An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.
The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.
Those factors which cause an organism to behave or act in either a goal-seeking or satisfying manner. They may be influenced by physiological drives or by external stimuli.
Learning situations in which the sequence responses of the subject are instrumental in producing reinforcement. When the correct response occurs, which involves the selection from among a repertoire of responses, the subject is immediately reinforced.
The ability to foresee what is likely to happen on the basis of past experience. It is largely a frontal lobe function.
Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the LATERAL VENTRICLE, in the region of the OLFACTORY TUBERCLE, lying between the head of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE. It is part of the so-called VENTRAL STRIATUM, a composite structure considered part of the BASAL GANGLIA.
Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
The strengthening of a conditioned response.
Stimulation of the brain, which is self-administered. The stimulation may result in negative or positive reinforcement.
The application of an unpleasant stimulus or penalty for the purpose of eliminating or correcting undesirable behavior.
One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.
An act performed without delay, reflection, voluntary direction or obvious control in response to a stimulus.
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.
The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea.
Usually refers to the use of mathematical models in the prediction of learning to perform tasks based on the theory of probability applied to responses; it may also refer to the frequency of occurrence of the responses observed in the particular study.
Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.
Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.
An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.
A general term referring to the learning of some particular response.
A region in the MESENCEPHALON which is dorsomedial to the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and ventral to the RED NUCLEUS. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of SCHIZOPHRENIA.
A mechanism of information stimulus and response that may control subsequent behavior, cognition, perception, or performance. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)
Learning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.
An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.
A schedule prescribing when the subject is to be reinforced or rewarded in terms of temporal interval in psychological experiments. The schedule may be continuous or intermittent.
A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response.
The principle that items experienced together enter into a connection, so that one tends to reinstate the other.
An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
The observable, measurable, and often pathological activity of an organism that portrays its inability to overcome a habit resulting in an insatiable craving for a substance or for performing certain acts. The addictive behavior includes the emotional and physical overdependence on the object of habit in increasing amount or frequency.
The selection of one food over another.
Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.
Games designed to provide information on hypotheses, policies, procedures, or strategies.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).
Animal searching behavior. The variable introductory phase of an instinctive behavior pattern or sequence, e.g., looking for food, or sequential courtship patterns prior to mating.
A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the AMYGDALA; EPITHALAMUS; GYRUS CINGULI; hippocampal formation (see HIPPOCAMPUS); HYPOTHALAMUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; SEPTAL NUCLEI; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)).
The combined discipline of psychology and economics that investigates what happens in markets in which some of the agents display human limitations and complications.
Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.
Drugs that block the transport of DOPAMINE into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS also inhibit dopamine uptake.
Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.
Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal.
Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.
One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and CORPUS CALLOSUM and forms part of the LIMBIC SYSTEM.
A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.
Sensation of enjoyment or gratification.
A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.
Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.
Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.
Learning that is manifested in the ability to respond differentially to various stimuli.
The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.
The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.
The end-result or objective, which may be specified or required in advance.
A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595)
Sugar-rich liquid produced in plant glands called nectaries. It is either produced in flowers or other plant structures, providing a source of attraction for pollinating insects and animals, as well as being a nutrient source to animal mutualists which provide protection of plants against herbivores.
Any substances taken in by the body that provide nourishment.
Theoretical representations that simulate psychological processes and/or social processes. These include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.
The detailed examination of observable activity or behavior associated with the execution or completion of a required function or unit of work.
Methods for visualizing REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW, metabolic, electrical, or other physiological activities in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM using various imaging modalities.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate DOPAMINE RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather than to the acute effects of blocking dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists have been used for several other clinical purposes including as ANTIEMETICS, in the treatment of Tourette syndrome, and for hiccup. Dopamine receptor blockade is associated with NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME.
Differential response to different stimuli.
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.
Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.
The phylogenetically newer part of the CORPUS STRIATUM consisting of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and PUTAMEN. It is often called simply the striatum.
Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is DOPAMINE.
A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D2-class receptor genes contain INTRONS, and the receptors inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASES.
The procedure of presenting the conditioned stimulus without REINFORCEMENT to an organism previously conditioned. It refers also to the diminution of a conditioned response resulting from this procedure.
The observable response of a man or animal to a situation.
The behavior of performing an act persistently and repetitively without it leading to reward or pleasure. The act is usually a small, circumscribed behavior, almost ritualistic, yet not pathologically disturbing. Examples of compulsive behavior include twirling of hair, checking something constantly, not wanting pennies in change, straightening tilted pictures, etc.
Any situation where an animal or human is trained to respond differentially to two stimuli (e.g., approach and avoidance) under reward and punishment conditions and subsequently trained under reversed reward values (i.e., the approach which was previously rewarded is punished and vice versa).
Substances that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc., such as sugar, saccharine or other low-calorie synthetic products. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
A complex group of fibers arising from the basal olfactory regions, the periamygdaloid region, and the septal nuclei, and passing to the lateral hypothalamus. Some fibers continue into the tegmentum.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.
Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.

