentavalent rotavirus vaccine: a systematic review ... The rotavirus vaccine is recommended as a prevention for children. Treatment involves getting enough fluids. For mild or ...
The work has included surveillance, epidemiology, and vaccine clinical trials of pneumococcal disease; rotavirus; Haemophilus ... "Malaria Vaccine Pioneer Awarded the Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal in Vaccinology". Sabin Vaccine Institute. 6 May 2008. "The ... Reassortant Rotavirus Vaccine". New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (1): 23-33. doi:10.1056/NEJMOA052664. PMID 16394299. ... Vaccine. 35 (46): 6255-6263. doi:10.1016/J.VACCINE.2017.09.048. PMID 28986035. Wikidata () Piralam, Barameht; Prosperi, ...
... vaccine Polio vaccine Rotavirus vaccine Rubella vaccine Smallpox vaccine Varicella vaccine Yellow fever vaccine Zoster/shingles ... oral polio vaccine, recombinant live attenuated cholera vaccine, oral typhoid vaccine, oral rotavirus vaccine) Oral vaccines or ... Anthrax vaccine Cholera vaccine Plague vaccine Salmonella vaccine Tuberculosis vaccine Typhoid vaccine Live attenuated ... mumps and rubella vaccine, varicella vaccine, yellow fever vaccine) Intradermal (e.g. tuberculosis vaccine, smallpox vaccine) ...
PATH (20 October 2022). "Rotavirus disease and vaccines in Haiti" (PDF). PATH. Retrieved 20 October 2022. "Dominican Republic ... Prior to the floods, Rotavirus disease was a major health issue in both countries - accounting for 42% of all diarrheal deaths ... In 2004, both countries reported a sharp increase in rotavirus infections. A total of 275 deaths were reported in Independencia ... The floods also disrupted immunisation programs for vaccine-preventable diseases. Poor immunisation coverage for diphtheria led ...
PATH also conducts research to show the impact of rotavirus vaccines and help countries choose whether to adopt the vaccines ... Former PATH researcher John Wecker noted that rotavirus infections dropped in areas that began to use the vaccine after the WHO ... In 2006, PATH helped Nicaragua become the first developing country to introduce rotavirus vaccines within months of their ... Previously used meningitis vaccines had low efficacy and cost USD $80 per dose. The new vaccine has high efficacy against the ...
"Withdrawal of Rotavirus Vaccine Recommendation". www.cdc.gov. DrugBank. "Sertindole". Archived from the original on 27 ... From antiviral formulations to vaccine adjuvants". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 175: 113803. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.013 ...
Meningitec meningococcal meningitis vaccine; Rotashield rotavirus vaccine; and, FluMist influenza vaccine. Since retiring from ... the first Rotavirus diarrhea vaccine, and FluMist, the first Live attenuated influenza vaccine. Siber became a diplomate with ... 2008). Pneumococcal vaccines: the impact of conjugate vaccine. Washington, DC: ASM Press. ISBN 9781555814083. George Siber's ... Siber oversaw the development and approval of several vaccines for Wyeth: including Prevnar pneumococcal vaccine; Acel-Imune ...
Rotavirus vaccine decreases the rates of diarrhea in a population. New vaccines against rotavirus, Shigella, Enterotoxigenic ... Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (26 January 2004). "Rotavirus vaccine for preventing diarrhoea". The Cochrane Database of ... use of a Rotavirus vaccine in trials in 1985 yielded a slight (2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence, while ... Oral cholera vaccines in mass immunization campaigns (PDF). WHO. 2010. pp. 6-8. ISBN 978-92-4-150043-2. Archived (PDF) from the ...
"CDC - Rotavirus vaccine - Vaccine safety". CDC Vaccine Safety. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 20 May ... Estes has studied rotaviruses and noroviruses. Although rotaviruses can infect animals, the research Estes performs concerns ... Efforts, by others to develop a successful vaccine against the virus started in the 1980s. Two vaccines were eventually ... In the 2009 article Rotaviruses: from pathogenesis to vaccination Estes explains the life-threatening side effects of rotavirus ...
The system was used in 1999 to identify a rotavirus vaccine that had an increased risk of a bowel obstruction condition, and ... Vaccine. 2021;39(41):6017-6018. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.006 "Vaccine injury database VAERS considered unreliable, ' ... Vaccine. 33 (36): 4398-4405. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.035. PMC 4632204. PMID 26209838. "Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting ... published by the anti-vaccine group National Vaccine Information Center) and OpenVAERS (which published a tally of vaccine ...
4 (2001): 410-416.] The rotavirus vaccine originated in 1998 and was withdrawn in 1999. Vaccine Research Center Information ... Further examples include the swine flu vaccine and the rotavirus vaccine, which increased the risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome ( ... A vaccine trial is a clinical trial that aims at establishing the safety and efficacy of a vaccine prior to it being licensed. ... Vaccines such as the oral polio vaccine have been first tested for adverse effects and immunogenicity in monkeys as well as non ...
"Oral rotavirus vaccine shedding as a marker of mucosal immunity". Nature. Retrieved 4 January 2022. "Debunking the anti-vaccine ... killed-virus vaccines), viral vector vaccine, RNA vaccines (that contain no virus), or subunit vaccines (a vaccine technology ... Most vaccines are not attenuated (live virus) vaccines, and therefore cannot cause vaccine-induced viral shedding. The specific ... "Polio Vaccine: Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus , CDC". 25 March 2021. "Vaccines: Breaking down and debunking 10 myths". USA Today. ...
2006 - First HPV vaccine approved. 2006 - The second rotavirus vaccine approved (first was withdrawn). 2007 - The visual ... First vaccine for pertussis 1927 - First vaccine for tuberculosis 1927 - First vaccine for tetanus 1930 - First successful sex ... 2020 - First vaccine for COVID-19. 2022 - The complete human genome is sequenced. Timeline of antibiotics Timeline of vaccines ... 1879 - First vaccine for cholera. 1881 - Louis Pasteur develops an anthrax vaccine. 1882 - Louis Pasteur develops a rabies ...
"Rotavirus Vaccine Access and Delivery - PATH" (PDF). Rotavirusvaccine.org. 2011-12-07. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009 ... Valencia-Mendoza A, Bertozzi SM, Gutierrez JP, Itzler R (July 2008). "Cost-effectiveness of introducing a rotavirus vaccine in ... Pagliusi S, Ting CC, Lobos F (March 2017). "Vaccines: Shaping global health". Vaccine. 35 (12): 1579-1585. doi:10.1016/j. ... While hygienic measures alone may be insufficient for the prevention of rotavirus diarrhea, it can be prevented by a safe and ...
... approved the first rotavirus vaccine for use in infants. The vaccine, called Rotashieldâ„¢ (Wyeth Lederle Vaccines and Pediatrics ... "The Rotavirus Vaccine Story: From Discovery to the Eventual Control of Rotavirus Disease". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. ... Rotavirus Intussusception Investigation Team (2001-02-22). "Intussusception among infants given an oral rotavirus vaccine". The ... Murphy, Trudy V.; Smith, Philip J.; Gargiullo, Paul M.; Schwartz, Benjamin (2003-04-15). "The first rotavirus vaccine and ...
First vaccine for Lyme disease 1998 - First vaccine for rotavirus 2000 - First pneumococcal conjugate vaccine approved in the U ... First oral polio vaccine (Sabin vaccine) 1963 - First vaccine for measles 1967 - First vaccine for mumps 1970 - First vaccine ... First vaccine for malaria 2015 - First vaccine for dengue fever 2019 - First vaccine for Ebola approved 2020 - First vaccine ... First vaccine for tick-borne encephalitis 1952 - First vaccine for polio (Salk vaccine) 1954 - First vaccine for Japanese ...
Vaccine trials for JE, KFD, measles, hepatitis etc. Bangalore unit has been accredited as National Laboratory for Karnataka ... Isolation of several strains of Rotaviruses. Established the utility of immune goat colostrum for prevention of diarrhea. ... Development of an inactivated KFD vaccine for public health (Technology transferred to Karnataka state). Development of an ... Technology ready for transfer to Industry). Epidemiology and characterization of Hepatitis viruses, development of vaccines and ...
Bines and her team developed a novel oral rotavirus vaccine (RV3-BB) as a global vaccine against infant rotavirus infection ... April 2020). "Rotavirus specific maternal antibodies and immune response to RV3-BB rotavirus vaccine in central java and ... effective and stable liquid human rotavirus vaccine Genotype Diversity before and after the Introduction of a Rotavirus Vaccine ... "Developing a manufacturing process to deliver a cost effective and stable liquid human rotavirus vaccine". Vaccine. 39 (15): ...
... a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine manufactured by Merck & Co. Since 2006, RotaTeq has been one of two vaccines currently used ... Offit worked for 25 years on the development of a safe and effective vaccine against rotavirus, which is a cause of diarrhea, ... He is the co-inventor of a rotavirus vaccine. Offit is the Maurice R. Hilleman Professor of Vaccinology, professor of ... George, John (June 29, 2011). "CHOP doctor who developed rotavirus vaccine honored". Stencel, Christine (October 17, 2011), IOM ...
