A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)
Substances obtained from various species of microorganisms that are, alone or in combination with other agents, of use in treating various forms of tuberculosis; most of these agents are merely bacteriostatic, induce resistance in the organisms, and may be toxic.
Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis.
A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent.
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863)
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
A group of ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS characterized by a chromophoric naphthohydroquinone group spanned by an aliphatic bridge not previously found in other known ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS. They have been isolated from fermentation broths of Streptomyces mediterranei.
The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.
A broad-spectrum antibiotic that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in HIV-positive patients.
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.
Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).
The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.
A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.
Substances that suppress Mycobacterium leprae, ameliorate the clinical manifestations of leprosy, and/or reduce the incidence and severity of leprous reactions.
An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.
Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.
A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619)
A class of quinoline compounds defined by the presence of two aromatic ring structures which are attached via a side chain to carbon 3 of the qunolinyl structure. The two aromatic moieties are typically NAPTHALENE and BENZENE. Several compounds in this class are used as ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS.
Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.
'Azā compounds' are a class of organic molecules containing at least one nitrogen atom in a five-membered ring, often found in naturally occurring substances and pharmaceuticals, with the name derived from the Arabic word "azZa" meaning 'strong' referring to the ring's aromatic stability.
A cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.
The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.
Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.
Material coughed up from the lungs and expectorated via the mouth. It contains MUCUS, cellular debris, and microorganisms. It may also contain blood or pus.
Derivatives of acetamide that are used as solvents, as mild irritants, and in organic synthesis.
The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.
Viruses whose host is one or more Mycobacterium species. They include both temperate and virulent types.
A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts.

Various forms of chemically induced liver injury and their detection by diagnostic procedures. (1/3022)

A large number of chemical agents, administered for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes, can produce various types of hepatic injury by several mechanisms. Some agents are intrinsically hepatotoxic, and others produce hepatic injury only in the rare, uniquely susceptible individual. Idiosyncrasy of the host is the mechanism for most types of drug-induced hepatic injury. It may reflect allergy to the drug or a metabolic aberation of the host permitting the accumulation of hepatotoxic metabolites. The syndromes of hepatic disease produced by drugs have been classified hepatocellular, hepatocanalicular, mixed and canalicular. Measurement of serum enzyme activities has provided a powerful tool for studies of hepatotoxicity. Their measurement requires awareness of relative specificity, knowledge of the mechanisms involved, and knowledge of the relationship between known hepatotoxic states and elevated enzyme activities.  (+info)

Synthesis of bacteriophage phi6 double-stranded ribonucleic acid. (2/3022)

Uracil was incorporated into all three bacteriophage phi6 dsRNA segments throughout the infection cycle; the rates of incorporation into each of the three segments were approx. constant for the first 15 to 20 min and then increased rapidly until 50 min after infection. The medium and small dsRNA segments were produced in greater amounts than the large dsRNA segment at all times in the infection cycle. Inhibition of host RNA and protein synthesis with rifampin and chloramphenicol revealed that virus dsRNA synthesis immediately after infection was independent of either host function.  (+info)

Evaluation of bactericidal activities of LY333328, vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin-sulbactam, trovafloxacin, and RP59500 alone or in combination with rifampin or gentamicin against different strains of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus by time-kill curve methods. (3/3022)

This in vitro study evaluated the activities of vancomycin, LY333328, and teicoplanin alone and in combination with gentamicin, rifampin, and RP59500 against Staphylococcus aureus isolates with intermediate susceptibilities to vancomycin. Ampicillin-sulbactam and trovafloxacin were also evaluated. LY333328 and ampicillin-sulbactam resulted in bactericidal activity against all isolates. The combination of gentamicin with glycopeptides showed synergistic activity, while rifampin had no added benefit.  (+info)

Transcription of the stationary-phase-associated hspX gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is inversely related to synthesis of the 16-kilodalton protein. (4/3022)

The 16-kDa protein, an alpha-crystallin homologue, is one of the most abundant proteins in stationary-phase Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, transcription and translation of the hspX gene, which encodes the 16-kDa protein, have been investigated by Northern blotting analysis, primer extension, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a microaerophilic stationary-phase model. Two transcripts of about 2.5 and 1.1 kb were demonstrated by Northern blot analysis and hybridized to the hspX gene probe. Primer extension analysis revealed that the transcription start site is located 33 nucleotides upstream of the hspX gene start codon. The cellular level of the hspX mRNA was maximum in log-phase bacilli and was markedly reduced after 20 days in unagitated culture, when the organisms had entered the stationary phase. A third transcript of 0.5 kb was detected 0.6 kb downstream of the hspX gene; this transcript has a transcriptional pattern completely different from that of the 1.1- and 2.5-kb products, suggesting that there may be another gene in this region. In contrast to the high level of hspX mRNA in log-phase bacilli, 16-kDa protein synthesis was low in log-phase bacteria and rose to its maximum after 20 days. In both log-phase and stationary-phase bacteria the mRNA was unstable, with a half-life of 2 min, which indicated that the transcript stability was growth rate independent and not a general means for controlling the gene expression. However, the cellular content of 16-kDa protein, while low in log-phase bacteria, rose to a maximum at 10 days and remained at this high level for up to 50 days, which indicates that this protein is a stable molecule with a low turnover rate. These data suggest that the regulation of hspX expression during entry into and maintenance of stationary phase involves translation initiation efficiency and protein stability as potential mechanisms.  (+info)

Molecular evidence for heterogeneity of the multiple-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis population in Scotland (1990 to 1997). (5/3022)

Multiple-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-MTB) has been well studied in hospitals or health care institutions and in human immunodeficiency virus-infected populations. However, the characteristics of MDR-MTB in the community have not been well investigated. An understanding of its prevalence and circulation within the community will help to estimate the problem and optimize the strategies for control and prevention of its development and transmission. In this study, MDR-MTB isolates from Scotland collected between 1990 and 1997 were characterized, along with non-drug-resistant isolates. The results showed that they were genetically diverse, suggesting they were unrelated to each other and had probably evolved independently. Several new alleles of rpoB, katG, and ahpC were identified: rpoB codon 525 (ACC-->AAC; Thr525Asn); katG codon 128 (CGG-->CAG; Arg128Gln) and codon 291 (GCT-->CCT; Ala291Pro); and the ahpC synonymous substitution at codon 6 (ATT-->ATC). One of the MDR-MTB isolates from an Asian patient had an IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern very similar to that of the MDR-MTB W strain and had the same drug resistance-related alleles but did not have any epidemiological connection with the W strains. Additionally, a cluster of M. tuberculosis isolates was identified in our collection of 715 clinical isolates; the isolates in this cluster had genetic backgrounds very similar to those of the W strains, one of which had already developed multiple drug resistances. The diverse population of MDR-MTB in Scotland, along with a low incidence of drug-resistant M. tuberculosis, has implications for the control of the organism and prevention of its spread.  (+info)

Rapid film-based determination of antibiotic susceptibilities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains by using a luciferase reporter phage and the Bronx Box. (6/3022)

Detecting antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is becoming increasingly important with the global recognition of drug-resistant strains and their adverse impact on clinical outcomes. Current methods of susceptibility testing are either time-consuming or costly; rapid, reliable, simple, and inexpensive methods would be highly desirable, especially in the developing world where most tuberculosis is found. The luciferase reporter phage is a unique reagent well-suited for this purpose: upon infection with viable mycobacteria, it produces quantifiable light which is not observed in mycobacterial cells treated with active antimicrobials. In this report, we describe a modification of our original assay, which allows detection of the emitted light with a Polaroid film box designated the Bronx Box. The technique has been applied to 25 M. tuberculosis reference and clinical strains, and criteria are presented which allow rapid and simple discrimination among strains susceptible or resistant to isoniazid and rifampin, the major antituberculosis agents.  (+info)

rpoB mutations in multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated in Italy. (7/3022)

Mutations of rpoB associated with rifampin resistance were studied in 37 multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated in Italy. At least one mutated codon was found in each MDR strain. It was always a single-base substitution leading to an amino acid change. Nine different rpoB alleles, three of which had not been reported before, were found. The relative frequencies of specific mutations in this sample were different from those previously reported from different geographical areas, since 22 strains (59.5%) carried the mutated codon TTG in position 531 (Ser-->Leu) and 11 (29.7%) had GAC in position 526 (His-->Asp).  (+info)

Integron-mediated rifampin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (8/3022)

A new rifampin resistance gene, arr-2, has been found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ARR-2 protein shows 54% amino acid identity to the rifampin ADP-ribosylating transferase encoded by the arr gene from Mycobacterium smegmatis. This arr-2 gene is located on a gene cassette within a class I integron.  (+info)

Rifampin is an antibiotic medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as rifamycins. It works by inhibiting bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby preventing bacterial growth and multiplication. Rifampin is used to treat a variety of infections caused by bacteria, including tuberculosis, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Legionella pneumophila. It is also used to prevent meningococcal disease in people who have been exposed to the bacteria.

