Rose Bengal
Erythrosine
Brucellosis
Lissamine Green Dyes
Photosensitizing Agents
Dry Eye Syndromes
Brucellosis, Bovine
Singlet Oxygen
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Brucella
India
Photochemistry
Agglutination Tests
Carcinoma, Verrucous
Brucella melitensis
Mouth Floor
Coombs Test
Fluorescein
Tolonium Chloride
Eye Infections, Viral
Reactive oxygen species-induced apoptosis and necrosis in bovine corneal endothelial cells. (1/243)
PURPOSE: The loss of corneal endothelial cells associated with aging and possibly other causes has been speculated to be related to exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS). The current study was conducted to investigate, by use of photosensitizers, the underlying mechanisms involved in the death of bovine corneal endothelial cells (BCENs) caused by ROS. METHODS: BCEN cells in primary culture were treated with a photosensitizer (riboflavin or rose bengal) with light exposure. The patterns of cell damage and death were assessed using an acridine orange-ethidium bromide differential staining method, TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and transmission electron microscopy. The cytotoxicity was assayed by mitochondrial function using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) testing. Antioxidants, including catalase, L-histidine, salicylic acid, and superoxide dismutase, were used to determine the types of ROS involved. Activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB was examined by fluorescent immunocytochemistry with anti-p65 antibody. RESULTS: Light-irradiated riboflavin or rose bengal resulted in a significant decrease in viability of BCEN cells. Chromosomal condensation and fragmentation were observed in apoptotic cells, and membrane lysis and damage of cell ultrastructures were observed in necrotic cells. Riboflavin induced apoptosis at 30 minutes and thereafter and induced necrosis after 2 hours. Rose bengal was shown to cause similar effects within half the time required for the effects of riboflavin. Catalase and salicylic acid were found to provide protection for BCENs from cytotoxic effects of riboflavin, and L-histidine was found to protect BCENs from cytotoxicity induced by rose bengal. Kinetic studies using immunocytochemistry showed that NF-kappaB was translocated into the nucleus within 15 minutes and 30 minutes after treatment with rose bengal and riboflavin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The cytotoxic effects of photo-irradiated riboflavin and rose bengal are shown to be mediated by two distinct but parallel pathways, one leading to apoptosis and the other to necrosis. Possible involvement of NF-kappaB in cell death is suggested. These findings provide potential leads for future investigation into the molecular mechanisms of loss of corneal endothelial cells related to aging, oxidative stress, and possibly other similar causes. (+info)Neuroprotective action of dextromethorphan in rat photochemically-induced focal cerebral ischemia. (2/243)
AIM: To study the effects of dextromethorphan (Dex) on photochemically-induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. METHODS: Anesthetized rats undergone 10-min light irradiation on exposed skull after rose bengal injection were pretreated with saline and Dex at 3 doses (12.5, 25, and 50 mg.kg-1, i.p., 15 min before ischemia). The alteration of volume of lesioned cortical region, regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), bcl-2 and bax expression at penumbra area were studied. RESULTS: Dex dose-dependently decreased the infarcted volume (17%, 26%, and 50% reduction, respectively). Pretreatment with Dex at a dose of 50 mg.kg-1 improved the postischemic hypoperfusion compared with the control at 20 and 30 min after lesion (both 31% increase), and also upregulated the expression of anti-apoptosis gene bcl-2. CONCLUSION: Dex protects against ischemic neuronal damage in this model and its effects on CBF and bcl-2 expression may contribute to its neuroprotective action. (+info)A quantitative comparison of the sensitivity of serological test for bovine brucellosis to different antibody classes. (3/243)
Brucella-specific antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes were quantitatively evaluated with respect to their efficiency in serological tests for bovine brucellosis. IgM reacted more efficiently than IgG1 and IgG2 in both the Rose Bengal plate test and serum agglutination test. The complement fixation test was found to be slightly more sensitive to IgM than to IgG1 and did not react to IgG2. IgM was, however, partly inactivated when heated at 60 degrees C. in the presence of serum. (+info)Extrahepatic biliary atresia versus neonatal hepatitis. Review of 137 prospectively investigated infants. (4/243)
In a prospective regional survey of neonatal hepatitis syndrome 32 infants had extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) and 103 had hepatitis. No cause for the lesion was found in infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia, but in 32 with hepatitis a specific cause was identified, 24 having genetic deficiency of the serum protein alpha1-antitrypsin. No differences were observed in parental age, mother's health in pregnancy, month of birth, birth order, or sex of the infants. Familial idiopathic hepatitis occurred in 3 of 67 sibs of patients with idiopathic hepatitis, but the 33 sibs of EHBA patients had no liver disease. Of the infants with hepatitis, 36 were of low birthweight, less than 2.5 kg, and 23 were born prematurely. Infants with biliary atresia were all of normal birthweight and only one was born prematurely. Consideration of clinical and biochemical abnormalities in the first 2 months of life showed no differences between the two groups except that infants with EHBA were more commonly jaundiced from birth (80%) and had more frequently acholic stools (83%). The frequency of these features in patients with hepatitis being 68% and 52%. Standard tests of liver function were not discriminatory. Percutaneous liver biopsies were diagnostic in 75% of those with EHBA and in 92% of those with hepatitis. The I131 Rose Bengal faecal excretion was less than 10% in 26 of 28 infants with EHBA and in only 5 of 18 with hepatitis. These latter two investigations together allowed a correct preoperativer diagnosis of EHBA in all instances. Bile drainage was achieved surgically in only 3 cases. A major reason for these poor results may have been the late referral of cases for diagnosis and laparotomy, which should be performed as soon as the diagnosis is suspected and always by 70 days of age. (+info)PCR assessment of HSV-1 corneal infection in animals treated with rose bengal and lissamine green B. (5/243)