Elyas, Haffiya; Zuleikha Abdel Raziq (19 June 2011). "First Dose of Rotavirus Vaccine to a Sudanese Child". Sudan Vision. ...
"Rotavirus Vaccine Developed in India Demonstrates Strong Efficacy" (PDF). BharatBiotech.com. 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2019-04-28 ... She is a key contributor to rotavirus epidemiology and vaccinology in India. Focusing on vaccines, enteric infections and ... Kang and one of her students subsequently established vaccine assays for rotavirus infections, used in testing Rotavac. Since ... Her comprehensive research on rotavirus has demonstrated the high burden of rotavirus disease across India, the genetic ...
"WHO: Hepatitis vaccine" (PDF). Retrieved 10 Oct 2021. Lee, B. (2020). "Rotavirus vaccine". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics ... Studies show that this vaccine is 85-98% effective against severe rotavirus disease and is 74-87% effective against rotavirus ... If this were to happen, it would occur within a week after the first dose or second dose of the vaccine is given. The rotavirus ... Unfortunately, there are many strains of rotavirus and the vaccine can not cover all of them, so it is still possible for a ...
"Hilleman Labs rotavirus and cholera vaccines enter phase I/II clinical trial". livemint.com. Retrieved 30 September 2016. " ... This will determine the feasibility of applying latest delivery technologies to an existing oral rotavirus vaccine to make it ... Hilleman Laboratories has recently announced a significant advancement in improving access to the lifesaving rotavirus vaccine ... The firm's focus is to heat stabilize the existing vaccine and bring it to vaccine vial monitor (VVM) 30 levels and higher. ...
During his time at Wistar, Plotkin worked on several vaccines; chief among them are vaccines for rubella, rabies, rotavirus, ... WI-38 provided to the rabies vaccine the same properties that it gave to the rubella vaccine. This rabies vaccine can be used ... is for rotavirus. In 2006, the team's vaccine became part of the U.S. recommended vaccine schedule for babies. In the 1970s, ... His book, Vaccines, is the standard reference on the subject. He is an editor with Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, which is ...
"Maharaj Kishan Bhan, the man behind rotavirus vaccine, passes away". deccanherald.com. 26 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January ...
Kapikian is the principal creator of the rotavirus vaccine... "President Armen Sarkissian hosts academician Yuri Oganessian". ... The second profound influence was his parents' harrowing escapes from the 1915 Armenian genocide... "Vaccine for a Global ...
The invention of the recombinant vaccine against Hepatitis B virus was chosen by Business Week as one of the three most ... Products for human health and blood banking (Chagas, H. pylori, rotavirus, blood tests). Responsible Director of the Millennium ... Four products in the pharmaceutical area (Hepatitis B vaccine, human insulin, beta-interferon and a wound healing gel based on ... Co-founder and President of Andes Biotechnologies (start-up 2009). Biotechnology products, like vaccines for the salmon ...
The latest safety information from CDC on rotavirus vaccine: safety studies, common side effects, vaccine schedules, vaccine ... Rotavirus Vaccine Side Effects. The rotavirus vaccine is very safe, and it is effective at preventing rotavirus disease. ... Available Rotavirus Vaccines. There are two rotavirus vaccines approved for use in the United States:. *Rotarix [PDF - 22 pages ... Vaccines, like any medicine, can have side effects. Most babies who get rotavirus vaccine do not have any problems with it. ...
The vaccine contains a G1P[8] human rotavirus strain. Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine was licensed for use in China in 2000, and ... The rotavirus vaccine is a vaccine used to protect against rotavirus infections, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhea ... "Rotavirus". Vaccine Resource Library. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Rotavirus Vaccines at the U.S. National ... routinely using rotavirus vaccines in their national immunization programs found that rotavirus vaccines have reduced rotavirus ...
Learn rotavirus infection causes, symptoms (watery diarrhea, severe dehydration, fever, vomiting), diagnosis, treatment, ... vaccine side effects, and how long it lasts in children. ... Vaccine *Can a vaccine prevent rotavirus infections? Are any ... Since 2006, vaccines have been available for rotavirus infection. Before the availability of a rotavirus vaccine, rotavirus ... Can a vaccine prevent rotavirus infections? Are any side effects associated with the rotavirus vaccine?. ...
... scientists in the Netherlands found that microbiome manipulation with antibiotics influenced response to oral rotavirus vaccine ... The study demonstrates that altering the bacterial intestinal microbiome can affect a vaccines immunogenicity. ... Human microbiome influences rotavirus vaccine response. Date:. August 8, 2018. Source:. Cell Press. Summary:. In a proof-of- ... "Human microbiome influences rotavirus vaccine response." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. releases. /. 2018. /. 08. /. ...
Currently, two oral vaccines, monovalent and pentavalent vaccines are available. Rotavirus vaccines were introduced in five ... Monovalent rotavirus vaccine is administered orally in a two-dose schedule while pentavalent Rotavirus vaccine is administered ... Rotavirus vaccine can be administered together with other EPI vaccines with no interference with the immune response. ... The first dose of the vaccine should be administered during the period of 6 weeks to 15 weeks of age. Subsequent doses should ...
Rotavirus Vaccine Cost Calculator. This is a simple, Excel-based tool for assessing and comparing costs of rotavirus ... NOTE: Please refer to this web page for the most up-to-date version of the PATH Rotavirus Vaccine Cost Calculator, which is ... It is important to note that cost is only one consideration when selecting a rotavirus vaccine product, and users involved in ... Estimates of vaccine cost (i.e., vaccine and supplies procurement and international shipping) and vaccination program costs (i. ...
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine. ... Why Is the Rotavirus Vaccine Recommended?. Rotavirus can cause ... The rotavirus vaccines are live attenuated vaccines, which means they contain a weakened form of the virus. ... Las vacunas de su hijo: Vacuna contra el rotavirus. What Is Rotavirus?. Rotavirus is a common virus that causes vomiting and ... Rotavirus Immunization Schedule. The vaccine is a liquid given by mouth. Children get it at ages 2 and 4 months, and again at 6 ...
The images could help scientists design a more effective vaccine against rotavirus, a lethal infection that kills more than ... New Images May Improve Vaccine Design For Deadly Rotavirus. Date:. June 26, 2009. Source:. Howard Hughes Medical Institute. ... Current rotavirus vaccines consist of weakened live virus that triggers the immune system to produce neutralizing antibodies. ... "New Images May Improve Vaccine Design For Deadly Rotavirus." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. releases. /. 2009. /. 06. / ...
... recently published a study that looked at rotavirus vaccinations global impact. ... When initially introduced, the rotavirus vaccines were used only in middle-to-high income countries that had strong vaccine ... Countries used a variety of rotavirus vaccines including vaccines that covered RV1 only, RV5 only, or both. ... Rotavirus Vaccine: Living Up to Expectation. May 2, 2017. Jeannette Y. Wick, RPh, MBA, FASCP ...
... rotavirus oral vaccine, live), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & ... encoded search term (rotavirus oral vaccine%2C live (Rotarix%2C RotaTeq)) and rotavirus oral vaccine, live (Rotarix, RotaTeq) ... Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Prophylaxis. Live, attenuated oral vaccine indicated for immunization to prevent rotavirus ... rotavirus oral vaccine, live. Other (see comment). Use Caution/Monitor. Comment: Follow institutional guidelines for vaccine ...
Find out when and why your child needs to get this vaccine. ... Why Is the Rotavirus Vaccine Recommended?. Rotavirus can cause ... The rotavirus vaccines are live attenuated vaccines, which means they contain a weakened form of the virus. ... Las vacunas de su hijo: Vacuna contra el rotavirus. What Is Rotavirus?. Rotavirus is a common virus that causes vomiting and ... How Vaccines Help Vaccines keep millions of people healthy each year by preparing the body to fight illness. Learn how vaccines ...
Vaccine has the potential to save thousands of lives in poor countries ... John Wecker, director of PATHs Rotavirus Vaccine Program. "Making rotavirus vaccines available to the children in poor ... Because rotavirus vaccines represent the best hope to save thousands of childrens lives in poor countries, PATHs Rotavirus ... "Vaccines against rotavirus remain the most effective way to prevent this deadly disease," notes Dr. ...
Global Human Rotavirus Vaccine Market Report 2022 comes with the extensive industry analysis by Introspective ... Chapter 5: Human Rotavirus Vaccine Market by Type. 5.1 Human Rotavirus Vaccine Market Overview Snapshot and Growth Engine. 5.2 ... Chapter 5: Human Rotavirus Vaccine Market by Type. 5.1 Human Rotavirus Vaccine Market Overview Snapshot and Growth Engine. 5.2 ... 7.1.5 Human Rotavirus Vaccine Industry Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI). 7.1.6 Top 5 Human Rotavirus Vaccine Players Market ...
SA11 rotaviruses, into which segment 7 modified RNAs were introduced. These encoded sequences for the non-structural protein ... Rotavirus is a common diarrheal disease that affects young children. Live oral rotavirus vaccines have been used to reduce its ... Could rotavirus vaccine platforms aid in the immunization campaign against SARS-CoV-2?. *Download PDF Copy ... Could rotavirus vaccine platforms aid in the immunization campaign against SARS-CoV-2?. News-Medical, viewed 04 December 2023, ...