Rifampin is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and injectable solutions. The medication is usually taken two to four times a day, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Rifampin may be given alone or in combination with other antibiotics.

It is important to note that rifampin can interact with several other medications, including oral contraceptives, anticoagulants, and anti-seizure drugs, among others. Therefore, it is essential to inform your healthcare provider about all the medications you are taking before starting treatment with rifampin.

Rifampin may cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, and changes in the color of urine, tears, sweat, and saliva to a reddish-orange color. These side effects are usually mild and go away on their own. However, if they persist or become bothersome, it is important to consult your healthcare provider.

In summary, rifampin is an antibiotic medication used to treat various bacterial infections and prevent meningococcal disease. It works by inhibiting bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, preventing bacterial growth and multiplication. Rifampin may interact with several other medications, and it can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, and changes in the color of body fluids.

Antitubercular antibiotics are a class of medications specifically used to treat tuberculosis (TB) and other mycobacterial infections. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can affect various organs, primarily the lungs.

There are several antitubercular antibiotics available, with different mechanisms of action that target the unique cell wall structure and metabolism of mycobacteria. Some commonly prescribed antitubercular antibiotics include:

1. Isoniazid (INH): This is a first-line medication for treating TB. It inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, a crucial component of the mycobacterial cell wall. Isoniazid can be bactericidal or bacteriostatic depending on the concentration and duration of treatment.
2. Rifampin (RIF): Also known as rifampicin, this antibiotic inhibits bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, preventing the transcription of genetic information into mRNA. It is a potent bactericidal agent against mycobacteria and is often used in combination with other antitubercular drugs.
3. Ethambutol (EMB): This antibiotic inhibits the synthesis of arabinogalactan and mycolic acids, both essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall. Ethambutol is primarily bacteriostatic but can be bactericidal at higher concentrations.
4. Pyrazinamide (PZA): This medication is active against dormant or slow-growing mycobacteria, making it an essential component of TB treatment regimens. Its mechanism of action involves the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and the disruption of bacterial membrane potential.
5. Streptomycin: An aminoglycoside antibiotic that binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis in mycobacteria. It is primarily used as a second-line treatment for drug-resistant TB.
6. Fluoroquinolones: These are a class of antibiotics that inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, essential enzymes involved in bacterial DNA replication. Examples include ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin, which can be used as second-line treatments for drug-resistant TB.

These antitubercular drugs are often used in combination to prevent the development of drug resistance and improve treatment outcomes. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a standardized regimen consisting of isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for the initial two months, followed by isoniazid and rifampicin for an additional four to seven months. However, treatment regimens may vary depending on the patient's clinical presentation, drug susceptibility patterns, and local guidelines.

Isoniazid is an antimicrobial medication used for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). It is a first-line medication, often used in combination with other TB drugs, to kill the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria that cause TB. Isoniazid works by inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acids, which are essential components of the bacterial cell wall. This leads to bacterial death and helps to control the spread of TB.

Isoniazid is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions. It can be taken orally or given by injection. The medication is generally well-tolerated, but it can cause side effects such as peripheral neuropathy, hepatitis, and skin rashes. Regular monitoring of liver function tests and supplementation with pyridoxine (vitamin B6) may be necessary to prevent or manage these side effects.

It is important to note that Isoniazid is not effective against drug-resistant strains of TB, and its use should be guided by the results of drug susceptibility testing. Additionally, it is essential to complete the full course of treatment as prescribed to ensure the successful eradication of the bacteria and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

Pyrazinamide is an antituberculosis agent, a type of medication used to treat tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is an antimicrobial drug that works by inhibiting the growth of the bacterium. Pyrazinamide is often used in combination with other TB drugs such as isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol.

The medical definition of Pyrazinamide is: a synthetic antituberculosis agent, C6H5N3O (a pyridine derivative), used in the treatment of tuberculosis, especially in combination with isoniazid and rifampin. It is converted in the body to its active form, pyrazinoic acid, which inhibits the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis.

It's important to note that Pyrazinamide should be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional and is usually prescribed for several months to ensure complete eradication of the TB bacteria. As with any medication, it can cause side effects, and individuals should report any unusual symptoms to their healthcare provider.

Microbial sensitivity tests, also known as antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) or bacterial susceptibility tests, are laboratory procedures used to determine the effectiveness of various antimicrobial agents against specific microorganisms isolated from a patient's infection. These tests help healthcare providers identify which antibiotics will be most effective in treating an infection and which ones should be avoided due to resistance. The results of these tests can guide appropriate antibiotic therapy, minimize the potential for antibiotic resistance, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce unnecessary side effects or toxicity from ineffective antimicrobials.

There are several methods for performing microbial sensitivity tests, including:

1. Disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test): A standardized paper disk containing a predetermined amount of an antibiotic is placed on an agar plate that has been inoculated with the isolated microorganism. After incubation, the zone of inhibition around the disk is measured to determine the susceptibility or resistance of the organism to that particular antibiotic.
2. Broth dilution method: A series of tubes or wells containing decreasing concentrations of an antimicrobial agent are inoculated with a standardized microbial suspension. After incubation, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined by observing the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that prevents visible growth of the organism.
3. Automated systems: These use sophisticated technology to perform both disk diffusion and broth dilution methods automatically, providing rapid and accurate results for a wide range of microorganisms and antimicrobial agents.

The interpretation of microbial sensitivity test results should be done cautiously, considering factors such as the site of infection, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antibiotic, potential toxicity, and local resistance patterns. Regular monitoring of susceptibility patterns and ongoing antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential to ensure optimal use of these tests and to minimize the development of antibiotic resistance.

Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial medication used for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). It works by inhibiting the synthesis of mycobacterial cell walls, which leads to the death of the bacteria. Ethambutol is often used in combination with other TB drugs, such as isoniazid and rifampin, to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of the bacteria.

The most common side effect of ethambutol is optic neuritis, which can cause visual disturbances such as decreased vision, color blindness, or blurred vision. This side effect is usually reversible if the medication is stopped promptly. Other potential side effects include skin rashes, joint pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.

Ethambutol is available in oral tablet and solution forms, and is typically taken once or twice daily. The dosage of ethambutol is based on the patient's weight, and it is important to follow the healthcare provider's instructions carefully to avoid toxicity. Regular monitoring of visual acuity and liver function is recommended during treatment with ethambutol.

'Mycobacterium tuberculosis' is a species of slow-growing, aerobic, gram-positive bacteria that demonstrates acid-fastness. It is the primary causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in humans. This bacterium has a complex cell wall rich in lipids, including mycolic acids, which provides a hydrophobic barrier and makes it resistant to many conventional antibiotics. The ability of M. tuberculosis to survive within host macrophages and resist the immune response contributes to its pathogenicity and the difficulty in treating TB infections.

M. tuberculosis is typically transmitted through inhalation of infectious droplets containing the bacteria, which primarily targets the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body (extrapulmonary TB). The infection may result in a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from latent TB infection (LTBI) to active disease. LTBI represents a dormant state where individuals are infected with M. tuberculosis but do not show symptoms and cannot transmit the bacteria. However, they remain at risk of developing active TB throughout their lifetime, especially if their immune system becomes compromised.