PURPOSE: In vivo, the ophthalmic dye rose bengal displays profound antiviral effects against herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, thus limiting its utility in diagnosis of epithelial keratitis when used before viral culture is performed. In contrast, lissamine green B does not possess significant antiviral activity in vivo. To determine whether polymerase chain reaction (PCR) could successfully detect HSV-1 DNA in ocular samples that have been exposed to ophthalmic dyes, animal models were used to observe the presence of infectious HSV-1 and viral DNA in eyes treated with rose bengal or lissamine green B. METHODS: Animals were bilaterally infected with HSV-1 strain H129, and at daily intervals up to 16 days post infection (dpi) rose bengal or lissamine green B was instilled in the left eyes. The right eyes were not treated with dyes. Swabs of the dye-treated and untreated eyes were assayed by PCR for viral infectivity by culture and the presence of DNA specific for a fragment of the HSV-1 DNA polymerase gene. RESULTS: A statistically equivalent number of samples from lissamine green B-treated and untreated eyes were positive by both viral culture and PCR. In contrast, rose bengal significantly decreased the infectious virus present in ocular secretions. A total of 44% and 78% of the rose bengal-treated and untreated eye samples, respectively, were positive by culture from 1 through 16 dpi. PCR was more sensitive than culture for detection of HSV-1 in rose bengal-treated eyes, in that 74% of rose bengal-treated samples were positive by PCR compared with 44% that were positive by culture during the 16-day period studied. It was also noted that both rose bengal and lissamine green B treatments slightly prolonged the period during which viral DNA was detectable in ocular secretions by PCR, possibly because the singlet oxygen produced by these photoreactive dyes compromised ocular cellular, humoral, and nonspecific immune factors allowing viral DNA to persist for slightly longer periods. CONCLUSIONS: PCR can successfully detect HSV-1 DNA in ocular samples that are culture negative and contain rose bengal or lissamine green B. Visualization of ocular epithelial defects with lissamine green B does not interfere with detection of infectious virus or HSV-1 DNA. (+info)Hyperlipidemia promotes thrombosis after injury to atherosclerotic vessels in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. (6/243)
The increased risk of hyperlipidemia on the development of complications of atherosclerosis is well established. Cholesterol-lowering therapies lead to a decrease in the incidence of vascular thrombotic events that is out of proportion to the reduction in plaque size. This suggests that the occurrence of acute thrombosis overlying a disrupted plaque is influenced by changes in lipid levels. The influence of acute hyperlipidemia on the development of thrombosis overlying an atherosclerotic plaque in vivo has not been extensively studied. We used a murine model of vascular injury induced by a photochemical reaction to elicit thrombus formation overlying an atherosclerotic plaque. Fifteen apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were maintained on normal chow until the age of 30 weeks. Five days before the induction of thrombosis, 6 mice were started on a high fat diet, and 9 mice were continued on normal chow. Mice then underwent photochemical injury to the common carotid artery immediately proximal to the carotid bifurcation, where an atherosclerotic plaque is consistently present. Mice maintained on normal chow developed occlusive thrombi, determined by cessation of blood flow, 44+/-5 minutes (mean+/-SEM) after photochemical injury, whereas mice fed a high fat chow developed occlusive thrombosis at 27+/-3 minutes (P<0.02). Histological analysis confirmed the presence of acute thrombus formation overlying an atherosclerotic plaque. These studies demonstrate a useful model for assessing the determinants of thrombosis in the setting of atherosclerosis and show that acute elevations in plasma cholesterol facilitate thrombus formation at sites of atherosclerosis after vascular injury. (+info)Transient ischemic injury in the rat retina caused by thrombotic occlusion-thrombolytic reperfusion. (7/243)
PURPOSE: To establish a clinically relevant model of transient retinal ischemia by thrombotic occlusion-thrombolytic reperfusion of the central retinal artery of the rat. METHODS: Thrombus was photochemically induced in the central retinal artery by the combination of intravenous injection of photo-sensitive dye, rose bengal, and green laser irradiation focused on the artery. Transient retinal ischemia for 60 minutes was achieved by a subsequent systemic administration of tissue-type plasminogen activator to reperfuse the occluded vessel. Samples of retinas were excised from the animals killed 3, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 78 hours after the reperfusion. The experimental data were processed using the TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method to detect apoptotic cells. RESULTS: The transient retinal ischemia caused time-sequential apoptotic changes in the retinal cells as evaluated by counting the number of TUNEL-positive cells. The most remarkable changes occurred in the central area of retina, and further on the sections taken 24 hours after reperfusion. The peripheral area was less affected, and the outer nuclear cell layer was almost unaffected throughout the observation period. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method to cause retinal transient ischemia is highly reproducible, and it is easy to simulate the progress and topographical distribution of retinal changes observed in the clinical cases of central retinal arterial occlusion and its subsequent thrombolytic reperfusion. This may provide a useful tool for constructing the effective thrombolytic strategies against the central retinal arterial occlusion and for evaluating the effects of neuroprotective agents. (+info)Apoptotic signalling cascade in photosensitized human epidermal carcinoma A431 cells: involvement of singlet oxygen, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, caspase-3 and p21-activated kinase 2. (8/243)
Photodynamic treatment (PDT) elicits diverse cellular responses and can also cause apoptosis. In the present study the cascade of signalling events involved in PDT-induced apoptosis was investigated using Rose Bengal (RB) as the photosensitizer, and human epidermal carcinoma A431 cells as the cell model. We show that a 36-kDa kinase detected by an in-gel kinase assay is markedly activated during PDT-triggered apoptosis. Immunoblot analysis revealed that this 36-kDa kinase represents the C-terminal catalytic fragment of p21-activated kinase (PAK)2. Generation of this active fragment of PAK2 is mediated by the caspase family of proteases, which are activated by PDT. The specific caspase inhibitors (acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde and acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-chloromethylketone) block the PDT-induced caspase-3 activation and subsequent PAK2 cleavage/activation, indicating a major role for the caspase family proteases in PDT-induced apoptosis. Both PDT-induced caspase-3 activation and PAK2 cleavage/activation can be inhibited by the singlet oxygen scavengers, L-histidine and alpha-tocopherol, but not the hydroxyl radical scavenger, mannitol, demonstrating that singlet oxygen is an immediate early-apoptotic signal generated by PDT. In addition, PDT can induce a two-stage activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) in A431 cells; the early-stage JNK activation is singlet oxygen-dependent, whereas the late-stage JNK activation is mediated by the singlet oxygen-triggered caspase activation. Experiments using anti-sense oligonucleotides against JNK1 and PAK2 further show that during PDT-induced apoptosis the early-stage JNK activation is required for caspase activation, and that the late-stage JNK activation is regulated by the caspase-mediated cleavage/activation of PAK2. Collectively, a model for the PDT-triggered apoptotic signalling cascade with RB is proposed, which involves singlet oxygen, JNK, caspase-3 and PAK2, sequentially. (+info)Rose Bengal is not a medical term per se, but a chemical compound that is used in various medical applications. It's a dye that is primarily used as a diagnostic stain to test for damaged or denatured cells, particularly in the eye and mouth. In ophthalmology, a Rose Bengal stain is used to identify damage to the cornea's surface, while in dentistry, it can help detect injured oral mucosa or lesions.