Press Release: Rotavirus vaccine cuts infant diarrhea deaths by a third in Malawi. A major new study has shown that rotavirus ... "We already knew that rotavirus vaccine reduces hospital admissions and is highly cost-effective in low-income countries with a ... recommendation for rotavirus vaccine to be included in all national immunization programmes. ... The study led by scientists at the University of Liverpool, UCL, the International Vaccine Access Center at the Johns Hopkins ...
Information on Rotavirus with there causes, symptoms and treatment ... Billions of rotavirus particles are passed in the stool of the infected individual. Small numbers of the rotavirus can lead to ... Rotavirus Infant Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children. The disease is characterized by vomiting ... The symptoms for rotavirus can range from mild to severe. The following are the most common symptoms of rotavirus. However, ...
Infants All infants without contraindications should receive the rotavirus vaccine series; consisting of either two oral doses ... Vaccine. Rotavirus vaccines (RV) are live attenuated oral vaccines containing no preservatives. There are two rotavirus ... Step 4: Convey vaccine effectiveness. · The good news about rotavirus is that there are effective vaccines.. · Hospitalizations ... Rotavirus vaccines are live attenuated vaccines that are only given to infants under 8 months of age and are thus ...
Learn more about Rotateq (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live (Oral)) at EverydayHealth.com. ... Rotavirus Vaccine, Live (Oral)), including what it is used for, warnings, reviews, side effects, and interactions. ... How to take Rotateq (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live (Oral))?. Use Rotateq (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live (Oral)) exactly as directed on the ... Rotavirus Vaccine, Live (Oral))?. For up to 15 days after receiving rotavirus vaccine, the child should avoid coming into ...
Govt admits rotavirus vaccine causes intussusception, adds it to injury compensation program ... Currently, no adverse event is listed on the Vaccine Injury Table for rotavirus vaccines. However, recent data point to a small ... to the Vaccine Injury Table for rotavirus vaccines under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program.. The rule states:. ... The rotavirus vaccine is administered at two, four, and six months of age in combination with other vaccines.. According to the ...
... a public-private partnership aims to provide a cheaper vaccine. ... With one-fifth of all rotavirus deaths taking place in India, ... A new and cheap rotavirus vaccine will bring life vaccine immunizations to the worlds poorest areas. Flickr/RIBI *Share on ... Rotavirus Vaccine Developed In India Aims To Stop 500,000 Yearly Child Deaths. May 14, 2013 10:01 AM. By ... "Vaccines work to save and protect children from diseases like rotavirus for a lifetime. This public-private partnership is an ...
I just wanted to know which vaccines the State of Oregon ... The approval of rotavirus vaccines is proof the vaccine ... Rotavirus: The Vaccine Nobody Wants By J.B. Handley. It started innocently enough, I just wanted to know which vaccines the ... Which brings me back to Rotavirus.. To me, Rotavirus is a great way to demonstrate how corrupted the process of adding vaccines ... He voted to add the Rotavirus vaccine to the schedule (it wasnt Mercks, because his vaccine wasnt ready for market yet) ...
Human Rotavirus Vaccine Industry Analysis by type, End-User and region ... Human Rotavirus Vaccine Market Size to reach USD 12.3 billion and is projected to register a 11.2% CAGR during the forecast ... Human Rotavirus Vaccine Market Human Rotavirus Vaccine Market information: by type (Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotavac, Rotavin-M1, ... Human Rotavirus Vaccine Market Overview. The rotavirus vaccine manufacturers are expecting good fortune for the market during ...
Home / News / Nov 3rd, 8am "Diarrhea in Nicaragua in the rotavirus vaccine era." ...
Migrant Clinicians Network does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender identity, sexual orientation, age or disability in our program/activities. ...
... an India-made rotavirus vaccine, is saving lives in India and around the world. ... Celebrating ROTAVAC: a rotavirus vaccine success story for India and the world The ROTAVAC® story ... ROTAVAC®, one of two India-made rotavirus vaccines, was first introduced in India in 2016. The country is scaling up these new ... Staff nurse Purnima Gowala opens a vial of rotavirus vaccine at Greenwood Tea Estate Hospital in Dibrugarh, Assam. ...
RotaTeq may not protect all vaccine recipients against rotavirus.. Before administering RotaTeq® (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral ... RotaTeq may not protect all vaccine recipients against rotavirus.. Before administering RotaTeq® (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral ... Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, Pentavalent) Selected Safety Information for RotaTeq RotaTeq® (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, ... Indications and Usage for RotaTeq® (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, Pentavalent) Indications and Usage for RotaTeq RotaTeq is ...
Dr Kampu also informed the participants that Rotavirus is a new vaccine which will be launched in the State soon and it will be ... While stressing the need to vaccinate infants with Rotavirus Vaccine which will prevent 37 to 96 per cent of severe diarrhoea, ... Papum Pare District Medical Officer Dr Subu Tasso Kampu says new Rotavirus vaccine to be launched in State ... workshop for Rotavirus vaccine introduction programme organized by Papum Pare District Health Society recently. ...
... contact a vaccine injury lawyer at The Schmidt Firm, PLLC for a rotavirus vaccine lawsuit. ... If you or your child was hurt by rotavirus vaccine side effects, ... Rotavirus Vaccine Lawsuit. If your child was hurt by rotavirus ... Rotavirus Vaccine Lawyer. If you or your loved one was injured by rotavirus vaccine side effects, it is essential that you ... Rotavirus Vaccine Side Effects. Unfortunately, in rare cases, the rotavirus vaccine itself can cause severe, sometimes life- ...
  • You can protect against rotavirus disease with safe, effective vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • Some studies suggest that rotavirus vaccination possibly causes a small increase in the risk of intussusception, a type of bowel blockage. (cdc.gov)
  • Studies from the United States and other countries show a small increased risk of intussusception following rotavirus vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • Intussusception and rotavirus vaccination: A review of the available evidence. (cdc.gov)
  • A 2009 review estimated that vaccination against rotavirus would prevent about 45% of deaths due to rotavirus gastroenteritis, or about 228,000 deaths annually worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rotavirus vaccines are licensed in more than 100 countries, and more than 80 countries have introduced routine rotavirus vaccination. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the United States, vaccination has reduced rotavirus-related hospitalizations by as much as 86% since 2006. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is a simple, Excel-based tool for assessing and comparing costs of rotavirus vaccination programs annually and for a period of 5 years with each rotavirus vaccine product available in the global market. (path.org)
  • It aims to help country-level policymakers compare products and estimate vaccination program costs for different rotavirus vaccines, exploring up to six different vaccine options at a time. (path.org)
  • Estimates of vaccine cost (i.e., vaccine and supplies procurement and international shipping) and vaccination program costs (i.e., vaccine cost and cost of delivery) are provided separately, based on limited user inputs, for two perspectives: (1) the country perspective and (2) the combined country and Gavi perspective (only relevant for Gavi-eligible countries). (path.org)
  • L'objectif de cet outil est d'aider les responsables politiques, au niveau national, à comparer les différents vaccins antirotavirus et à estimer les coûts des programmes de vaccination, en explorant jusqu'à six options de vaccination différentes à la fois. (path.org)
  • Last week the World Health Organization recommended that rotavirus vaccination be included in all national immunization programs worldwide. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The impact of rotavirus vaccination was similar and positive in both groups. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Global Impact of Rotavirus vaccination on childhood hospitalizations and mortality from diarrhea. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Because vaccination is the only way to prevent hospitalizations from severe rotavirus infection in industrialized countries and the mortality it causes in low-resource settings, the World Health Organization (WHO) strongly recommends the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination into the national immunization programs of countries where clinical trials have shown rotavirus vaccines to be safe and effective. (path.org)
  • Maximum age of the first dose of rotavirus vaccination is 14 weeks and 6 days, and maximum age for any dose is 8 months 1,2 . (vaccinesafety.edu)
  • Severe allergic reaction (e.g. anaphylaxis) to a previous dose, vaccine component or component of the oral applicator is a contraindication to further vaccination with RV. (vaccinesafety.edu)
  • Rotavirus is most dangerous for young infants like Gunjan, so early vaccination is crucial. (defeatdd.org)
  • In the United States, where rotavirus vaccination is routine, hospitalizations and deaths due to this illness are relatively uncommon. (schmidtlaw.com)
  • The rotavirus vaccine is part of the routine vaccination schedule recommended for children (see CDC: Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule by Age ). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rotarix® and RotaTeq® vaccine products have different vaccination schedules and different age requirements for vaccine series completion. (phsd.ca)
  • Additional vaccination strategies should be evaluated to overcome the suboptimal performance of current oral rotavirus vaccines in these settings. (bvsalud.org)
  • To further the control of disease by vaccination, we must develop safe and effective new vaccines to combat infectious diseases, and address the public's concerns. (nature.com)
  • Excretion Excretion of the vaccine virus in the stools occurs after vaccination and lasts for 10 days on average with peak excretion around the 7th day. (vaccineriskawareness.com)
  • A relationship between antibody responses to rotavirus vaccination and protection against rotavirus gastro-enteritis has not been. (vaccineriskawareness.com)
  • Pharmacodynamics Immunogenicity: A relationship between antibody responses to rotavirus vaccination and. (vaccineriskawareness.com)
  • An inactivated adjuvanted vaccine for the vaccination of pregnant mares to stimulate the production of antibodies against Equine Rotavirus H2 serotype in colostrum and milk as an aid in the management of Rotavirus Enteritis. (theanimalpharmacy.com.au)