Effective prevention and control strategies for TB rely on early detection, treatment, and public health interventions to limit transmission. The current first-line treatments for drug-susceptible TB include a combination of isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for at least six months. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of M. tuberculosis present significant challenges in TB control and require more complex treatment regimens.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

Rifamycins are a class of antibiotics derived from the bacterium Amycolatopsis rifamycinica. They have a unique chemical structure and mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This leads to the prevention of bacterial transcription and ultimately results in bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity, depending on the drug concentration and the susceptibility of the bacteria.

Rifamycins are primarily used in the treatment of various types of infections caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as mycobacteria. Some examples of rifamycin antibiotics include rifampin (also known as rifampicin), rifabutin, and rifapentine. These drugs are often used to treat tuberculosis, meningitis, and other serious infections. It is important to note that resistance to rifamycins can develop rapidly if the drugs are not used appropriately or if they are used to treat infections caused by bacteria that are already resistant to these antibiotics.

Microbial drug resistance is a significant medical issue that refers to the ability of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to withstand or survive exposure to drugs or medications designed to kill them or limit their growth. This phenomenon has become a major global health concern, particularly in the context of bacterial infections, where it is also known as antibiotic resistance.

Drug resistance arises due to genetic changes in microorganisms that enable them to modify or bypass the effects of antimicrobial agents. These genetic alterations can be caused by mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. The resistant microbes then replicate and multiply, forming populations that are increasingly difficult to eradicate with conventional treatments.

The consequences of drug-resistant infections include increased morbidity, mortality, healthcare costs, and the potential for widespread outbreaks. Factors contributing to the emergence and spread of microbial drug resistance include the overuse or misuse of antimicrobials, poor infection control practices, and inadequate surveillance systems.

To address this challenge, it is crucial to promote prudent antibiotic use, strengthen infection prevention and control measures, develop new antimicrobial agents, and invest in research to better understand the mechanisms underlying drug resistance.

Bacterial drug resistance is a type of antimicrobial resistance that occurs when bacteria evolve the ability to survive and reproduce in the presence of drugs (such as antibiotics) that would normally kill them or inhibit their growth. This can happen due to various mechanisms, including genetic mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes from other bacteria.

As a result, bacterial infections may become more difficult to treat, requiring higher doses of medication, alternative drugs, or longer treatment courses. In some cases, drug-resistant infections can lead to serious health complications, increased healthcare costs, and higher mortality rates.

Examples of bacterial drug resistance include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Preventing the spread of bacterial drug resistance is crucial for maintaining effective treatments for infectious diseases.

Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces griseus. It belongs to the class of aminoglycosides and works by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to bacterial death.

Streptomycin is primarily used to treat a variety of infections caused by gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including tuberculosis, brucellosis, plague, tularemia, and certain types of bacterial endocarditis. It is also used as part of combination therapy for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).

Like other aminoglycosides, streptomycin has a narrow therapeutic index and can cause ototoxicity (hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) with prolonged use or high doses. Therefore, its use is typically limited to cases where other antibiotics are ineffective or contraindicated.

It's important to note that the use of streptomycin requires careful monitoring of drug levels and kidney function, as well as regular audiometric testing to detect any potential hearing loss.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis (TB) infection caused by bacteria that are resistant to at least two of the first-line anti-TB drugs, isoniazid and rifampin. This makes MDR-TB more difficult and expensive to treat, requiring longer treatment durations and the use of second-line medications, which can have more severe side effects.

MDR-TB can occur when there are errors in prescribing or taking anti-TB drugs, or when people with TB do not complete their full course of treatment. It is a significant global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where TB is more prevalent and resources for diagnosis and treatment may be limited.

MDR-TB can spread from person to person through the air when someone with the infection coughs, speaks, or sneezes. People at higher risk of contracting MDR-TB include those who have been in close contact with someone with MDR-TB, people with weakened immune systems, and healthcare workers who treat TB patients.

Preventing the spread of MDR-TB involves early detection and prompt treatment, as well as infection control measures such as wearing masks, improving ventilation, and separating infected individuals from others. It is also important to ensure that anti-TB drugs are used correctly and that patients complete their full course of treatment to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

Rifabutin is an antibiotic drug that belongs to the class of rifamycins. According to the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) database of the National Library of Medicine, Rifabutin is defined as: "A semi-synthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei and related to rifamycin B. It has iron-binding properties and is used, usually in combination with other antibiotics, to treat tuberculosis. Its antibacterial action is due to inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity."

Rifabutin is primarily used to prevent and treat Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It may also be used off-label for other bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, atypical mycobacteria, and Legionella pneumophila.

Rifabutin has a unique chemical structure compared to other rifamycin antibiotics like rifampin and rifapentine. This structural difference results in a longer half-life and better tissue distribution, allowing for once-daily dosing and improved penetration into the central nervous system (CNS).

As with any medication, Rifabutin can have side effects, including gastrointestinal disturbances, rashes, and elevated liver enzymes. Additionally, it is known to interact with several other medications, such as oral contraceptives, anticoagulants, and some anti-seizure drugs, which may require dose adjustments or monitoring for potential interactions.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The infection typically enters the body when a person inhales droplets containing the bacteria, which are released into the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.

The symptoms of pulmonary TB can vary but often include:

* Persistent cough that lasts for more than three weeks and may produce phlegm or blood-tinged sputum
* Chest pain or discomfort, particularly when breathing deeply or coughing
* Fatigue and weakness
* Unexplained weight loss
* Fever and night sweats
* Loss of appetite

Pulmonary TB can cause serious complications if left untreated, including damage to the lungs, respiratory failure, and spread of the infection to other parts of the body. Treatment typically involves a course of antibiotics that can last several months, and it is essential for patients to complete the full treatment regimen to ensure that the infection is fully eradicated.

Preventive measures include vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which can provide some protection against severe forms of TB in children, and measures to prevent the spread of the disease, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, wearing a mask in public places, and avoiding close contact with people who have active TB.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also involve other organs and tissues in the body. The infection is usually spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.

The symptoms of pulmonary TB include persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, chest X-ray, and microbiological tests such as sputum smear microscopy and culture. In some cases, molecular tests like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be used for rapid diagnosis.

Treatment usually consists of a standard six-month course of multiple antibiotics, including isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. In some cases, longer treatment durations or different drug regimens might be necessary due to drug resistance or other factors. Preventive measures include vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and early detection and treatment of infected individuals to prevent transmission.

DNA-directed RNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize RNA molecules using a DNA template in a process called transcription. These enzymes read the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule and use it as a blueprint to construct a complementary RNA strand.

The RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template, adding ribonucleotides one by one to the growing RNA chain. The synthesis is directional, starting at the promoter region of the DNA and moving towards the terminator region.

In bacteria, there is a single type of RNA polymerase that is responsible for transcribing all types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA). In eukaryotic cells, however, there are three different types of RNA polymerases: RNA polymerase I, II, and III. Each type is responsible for transcribing specific types of RNA.

RNA polymerases play a crucial role in gene expression, as they link the genetic information encoded in DNA to the production of functional proteins. Inhibition or mutation of these enzymes can have significant consequences for cellular function and survival.

A drug interaction is the effect of combining two or more drugs, or a drug and another substance (such as food or alcohol), which can alter the effectiveness or side effects of one or both of the substances. These interactions can be categorized as follows:

1. Pharmacodynamic interactions: These occur when two or more drugs act on the same target organ or receptor, leading to an additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effect. For example, taking a sedative and an antihistamine together can result in increased drowsiness due to their combined depressant effects on the central nervous system.
2. Pharmacokinetic interactions: These occur when one drug affects the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of another drug. For example, taking certain antibiotics with grapefruit juice can increase the concentration of the antibiotic in the bloodstream, leading to potential toxicity.
3. Food-drug interactions: Some drugs may interact with specific foods, affecting their absorption, metabolism, or excretion. An example is the interaction between warfarin (a blood thinner) and green leafy vegetables, which can increase the risk of bleeding due to enhanced vitamin K absorption from the vegetables.
4. Drug-herb interactions: Some herbal supplements may interact with medications, leading to altered drug levels or increased side effects. For instance, St. John's Wort can decrease the effectiveness of certain antidepressants and oral contraceptives by inducing their metabolism.
5. Drug-alcohol interactions: Alcohol can interact with various medications, causing additive sedative effects, impaired judgment, or increased risk of liver damage. For example, combining alcohol with benzodiazepines or opioids can lead to dangerous levels of sedation and respiratory depression.