Cladistic association analysis of Y chromosome effects on alcohol dependence and related personality traits. (1/3403)

Association between Y chromosome haplotype variation and alcohol dependence and related personality traits was investigated in a large sample of psychiatrically diagnosed Finnish males. Haplotypes were constructed for 359 individuals using alleles at eight loci (seven microsatellite loci and a nucleotide substitution in the DYZ3 alphoid satellite locus). A cladogram linking the 102 observed haplotype configurations was constructed by using parsimony with a single-step mutation model. Then, a series of contingency tables nested according to the cladogram hierarchy were used to test for association between Y haplotype and alcohol dependence. Finally, using only alcohol-dependent subjects, we tested for association between Y haplotype and personality variables postulated to define subtypes of alcoholism-antisocial personality disorder, novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence. Significant association with alcohol dependence was observed at three Y haplotype clades, with significance levels of P = 0.002, P = 0.020, and P = 0.010. Within alcohol-dependent subjects, no relationship was revealed between Y haplotype and antisocial personality disorder, novelty seeking, harm avoidance, or reward dependence. These results demonstrate, by using a fully objective association design, that differences among Y chromosomes contribute to variation in vulnerability to alcohol dependence. However, they do not demonstrate an association between Y haplotype and the personality variables thought to underlie the subtypes of alcoholism.  (+info)

An analysis of choice making in the assessment of young children with severe behavior problems. (2/3403)

We examined how positive and negative reinforcement influenced time allocation, occurrence of problem behavior, and completion of parent instructions during a concurrent choice assessment with 2 preschool-aged children who displayed severe problem behavior in their homes. The children were given a series of concurrent choice options that varied availability of parent attention, access to preferred toys, and presentation of parent instructions. The results showed that both children consistently allocated their time to choice areas that included parent attention when no instructions were presented. When parent attention choice areas included the presentation of instructions, the children displayed differential patterns of behavior that appeared to be influenced by the presence or absence of preferred toys. The results extended previous applications of reinforcer assessment procedures by analyzing the relative influence of both positive and negative reinforcement within a concurrent-operants paradigm.  (+info)

Delay or probability discounting in a model of impulsive behavior: effect of alcohol. (3/3403)

Little is known about the acute effects of drugs of abuse on impulsivity and self-control. In this study, impulsivity was assessed in humans using a computer task that measured delay and probability discounting. Discounting describes how much the value of a reward (or punisher) is decreased when its occurrence is either delayed or uncertain. Twenty-four healthy adult volunteers ingested a moderate dose of ethanol (0.5 or 0.8 g/kg ethanol: n = 12 at each dose) or placebo before completing the discounting task. In the task the participants were given a series of choices between a small, immediate, certain amount of money and $10 that was either delayed (0, 2, 30, 180, or 365 days) or probabilistic (i.e., certainty of receipt was 1.0, .9, .75, .5, or .25). The point at which each individual was indifferent between the smaller immediate or certain reward and the $10 delayed or probabilistic reward was identified using an adjusting-amount procedure. The results indicated that (a) delay and probability discounting were well described by a hyperbolic function; (b) delay and probability discounting were positively correlated within subjects; (c) delay and probability discounting were moderately correlated with personality measures of impulsivity; and (d) alcohol had no effect on discounting.  (+info)

Sodium depletion and aldosterone decrease dopamine transporter activity in nucleus accumbens but not striatum. (4/3403)