  • Unique specialist breeding vaccine for the vaccination of pregnant mares to provide passive transfer of antibodies to foals to reduce the risk of diarrhoea caused by Equine Rotavirus. (theanimalpharmacy.com.au)
  • Rotavirus shedding in stool occurs after vaccination with peak excretion occurring around Day 7 after Dose 1. (rotarixhcp.com)
  • Although immunization with the human papillomavirus vaccine is recommended for all boys and girls, vaccination rates remain low. (aafp.org)
  • Family physicians should gather accurate information about the harms and benefits of vaccines to advocate for vaccination and decrease the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases. (aafp.org)
  • 2 , 5 Administration of acetaminophen at the time of vaccination or shortly afterward may alleviate some adverse effects, but there may be a decreased antibody response to some vaccine antigens in children who receive antipyretics. (aafp.org)
  • Check with a healthcare professional about your child's Rotavirus vaccination status and if they have a predisposed intussusception risk. (myvaccinelawyer.com)
  • The benefits of rotavirus vaccination greatly outweigh the risks of not receiving it and contracting the rotavirus infection itself, but infants should not receive the rotavirus vaccine if they have had previous episodes of intussusception, bowel obstruction or have moderate to severe diarrhea or vomiting. (myvaccinelawyer.com)
  • Rotavirus vaccination is the best way to protect your child from rotavirus disease. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • The rotavirus vaccination is only suitable for young babies. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • Only those vaccines included on the recommended childhood, adolescent, and adult immunization schedules for routine vaccination are included in this update. (cdc.gov)
  • The rotavirus vaccine is a vaccine used to protect against rotavirus infections, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhea among young children. (wikipedia.org)
  • The vaccines prevent 15-34% of severe diarrhea in the developing world and 37-96% of the risk of death among young children due to severe diarrhea. (wikipedia.org)
  • A 2021 Cochrane systematic review concluded that Rotavac, RotaTeq, and Rotarix vaccines are safe and are effective at preventing diarrhea that is related to a rotavirus infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • In April 2016, the World Health Organization released statistics for the period of 2000-2013, which showed developing countries that have introduced rotavirus vaccines experienced significant decreases in deaths and hospitalizations from rotavirus diarrhea after introduction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Symptoms of the rotavirus include fever, vomiting, and watery diarrhea. (medicinenet.com)
  • Rotavirus is the most common cause of inflammation of the stomach and intestines ( gastroenteritis ), leading to severe diarrhea in infants and children throughout the world. (medicinenet.com)
  • Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among infants and children throughout the world and causes the death of about 500,000 children worldwide annually. (medicinenet.com)
  • But each year an estimated two million children are hospitalized because rotavirus infection results in severe dehydration caused by diarrhea and vomiting. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Rotavirus is a common virus that causes vomiting and diarrhea . (kidshealth.org)
  • Rotavirus can cause severe diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration . (kidshealth.org)
  • Gaithersburg, MD, February 20, 2008-The US Advisory Committee on Vaccines and Related Biological Products issued a positive recommendation today on the use of rotavirus vaccines, potentially bringing greater protection to children in the United States from this common and sometimes fatal cause of severe diarrhea. (path.org)
  • Clinical manifestations of rotavirus infection are nonspecific and range from asymptomatic to severe with fever, vomiting and dehydrating diarrhea. (vaccinesafety.edu)
  • RV also significantly reduced physician visits related to diarrhea and hospitalization related to rotavirus 1 . (vaccinesafety.edu)
  • Children with SCID have developed persistent diarrhea caused by rotavirus vaccines that was cured only after the infants received bone marrow transplants to correct the immune deficiency 7,8 . (vaccinesafety.edu)
  • Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children. (online-family-doctor.com)
  • Rotavirus is the most common diagnosis for young children with acute diarrhea, but other causes may include bacteria (Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter are most common), parasites (Giardia and Cryptosporidium are most common), localized infection elsewhere, antibiotic-associated adverse effects (such as those related to treatment for Clostridium difficile), and food poisoning. (online-family-doctor.com)
  • The market symptoms of rotavirus infection are inclusive of severe diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain which can result in disease. (marketresearchfuture.com)
  • Rotavirus vaccine is known to be applied to gain prevention against rotavirus infections which can cause severe diarrhea that is more prevalent amongst young children. (marketresearchfuture.com)
  • The symptoms of rotavirus infection are inclusive of severe diarrhea, and other issues like vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain. (marketresearchfuture.com)
  • Nov 3rd, 8am "Diarrhea in Nicaragua in the rotavirus vaccine era. (unc.edu)
  • Home / News / Nov 3rd, 8am "Diarrhea in Nicaragua in the rotavirus vaccine era. (unc.edu)
  • Topic: "Diarrhea in Nicaragua in the Rotavirus vaccine era. (unc.edu)
  • The country is scaling up these new domestically produced vaccines as part of routine childhood immunization against the deadliest form of diarrhea. (defeatdd.org)
  • Post-marketing reports of gastroenteritis, including severe diarrhea and prolonged shedding of vaccine virus, have been reported in infants who were administered RotaTeq and later identified as having SCID. (merckvaccines.com)
  • Rotavirus is the leading cause of a disease called acute gastroenteritis , which causes severe vomiting and diarrhea. (schmidtlaw.com)
  • Vaccines for rotavirus and cholera have the potential to reduce diarrhea morbidity and mortality burden. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in young children globally accounting for an estimated 527,000 (475 000-580 000) deaths each year, mostly in children under the age of two years [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Collectively these four organisms account for a great number of cases of diarrhea across the world and vaccines targeting the most common strains of all these pathogens are currently being developed, improved and undergoing trials across the globe. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, probiotics may reduce the risk of spreading rotavirus infection by shortening diarrhea duration and volume of watery stool output and by reducing the fecal shedding of rotavirus, and they have been found useful in preventing the dissemination of hospital-acquired diarrheas. (medscape.com)
  • Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute diarrhea in children. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Two types of diarrhea can be prevented - rotavirus diarrhea and traveler's diarrhea. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rotavirus is a disease which causes severe diarrhea and vomiting, which can lead to severe dehydration, electrolyte. (vaccineinjuryhelp.com)
  • Diarrhea by rotavirus is one of the main causes of mortality in children in developing countries, although the hospitalization rates (HR) for acute diarrhea have been found to have fallen since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine. (scite.ai)
  • The main objective of this study was to analyze the temporal behavior of HR caused by acute diarrhea in children under the age of one in the south of Brazil, between 2000 and 2011, and to explore changes in seasonality patters after the introduction of the vaccine against the rotavirus in 2006. (scite.ai)
  • Rotavirus was the leading cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children in the United States before rotavirus vaccine was introduced in 2006. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • Rotavirus commonly causes severe, watery diarrhea and vomiting in infants and young children. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • The most common symptoms of rotavirus are severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and/or abdominal pain. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • Mathew Esona] Rotaviruses are the most common cause of diarrhea in infants and young children, and are a serious public health issue. (cdc.gov)
  • As of 2013, there are two types of vaccine available globally, Rotarix and RotaTeq. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rotarix is a monovalent, human, live attenuated rotavirus vaccine containing one rotavirus strain of G1P[8] specificity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rotarix is indicated for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by G1 and non-G1 types (G3, G4, and G9) when administered as a 2-dose series in infants and children. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two vaccines to prevent rotavirus infection are available: RotaTeq and Rotarix. (medicinenet.com)
  • There are two rotavirus vaccines currently licensed in the United States: RV5 (RotaTeq®), which contains five reassortant rotaviruses suspended in a buffer solution, and RV1 (Rotarix®), which contains one attenuated strain of human rotavirus and is reconstituted from lyophilized powder prior to administration 1 . (vaccinesafety.edu)
  • Only two rotavirus vaccines are approved for infants in the U.S.: Merck's RotaTeq and GlaxoSmithKline's Rotarix. (naturalnews.com)
  • The two types of rotavirus vaccines are Rotarix and RotaTeq . (schmidtlaw.com)
  • Effective August 1, 2021 Ontario will be transitioning from RotaTeq® vaccine (Rot-5, manufactured by Merck Canada) a three-dose vaccine series, to Rotarix® vaccine (Rot-1, manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline Inc.) a two-dose vaccine series, for the prevention of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus infection in infants. (phsd.ca)
  • Infants born on or after June 1, 2021, should start their rotavirus vaccine series with the Rotarix® vaccine. (phsd.ca)
  • Order Rotarix® vaccine now for infants born after June 1, 2021, who will be due for their first dose of rotavirus vaccine in August 2021. (phsd.ca)
  • Once received, provide Rotarix® to all unimmunized infants meeting eligibility criteria for rotavirus vaccine. (phsd.ca)
  • Head-to-head comparison of the immunogenicity of RotaTeq and Rotarix rotavirus vaccines and factors associated with seroresponse in infants in Bangladesh: a randomised, controlled, open-label, parallel, phase 4 trial. (bvsalud.org)
  • We therefore aimed to compare the immunogenicity of RotaTeq (Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, USA) and Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline, Rixensart, Belgium ) rotavirus vaccines in the same population and examined risk factors for low seroresponse. (bvsalud.org)