It is essential for healthcare providers and patients to be aware of potential drug interactions to minimize adverse effects and optimize treatment outcomes.

Ofloxacin is an antibacterial drug, specifically a fluoroquinolone. It works by inhibiting the bacterial DNA gyrase, which is essential for the bacteria to replicate. This results in the death of the bacteria and helps to stop the infection. Ofloxacin is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, skin infections, and sexually transmitted diseases. It is available in various forms, such as tablets, capsules, and eye drops. As with any medication, it should be used only under the direction of a healthcare professional, and its use may be associated with certain risks and side effects.

Leprosstatic agents are substances or drugs that have a specific effect on the bacterium that causes leprosy, also known as Mycobacterium leprae. These agents are used in the treatment and prevention of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract.

The most common leprostatic agents are antibiotics, which target the bacterial cells and inhibit their growth or kill them. The two main antibiotics used to treat leprosy are dapsone and rifampicin, which are often given in combination with other drugs such as clofazimine to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of the bacteria.

Leprosstatic agents are usually administered orally or by injection, and the duration of treatment can vary depending on the severity of the disease and the patient's response to therapy. It is important to note that early detection and treatment of leprosy can help prevent the progression of the disease and reduce the risk of transmission to others.

Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic medication that is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting the ability of bacteria to synthesize proteins, which essential for their growth and survival. This helps to stop the spread of the infection and allows the body's immune system to clear the bacteria from the body.

Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which means that it is effective against many different types of bacteria. It is often used to treat serious infections that have not responded to other antibiotics. However, because of its potential for serious side effects, including bone marrow suppression and gray baby syndrome, chloramphenicol is usually reserved for use in cases where other antibiotics are not effective or are contraindicated.

Chloramphenicol can be given by mouth, injection, or applied directly to the skin in the form of an ointment or cream. It is important to take or use chloramphenicol exactly as directed by a healthcare provider, and to complete the full course of treatment even if symptoms improve before all of the medication has been taken. This helps to ensure that the infection is fully treated and reduces the risk of antibiotic resistance.

Staphylococcal infections are a type of infection caused by Staphylococcus bacteria, which are commonly found on the skin and nose of healthy people. However, if they enter the body through a cut, scratch, or other wound, they can cause an infection.

There are several types of Staphylococcus bacteria, but the most common one that causes infections is Staphylococcus aureus. These infections can range from minor skin infections such as pimples, boils, and impetigo to serious conditions such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and toxic shock syndrome.

Symptoms of staphylococcal infections depend on the type and severity of the infection. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, either topical or oral, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary for more severe infections. It is important to note that some strains of Staphylococcus aureus have developed resistance to certain antibiotics, making them more difficult to treat.

Vancomycin is an antibiotic that belongs to the glycopeptide class. It is primarily used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). Vancomycin works by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It is usually administered intravenously in a hospital setting due to its potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. The medical definition of 'Vancomycin' can be summarized as:

"A glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly those that are resistant to other antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and is administered intravenously due to its potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity."

Clofazimine is an antimycobacterial medication used mainly in the treatment of leprosy (Hansen's disease) and also has some activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections. It is an oral riminophenazine dye that accumulates in macrophages and bacterial cells, where it inhibits mycobacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Its side effects include skin discoloration, gastrointestinal symptoms, and potential eye toxicity.

Diarylquinolines are a class of antimicrobial compounds, which include drugs such as bedaquiline and TBA-354. These agents inhibit mycobacterial ATP synthase and have been used in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB).

Bedaquiline, for example, is a first-in-class diarylquinoline medication that was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2012 for use in combination with other antituberculosis drugs to treat adults with pulmonary MDR-TB.

It's important to note that the use of diarylquinolines should be under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have potential side effects and drug interactions.

Staphylococcus aureus is a type of gram-positive, round (coccal) bacterium that is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals and humans. It is a facultative anaerobe, which means it can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.

Staphylococcus aureus is known to cause a wide range of infections, from mild skin infections such as pimples, impetigo, and furuncles (boils) to more severe and potentially life-threatening infections such as pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and sepsis. It can also cause food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome.

The bacterium is often resistant to multiple antibiotics, including methicillin, which has led to the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains that are difficult to treat. Proper hand hygiene and infection control practices are critical in preventing the spread of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA.

A "colony count" is a method used to estimate the number of viable microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, in a sample. In this technique, a known volume of the sample is spread onto the surface of a solid nutrient medium in a petri dish and then incubated under conditions that allow the microorganisms to grow and form visible colonies. Each colony that grows on the plate represents an individual cell (or small cluster of cells) from the original sample that was able to divide and grow under the given conditions. By counting the number of colonies that form, researchers can make a rough estimate of the concentration of microorganisms in the original sample.

The term "microbial" simply refers to microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Therefore, a "colony count, microbial" is a general term that encompasses the use of colony counting techniques to estimate the number of any type of microorganism in a sample.

Colony counts are used in various fields, including medical research, food safety testing, and environmental monitoring, to assess the levels of contamination or the effectiveness of disinfection procedures. However, it is important to note that colony counts may not always provide an accurate measure of the total number of microorganisms present in a sample, as some cells may be injured or unable to grow under the conditions used for counting. Additionally, some microorganisms may form clusters or chains that can appear as single colonies, leading to an overestimation of the true cell count.

'Aza compounds' is a general term used in chemistry to describe organic compounds containing a nitrogen atom (denoted by the symbol 'N' or 'aza') that has replaced a carbon atom in a hydrocarbon structure. The term 'aza' comes from the Greek word for nitrogen, 'azote.'

In medicinal chemistry and pharmacology, aza compounds are of particular interest because the presence of the nitrogen atom can significantly affect the chemical and biological properties of the compound. For example, aza compounds may exhibit enhanced bioavailability, metabolic stability, or receptor binding affinity compared to their non-aza counterparts.

Some common examples of aza compounds in medicine include:

1. Aza-aromatic compounds: These are aromatic compounds that contain one or more nitrogen atoms in the ring structure. Examples include pyridine, quinoline, and isoquinoline derivatives, which have been used as anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer agents.
2. Aza-heterocyclic compounds: These are non-aromatic compounds that contain one or more nitrogen atoms in a cyclic structure. Examples include azepine, diazepine, and triazole derivatives, which have been used as anxiolytic, anti-viral, and anti-fungal agents.
3. Aza-peptides: These are peptide compounds that contain one or more nitrogen atoms in the backbone structure. Examples include azapeptides and azabicyclopeptides, which have been used as enzyme inhibitors and neuroprotective agents.
4. Aza-sugars: These are sugar derivatives that contain one or more nitrogen atoms in the ring structure. Examples include azasugars and iminosugars, which have been used as glycosidase inhibitors and anti-viral agents.

Overall, aza compounds represent an important class of medicinal agents with diverse chemical structures and biological activities.

Daptomycin is a antibiotic medication used to treat serious skin infections and bloodstream infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other gram-positive bacteria. It works by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane, leading to bacterial death. Daptomycin is administered intravenously and its use should be reserved for serious infections that cannot be treated with other antibiotics due to the risk of developing resistance.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is used to treat various types of bacterial infections, including respiratory, urinary, and skin infections. It works by inhibiting the bacterial DNA gyrase, which is an enzyme necessary for bacterial replication and transcription. This leads to bacterial cell death. Ciprofloxacin is available in oral and injectable forms and is usually prescribed to be taken twice a day. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, and headache. It may also cause serious adverse reactions such as tendinitis, tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy, and central nervous system effects. It is important to note that ciprofloxacin should not be used in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to fluoroquinolones and should be used with caution in patients with a history of seizures, brain injury, or other neurological conditions.

Drug synergism is a pharmacological concept that refers to the interaction between two or more drugs, where the combined effect of the drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects. This means that when these drugs are administered together, they produce an enhanced therapeutic response compared to when they are given separately.