The dye works by staining dead or damaged cells more intensely than healthy ones, allowing healthcare professionals to visualize and assess any abnormalities or injuries. However, it is important to note that Rose Bengal itself is not a treatment for these conditions; rather, it is a diagnostic tool used to inform appropriate medical interventions.
Erythrosine is a type of food dye that is classified as a synthetic organic chemical compound. Its chemical formula is C~20~H~6~Br~4~O~5~. Erythrosine is a form of red food coloring that is commonly used in a variety of foods and beverages, such as candies, popsicles, and maraschino cherries. It is also used in some medications and cosmetics to provide a reddish or pinkish color.
Erythrosine belongs to a class of compounds called xanthenes, which are known for their ability to fluoresce when exposed to light. This property has led to the use of erythrosine as a marker in biological research and as a forensic tool for identifying fingerprints.
Like other food dyes, erythrosine is subject to regulation by government agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to ensure its safe use in food products. However, some studies have suggested that certain food dyes, including erythrosine, may be associated with adverse health effects such as hyperactivity in children. As a result, some organizations have called for further research on the safety of these substances and for greater restrictions on their use in food.
Brucellosis is a bacterial infection caused by the Brucella species, which are gram-negative coccobacilli. It is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. The most common way for humans to contract brucellosis is through consumption of contaminated animal products, such as unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat, from infected animals like goats, sheep, and cattle.
Humans can also acquire the infection through direct contact with infected animals, their tissues, or bodily fluids, especially in occupational settings like farming, veterinary medicine, or slaughterhouses. In rare cases, inhalation of contaminated aerosols or laboratory exposure can lead to brucellosis.
The onset of symptoms is usually insidious and may include fever, chills, night sweats, headache, muscle and joint pain, fatigue, and loss of appetite. The infection can disseminate to various organs, causing complications such as endocarditis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, orchitis, and epididymoorchitis.
Diagnosis is confirmed through blood cultures, serological tests, or molecular methods like PCR. Treatment typically involves a long course of antibiotics, such as doxycycline combined with rifampin or streptomycin. Prevention measures include pasteurization of dairy products and cooking meat thoroughly before consumption. Vaccination is available for high-risk populations but not for general use due to the risk of adverse reactions and potential interference with serodiagnosis.
Lissamine Green Dyes are a type of diagnostic dye used in ophthalmology to assess the health and integrity of the tear film and the corneal surface. These dyes have a green color and are often used in conjunction with other dyes like fluorescein. When applied to the eye, Lissamine Green Dyes selectively stain areas of the eye that have been damaged or disrupted, such as areas of dryness, irritation, or inflammation.
The dye binds to denatured proteins and cellular debris on the surface of the eye, highlighting any abnormalities in the tear film or corneal epithelium. Lissamine Green Dyes can help diagnose conditions such as dry eye syndrome, exposure keratopathy, and corneal abrasions. The dye is generally considered safe for use in diagnostic procedures, but it should be used with caution and according to proper protocols to minimize any potential risks or discomfort to the patient.
Photosensitizing agents are substances that, when exposed to light, particularly ultraviolet or visible light, can cause chemical reactions leading to the production of reactive oxygen species. These reactive oxygen species can interact with biological tissues, leading to damage and a variety of phototoxic or photoallergic adverse effects.
Photosensitizing agents are used in various medical fields, including dermatology and oncology. In dermatology, they are often used in the treatment of conditions such as psoriasis and eczema, where a photosensitizer is applied to the skin and then activated with light to reduce inflammation and slow the growth of skin cells.
In oncology, photosensitizing agents are used in photodynamic therapy (PDT), a type of cancer treatment that involves administering a photosensitizer, allowing it to accumulate in cancer cells, and then exposing the area to light. The light activates the photosensitizer, which produces reactive oxygen species that damage the cancer cells, leading to their death.
Examples of photosensitizing agents include porphyrins, chlorophyll derivatives, and certain antibiotics such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of the potential for photosensitivity when prescribing these medications and to inform patients of the risks associated with exposure to light.
Dry eye syndrome, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a condition characterized by insufficient lubrication and moisture of the eyes. This occurs when the tears produced by the eyes are not sufficient in quantity or quality to keep the eyes moist and comfortable. The medical definition of dry eye syndromes includes the following symptoms:
1. A gritty or sandy sensation in the eyes
2. Burning or stinging sensations
3. Redness and irritation
4. Blurred vision that improves with blinking
5. Light sensitivity
6. A feeling of something foreign in the eye
7. Stringy mucus in or around the eyes
8. Difficulty wearing contact lenses
9. Watery eyes, which may seem contradictory but can be a response to dryness
10. Eye fatigue and discomfort after prolonged screen time or reading
The causes of dry eye syndromes can include aging, hormonal changes, certain medical conditions (such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Sjogren's syndrome), medications (antihistamines, decongestants, antidepressants, birth control pills), environmental factors (dry air, wind, smoke, dust), and prolonged screen time or reading.