  • We randomly assigned participants (11), using block randomisation via a computer -generated electronic allocation with block sizes of 8, 16, 24, and 32, to receive either three RotaTeq vaccine doses at ages 6, 10, and 14 weeks or two Rotarix doses at ages 6 and 10 weeks without oral poliovirus vaccine . (bvsalud.org)
  • Seroconversion at age 18 weeks in the RotaTeq arm and age of 14 weeks in the Rotarix arm was used to compare the complete series of each vaccine . (bvsalud.org)
  • Rotavirus IgA seroconversion 4 weeks after the full series occurred in 390 (73%) of 531 infants age 18 weeks in the RotaTeq arm and 354 (64%) of 549 infants age 14 weeks in the Rotarix arm (p=0·01). (bvsalud.org)
  • Similarly, in the Rotarix arm , rotavirus IgA seroconversion was lower in non-secretors than in secretors at ages 14 weeks (p=0·02) and 22 weeks (p=0·01). (bvsalud.org)
  • RotaTeq induced a higher magnitude and longer duration of rotavirus IgA response than Rotarix in this high child mortality setting. (bvsalud.org)
  • The immunologic mechanism by which ROTARIX protects against rotavirus gastro-enteritis is not entirely understood. (vaccineriskawareness.com)
  • Ingredients: ROTARIX is a liquid suspension of the live attenuated RIX4414 strain of human rotavirus of the G1P[8] type for use in the prevention of rotavirus gastro-enteritis. (vaccineriskawareness.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control currently note two licensed Rotavirus vaccines: RotaTeq (3 doses) and Rotarix (2 doses). (myvaccinelawyer.com)
  • Rotavirus infection is highly contagious . (medicinenet.com)
  • Since 2006, vaccines have been available for rotavirus infection. (medicinenet.com)
  • Repeat infections with different viral strains are possible, and most children had several episodes of rotavirus infection in the first years of life. (medicinenet.com)
  • Babies and toddlers between 6-24 months of age are at the greatest risk for developing severe disease from rotavirus infection. (medicinenet.com)
  • Worldwide, rotavirus infection is still a significant cause of death in infants and children. (medicinenet.com)
  • Rotavirus affects populations in all socioeconomic groups and is equally prevalent in industrialized and developing countries, so differences in sanitation practices or water supply are not likely to affect the incidence of the infection. (medicinenet.com)
  • However, infection with rotavirus can occur at any time of the year. (medicinenet.com)
  • What are rotavirus infection symptoms and signs? (medicinenet.com)
  • Immunity from repeated infection is incomplete after a rotavirus infection, but repeated infections tend to be less severe than the original infection. (medicinenet.com)
  • Rotavirus infection can be associated with severe dehydration in infants and children. (medicinenet.com)
  • Severe dehydration can lead to death in rare cases, so it is important to recognize and treat this complication of rotavirus infection. (medicinenet.com)
  • In addition to the symptoms of rotavirus infection discussed above, parents should be aware of the symptoms of dehydration that can occur with rotavirus infection or with other serious conditions. (medicinenet.com)
  • Infection with different strains of the virus is possible, so it is common to have several separate rotavirus infections in childhood. (medicinenet.com)
  • The images could help scientists design a more effective vaccine against rotavirus, a lethal infection that kills more than 500,000 children worldwide each year. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Immunosuppressives may diminish therapeutic effects of vaccines and increase risk of adverse effects (increased risk of infection). (medscape.com)
  • Ready access to good medical care means that children in industrialized countries rarely die from rotavirus infection. (path.org)
  • In group A rotaviruses, the segment 7 of the genome encodes NSP3, which is a translation enhancer of viral positive-sense RNAs, expressed moderately in cells following infection. (news-medical.net)
  • However, if rotavirus infection is not treated, it can be fatal. (vaccinesafety.edu)
  • This vaccine will not treat an active infection that has already developed in the body. (everydayhealth.com)
  • In the case of a more severe illness with a fever or any type of infection, wait until the child gets better before receiving this vaccine. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Small numbers of the rotavirus can lead to infection if a baby puts fingers or other objects contaminated with the virus into the mouth. (online-family-doctor.com)
  • The human rotavirus vaccine market has been one of the affected markets since the coronavirus infection has turned into a pandemic and is facing adversities ever since. (marketresearchfuture.com)
  • Rotavirus is a viral infection of the digestive tract that can cause severe dehydration. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Please refer to the accompanying health care provider Q&A provided by the Ministry of Health for further information on rotavirus infection and the vaccine products available for prevention. (phsd.ca)
  • In one pre-vaccine year (2010-2011), the number of outpatient visits due to the rotavirus infection was 66. (who.int)
  • Title : Rotavirus infection, illness, and vaccine performance in malnourished children: a review of the literature Personal Author(s) : Burnett, Eleanor;Parashar, Umesh D.;Tate, Jacqueline E. (cdc.gov)
  • One of them is rotavirus, which causes a severe infection of the gastrointestinal tract. (luxsofts.com)
  • Rotavirus disease is common in infants across the world, with nearly every child in the world being infected with a natural rotavirus infection at least once by the age of five, and in some cases, even older children. (myvaccinelawyer.com)
  • That is, people get sick with rotavirus infection after putting something in their mouth that has been contaminated with fecal material containing the virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Rotaviruses can be zoonotic, that is, become an infection that is passed from animals to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • We need to find out just how common rotavirus infection is in bats, and if similar natural reassortment strains exist in bats in other regions of the world. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis B (HBV) vaccine is included in routine childhood immunization vaccines to prevent chronic HBV infection. (medscape.com)
  • About 1 in 20,000 US infants to 1 in 100,000 US infants who get rotavirus vaccine might develop intussusception within a week of getting the vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • This means that between 40 and 120 U.S. infants might develop intussusception related to rotavirus vaccine each year. (cdc.gov)
  • Real-time surveillance to assess risk of intussusception and other adverse events after pentavalent bovine-derived rotavirus vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Intussusception following rotavirus vaccine administration: Post-marketing surveillance in the National Immunization Program in Australia. (cdc.gov)
  • Rarely, some kids will develop intussusception within a week of getting the first or second dose of the vaccine. (kidshealth.org)
  • Post-licensure studies in the United States have shown RV5 to be associated with approximately 1.1 excess cases of intussusception per 100,000 vaccine recipients in the 7 days after the first dose, and 1.5 excess cases per 100,000 recipients in the 21 days after the first dose. (vaccinesafety.edu)
  • Your child should not receive this vaccine if he or she has ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction to a rotavirus oral vaccine, if the child has ever had intussusception (a blockage of the intestines), or if the child has severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). (everydayhealth.com)
  • Rotavirus oral vaccine may cause intussusception, a blockage of the intestines. (everydayhealth.com)
  • One regulation worth mentioning has to do with rotavirus vaccines and a condition called intussusception. (naturalnews.com)
  • One of 3,415 new rules (which surely should've been in place when rotavirus vaccines first began being administered) officially adds intussusception [2] to the Vaccine Injury Table for rotavirus vaccines under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. (naturalnews.com)
  • However, recent data point to a small risk of intussusception, and the rule amends the Vaccine Injury Table to provide for this adverse event. (naturalnews.com)
  • According to the VAERS Database at the time of writing this article, of the nearly 11,000 adverse events reported in children under three after receiving a rotavirus vaccine, there are 532 incidents listed where a child under the age of 3 received a rotavirus vaccine and later presented with intussusception. (naturalnews.com)
  • In rare cases, children who are immunized with the rotavirus vaccine have developed severe bowel obstruction ( intussusception ), allergic reactions, autoimmune responses, and other life-threatening side effects. (schmidtlaw.com)
  • The previous rotavirus vaccine (RotaShield) was withdrawn in 1999 due to a risk of intussusception , a type of bowel obstruction that can cause severe intestinal damage. (schmidtlaw.com)
  • When an older rotavirus vaccine was used, the risk of intussusception was increased. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The newer vaccines, when given as recommended, may increase the risk of intussusception but only slightly. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rotavirus vaccines can cause severe bowel obstruction ( intussusception ), allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, and more. (theclarkfirmtexas.com)
  • RotaShield is a rotavirus vaccine that was recalled in 1999 after being associated with an increased risk of intussusception , a type of bowel obstruction that can cause severe intestinal damage. (theclarkfirmtexas.com)
  • The newer vaccines are currently being evaluated regarding the risk of intussusception. (theclarkfirmtexas.com)
  • The rotavirus vaccine minimally increases the rate of intussusception, whereas other vaccines minimally increase the risk of syncope. (aafp.org)
  • Can the Rotavirus Vaccine Cause Intussusception? (myvaccinelawyer.com)
  • Intussusception from the Rotavirus vaccine can happen to infants. (myvaccinelawyer.com)
  • If your child received the rotavirus vaccine and developed Intussusception or Intussusception-like symptoms, your child may be entitled to compensation. (myvaccinelawyer.com)
  • The most common vaccine that can trigger Intussusception is the Rotavirus vaccine. (myvaccinelawyer.com)
  • An oral vaccine, administered similarly to that of the oral polio vaccine, most recipients experience no vaccine side effects, but there is a small risk (approximately 2 in 100,000) of intussusception occurring within a week after the first dose or second dose. (myvaccinelawyer.com)
  • The table specifically lists intussusception in the context of the rotavirus vaccine as of October 22, 1998. (myvaccinelawyer.com)
  • According to the Table, the appropriate time frame for the first intussusception symptoms or onset manifestation is between one (1) and twenty-one (21) days following the first or second (but not third) dose of the vaccine. (myvaccinelawyer.com)