Motivated behaviors, including sodium (Na) appetite, are correlated with increased dopamine (DA) transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). DA transporter (DAT) modulation affects DA transmission and may play a role in motivated behaviors. In vivo Na depletion, which reliably induces Na appetite, was correlated with robust decreases in DA uptake via the DAT in the rat NAc with rotating disk electrode voltammetry [1,277 +/- 162 vs. 575 +/- 89 pmol. s-1. g-1; Vmax of transport for control vs. Na-depleted tissue]. Plasma aldosterone (Aldo) levels increase after in vivo Na depletion and contribute to Na appetite. Decreased DAT activity in the NAc was observed after in vitro Aldo treatment (428 +/- 28 vs. 300 +/- 25 pmol. s-1. g-1). Neither treatment affected DAT activity in the striatum. These results suggest that a direct action of Aldo is one possible mechanism by which Na depletion induces a reduction in DAT activity in the NAc. Reduced DAT activity may play a role in generating increased NAc DA transmission during Na appetite, which may underlie the motivating properties of Na for the Na-depleted rat.  (+info)

Dopamine fluctuations in the nucleus accumbens during maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement of intravenous D-amphetamine self-administration. (5/3403)

Moment-to-moment fluctuations of nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA) were determined in rats self-administering or passively receiving "yoked" intravenous infusions of D-amphetamine. The initial lever presses of each session caused elevations in DA concentration, usually to an initial peak that was not maintained throughout the rest of the session. As the initial ("loading") injections were metabolized, DA levels dropped toward baseline but were sustained at elevated plateaus by subsequent lever pressing that was spaced throughout the remainder of the 3 hr sessions. During this period, DA levels fluctuated phasically, time-locked to the cycle of periodic lever pressing. Consistent with the known pharmacological actions and dynamics of amphetamine, peak DA elevations were seen approximately 10-15 min after each injection, and the mean DA level was at a low point in the phasic cycle at the time of each new lever press. During extinction periods when saline was substituted for amphetamine, DA levels dropped steadily toward baseline levels despite a dramatic increase in (now-unrewarded) lever pressing. Noncontingent injections during extinction reinstated lever-pressing behavior and increased nucleus accumbens DA concentrations. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that under the conditions of this experiment-during periods of amphetamine intoxication in well-trained animals-the timing of amphetamine self-administration comes primarily under the control of extracellular DA concentrations. The probability of lever pressing during the maintenance phase is highest when DA concentrations fall near a characteristic trigger point, a trigger point that is significantly elevated above baseline, and falls as DA concentrations fall below or increase above that trigger point.  (+info)

Enhancement of locomotor activity and conditioned reward to cocaine by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. (6/3403)

The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system has been implicated in drug reward, locomotor sensitization, and responding for reward-related stimuli [termed conditioned reinforcers (CR)]. Here, we investigated the effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which enhances the survival and function of dopaminergic neurons, on stimulant-induced locomotor sensitization and responding for CR. In experiment 1, BDNF was infused into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) or ventral tegmental area over 2 weeks via chronically implanted minipumps (1-2.5 microgram/d), and the psychomotor stimulant effects of cocaine (5-15 mg/kg, i.p.) were studied. We found that BDNF enhanced the initial stimulant effects of cocaine and seemed to facilitate the development of sensitization to repeated cocaine doses. In experiment 2, we studied the effects of intra-NAc BDNF infusions on responding for CR. BDNF-treated rats showed twice as many CR responses compared with controls when saline was first administered. BDNF enhanced responding on the CR lever more than four times that seen in control animals after a cocaine injection (10 mg/kg, i.p.). The enhanced response to cocaine in BDNF-treated animals persisted for more than a month after the BDNF infusions had stopped, indicating long-lasting changes in the mesolimbic DA system caused by BDNF administration. In experiment 3, we examined locomotor sensitization to cocaine in heterozygous BDNF knock-out mice and found that the development of sensitization was delayed compared with wild-type littermates. These results demonstrate the profound effects of BDNF on the enhancement of both cocaine-induced locomotion and facilitation of CR and suggest a possible role for BDNF in long-term adaptations of the brain to cocaine.  (+info)

High effort, low reward, and cardiovascular risk factors in employed Swedish men and women: baseline results from the WOLF Study. (7/3403)