Treatment for dry eye syndromes depends on the severity of the condition and its underlying causes. It may include artificial tears, lifestyle changes, prescription medications, and in some cases, surgical procedures to improve tear production or drainage.
Brucellosis, bovine is a bacterial infection caused by Brucella abortus that primarily affects cattle. It can also spread to other animals and humans through direct contact with infected animals or ingestion of contaminated food or drink. In animals, it causes abortion, reduced milk production, and weight loss. In humans, it can cause fever, sweats, headaches, joint pain, and weakness. Human infections are rare in countries where milk is pasteurized and proper sanitation measures are in place. It is also known as undulant fever or Malta fever.
Singlet oxygen, also known as excited oxygen or oxygen triplet state, is a variant of molecular oxygen (O2) with unusual chemical and physical properties. In its ground state, molecular oxygen consists of two atoms with parallel spins, forming a triplet state. However, singlet oxygen has both atoms in a spin-paired configuration, which makes it more reactive than the ground state oxygen.
In biomedical terms, singlet oxygen is often generated during normal cellular metabolism or under pathological conditions such as inflammation and oxidative stress. It can react with various biological molecules, including lipids, proteins, and DNA, leading to damage and dysfunction of cells and tissues. Therefore, singlet oxygen has been implicated in the development and progression of several diseases, such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer.
It is worth noting that singlet oxygen can also be used in medical applications, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), where it is generated by light-activated drugs to selectively destroy cancer cells or bacteria.
In medical terms, "tears" are a clear, salty liquid that is produced by the tear glands (lacrimal glands) in our eyes. They serve to keep the eyes moist, protect against dust and other foreign particles, and help to provide clear vision by maintaining a smooth surface on the front of the eye. Tears consist of water, oil, and mucus, which help to prevent evaporation and ensure that the tears spread evenly across the surface of the eye. Emotional or reflexive responses, such as crying or yawning, can also stimulate the production of tears.
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, also known as dry eye syndrome, is a condition characterized by decreased quality and/or quantity of tears to lubricate and nourish the eye. This can result in discomfort, visual disturbance, and potentially damage to the ocular surface. It is often associated with inflammation of the conjunctiva and the cornea. The symptoms may include dryness, scratchiness, burning, foreign body sensation, pain, redness, blurred vision, and light sensitivity.
'Brucella' is a genus of gram-negative, facultatively intracellular bacteria that are causative agents of brucellosis, a zoonotic disease with various clinical manifestations in humans and animals. The bacteria are primarily hosted by domestic and wild animals, such as cattle, goats, pigs, and dogs, and can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated animal products, such as unpasteurized milk and cheese.
There are several species of Brucella, including B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis, and B. canis, which primarily infect different animal hosts but can also cause disease in humans. The bacteria have a unique ability to survive and replicate within host cells, such as macrophages, allowing them to evade the immune system and establish chronic infection.
Human brucellosis is characterized by nonspecific symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, joint pain, and sweats, which can make diagnosis challenging. Treatment typically involves a long course of antibiotics, such as doxycycline and rifampin, to eradicate the infection. Prevention measures include pasteurization of dairy products, vaccination of animals, and use of personal protective equipment when handling animals or their products.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "photochemistry" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Photochemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical effects of light. It involves the absorption of light by a substance, which can lead to the promotion of an electron to a higher energy state, and subsequently result in various chemical reactions.
In a medical context, photochemical processes might be discussed in relation to certain therapies or diagnostic techniques, such as photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment, where a photosensitizing agent is used that reacts with light to produce singlet oxygen or other reactive species to destroy nearby cells. However, it's not a term used to define a specific medical condition or concept in the same way that one might define "inflammation" or "metabolism."
Agglutination tests are laboratory diagnostic procedures used to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens in a sample, such as blood or serum. These tests work by observing the clumping (agglutination) of particles, like red blood cells or bacteriophages, coated with specific antigens or antibodies when mixed with a patient's sample.
In an agglutination test, the sample is typically combined with a reagent containing known antigens or antibodies on the surface of particles, such as latex beads, red blood cells, or bacteriophages. If the sample contains the corresponding antibodies or antigens, they will bind to the particles, forming visible clumps or agglutinates. The presence and strength of agglutination are then assessed visually or with automated equipment to determine the presence and quantity of the target antigen or antibody in the sample.
Agglutination tests are widely used in medical diagnostics for various applications, including:
1. Bacterial and viral infections: To identify specific bacterial or viral antigens in a patient's sample, such as group A Streptococcus, Legionella pneumophila, or HIV.
2. Blood typing: To determine the ABO blood group and Rh type of a donor or recipient before a blood transfusion or organ transplantation.
3. Autoimmune diseases: To detect autoantibodies in patients with suspected autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
4. Allergies: To identify specific IgE antibodies in a patient's sample to determine allergic reactions to various substances, such as pollen, food, or venom.
5. Drug monitoring: To detect and quantify the presence of drug-induced antibodies, such as those developed in response to penicillin or hydralazine therapy.
Agglutination tests are simple, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic tools that provide valuable information for clinical decision-making and patient management. However, they may have limitations, including potential cross-reactivity with other antigens, false-positive results due to rheumatoid factors or heterophile antibodies, and false-negative results due to the prozone effect or insufficient sensitivity. Therefore, it is essential to interpret agglutination test results in conjunction with clinical findings and other laboratory data.
Carcinoma, verrucous is a type of slow-growing, well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma that has a exophytic, papillary, and warty appearance. It typically occurs in the oral cavity, larynx, and genital regions. The tumor often has a long clinical course and is locally invasive but has low potential for metastasis.