  • Rotavirus vaccines have a troubled history - Wyeth's Rotashield was pulled off the market in 1999 after it was linked with a rare but deadly bowel obstruction called intussusception. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • Health experts recommend that all children receive the rotavirus vaccine to prevent gastroenteritis , a disease that causes dehydration and vomiting. (schmidtlaw.com)
  • RotaTeq is a live, oral pentavalent vaccine that contains five rotavirus strains produced by reassortment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Currently, two oral vaccines, monovalent and pentavalent vaccines are available. (who.int)
  • Monovalent rotavirus vaccine is administered orally in a two-dose schedule while pentavalent Rotavirus vaccine is administered orally in a three-dose schedule. (who.int)
  • RotaTeq ® (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, Pentavalent) should not be administered to infants with a demonstrated history of hypersensitivity to the vaccine or any component of the vaccine. (merckvaccines.com)
  • Before administering RotaTeq ® (Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, Pentavalent) , please read the accompanying Prescribing Information . (merckvaccines.com)
  • Avoid receiving the doses of this vaccine in different clinics or from different doctors. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Your child should receive the same brand of rotavirus oral vaccine for all doses given. (everydayhealth.com)
  • So, of the 11 types of vaccines approved for pediatric use (and given in 36 doses because many are given multiple times), Oregon says you need to prove your child received 6 of them to enter kindergarten, or just over half of the vaccines recommended by CDC. (ageofautism.com)
  • The Rotavirus vaccine is administered by mouth and requires two or three doses starting around six weeks of age. (marketresearchfuture.com)
  • To answer that question, Sederdahl et al ( 10.1542/peds.2018-2498 ) analyzed the National Immunization Survey of families with children ages 19-35 months to find out whether opportunities were missed to receive rotavirus vaccine, especially if the family did receive doses of DTaP or MMR vaccine between 6 weeks and 24 months of age. (aap.org)
  • Sadly, 29% of the 14,571 children were not fully vaccinated against rotavirus but could have been, including 14% of infants and toddlers who received no doses of rotavirus vaccine. (aap.org)
  • Reserve any inventory of RotaTeq® in your vaccine fridges for infants who have previously received one or more doses of RotaTeq® vaccine. (phsd.ca)
  • These vaccines are administered in several doses before the child is 6 months old. (theclarkfirmtexas.com)
  • Two rotavirus vaccines are currently licensed for infants in the United States: RotaTeq® (RV5) is given in 3 doses at ages 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • The data generated by conducting the primary and secondary research.The report covers detail analysis of driver, constraints and scope for new players entering the Human Rotavirus Vaccine market. (bharatbook.com)
  • You do not need to have a specific vaccine injury to qualify for a rotavirus vaccine lawsuit. (schmidtlaw.com)
  • If the rotavirus vaccine caused your child to suffer a severe vaccine side effect, you may qualify for a rotavirus vaccine lawsuit. (theclarkfirmtexas.com)
  • Therefore, many different types of side effects could potentially qualify for a rotavirus vaccine lawsuit. (theclarkfirmtexas.com)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that rotavirus vaccine be included in national routine vaccinations programs, especially in areas where the disease is common. (wikipedia.org)
  • The World Health Organization recommends the first dose of vaccine be given right after six weeks of age. (wikipedia.org)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) had concerns that in low income settings, incomplete vaccine penetration would cause performance failure. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • The World Health Organization officially recommended rotavirus vaccines be included in all national immunization programs in 2009. (naturalnews.com)
  • This report describes the status of introductions globally for eight World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended new and underutilized vaccines, comprising 10 individual vaccine antigens. (medscape.com)
  • Baron said clinicians in countries where rotavirus is a serious health threat are waiting for the green light from the World Health Organization to begin immunizing children with the new vaccine. (luxsofts.com)
  • The rotavirus vaccine is very safe, and it is effective at preventing rotavirus disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Live, oral rotavirus vaccines are more effective at preventing rotavirus disease in countries with low child mortality compared with high child mortality. (cdc.gov)
  • If you or your loved one was injured by rotavirus vaccine side effects, it is essential that you immediately contact a rotavirus vaccine lawyer. (schmidtlaw.com)
  • If your child has suffered a serious rotavirus vaccine side effect, contact a rotavirus vaccine lawyer immediately for more information about your legal rights. (theclarkfirmtexas.com)
  • You might think families who were underserved or suffered from adverse social determinants of health were most likely to miss getting the rotavirus vaccine series, but just the opposite-patient of families of higher socioeconomic status were more likely not to get this important vaccine. (aap.org)
  • In Nicaragua, which in 2006 became the first developing country to introduce the rotavirus vaccine, investigators recorded a substantial impact, with rotavirus vaccine preventing 60% of cases against severe rotavirus and cutting emergency room visits in half. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the per-protocol analysis, 28/504 (5.6%) patients in the placebo group experienced severe rotavirus gastroenteritis by age 18 months. (ebneo.org)
  • Researchers from the CDC in Atlanta, Georgia, recently published a study that looked at rotavirus vaccinations' global impact. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Hospitalizations and deaths due to the rotavirus are relatively uncommon in the United States, where vaccinations are routinely administered to babies. (theclarkfirmtexas.com)
  • The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program track adverse events and allow compensation for documented harms from vaccinations. (aafp.org)
  • With the success of vaccinations, many parents no longer have contact with children who have vaccine-preventable illnesses. (aafp.org)
  • Administration of routine childhood vaccinations (eg, hepatitis, polio, and meningococcal vaccines) is often prioritized over specific travel vaccines, as these diseases are still prevalent in many underdeveloped countries. (medscape.com)
  • In Mexico, which in 2006 was among the first countries in the world to introduce rotavirus vaccine, the diarrheal disease death rates from rotavirus dropped by more than 65% among children age two and under during the 2009 rotavirus season. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rotavirus is a common diarrheal disease that affects young children. (news-medical.net)
  • A new vaccine against rotavirus, a diarrheal disease that kills about 600 children a day, has been shown to have almost 67 percent efficacy in preventing the illness. (luxsofts.com)
  • Live oral rotavirus vaccines have been used to reduce its incidence in many countries. (news-medical.net)
  • A head -to- head comparison of the most widely used oral rotavirus vaccines has not previously been done, particularly in a high child mortality setting. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the United States shortages of many vaccines in the recommended childhood immunization schedule occurred in the past. (cdc.gov)
  • The first dose of the vaccine should be administered during the period of 6 weeks to 15 weeks of age. (who.int)
  • The maximum age for administering the last dose of the vaccine is recommended to be at 32 weeks of age. (who.int)
  • had a serious allergic reaction to an earlier dose of the vaccine. (kidshealth.org)
  • People who have had serious allergic reactions to a previous dose of the vaccine or to a vaccine component should not be given the rotavirus vaccine. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The rotavirus vaccines are live attenuated vaccines, which means they contain a weakened form of the virus. (kidshealth.org)
  • Live-attenuated vaccines should be avoided for at least 3 mo after cessation of immunosuppressive therapy. (medscape.com)
  • The incidence and severity of rotavirus infections has declined significantly in countries that have acted on the recommendation to introduce the rotavirus vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, the vaccines may also prevent illness in non-vaccinated children by limiting exposure through the number of circulating infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are different strains of rotavirus, and multiple infections by different strains may occur. (medicinenet.com)
  • After several infections with different strains of the virus, children acquire immunity to rotavirus. (medicinenet.com)
  • In the U.S., rotavirus infections usually peak in the fall months in the Southwest and spread to the Northeast by spring, so infections are most common during the winter months from November to May. (medicinenet.com)
  • What causes rotavirus infections? (medicinenet.com)
  • However, with the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and amid focus on vaccines as the only definitive method of durable control, a new study describes the possibility of producing a combined vaccine against both infections. (news-medical.net)
  • About half a million children under the age of five die every year from rotavirus infections. (cdc.gov)
  • These are all aspects that are driving the Human Rotavirus Vaccine Market forward as per the predictions that have been made for the forecast period of 2021-2028. (marketresearchfuture.com)
  • The human rotavirus vaccine market is further, witnessing a rise in the prices of the vaccines and the adverse reactions alongside the increased side effects of the vaccine that are further estimated to bar the human rotavirus vaccine market shortly, as a part of the ongoing forecast period of 2021-2028. (marketresearchfuture.com)
  • The rise in the production scales of the vaccines is escalating the growth of the human rotavirus vaccine market as per the predictions of the experts for the forecast period of 2021-2028. (marketresearchfuture.com)
  • The annual rate of new vaccine introductions declined precipitously when the COVID-19 pandemic started, from 48 in 2019 to 15 in 2020 before rising to 26 in 2021. (medscape.com)
  • Increased efforts to accelerate new and underutilized vaccine introductions are urgently needed to improve universal equitable access to all recommended vaccines to achieve the global Immunization Agenda 2021-2030 (IA2030) targets. (medscape.com)