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between measures of work stress (that is, the combination of high effort and low reward) and cardiovascular risk factors. DESIGN: Cross sectional first screening of a prospective cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The study was conducted among 5720 healthy employed men and women living in the greater Stockholm area aged 19-70 years. All analyses were restricted to subjects with complete data (n = 4958). The investigation of associations between indicators of effort-reward imbalance and cardiovascular risk factors was restricted to the age group 30-55 years (n = 3427). MAIN RESULTS: Subjects reporting high effort and low reward at work had a higher prevalence of well known risk factors for coronary heart disease. After adjustment for relevant confounders, associations between a measure of extrinsic effort and reward (the effort-reward ratio) and hypertension (multivariate prevalence odds ratio (POR) 1.62-1.68), increased total cholesterol (upper tertile 220 mg/dl)(POR = 1.24) and the total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol ratio (upper tertile 4.61)(POR 1.26-1.30) were found among men. Among women a measure of high intrinsic effort (immersion) was related to increased low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (upper tertile 130 mg/dl)(POR 1.37-1.39). Analyses of variance showed increasing mean values of LDL cholesterol with an increasing degree of the effort-reward ratio among men and increased LDL-cholesterol among women with high levels of intrinsic effort (upper tertile of immersion). CONCLUSIONS: Findings lend support to the hypothesis that effort-reward imbalance represents a specific constellation of stressful experience at work related to cardiovascular risk. The relation was not explained by relevant confounders (for example, lack of physical exercise, body weight, cigarette smoking).  (+info)

Muscimol-induced inactivation of monkey frontal eye field: effects on visually and memory-guided saccades. (8/3403)

Muscimol-induced inactivation of the monkey frontal eye field: effects on visually and memory-guided saccades. Although neurophysiological, anatomic, and imaging evidence suggest that the frontal eye field (FEF) participates in the generation of eye movements, chronic lesions of the FEF in both humans and monkeys appear to cause only minor deficits in visually guided saccade generation. Stronger effects are observed when subjects are tested in tasks with more cognitive requirements. We tested oculomotor function after acutely inactivating regions of the FEF to minimize the effects of plasticity and reallocation of function after the loss of the FEF and gain more insight into the FEF contribution to the guidance of eye movements in the intact brain. Inactivation was induced by microinjecting muscimol directly into physiologically defined sites in the FEF of three monkeys. FEF inactivation severely impaired the monkeys' performance of both visually guided and memory-guided saccades. The monkeys initiated fewer saccades to the retinotopic representation of the inactivated FEF site than to any other location in the visual field. The saccades that were initiated had longer latencies, slower velocities, and larger targeting errors than controls. These effects were present both for visually guided and for memory-guided saccades, although the memory-guided saccades were more disrupted. Initially, the effects were restricted spatially, concentrating around the retinotopic representation at the center of the inactivated site, but, during the course of several hours, these effects spread to flanking representations. Predictability of target location and motivation of the monkey also affected saccadic performance. For memory-guided saccades, increases in the time during which the monkey had to remember the spatial location of a target resulted in further decreases in the accuracy of the saccades and in smaller peak velocities, suggesting a progressive loss of the capacity to maintain a representation of target location in relation to the fovea after FEF inactivation. In addition, the monkeys frequently made premature saccades to targets in the hemifield ipsilateral to the injection site when performing the memory task, indicating a deficit in the control of fixation that could be a consequence of an imbalance between ipsilateral and contralateral FEF activity after the injection. There was also a progressive loss of fixation accuracy, and the monkeys tended to restrict spontaneous visual scanning to the ipsilateral hemifield. These results emphasize the strong role of the FEF in the intact monkey in the generation of all voluntary saccadic eye movements, as well as in the control of fixation.  (+info)

In the context of medicine, particularly in behavioral neuroscience and psychology, "reward" is not typically used as a definitive medical term. However, it generally refers to a positive outcome or incentive that reinforces certain behaviors, making them more likely to be repeated in the future. This can involve various stimuli such as food, water, sexual activity, social interaction, or drug use, among others.

In the brain, rewards are associated with the activation of the reward system, primarily the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, which includes the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). The release of dopamine in these areas is thought to reinforce and motivate behavior linked to rewards.

It's important to note that while "reward" has a specific meaning in this context, it is not a formal medical diagnosis or condition. Instead, it is a concept used to understand the neural and psychological mechanisms underlying motivation, learning, and addiction.

Choice behavior refers to the selection or decision-making process in which an individual consciously or unconsciously chooses one option over others based on their preferences, values, experiences, and motivations. In a medical context, choice behavior may relate to patients' decisions about their healthcare, such as selecting a treatment option, choosing a healthcare provider, or adhering to a prescribed medication regimen. Understanding choice behavior is essential in shaping health policies, developing patient-centered care models, and improving overall health outcomes.