Drug synergism can occur through various mechanisms, such as:

1. Pharmacodynamic synergism - When two or more drugs interact with the same target site in the body and enhance each other's effects.
2. Pharmacokinetic synergism - When one drug affects the metabolism, absorption, distribution, or excretion of another drug, leading to an increased concentration of the second drug in the body and enhanced therapeutic effect.
3. Physiochemical synergism - When two drugs interact physically, such as when one drug enhances the solubility or permeability of another drug, leading to improved absorption and bioavailability.

It is important to note that while drug synergism can result in enhanced therapeutic effects, it can also increase the risk of adverse reactions and toxicity. Therefore, healthcare providers must carefully consider the potential benefits and risks when prescribing combinations of drugs with known or potential synergistic effects.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Trimethoprim is an antibiotic medication that is primarily used to treat bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting the bacterial enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is necessary for the synthesis of DNA and protein. This leads to bacterial cell death. Trimethoprim is often combined with sulfamethoxazole (a sulfonamide antibiotic) to create a more effective antibacterial therapy known as co-trimoxazole or TMP-SMX.

Medical Definition:
Trimethoprim is a synthetic antibacterial drug that selectively inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme required for the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate, a cofactor involved in the biosynthesis of thymidine and purines. By blocking this essential pathway, trimethoprim disrupts bacterial DNA and protein synthesis, leading to bacteriostatic activity against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Trimethoprim is often combined with sulfamethoxazole (a sulfonamide antibiotic) to create a more effective antibacterial therapy known as co-trimoxazole or TMP-SMX, which inhibits two consecutive steps in the bacterial folate synthesis pathway.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Anti-infective agents are a class of medications that are used to treat infections caused by various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These agents work by either killing the microorganism or inhibiting its growth, thereby helping to control the infection and alleviate symptoms.

There are several types of anti-infective agents, including:

1. Antibiotics: These are medications that are used to treat bacterial infections. They work by either killing bacteria (bactericidal) or inhibiting their growth (bacteriostatic).
2. Antivirals: These are medications that are used to treat viral infections. They work by interfering with the replication of the virus, preventing it from spreading and causing further damage.
3. Antifungals: These are medications that are used to treat fungal infections. They work by disrupting the cell membrane of the fungus, killing it or inhibiting its growth.
4. Antiparasitics: These are medications that are used to treat parasitic infections. They work by either killing the parasite or inhibiting its growth and reproduction.

It is important to note that anti-infective agents are not effective against all types of infections, and it is essential to use them appropriately to avoid the development of drug-resistant strains of microorganisms.

Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics that work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. They bind to the 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit, preventing the formation of the initiation complex and thus inhibiting the start of protein synthesis.

The most well-known drug in this class is linezolid (Zyvox), which is used to treat serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE).

Oxazolidinones are typically reserved for use in patients with serious infections who have failed other antibiotic treatments, due to concerns about the development of resistance and potential side effects such as myelosuppression and peripheral neuropathy.

Sputum is defined as a mixture of saliva and phlegm that is expelled from the respiratory tract during coughing, sneezing or deep breathing. It can be clear, mucoid, or purulent (containing pus) depending on the underlying cause of the respiratory issue. Examination of sputum can help diagnose various respiratory conditions such as infections, inflammation, or other lung diseases.

Acetamides are organic compounds that contain an acetamide functional group, which is a combination of an acetyl group (-COCH3) and an amide functional group (-CONH2). The general structure of an acetamide is R-CO-NH-CH3, where R represents the rest of the molecule.

Acetamides are found in various medications, including some pain relievers, muscle relaxants, and anticonvulsants. They can also be found in certain industrial chemicals and are used as intermediates in the synthesis of other organic compounds.

It is important to note that exposure to high levels of acetamides can be harmful and may cause symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Chronic exposure has been linked to more serious health effects, including liver and kidney damage. Therefore, handling and use of acetamides should be done with appropriate safety precautions.

Multiple bacterial drug resistance (MDR) is a medical term that refers to the resistance of multiple strains of bacteria to several antibiotics or antimicrobial agents. This means that these bacteria have developed mechanisms that enable them to survive and multiply despite being exposed to drugs that were previously effective in treating infections caused by them.

MDR is a significant public health concern because it limits the treatment options available for bacterial infections, making them more difficult and expensive to treat. In some cases, MDR bacteria may cause severe or life-threatening infections that are resistant to all available antibiotics, leaving doctors with few or no effective therapeutic options.

MDR can arise due to various mechanisms, including the production of enzymes that inactivate antibiotics, changes in bacterial cell membrane permeability that prevent antibiotics from entering the bacteria, and the development of efflux pumps that expel antibiotics out of the bacteria. The misuse or overuse of antibiotics is a significant contributor to the emergence and spread of MDR bacteria.

Preventing and controlling the spread of MDR bacteria requires a multifaceted approach, including the judicious use of antibiotics, infection control measures, surveillance, and research into new antimicrobial agents.

Erythromycin is a type of antibiotic known as a macrolide, which is used to treat various types of bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting the bacteria's ability to produce proteins, which are necessary for the bacteria to survive and multiply. Erythromycin is often used to treat respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and sexually transmitted diseases. It may also be used to prevent endocarditis (inflammation of the lining of the heart) in people at risk of this condition.

Erythromycin is generally considered safe for most people, but it can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It may also interact with other medications, so it's important to tell your doctor about all the drugs you are taking before starting erythromycin.

Like all antibiotics, erythromycin should only be used to treat bacterial infections, as it is not effective against viral infections such as the common cold or flu. Overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which makes it harder to treat infections in the future.

Mycobacteriophages are viruses that infect and replicate within mycobacteria, which include species such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis. These viruses are important tools in the study of mycobacterial biology, genetics, and evolution. They have also been explored for their potential therapeutic use in treating mycobacterial infections, including tuberculosis.

Mycobacteriophages typically have double-stranded DNA genomes that range in size from around 50 to 170 kilobases. They can be classified into different groups or "clusters" based on genetic similarities and differences. Some mycobacteriophages are temperate, meaning they can either replicate lytically (killing the host cell) or establish a persistent relationship with the host by integrating their genome into the host's chromosome as a prophage. Others are strictly lytic and always kill the host cell upon infection.

Understanding the biology of mycobacteriophages can provide insights into the basic mechanisms of virus-host interactions, DNA replication, gene regulation, and other fundamental processes. Additionally, studying the diversity of mycobacteriophages can shed light on evolutionary relationships among different mycobacterial species and strains.

"Mycobacterium" is a genus of gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are characterized by their complex cell walls containing large amounts of lipids. This genus includes several species that are significant in human and animal health, most notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy. Other species of Mycobacterium can cause various diseases in humans, including skin and soft tissue infections, lung infections, and disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. These bacteria are often resistant to common disinfectants and antibiotics, making them difficult to treat.