  • The global Immunization Agenda 2021-2030 (IA2030), by increasing equitable access to and use of new and existing vaccines, envisions a world where everyone everywhere fully benefits from vaccines. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatitis B vaccine can prevent hepatitis B . Hepatitis B is a liver disease that can cause mild illness lasting a few weeks, or it can lead to a serious, lifelong illness. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most people who are vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine are immune for life. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hepatitis B vaccine is usually given as 2, 3, or 4 shots. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Infants should get their first dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth and will usually complete the series at 6-18 months of age. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine is an important part of preventing long-term illness in infants and the spread of hepatitis B in the United States. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hepatitis B vaccine may be given as a stand-alone vaccine, or as part of a combination vaccine (a type of vaccine that combines more than one vaccine together into one shot). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hepatitis B vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Has had an allergic reaction after a previous dose of hepatitis B vaccine , or has any severe, life-threatening allergies. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People who are moderately or severely ill should usually wait until they recover before getting hepatitis B vaccine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Thimerosal is currently used only in multidose vials of influenza vaccine, and exposure through vaccines is not associated with adverse neurologic outcomes. (aafp.org)
  • While an important component of immunization programs, a review of influenza vaccines is beyond the scope of this article. (medscape.com)
  • Merck worked with a range of partners including governmental and non-governmental organisations to develop and implement mechanisms for providing access to this vaccine in the developing world, an effort which was slated to come to an end in 2020. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq® manufactured by Merck & Co., Inc., received FDA approval in 2006. (path.org)
  • Because rotavirus vaccines represent the best hope to save thousands of children's lives in poor countries, PATH's Rotavirus Vaccine Program is working in partnership with Merck and GSK to conduct large-scale clinical trials of their vaccines in Africa and Asia. (path.org)
  • To date the vaccine manufacturer, Merck, has not given any information regarding if, or when, PCV1 and PCV2 will be removed from this vaccine. (naturalnews.com)
  • Overall, 67% of hospitalizations and emergency department visits were avoided after introduction of the rotavirus in the 27 countries reviewed. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Rotavirus is responsible for the hospitalization of approximately 55,000 children each year in the United States and the death of more than 600,000 children annually worldwide, as reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (online-family-doctor.com)
  • Health authorities hope the updated vaccines will provide better protection against serious consequences of COVID-19, including hospitalization and death. (medicaldaily.com)
  • Itanagar: "Rotavirus accounts for 40 per cent of hospitalization due to diarrhoea amongst children and in India, about 78,000 children died annually due to diarrhoea," informed Papum Pare District Medical Officer (DMO) Dr Subu Tasso Kampu during a one-day district level ToT (Training of Trainers) workshop for Rotavirus vaccine introduction programme organized by Papum Pare District Health Society recently. (sentinelassam.com)
  • We surveyed hospitalization rates for rotavirus gastroenteritis in children in Tsu City, Mie Prefecture, Japan, from 2007 to 2015 and surveyed the number of outpatient visits at a Tsu City clinic from 2010 to 2015. (who.int)
  • Results: In the pre-vaccine years (2007-2011), hospitalization rates for rotavirus gastroenteritis in children under 5 years old were 5.5, 4.3, 3.1 and 3.9 cases per 1000 person-years, respectively. (who.int)
  • Conclusion: After the vaccine introduction, the hospitalization rates and outpatient visits for rotavirus gastroenteritis greatly decreased. (who.int)
  • Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). (cdc.gov)
  • RotaTeq is indicated for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants and children caused by Types G1, G2, G3, G4, and G9 when administered as a 3-dose series to infants between the ages of 6 to 32 weeks. (merckvaccines.com)
  • Meningococcal B (MenB) vaccine is the new kid on the block for children and adolescents, having won approval in 2014. (texmed.org)
  • This vaccine for meningitis B often is confused with the older meningococcal vaccine. (texmed.org)
  • Infants and young children are most likely to get rotavirus disease. (cdc.gov)
  • To validate our results for vaccine effectiveness (VE) of RV5 against norovirus disease, we also calculated VE against rotavirus disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Safety and efficacy trials in Africa and Asia found that the vaccines dramatically reduced severe disease among infants in developing countries, where a majority of rotavirus-related deaths occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • Previous research has shown that vaccines protect children against the disease but that they work less well in low-income settings. (sciencedaily.com)
  • While the results from this study are limited since rotavirus is a childhood disease and the microbiome of infants and children is different in adults, the researchers are buoyed that their microbiome/vaccine response theory deserves further study. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Instead, the researchers view these results as a starting point with great potential for altering the microbiome to improve vaccine performance and ultimately better protect children in low-income settings from rotavirus, which continues to be a life-threatening disease. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Published in the Journal of Infectious Disease , this review indicates that these vaccines have substantially decreased rotavirus-related hospitalizations. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Vaccines against rotavirus remain the most effective way to prevent this deadly disease," notes Dr. John Wecker, director of PATH's Rotavirus Vaccine Program. (path.org)
  • The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Human Rotavirus Vaccine market in 2020. (bharatbook.com)
  • The rotavirus oral vaccine is used to help prevent this disease in children. (everydayhealth.com)
  • This vaccine works by exposing your child to a small dose of the virus, which causes the body to develop immunity to the disease. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Like any vaccine, the rotavirus oral vaccine may not provide protection from disease in every person. (everydayhealth.com)
  • For more information, see the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Rotavirus vaccine information statement . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Foals from vaccinated mares are spared the growth rate check caused by rotavirus disease. (theanimalpharmacy.com.au)
  • Measles, an awful disease that is incredibly contagious, was eradicated in the U.S. because most everyone got the vaccine against it. (texmed.org)
  • Although health experts recommend all children get this immunization to prevent life-threatening disease, once in a while, the vaccine itself can actually causes severe side effects. (theclarkfirmtexas.com)
  • The rotavirus causes a disease called acute gastroenteritis . (theclarkfirmtexas.com)
  • Children who get rotavirus disease can become dehydrated and may need to be hospitalized. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • CDC recommends that infants get rotavirus vaccine to protect against rotavirus disease. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • Rotavirus disease is most common in infants and young children. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • Adults who get rotavirus disease tend to have milder symptoms. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • There are also relevant questions as to how a norovirus vaccine would be used to prevent the most disease and protect those at highest risk for severe illness. (cdc.gov)
  • It's encouraging to read that the CDC and the Bill and Melida Gates foundation are partnering to create a vaccine for this disease, dreaded my so many of us. (cdc.gov)
  • For Rotavirus, describe this disease, including the causative agent. (cdc.gov)
  • For Rotavirus, describe characteristics of the vaccine used to prevent this disease. (cdc.gov)
  • If we are to achieve the Healthy People 2020 goal of vaccinating 80% of the children in this country against rotavirus, we need to inject more time and attention into educating families about the importance of this vaccine and the minimal if any minor side effects of giving it to children. (aap.org)
  • Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, rubella-containing vaccine, measles-containing vaccine second dose, and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine have been introduced by 78%, 89%, 94%, and 99% of all countries, respectively. (medscape.com)
  • The measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine is not associated with autism. (aafp.org)
  • The measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine does not increase the risk of autism and should be routinely used. (aafp.org)
  • Rotavirus causes acute gastroenteritis and has been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among young children. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • These data will provide valuable information for developing countries considering the use of rotavirus vaccines to reduce rotavirus mortality. (path.org)
  • Based on the evidence, we propose a 74% mortality reduction in rotavirus specific mortality, 52% reduction in cholera incidence due to their respective vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • What is the mortality rate of rotavirus? (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • 3 The fourth dose of the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine is associated with an increased incidence of fever and injection site reactions compared with the first dose (one in four children). (aafp.org)
  • Dr Kampu also informed the participants that Rotavirus is a new vaccine which will be launched in the State soon and it will be included in Routine Immunization as per WHO recommendation in India, an official release informed here today. (sentinelassam.com)
  • IA2030, endorsed by the World Health Assembly, includes a target to achieve 500 new and underutilized vaccine introductions in low-income and middle-income countries' routine immunization schedules by 2030. (medscape.com)
  • Year WHO recommended inclusion of vaccine in all national routine immunization programs. (medscape.com)
  • The US just licensed of an oral tetravalent rhesus reassortant vaccine for routine immunization of infants against rotavirus. (elsevierpure.com)
  • For Rotavirus, identify those for whom routine immunization is recommended. (cdc.gov)
  • Rotavirus infects most unvaccinated children by age 3. (medicinenet.com)
  • Before the availability of a rotavirus vaccine , rotavirus infected almost all children by their third birthday. (medicinenet.com)
  • Norovirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in the U.S. Noroviruses cause about 50%-70% of cases of gastroenteritis in adults, whereas rotavirus most typically affects young children. (medicinenet.com)