It's also known as Ackerman's tumor or Buschke-Lowenstein tumor when it occurs in the genital region. It can be caused by long-standing irritation, chronic inflammation, or infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). The diagnosis is usually made through a biopsy and imaging studies may be used to determine the extent of the tumor. Treatment typically involves surgical excision, but radiation therapy and chemotherapy may also be used in some cases.
'Brucella melitensis' is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccobacillus that is the primary cause of brucellosis in humans. It is a zoonotic pathogen, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans, and is typically found in goats, sheep, and cattle.
Humans can become infected with 'Brucella melitensis' through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, consumption of contaminated food or drink (such as unpasteurized milk or cheese), or inhalation of infectious aerosols.
The infection can cause a range of symptoms including fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, fatigue, and swelling of the lymph nodes. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as endocarditis, hepatitis, and neurological disorders.
Prevention measures include pasteurization of dairy products, cooking meat thoroughly, wearing protective clothing when handling animals or their tissues, and vaccination of at-risk populations. Treatment typically involves a long course of antibiotics, such as doxycycline and rifampin, and may require hospitalization in severe cases.
The term "mouth floor" is not a standard medical terminology. However, it might refer to the floor of the mouth, which is the part of the oral cavity located beneath the tongue and above the hyoid bone, which is a U-shaped bone in the front of the neck that helps support the tongue. The mouth floor contains several salivary glands, muscles, and nerves that are important for functions such as swallowing and speaking.
The Coombs test is a laboratory procedure used to detect the presence of antibodies on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). It is named after the scientist, Robin Coombs, who developed the test. There are two types of Coombs tests: direct and indirect.
1. Direct Coombs Test (DCT): This test is used to detect the presence of antibodies directly attached to the surface of RBCs. It is often used to diagnose hemolytic anemia, a condition in which RBCs are destroyed prematurely, leading to anemia. A positive DCT indicates that the patient's RBCs have been coated with antibodies, which can occur due to various reasons such as autoimmune disorders, blood transfusion reactions, or drug-induced immune hemolysis.
2. Indirect Coombs Test (ICT): This test is used to detect the presence of antibodies in the patient's serum that can agglutinate (clump) foreign RBCs. It is commonly used before blood transfusions or during pregnancy to determine if the patient has antibodies against the RBCs of a potential donor or fetus, respectively. A positive ICT indicates that the patient's serum contains antibodies capable of binding to and agglutinating foreign RBCs.
In summary, the Coombs test is a crucial diagnostic tool in identifying various hemolytic disorders and ensuring safe blood transfusions by detecting the presence of harmful antibodies against RBCs.
In the context of medical terminology, "light" doesn't have a specific or standardized definition on its own. However, it can be used in various medical terms and phrases. For example, it could refer to:
1. Visible light: The range of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye, typically between wavelengths of 400-700 nanometers. This is relevant in fields such as ophthalmology and optometry.
2. Therapeutic use of light: In some therapies, light is used to treat certain conditions. An example is phototherapy, which uses various wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) or visible light for conditions like newborn jaundice, skin disorders, or seasonal affective disorder.
3. Light anesthesia: A state of reduced consciousness in which the patient remains responsive to verbal commands and physical stimulation. This is different from general anesthesia where the patient is completely unconscious.
4. Pain relief using light: Certain devices like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units have a 'light' setting, indicating lower intensity or frequency of electrical impulses used for pain management.
Without more context, it's hard to provide a precise medical definition of 'light'.
Fluorescein is not a medical condition or term, but rather a diagnostic dye used in various medical tests and procedures. Medically, it is referred to as Fluorescein Sodium, a fluorescent compound that absorbs light at one wavelength and emits light at another longer wavelength when excited.
In the field of ophthalmology (eye care), Fluorescein is commonly used in:
1. Fluorescein angiography: A diagnostic test to examine blood flow in the retina and choroid, often used to diagnose and manage conditions like diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinal vessel occlusions.
2. Tear film assessment: Fluorescein dye is used to evaluate the quality of tear film and diagnose dry eye syndrome by observing the staining pattern on the cornea.
3. Corneal abrasions/foreign body detection: Fluorescein dye can help identify corneal injuries, such as abrasions or foreign bodies, under a cobalt blue light.
In other medical fields, fluorescein is also used in procedures like:
1. Urinary tract imaging: To detect urinary tract abnormalities and evaluate kidney function.
2. Lymphangiography: A procedure to visualize the lymphatic system.
3. Surgical navigation: In some surgical procedures, fluorescein is used as a marker for better visualization of specific structures or areas.
Food coloring agents, also known as food dyes, are substances that are added to foods and beverages to improve or modify their color. They are typically made from synthetic chemicals, although some are derived from natural sources. Food coloring agents are subject to regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other regulatory bodies to ensure their safety.
Food coloring agents are used for a variety of reasons, including:
* Making foods look more appealing or attractive
* Restoring the natural color of foods that has been lost during processing
* Helping consumers identify products, such as flavors or varieties of candy
* Ensuring consistency in the color of a product from batch to batch
Some common food coloring agents include:
* Blue 1 (Brilliant Blue)
* Blue 2 (Indigo Carmine)
* Green 3 (Fast Green FCF)
* Red 3 (Erythrosine)
* Red 40 (Allura Red)
* Yellow 5 (Tartrazine)
* Yellow 6 (Sunset Yellow)
It is important to note that some people may be sensitive or allergic to certain food coloring agents and may experience adverse reactions after consuming them. Additionally, there has been some concern about the potential health effects of artificial food dyes, although current research does not support a strong link between their consumption and negative health outcomes in the general population.
Tolonium Chloride, also known as Toluidine Blue O, is a basic thiazine metachromatic dye that is used in medical and research settings. It is often used as a diagnostic agent in procedures such as the Toluidine Blue Test for identifying cancerous or precancerous cells in the cervix, oral mucosa, and other tissues. The dye selectively binds to acidic components in the extracellular matrix of neoplastic cells, making them more visible under a microscope. It is also used in research to study cell membrane permeability and lysosomal function. Please note that the use of Tolonium Chloride should be under medical supervision and professional guidance.