Interactions: Oral anticoagulants; rifampin. [...] U.S. Treatments: Conjugated estrogens are commonly prescribed for menopausal ...
Rifadin (Rifampin), for tuberculosis. Rifamate (Isoniazid/rifampicin), for tuberculosis. Rifater (Rifampicin/isoniazid/ ...
Resistant to isoniazid and rifampin. Posttraumatic skin infections, catheter sepsis and respiratory isolates without clinical ...
Susceptible to ethambutol and rifampin. Resistant to isoniazid and streptomycin. Differential characteristics Phylogenetic ...
Rifampicin or Rifampin Rifabutin Rifapentine Rifaximin Aemcolo Lin SW, Lin CJ, Yang JC (August 2017). "Rifamycin SV MMX for the ... Because of this, Rifampin and other rifamycins are typically used in combination with other antibacterial drugs. This is ... Rifampin rapidly kills fast-dividing bacilli strains as well as "persisters" cells, which remain biologically inactive for long ... Sensi P (1983). "History of the development of rifampin". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 5 (Suppl 3): S402-S406. doi:10.1093/ ...
John's wort, carbamazepine, phenytoin, rifampin); this interaction can potentially lead to increased concentration of the toxic ...
... is the INN and BAN, while rifampin is the USAN. Rifampicin may be abbreviated R, RMP, RA, RF, or RIF (US).[citation ... "Rifampin". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 2015-09-07. Retrieved Aug 1, 2015. ... "Rifampicin (Rifampin) - The Antimicrobial Index Knowledgebase-TOKU-E". toku-e.com. Archived from the original on 2014-12-09. ... "Rifampin." The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. United States of America: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001. pp. ...
... and rifamycin antibiotics like rifampin (rifampicin). Conversely, inhibitors of CYP3A4 and other cytochrome P450 enzymes may ...
If rifapentine or rifampin are used in late pregnancy, coagulation should be monitored due to a possible increased risk of ... "Laboratory analysis of rifampin/rifapentine products". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 28 January 2021. Retrieved 28 ... As of January 2021, the FDA continues to investigate the presence of 1-methyl-4-nitrosopiperazine (MNP) in rifampin or 1- ... "FDA works to mitigate shortages of rifampin and rifapentine". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 26 August 2020. ...
Susceptible to ethambutol, rifampin and kanamycin. Resistant to isoniazid, pyrazinamide and streptomycin. Differential ...
A similar study investigated the bacterial fitness associated with compensatory mutations in rifampin resistant Escherichia ... Reynolds, M. G. (December 2000). "Compensatory evolution in rifampin-resistant Escherichia coli". Genetics. 156 (4): 1471-1481 ...
Although rifampin is indicated for post-delivery pediatric and some doxycycline-allergic patients, it is teratogenic. Rifampin ... "Successful treatment of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in children using rifampin". Pediatrics. 112 (3 Pt 1): e252-3. doi: ...
Baciewicz AM, Chrisman CR, Finch CK, Self TH (2008). "Update on rifampin and rifabutin drug interactions". American Journal of ... Valproate inhibits the metabolism of lorazepam, whereas carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and rifampin ...
"Ambroxol Induces Autophagy and Potentiates Rifampin Antimycobacterial Activity". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 62 (9 ...
Koch-Weser D. Rifampin, New Hope in the Fight against Tuberculosis. New England Journal of Medicine. September 1970. Koch-Weser ... doi:10.1056/NEJM198010303031828, cited in ResearchGate and accessed June 27, 2019 Koch-Weser, D. (1970). "Rifampin, new hope in ... D. Book Review of Rifampin in the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections" by Vall-Spinosa. 1970. ...
Susceptible to ethambutol, rifampin, streptomycin, resistant to pyrazinamide. Synthesis of α- and keto-mycolates and wax esters ...
"Rapid Molecular Detection of Tuberculosis and Rifampin Resistance". New England Journal of Medicine. 363 (11): 1005-1015. doi: ... "Rapid Molecular Detection of Tuberculosis and Rifampin Resistance". New England Journal of Medicine. 363 (11): 1005-1015. doi: ...
Liver enzymes should be monitored after starting rifampin. Rifampicin induces enzymes, resulting in numerous potential drug- ...
It is susceptible to amikacin, clarithromycin, and rifampin. Kim BJ, Hong SH, Yu HK, Park YG, Jeong J, Lee SH, Kim SR, Kim K, ...
The glucuronosyl transferase is apparently induced by rifampin. Weak inhibition of Cyp1A2 leads to a mild theophylline ...
Generally resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol and streptomycin. Differential characteristics Phylogenetic analysis, ...
Rifampin preventive therapy for tuberculosis in Boston's homeless. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, ...
Other commonly used treatments include rifampin, naloxone, and sertraline. In cholestatic liver disease, when bilirubin ... rifampin, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and methimazole, among others. Antibiotics and antifungals that ...
Concomitant use of bictegravir and rifampin causes significant interactions because of an effect rifampin has on bictegravir. ... Bictegravir should not be used with dofetilide and rifampin. Use of dofetilide with bictegravir increases the concentration of ...
The CYP3A4 inducer rifampin profoundly decreases exposure to gepirone. Gepirone acts as a selective partial agonist of the 5- ...
Phenobarbital, rifampin, phenytoin and carbamazepine all increase hepatic metabolism. Finally, cholestryamine, colestipol, ...
Agents that induce or inhibit CYP3A4 such as phenytoin, rifampin, and azole antifungals will affect the metabolism of ... Ridtitid W, Wongnawa M, Mahatthanatrakul W, Punyo J, Sunbhanich M (November 2002). "Rifampin markedly decreases plasma ...
Rifampin has been used in pregnancy and in patients allergic to doxycycline. In the US, human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis ... "Successful treatment of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in children using rifampin". Pediatrics. 112 (3 Pt 1): e252-3. doi: ...
Treatment is usually with macrolide, rifampin, and ethambutol with moxifloxacin. Type strain: strain ATCC 19250 = CCUG 28011 = ...
CYP3A4 inducers (e.g. rifampin, carbamazepine) decrease pazopanib serum levels. It is a p-glycoprotein (PGP) substrate and ...
Rifampin: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... When rifampin is used to treat tuberculosis, it is taken once daily. When rifampin is used to prevent the spread of Neisseria ... Rifampin should not be used to treat people who have developed symptoms of meningitis. Rifampin is in a class of medications ... Rifampin may cause permanent red stains on your contact lenses if you wear them during your treatment with rifampin. ...
Administered with rifampin 1200 mg daily # Rifampin 1200 mg administered as a single oral dose 8 hours before administering a ... Rifampin is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to rifampin or any of the components, or to any of ... Administered with rifampin 600 mg daily, unless otherwise specified. † Rifampin dosage used concomitantly with the drug(s) is ... Rifampin is indicated in the treatment of all forms of tuberculosis.. A three-drug regimen consisting of rifampin, isoniazid, ...
Rifampin prevents you from spreading these bacteria to other people, but this medicine will not treat an active... ... Rifampin may also be used to reduce certain bacteria in your nose and throat that could cause meningitis or other infections. ... Rifampin is an antibiotic that is used to treat or prevent tuberculosis (TB). ... What is rifampin? What is rifampin?. Rifampin is an antibiotic that is used to treat or prevent tuberculosis (TB). ...
rifampin Source:http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/dailymed/resource/ingredient/rifampin ...
Rifampin is commonly prescribed for r.equi infection in horses (foals). ... Rifampin is highly protein-bound and is metabolized by the liver.. Horses. Clarithromycin combined with rifampin is used in ... Rifampin always is used in combination with other antibiotics, as resistance will develop if used as mono therapy. Rifampin may ... Looking for Clarithromycin / Rifampin?. We can let your veterinarian know that you are interested in our compounded ...
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...
Antimicrobial Efficacy of a Novel Minocycline/rifampin Composite Mesh Coating in a Rabbit Model of Open Ventral Hernia Repair. ... This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel (minocycline/rifampin/l-tyrosine polyarylate polymer) antimicrobial ...
Individuals with rifampin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) may have the option to undergo shorter treatmentperiods, as findings ... Individuals with rifampin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) may have the option to undergo shorter treatment periods, as findings ...
In vitro susceptibility of Clostridium difficile to rifaximin and rifampin in 359 consecutive isolates at a university hospital ... In vitro susceptibility of Clostridium difficile to rifaximin and rifampin in 359 consecutive isolates at a university hospital ... In vitro susceptibility of Clostridium difficile to rifaximin and rifampin in 359 consecutive isolates at a university hospital ...
... ... Rifampin. Rifampin 600 mg once daily on Days 4 to 12. Drug: Rifampin. Oral 600 mg ... Rifampin/ NKTR-118. Rifampin 600 mg plus NKTR-118 25 mg on Day 13. Drug: NKTR-118. Oral 25 mg ... An Open-label, fixed-sequence, 3-period, 3-treatment, Crossover Study to Assess the Effects of Rifampin on Pharmacokinetics of ...