  • That means more virus was shed and we know from previous research that children who have higher shedding have better protection from the vaccine. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Rotavirus kills over 200,000 children each year and is the most important cause of diarrheal death in children. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In the team's earlier field work in children in Ghana and Pakistan, they found that infants with good immunity to the rotavirus vaccine had specific bacteria in their intestine. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Harris emphasizes that this work does not advocate for antibiotic use in infants or children to boost rotavirus responses. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Children get it at ages 2 and 4 months, and again at 6 months, depending on the brand of vaccine used. (kidshealth.org)
  • Besides protecting children who get the vaccine, immunization can help stop the spread of rotavirus in a community. (kidshealth.org)
  • Children in the poorest countries, however, suffer the greatest burden: more than 90 percent of deaths due to rotavirus occur in the developing world, where access to simple, lifesaving treatment is severely limited. (path.org)
  • Making rotavirus vaccines available to the children in poor countries who face the greatest risk of dying must be a high priority. (path.org)
  • The RotaTeq brand of rotavirus oral vaccine is for use in children between the ages of 6 weeks and 32 weeks old. (everydayhealth.com)
  • It started innocently enough, I just wanted to know which vaccines the State of Oregon "requires" children to get before entering kindergarten in a public school. (ageofautism.com)
  • These photos, taken in Assam, India by the International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC), illustrate the lifesaving potential of this vaccine for young children in India and around the world. (defeatdd.org)
  • Yet sadly, some children who are age-appropriate and eligible for the vaccine don't get it, despite getting other age-appropriate vaccines being administered at the same health maintenance visit. (aap.org)
  • Methods: We conducted active surveillance for rotavirus gastroenteritis among children under 5 years old before and after the vaccine introduction. (who.int)
  • The average percentage reduction in comparison to the mean level in the pre-vaccine period was about 50% for younger and 1-yearold children in Southern Brazil at the end of 2011. (scite.ai)
  • Thirty-one cases of rotavirus were reported among children who got the vaccine, compared with 87 cases among those who received a placebo. (luxsofts.com)
  • Experts say rotavirus is responsible for about 37 percent of deaths among children younger than 5 who succumb to diarrheal diseases each year, or about 215,000 deaths annually. (luxsofts.com)
  • Even when children are immunized with the older vaccines, Baron says, hundreds die each day around the world. (luxsofts.com)
  • The new vaccine does not need refrigeration for up to six months, because it is mixed or reconstituted with liquid before it is given to children in a three-dose schedule, at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age. (luxsofts.com)
  • Because of this, parents are increasingly questioning the necessity of immunizing their children, especially because no vaccine is completely free of adverse effects or the risk of complications. (aafp.org)
  • Rotavirus spreads easily among infants and young children. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • Children, even those who are vaccinated, may get infected and sick from rotavirus more than once. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • Children in the poorest countries account for 82% of rotavirus deaths. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • However, older children and adults can also get sick from rotavirus. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • Rotavirus vaccine protects children from viruses, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children. (indiatimes.com)
  • The court's order came on a plea filed by Dr Jacob Puliyel, a member of National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization (NTAGI) seeking to restrain the government from moving on to phase IV trials in which over one lakh children would be administered the vaccine. (indiatimes.com)
  • There are vaccines to protect children from rotavirus, but in many parts of the world it isn't widely available. (cdc.gov)
  • International immunization programs for children have many vaccines in common but, depending on the region, may vary slightly. (medscape.com)
  • The following tables describe vaccines for children that are used globally. (medscape.com)
  • Virtually every child in the world becomes infected with rotaviruses before developing natural immunity. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Both natural and vaccine-induced immunity occur only after the immune system has "seen" the virus and generates neutralizing antibodies. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The factors contributing to the growth of the human rotavirus vaccine market include increased development alongside an increase in the number of people with weakened immunity. (marketresearchfuture.com)
  • Advances in our understanding of the determinants of protective immunity and immunological memory, of the mechanisms by which adjuvants affect the quality and magnitude of immunological responses, and of microbial genomics, offer the promise for new and more effective vaccines in the near future. (nature.com)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] The choice of specific vaccines can also vary by country (eg, 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine instead of or in addition to the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine). (medscape.com)
  • Rotavirus illness typically resolves on its own after three to nine days. (medicinenet.com)
  • Vaccines keep millions of people healthy each year by preparing the body to fight illness. (kidshealth.org)
  • For a person with a healthy immune system, rotavirus gastroenteritis is a self-limited illness, lasting only days. (online-family-doctor.com)
  • If people have a temporary illness, doctors usually wait to give the vaccine until the illness resolves. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The NVICP is paired with the Vaccine Injury Table, which lists vaccines covered by the program and each severe illness associated with every vaccine. (myvaccinelawyer.com)
  • Currently, no adverse event is listed on the Vaccine Injury Table for rotavirus vaccines. (naturalnews.com)
  • no adverse events were attributed to the use of either vaccine . (bvsalud.org)
  • The Reportable Events Table (RET) reflects what is reportable by law ( 42 USC 300aa-25 ) to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System ( VAERS ) including conditions found in the manufacturers package insert. (cdc.gov)
  • Manufacturers are also required by regulation ( 21CFR 600.80 ) to report to the VAERS program all adverse events made known to them for any vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Adverse reactions should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, in developed countries, the public's fear of vaccine-preventable diseases has waned, and awareness of potential adverse effects has increased, which is threatening vaccine acceptance. (nature.com)
  • Some parents express concern that physicians are not well educated on the adverse effects of vaccines or that physicians purposefully withhold information on adverse effects. (aafp.org)
  • The most common adverse effects of the human papillomavirus vaccine are transient and similar to those of other vaccines, including mild pain and bruising at the injection site, headache, lightheadedness, and syncope. (aafp.org)
  • ROTAVAC®, one of two India-made rotavirus vaccines, was first introduced in India in 2016. (defeatdd.org)
  • Vaccine introduction data for DTPCV4 was unavailable for 2016. (medscape.com)
  • Rotavirus-related symptoms can lead to severe and life-threatening dehydration . (medicinenet.com)
  • We found that the weakened live virus in the vaccine replicates at a higher level in antibiotic-treated recipients," says co- first author Vanessa Harris, of the Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development and the Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine at the Amsterdam Medical Center, the Netherlands. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In the ensuing years, vaccines for more than 20 infectious diseases have been developed, and in 1977, Jenner's original experiment was brought to full fruition when smallpox was eradicated worldwide 6 . (nature.com)
  • Routine use of these vaccines has nearly eliminated meningitis and other diseases caused by H. influenzae type b 6 . (nature.com)
  • Vaccines are unique among medical interventions in that they are given to healthy individuals to prevent diseases that often do not pose an immediate threat to the recipient. (nature.com)
  • It consists of a series of modules that discuss vaccine-preventable diseases and explain the latest recommendations for vaccine use. (cdc.gov)
  • Participants should have a basic educational background in science including general knowledge in the subject areas of biology, immunization and vaccine-preventable diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Specific travel vaccines (eg, typhoid fever, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis) are the next consideration, as these diseases are endemic in many resource-limited countries. (medscape.com)
  • Both vaccines provide protection against the majority, but not all strains of rotavirus circulating in the United States. (vaccinesafety.edu)
  • Globally, rotavirus accounts for more than 500,000 deaths and two million hospitalizations annually. (path.org)
  • It is responsible for more than 500,000 infant deaths worldwide, mostly in low-income countries where people do not have access to the vaccine. (schmidtlaw.com)
  • The rotavirus is one of the leading causes of infant death worldwide, causing more than 500,000 infant deaths annually, mostly in low-income countries where the rotavirus vaccine is not widely used. (theclarkfirmtexas.com)
  • Rotavirus is found worldwide but most of these deaths occur in non-industrialized countries, like Kenya, which is where we did our study. (cdc.gov)
  • In July 1999, CDC recommended that health-care providers and parents postpone use of the rhesus rotavirus vaccine-tetravalent (RRV-TV) (RotaShield[Registered]*, Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., Marietta, Pennsylvania), for infants, at least until November 1999. (darkskiesfilm.com)
  • Billions of rotavirus particles are passed in the stool of the infected individual. (online-family-doctor.com)
  • The diagnosis is determined by rapid antigen detection of rotavirus in stool specimens. (online-family-doctor.com)
  • Stool samples were obtained for rotavirus testing and genotype investigation. (who.int)
  • Vaccine response (serum immune response or shedding of RV3-BB in the stool) was assessed in 282 participants. (ebneo.org)
  • Large amounts of rotavirus are shed in the stool of infected people and the virus can be easily spread via contaminated hands and objects, such as toys. (darkskiesfilm.com)