Viral eye infections are caused by viruses that invade different parts of the eye, leading to inflammation and irritation. Some common types of viral eye infections include conjunctivitis (pink eye), keratitis, and dendritic ulcers. These infections can cause symptoms such as redness, watering, soreness, sensitivity to light, and discharge. In some cases, viral eye infections can also lead to complications like corneal scarring and vision loss if left untreated. They are often highly contagious and can spread through contact with contaminated surfaces or respiratory droplets. Antiviral medications may be used to treat certain types of viral eye infections, but in many cases, the infection will resolve on its own over time. Preventive measures such as good hygiene and avoiding touching the eyes can help reduce the risk of viral eye infections.
Rose bengal
List of East Bengal FC seasons
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Politics of West Bengal
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Syed Nayeemuddin
Debu Mitra
East Bengal FC league record by opponent
2011 in India
Sangrampur, Magrahat
Artificial photosynthesis
2023 West Bengal panchayat poll violence
2014 Indian general election in West Bengal
Rose bengal - Wikipedia
Cyclone Aila toll rises to 87 in West Bengal
ROSE BENGAL | Pharos
471f) Photochemical Reaction Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Light-Induced Collagen Cross-Linking with Rose Bengal for Suture...
Bayesian Estimation of Sensitivity and Specificity of Rose Bengal, Complement Fixation, and Indirect ELISA Tests for the...
The Rise of Extremists and Partition of Bengal
Contact Slides YM Rose-Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar, Yeasts and molds, sterile; gamma-irradiated, HYCON®
Cyclone Bulbul lashes Bay of Bengal, death toll rises to 10 - India News News
ROSE BENGAL
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Rose Bengal sodium salt CAS 632-69-9
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585 Intralesional injection of rose bengal improves the efficacy of gemcitabine chemotherapy against pancreatic cancer |...
Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee2
- Sourav Ganguly has been declared the brand ambassador of West Bengal, as announced by Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee during the Bengal Global Business Summit. (northeastrising.in)
- Expressing concern over the third wave, West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee, during an administrative meeting in Sagar Island on Wednesday, directed the Superintendent of Police of various districts and other administrative officials to review the education scenario. (indiatimes.com)
Agar3
- Rose bengal is used to suppress bacterial growth in several microbiological media, including Cooke's rose bengal agar. (wikipedia.org)
- Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC - acc. (generon-food-safety.com)
- DRBC (Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol) Agar is used for plate counting of yeasts and molds in products intended for human consumption and in feeds with water activity (Aw) above 0.95 (eggs, meat or dairy products excluding milk powder, fruit, vegetables, fresh pasta etc.) as specified in ISO 21527-1. (generon-food-safety.com)
INDIA9
- The Rose Annual 2020 is going to be released on 9th January 2020, i.e., on the inaugural day of WFRS Regional Rose Convention 2020 and 38th All India Rose Show being held from 9th to 12th January 2020, at the gardens of The Agri-Horticultural Society of India, 1 Alipore Road, Kolkata. (bengalrose.in)
- According to Provectus Pharmaceuticals senior vice president Eric Wachter, PhD, the name Rose Bengal was inspired by its color, which is like that of the deep rose-colored middle-of-the-forehead dot indicating marriage in Bengali and other women in India. (medscape.com)
- predominantly Hindu West Bengal became a province (now a state ) of India , while predominantly Muslim East Bengal became a province of Pakistan and later gained independence as Bangladesh . (wn.com)
- Islam entered Bengal almost the same time as in north India. (touristplacesinindia.com)
- On a tour of West Bengal, you will experience almost everything that India has to offer. (touristplacesinindia.com)
- Darjeeling is a famous hill station of India and is the prime tourist destination in West Bengal. (touristplacesinindia.com)
- The state is also known for some of the best known forests in India, including those in the northern part of the state and the Sunderbans, the vast mangrove forest famous for the Royal Bengal tiger. (touristplacesinindia.com)
- To know more about tourism in West Bengal, visit touristplacesinindia.com that offers online information about the tourist spots in India. (touristplacesinindia.com)
- While the BJP is all set to take up the issues of TMC's corruption, syndicate raj, bhatija-raj (targeting Abhishek Banerjee), Muslim appeasement and Mamata's opposition to NRC-CAA, Mamata Banerjee is depending on her fighter image and on rousing the Bengali sentiment,' the book, published by Bloomsbury India, says. (deccanherald.com)
Melanoma2
- PV-10 (an injectable form of rose bengal) was found to cause an observable response in 60% of tumors treated, according to researchers in a phase II melanoma study. (wikipedia.org)
- Review of Rose-Bengal in cutaneous melanoma metastasis - The Peter Mac Experience. (petermac.org)
Cooch Behar2
- These corridors will span from Dankuni to Kalyani, Tajpur port to Raghunathpur, Dankuni to Jhargram, and Durgapur to Cooch Behar in North Bengal. (northeastrising.in)
- The highest impact was reported from Purulia (47.5 per cent) followed by Bankura (35 per cent), whereas Cooch Behar district in North Bengal reported the lowest number of such cases. (indiatimes.com)
Odisha2
- Some regions of the historical kingdoms of Bengal are now part of Nepal and the neighbouring Indian states of Assam , Tripura , Bihar , Meghalaya , Manipur , Jharkhand , and Odisha . (wn.com)
- In 2010, undivided Andhra Pradesh had the maximum share of MFI business and Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Odisha were the next four big play fields (in that order), accounting for almost three-fourth of the industry. (rediff.com)