... the half-life of the inhibitory activity of catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin was 25 da … ... The in vitro and in vivo activities of catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin and with chlorhexidine gluconate and ... The broad-spectrum activity and efficacy of catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin J Infect Dis. 1996 Feb;173(2):418-24 ... The in vitro and in vivo activities of catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin and with chlorhexidine gluconate and ...
2014). Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Genotype Resistance to Transient Rifampin Exposure. 20(11). den Hertog, Alice L. et ... "Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Genotype Resistance to Transient Rifampin Exposure" 20, no. 11 (2014). den Hertog, Alice L. ... "Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Genotype Resistance to Transient Rifampin Exposure" vol. 20, no. 11, 2014. Export RIS ... Title : Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Genotype Resistance to Transient Rifampin Exposure Personal Author(s) : den Hertog, ...
Rifampin answers are found in the Johns Hopkins ABX Guide powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, Android, and ... "Rifampin." Johns Hopkins ABX Guide, The Johns Hopkins University, 2023. Johns Hopkins Guides, www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/ ... view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540483/all/Rifampin. Auwaerter PG, Avdic E. Rifampin. Johns Hopkins ABX Guide. The Johns Hopkins ... TY - ELEC T1 - Rifampin ID - 540483 A1 - Auwaerter,Paul,M.D. AU - Avdic,Edina,Pharm.D. Y1 - 2023/10/11/ BT - Johns Hopkins ABX ...
... ... associated with rifampin (RIF) resistance, in a panel of 156 DNAs extracted from 103 RIF-sensitive and 53 RIF-resistant ... associated with rifampin (RIF) resistance, in a panel of 156 DNAs extracted from 103 RIF-sensitive and 53 RIF-resistant ...
Rifampin autoinduces its own metabolism so half-life is decreased with subsequent dosing. ... Diarrhea is unique to rifampin toxicity in comparison to other antituberculous medications[1] ... Retrieved from "https://www.wikem.org/w/index.php?title=Rifampin&oldid=336666" ...
LBXMR2 - Rifampin 2. Variable Name: LBXMR2. SAS Label: Rifampin 2. English Text: Rifampin 2 Target: Both males and females 1 ... LBXMR1 - Rifampin 1. Variable Name: LBXMR1. SAS Label: Rifampin 1. English Text: Rifampin 1. Target: Both males and females 1 ...
Rifampin. Rifampin is usually administered with INH. On its own, rifampin may cause mild hepatitis, but this is usually in the ... Most drugs have a signature effect, which is a pattern of liver injury, although some drugs such as rifampin can cause all ... Fatalities associated with jaundice have occurred in patients with liver disease and in patients taking rifampin with other ... In some cases, hyperbilirubinemia resulting from competition between rifampin and bilirubin for excretory pathways of the liver ...
Rifampin (Rifadin). Class of antibiotic , rifamycin - inhibits RNA polymerase in bacteria.. Dose: 300mg IV twice per day or ...
rifampin answers are found in the Tabers Medical Dictionary powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, Android, ... "Rifampin." Tabers Medical Dictionary, 24th ed., F.A. Davis Company, 2021. Nursing Central, nursing.unboundmedicine.com/ ... nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/769937/all/rifampin. Rifampin. In: Venes DD, ed. Tabers Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis ... Rifampin [Internet]. In: Venes DD, editors. Tabers Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company; 2021. [cited 2023 December 04]. ...
Capsule/Oblong and has been identified as Rifampin 150 mg. It is supplied by Lannett Company, Inc. ... Rifampin. Imprint. Logo LANNETT 1393. Strength. 150 mg. Color. Maroon / Red. Size. 18.00 mm. Shape. Capsule/Oblong. ... Pill with imprint Logo LANNETT 1393 is Maroon / Red, Capsule/Oblong and has been identified as Rifampin 150 mg. It is supplied ... Rifampin is used in the treatment of Bartonellosis; Haemophilus influenzae Prophylaxis; Legionella Pneumonia; Endocarditis; ...
The puzzle metaphor also has a wake-up function: if you know what the final piece will look like, it will be easier to complete. Just as the prior knowledge and judgment of an ancient tomb in the process of archaeology will affect the determination of the nature of the unearthed cultural relics, the inner conviction of the truth of the crime in criminal prosecution will affect the collection of evidence and the judgment of the power of proof, making the investigation The activity proceeded firmly in the direction of prejudgment, allowing the evidence and its links to serve the existing conclusions in the heart, ignoring the defense opinions, so as to cast a lot of grievances. Without knowing the whole picture of the puzzle in advance, after a certain stage of the puzzle, the remaining pieces may not be unique, and there are often more than one choice. That is, extracting piece A will show the face of A, and extracting piece B will show the face of B. At this time, the investigators personal ...
Fii primul care adaugi o recenzie la „Rifampin RA-15" Anulează răspunsul. Adresa ta de email nu va fi publicată. Câmpurile ... Categorie: Grupe si Rh Etichete: (sinonime:, Rifadin), Rifampicin,, Rifampin Product ID: 57550 ... Rifampin (sinonime: Rifampicin, Rifadin), reactivi medicali de laborator microbiologie - biodiscuri microcomprimate pentru ... Rifampin (sinonime: Rifampicin, Rifadin), reactivi medicali de laborator microbiologie - biodiscuri microcomprimate pentru ...
More than 100 pyramids scattered on the west bank of the Nile are miracles built by ancient Egyptians about 4,500 years ago. The Egyptian pyramid has brought us an infinite mystery. Its orientation is very much in line with astronomical knowledge. Its size is exquisite. Around the ancient Egyptians how to build these huge buildings, people have been talking about it.. In the mystery about the pyramid, there is a mystery that most puzzles the archaeologists: Why is the location of the pyramid constantly changing?. When it comes to the pyramids of Egypt, in the minds of many people, it will be equivalent to the three giant pyramids near Giza - the Khufu Pyramid, the Khafre Pyramid and the Mengkara Pyramid. Between 2600 BC and 2450 BC, Pharaoh Khufu and his son Hafra and his grandson Mengkara built their pyramids on the edge of the Giza Desert Plateau. These three pyramids have stood tallest and attracted the world. Eyes.. In fact, Egypts earliest pyramid of stone materials is a stepped pyramid ...
Rifampin and Isoniazid Capsules-Hongqi pharmaceutical-Shenyang Hongqi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (abbreviated as: Hongqi ... Rifampin and Isoniazid Capsules 0.00 Shenyang Hongqi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (abbreviated as: Hongqi Pharmaceutical) was ... Rifampin and Isoniazid Capsules. Shenyang Hongqi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (abbreviated as: Hongqi Pharmaceutical) was ... for rifampin within 1.5 to 4 hours. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of rifampicin after oral administration of 0.6g in ...
Rifampin In a single heart-lung transplant patient, after correction for dose, a 67% decrease in MPA exposure (AUC0-12h) has ... rifampin (Rifater®†, Rifamate®†, Rimactane®†, Rifadin®†) •. antacids that contain magnesium and aluminum (mycophenolate mofetil ... Therefore, mycophenolate mofetil is not recommended to be given with rifampin concomitantly unless the benefit outweighs the ... been observed with concomitant administration of mycophenolate mofetil and rifampin. ...
Consult your doctor first, You dont know what side effects will come up if you do that.
... rifampin, and Administer daily isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, Treat by DOT, 3 times/wk + with isoniazid, rifampin, ... Rifampin. Rifampin is bactericidal for M. tuberculosis. The drug is relatively nontoxic and is easily administered. It is ... Rifampin drug interactions. Arch Intern Med 1984;144:1667. * Baciewicz AM, Self TH, Bekemeyer WB. Update on rifampin drug ... The MIC for strains of M. tuberculosis that are susceptible to rifampin are low: , 0.06 ug/L (18). The MIC for rifampin- ...
  • When rifampin is used to treat tuberculosis, it is taken once daily. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you are taking rifampin to treat tuberculosis, your doctor may tell you to take rifampin for several months or longer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rifampin is an antibiotic that is used to treat or prevent tuberculosis (TB). (cigna.com)
  • Title : Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Genotype Resistance to Transient Rifampin Exposure Personal Author(s) : den Hertog, Alice L.;Menting, Sandra;van Soolingen, Dick;Anthony, Richard M. (cdc.gov)
  • We used a colorimetric reverse dot blot hybridization (CRDH) assay to detect the presence of mutations in a specific region of the rpoB gene, associated with rifampin (RIF) resistance, in a panel of 156 DNAs extracted from 103 RIF-sensitive and 53 RIF-resistant cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (ufrgs.br)
  • Multiple-drug-resistant tuberculosis (i.e., resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampin) presents difficult treatment problems. (cdc.gov)
  • A 4-mo regimen of isoniazid and rifampin is acceptable therapy for adults who have active tuberculosis and who are sputum-smear and culture negative, if there is little possibility of drug resistance (see Section 1 above). (cdc.gov)
  • 8. A client diagnosed with tuberculosis is prescribed rifampin, 4 mg/kg, 8 hourly for 6 days. (nursingessays123.com)
  • Chest hemorrhage after left total pulmonary resection for secondary rifampin-resistant tuberculosis:a case report]. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rifampin is a semisynthetic antibiotic derivative of rifamycin SV. (nih.gov)
  • You should not use this medicine if you are allergic to rifampin or similar medicines such as rifabutin, rifapentine, rifamycin, or rifaximin. (cigna.com)
  • Rifampin belongs to a class of drugs known as rifamycin antibiotics . (webmd.com)
  • The in vitro and in vivo activities of catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin and with chlorhexidine gluconate and silver sulfadiazine were evaluated. (nih.gov)
  • When incubated in serum at 37 degrees C, the half-life of the inhibitory activity of catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin was 25 days compared with 3 days for catheters coated with chlorhexidine gluconate and silver sulfadiazine. (nih.gov)
  • Rifampin is either a bacteriostatic or bactericidal antibiotic that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in susceptible bacteria. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
  • tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to rifampin, rifabutin (Mycobutin), rifapentine (Priftin), any other medications, or any of the ingredients in rifampin capsules. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A 6-mo regimen consisting of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide given for 2 mo followed by isoniazid and rifampin for 4 mo is the preferred treatment for patients with fully susceptible organisms who adhere to treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • Alternatively, a 9-mo regimen of isoniazid and rifampin is acceptable for persons who cannot or should not take pyrazinamide. (cdc.gov)
  • Resistance to isoniazid and ethambutol was significantly more common in recurrent cases, but there were no differences in rates of resistance to rifampin, pyrazinamide, streptomycin or the rate of multi-drug resistant strains. (who.int)
  • Rifampin comes as a capsule to take by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rifampin capsules, USP for oral administration, contain 150 mg or 300 mg rifampin per capsule. (nih.gov)
  • Pill with imprint Logo LANNETT 1393 is Maroon / Red, Capsule/Oblong and has been identified as Rifampin 150 mg. (drugs.com)
  • This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel (minocycline/rifampin/l-tyrosine polyarylate polymer) antimicrobial (AM)-coating on a synthetic mesh implanted in a controlled inoculated site in a rabbit ventral hernia model. (sages.org)
  • 01). Minocycline and rifampin were also highly efficacious in preventing colonization and infection in vivo. (nih.gov)
  • Influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms on rifampin pharmacokinet" by Levin Thomas, Sonal Sekhar Miraj et al. (manipal.edu)
  • Rifampin is also used to treat some people who have Neisseria meningitidis (a type of bacteria that can cause a serious infection called meningitis) infections in their noses or throats. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Antibiotics such as rifampin will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rifampin is also sometimes used to treat infections caused by other types of bacteria and to prevent infection in people who have been in close contact with a person who has certain serious bacterial infections. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of rifampin capsules, USP and other antibacterial drugs, rifampin should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. (nih.gov)
  • Rifampin may also be used to reduce certain bacteria in your nose and throat that could cause meningitis or other infections. (cigna.com)
  • Rifampin is combined with other antibiotics to treat difficult walled-off infections because it increases the penetration of antibiotics into abscesses. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
  • For many years erythromycin combined with rifampin was the standard of care to treat R.equi infections. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
  • Invasive Microascus berculosis, has limitations for detecting rifampin resistance trigonosporus species complex pulmonary infection in a lung in certain variants. (cdc.gov)
  • Rifampin always is used in combination with other antibiotics, as resistance will develop if used as mono therapy. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
  • NOTE: Rifampin is usually used in combination with other agents due to the quick emergence of resistance if used as monotherapy. (hopkinsguides.com)
  • If INH resistance is demonstrated, rifampin and ethambutol should be continued for a minimum of 12 mo. (cdc.gov)
  • 2023. https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540483/all/Rifampin. (hopkinsguides.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Rifampin (RIF) upregulates CYP 450 isoenzymes, potentially lowering efavirenz (EFV) exposure. (fiocruz.br)
  • Pharmacogenetic determinants of rifampin exposure may vary between African populations. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • If you stop taking rifampin too soon, your infection may not be completely treated and the bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rifampin prevents you from spreading these bacteria to other people, but this medicine will not treat an active meningitis infection . (cigna.com)
  • Clarithromycin combined with rifampin is used in foals primarily for the treatment R.equi infection. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
  • Brucella strain RB51 is resistant to rifampin and penicillin. (cdc.gov)
  • When rifampin is used to prevent the spread of Neisseria meningitidis bacteria to other people, it is taken twice daily for 2 days or once daily for 4 days. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rifampin should not be used to treat people who have developed symptoms of meningitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Research performed by Giguere at the University of Florida concluded that foals treated with the combination of clarithromycin and rifampin exhibited significantly better radiographic improvement and, overall, had better short term and long term treatment success when compared to those treated with azithromycin/rifampin, or erythromycin/rifampin combinations. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
  • Rifampin is in a class of medications called antimycobacterials. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Your doctor will probably tell you not to take rifampin if you are taking any of these medications. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Clarithromycin/Rifampin should be used with caution in animals with decreased liver-function. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
  • Rifampin may rarely cause serious (possibly fatal) liver disease . (webmd.com)
  • Rifampin (RF) is metabolized in the liver into an active metabolite 25-desacetylrifampin and excreted almost equally via biliary and renal routes. (manipal.edu)
  • rifampin loaded inhalable proliposomes may be a suitable system for delivering liposomal rifampin into the lungs. (figshare.com)
  • This graph shows volume of adverse events submitted to the FDA by quarter for Rifampin, as well as related generic and/or brandname drugs containing the same primary active ingredients . (drugcite.com)
  • This graph shows the top adverse events submitted to the FDA for Rifampin, as well as related generic and/or brandname drugs containing the same primary active ingredients , from Q1 2004 to Q3 2012. (drugcite.com)
  • However, using rifampin during the last few weeks of pregnancy may cause bleeding in the mother or the newborn baby. (cigna.com)
  • To prevent pregnancy while using rifampin, use a barrier form of birth control: condom, diaphragm, cervical cap, or contraceptive sponge. (cigna.com)
  • The half-life of rifampin at a dose of 720 mg daily has not been established in patients with renal failure. (nih.gov)
  • Following a single 900 mg oral dose of rifampin in patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency, the mean half-life increased from 3.6 hours in healthy adults to 5.0, 7.3, and 11.0 hours in patients with glomerular filtration rates of 30 to 50 mL/min, less than 30 mL/min, and in anuric patients, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • In one study, pediatric patients 6 to 58 months old were given rifampin suspended in simple syrup or as dry powder mixed with applesauce at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. (nih.gov)
  • Some drugs should not be used together with rifampin. (cigna.com)
  • Following a single 600 mg oral dose of rifampin in healthy adults, the peak serum concentration averages 7 mcg/mL but may vary from 4 to 32 mcg/mL. (nih.gov)
  • In healthy adults, the mean biological half-life of rifampin in serum averages 3.35 ± 0.66 hours after a 600 mg oral dose, with increases up to 5.08 ± 2.45 hours reported after a 900 mg dose. (nih.gov)
  • After absorption, rifampin is rapidly eliminated in the bile, and an enterohepatic circulation ensues. (nih.gov)
  • Absorption of rifampin is reduced by about 30% when the drug is ingested with food. (nih.gov)
  • During this process, rifampin undergoes progressive deacetylation so that nearly all the drug in the bile is in this form in about 6 hours. (nih.gov)
  • Adverse events are counted if Rifampin is flagged as the suspect drug causing the adverse event. (drugcite.com)
  • If you are taking rifampin and need to take praziquantal (Biltricide), you should wait at least 4 weeks after you stop taking rifampin before you begin to take praziquantel. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A total of 174 adults with pulmonary TB underwent sampling of plasma rifampin concentrations at 2 and 6 h postdose. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • If you miss doses of rifampin, you may develop uncomfortable or serious symptoms when you begin to take the medication again. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rifampin may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. (cigna.com)
  • Rifampin autoinduces its own metabolism so half-life is decreased with subsequent dosing. (wikem.org)