Mangrove forest1
- In the southern part of the delta lies the Sundarbans , the world's largest mangrove forest and home of the Bengal tiger . (wn.com)
Agglutination test1
- Rose Bengal agglutination test, immunofluorescent assays, and competitive ELISA were designed and used as described ( 8 , 9 ). (cdc.gov)
Singlet oxygen2
- Despite its complicated photochemistry involving several species, rose bengal is also used in synthetic chemistry to generate singlet oxygen from triplet oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
- 3) melatonin quenched singlet oxygen produced in a rose bengal photodynamic reaction. (cdc.gov)
Adsorption1
- The pseudo-second order model-1 best describe the kinetics of the adsorption of Rose Bengal dye on MI. (niscpr.res.in)
Sodium salt1
- Rose Bengal is the sodium salt of tetraiodotetrachlorouorescein, C 20 H 2 O 5 I 4 Cl 4 Na 2 . (com.vn)
20202
- The Rose Annual 2020 is printed on art paper, contains valuable articles by renowned experts from all over the world and is profusely illustrated with pictures many new varieties of roses. (bengalrose.in)
- By December 2020, it has risen to Rs 2.33 trillion. (rediff.com)
Kolkata1
- West Bengal Power Minister Aroop Biswas on Friday met officials of distribution company CESC and expressed concern over the rise in power cuts in Kolkata. (ndtv.com)
Hindu2
- The Hindu chieftains from northwest Bengal were dislodged from power and they dispersed over Barisal region and founded the kingdom of Bakla. (wikipedia.org)
- During the Mughal intervention in Bengal , Hindu society was concentrated to northern and western Barisal (known as Bakarganj ). (wikipedia.org)
Photodynamic therapy5
- Provectus scientists looking for a laseractivated photodynamic therapy agent with antineoplastic activity identified Rose Bengal as a candidate. (medscape.com)
- 1. Rose Bengal and Future Directions in Larynx Tumor Photodynamic Therapy. (nih.gov)
- 4. Enhanced Delivery of Rose Bengal by Amino Acids Starvation and Exosomes Inhibition in Human Astrocytoma Cells to Potentiate Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy Effects. (nih.gov)
- 9. Effects of Rose Bengal- and Methylene Blue-Mediated Potassium Iodide-Potentiated Photodynamic Therapy on Enterococcus faecalis: A Comparative Study. (nih.gov)
- 13. A nanosystem loaded with perfluorohexane and rose bengal coupled upconversion nanoparticles for multimodal imaging and synergetic chemo-photodynamic therapy of cancer. (nih.gov)
Karnataka1
- Maharashtra, Delhi, Karnataka, Haryana, Gujarat and West Bengal are among states that have announced restrictions to curb the spread of Covid-19 amid increasing cases of the new variant of concern, Omicron. (indiatimes.com)
Brucellosis1
- Rose bengal dye is mixed with the homogenate of Brucella and pH of the solution is maintained at 3.8, and this dye is used to diagnose Brucellosis by agglutinating the suspected serum. (wikipedia.org)
Serum1
- Here, we compared the simple and cheap Rose Bengal Test (RBT) with serum agglutination, Coombs, competitive ELISA, Brucellacapt, lateral flow immunochromatography for IgM and IgG detection and immunoprecipitation with Brucella proteins. (nih.gov)
Ocular2
- Rose bengal has been used for ocular surface staining to study the efficacy of punctal plugs in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. (wikipedia.org)
- The first report of clinical use, in 1914, has Römer adding Rose Bengal to Safranin Victoria Yellow to treat ocular pneumococcal infection. (medscape.com)
20212
- The BJP's major problem in West Bengal will be its chief ministerial face for the 2021 Assembly elections, according to a new book which also claims the party does not have a leader who can match the mass appeal of Mamata Banerjee. (deccanherald.com)
- The BJP's major problem in Bengal will be the chief ministerial face for 2021 assembly election. (deccanherald.com)
19471
- Independence in 1947 also brought about the partition of Bengal into two parts, east Bengal being included in Pakistan, though it gained independence later and is now known as Bangladesh. (touristplacesinindia.com)
Officials1
- As part of a plan to bring an end to illegal sand mining, the district administration formed special teams comprising senior land department officials and police officers from the headquarters, which kept a round-the-clock vigil on sand mines in East Burdwan, which is considered one of the major sources of sand in Bengal. (telegraphindia.com)
Alexander Rose3
- The Alexander Rose Bengal Roble Folding Armchair is an attractive outdoor seating option and the ideal way for you to relax and enjoy your garden. (gardentrends.co.uk)
- The Alexander Rose Bengal Roble Folding Table 1.30M is from the Roble range which provides some of the most beautiful garden furniture available in a selection of contemporary and traditional design. (midulster.ie)
- The traditional pedestal table and recliners have been an iconic Alexander Rose design now for over 20 years, which is testament to its elegance, timeless sophistication, and quality craftsmanship. (internetgardener.co.uk)
Slightly1
- Rose bengal is slightly irritating and toxic to the eye. (wikipedia.org)
Test2
- The "eureka" moment for Rose Bengal as therapy came through this latter function, when a 1980s Japanese test of "Food Red no. 105," intended to identify possible tumorigenicity, found instead dose-dependent survival increases, and left an unremarkable three-line trace in the literature. (medscape.com)
- 120 IU/mL) and rose bengal test ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Time1
- Bengal also fights Night Thrasher for the first time. (wn.com)
Region5
- Bangla /baŋla/ or বঙ্গ Bônggo /bɔŋɡo/) is a geographical and ethno-linguistic region in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent , at the apex of the Bay of Bengal and dominated by the fertile Ganges delta . (wn.com)
- The Bengali people ( বাঙালি Bangali ), who speak the Bengali language ( বাংলা Bangla ), which is Indo-Aryan , natively inhabit the region, alongside dozens of indigenous ethnic groups who speak minority languages of the Tibeto-Burman , Austroasiatic , and Dravidian families. (wn.com)
- Most of the Bengal region lies in the low-lying Ganges Delta, the world's largest river delta . (wn.com)
- Bengal is a region in South Asia. (wn.com)
- However, piracy in this region along the coasts and rivers of southeastern Bengal by Arakanese and renegade Portuguese seamen inhibited any sustained attempts by Mughal governors to push into the Barisal forests. (wikipedia.org)
Beautiful3
- And last but not least - bengal cats are so beautiful! (amelyrose.com)
- Beautiful future sorry message in Bengali Beautiful future sorry message in Bengali Text version: ক্ষমা করে দিলে অতীত হয়তো চেঞ্জ হয়ে যাবে না, কিন্তু ভবিষ্যতটা সুন্দর হয়ে উঠবে. (joklu.com)
- Alexander Rose's Bengal collection provides the most beautiful garden furniture from environmentally sourced hardwood timber called Roble. (gardentrends.co.uk)
Collection1
- rose bengal negative) at both collection times. (cdc.gov)
State6
- West Bengal government has decided to ease COVID-19 restrictions in the state from January 18. (indiatimes.com)
- the state executive committee of West Bengal State disaster management authority recommended to continue with the existing restrictions and protocols," the order said. (indiatimes.com)
- The eastern Indian state of West Bengal is a famous tourist destination in the country. (touristplacesinindia.com)
- The large number of historic monuments and other famous tourist destinations of the state make Tourism in West Bengal an enchanting experience. (touristplacesinindia.com)
- The state has everything from the Himalayan foothills in the north, to the shores of the Bay of Bengal in the south. (touristplacesinindia.com)
- Banerjee has been asserting that only the TMC, being a Bengal-based political party, has the right to rule the state instead of the Narendra Modi-Amit Shah-led BJP. (deccanherald.com)
Text3
- Forgive me sorry message in Bengali Forgive me sorry message in Bengali Text version: আমি আমার ভুল থেকে এবং তোমার চোখের জল দেখে বুঝতে পেরেছি যে দোষটা আমারই ছিল, ক্ষমা করে দাও প্লিজ। I am sorry message in Bengali I am sorry message in Bengali Text version: আমি জানি না যে কি করলে আমাদের মধ্যে সবকিছু আবার আগের মতন হয়ে যাবে, কিন্তু শুরুটা আমি করতে চাই 'আই অ্যাম সরি' বলে. (joklu.com)
- Please give me a chance sorry message in Bengali Please give me a chance sorry message in Bengali Text version: দয়া করে আমায় একটা সুযোগ দাও এই দূরত্বের মাঝে একটা সেতু তৈরী করার। Remember me sorry message in Bengali Remember me sorry message in Bengali Text version: ভুল করে যদি কোনো ভুল করে থাকি, তবে তা ভুল ভেবেই ভুলে যেও, আর শুধু ভুলটাকেই ভুলে যেও, ভুল করেও আমাকে ভুলে যেও না. (joklu.com)
- A village school Bengali funny story A village school Bengali funny story Text version of A village school Bengali funny story. (joklu.com)
West7
- Published by Government Of West Bengal . (stellabooks.com)
- Destructive Mini Tornado Hits Hooghly District of West Bengal Along the. (northeastrising.in)
- It is bounded by Dhaka Division on the north, the Bay of Bengal on the south, Chittagong Division on the east and Khulna Division on the west. (wikipedia.org)
- Touristplacesinindia.com offers online information about West Bengal, including its tourist attractions, travel tips, and other tourist information. (touristplacesinindia.com)
- In states like Uttar Pradesh, the BJP achieved success without projecting any chief ministerial candidate but will this be possible in West Bengal, journalist Sambit Pal asks in his book The Bengal Conundrum: The Rise of the BJP and the Future of the TMC . (deccanherald.com)
- As West Bengal grapples with tumultuous times -- from the controversy surrounding the National Register of Citizens (NRC) to the economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic -- on the cusp of this crucial election, the BJP and the TMC are rolling their dices to win the strategic battle. (deccanherald.com)
- Pal says there has been a sharp shift from politics over economic policies and livelihood to identity politics in the last decade in West Bengal. (deccanherald.com)
Tear1
- Rose bengal is able to stain cells whenever the surface epithelium is not being properly protected by the preocular tear film, because rose bengal has been proven to not be able to stain cells because of the protective functioning of these preocular tear films. (wikipedia.org)
Soldiers1
- Years later, the boy became the costumed Bengal and travels to America for revenge on the soldiers involved in the destruction of his village. (wn.com)
Authority1
- Bengal housing development and the Asansol-Durgapur Development Authority (ADDA) planned around 33,000 dwellings to rehabilitate around 2 lakh people. (telegraphindia.com)
Growth1
- Rose bengal has been shown to not just prevent the growth and spread of ovarian cancer, but also to cause apoptotic cell death of the cancer cells. (wikipedia.org)
Food1
- Rose Bengal has been employed as a food dye as well. (medscape.com)
People3
- The Bengal cat is a really young breed and people started to breed this cat in the 60s. (amelyrose.com)
- Bengal is one of the most densely populated regions on Earth, with an estimated population of 250 million people and a population density exceeding 900 people per square kilometre . (wn.com)
- In 2007-11, people in Bengal were discussing about rights and livelihood. (deccanherald.com)
Society1
- Each year, Bengal Rose Society publishes its 'Rose Annual' which is released on the occasion of its Annual Rose Show. (bengalrose.in)
Class2
- Rose bengal belongs to the class of organic compounds called xanthenes. (wikipedia.org)
- Rose Bengal dye is a xanthene class [4, 5, 6, 7-tetrachloro-2', 4', 5', 7'-tetraiodofluorescein] compound with high molecular weight of 1016.7 g/mol. (niscpr.res.in)
Experience2
- The Sick Rose occur as parts of the song of experience. (notesfinder.in)
- The poet mentions through the symbols of the rose and the worm, how intense experience preys upon unpolluted innocence. (notesfinder.in)
Eastern1
- In the early 13th century, Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji led the Muslim conquest of Barisal, and soon later Muhammad bin Tughluq completely conquered eastern Bengal . (wikipedia.org)
Option1
- This has been proven in vitro, in order to prove that rose bengal is still a possible option in the treatment of cancer, and further research should be done. (wikipedia.org)