In the context of healthcare and medical psychology, motivation refers to the driving force behind an individual's goal-oriented behavior. It is the internal or external stimuli that initiate, direct, and sustain a person's actions towards achieving their desired outcomes. Motivation can be influenced by various factors such as biological needs, personal values, emotional states, and social contexts.

In clinical settings, healthcare professionals often assess patients' motivation to engage in treatment plans, adhere to medical recommendations, or make lifestyle changes necessary for improving their health status. Enhancing a patient's motivation can significantly impact their ability to manage chronic conditions, recover from illnesses, and maintain overall well-being. Various motivational interviewing techniques and interventions are employed by healthcare providers to foster intrinsic motivation and support patients in achieving their health goals.

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is modified by its consequences, either reinforcing or punishing the behavior. It was first described by B.F. Skinner and involves an association between a response (behavior) and a consequence (either reward or punishment). There are two types of operant conditioning: positive reinforcement, in which a desirable consequence follows a desired behavior, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will occur again; and negative reinforcement, in which a undesirable consequence is removed following a desired behavior, also increasing the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.

For example, if a child cleans their room (response) and their parent gives them praise or a treat (positive reinforcement), the child is more likely to clean their room again in the future. If a child is buckling their seatbelt in the car (response) and the annoying buzzer stops (negative reinforcement), the child is more likely to buckle their seatbelt in the future.

It's important to note that operant conditioning is a form of learning, not motivation. The behavior is modified by its consequences, regardless of the individual's internal state or intentions.

Psychological anticipation refers to the mental process of expecting or predicting future events or outcomes. It involves using available information and past experiences to prepare for what might happen in the future. This cognitive function can influence a person's emotions, behaviors, and decision-making processes. Anticipation can be both positive (e.g., looking forward to a happy event) and negative (e.g., feeling anxious about a potential threat). In some cases, psychological anticipation may lead to increased stress or anxiety, particularly if the anticipated event is perceived as threatening or uncertain.

The nucleus accumbens is a part of the brain that is located in the ventral striatum, which is a key region of the reward circuitry. It is made up of two subregions: the shell and the core. The nucleus accumbens receives inputs from various sources, including the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, and sends outputs to the ventral pallidum and other areas.

The nucleus accumbens is involved in reward processing, motivation, reinforcement learning, and addiction. It plays a crucial role in the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is associated with pleasure and reinforcement. Dysfunction in the nucleus accumbens has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric conditions, including substance use disorders, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

In the context of medicine, "cues" generally refer to specific pieces of information or signals that can help healthcare professionals recognize and respond to a particular situation or condition. These cues can come in various forms, such as:

1. Physical examination findings: For example, a patient's abnormal heart rate or blood pressure reading during a physical exam may serve as a cue for the healthcare professional to investigate further.
2. Patient symptoms: A patient reporting chest pain, shortness of breath, or other concerning symptoms can act as a cue for a healthcare provider to consider potential diagnoses and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
3. Laboratory test results: Abnormal findings on laboratory tests, such as elevated blood glucose levels or abnormal liver function tests, may serve as cues for further evaluation and diagnosis.
4. Medical history information: A patient's medical history can provide valuable cues for healthcare professionals when assessing their current health status. For example, a history of smoking may increase the suspicion for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a patient presenting with respiratory symptoms.
5. Behavioral or environmental cues: In some cases, behavioral or environmental factors can serve as cues for healthcare professionals to consider potential health risks. For instance, exposure to secondhand smoke or living in an area with high air pollution levels may increase the risk of developing respiratory conditions.

Overall, "cues" in a medical context are essential pieces of information that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care and treatment.

'Animal behavior' refers to the actions or responses of animals to various stimuli, including their interactions with the environment and other individuals. It is the study of the actions of animals, whether they are instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Animal behavior includes communication, mating, foraging, predator avoidance, and social organization, among other things. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology. This field seeks to understand the evolutionary basis for behaviors as well as their physiological and psychological mechanisms.

'Self-stimulation' is more commonly known as "autoeroticism" or "masturbation." It refers to the act of stimulating one's own genitals for sexual pleasure, which can lead to orgasm. This behavior is considered a normal part of human sexuality and is a safe way to explore one's body and sexual responses. Self-stimulation can also be used as a means of relieving sexual tension and promoting relaxation. It is important to note that self-stimulation should always be a consensual, private activity and not performed in public or against the will of another individual.

In medical terms, "punishment" is a consequence or intervention that is intended to decrease the likelihood of an undesirable behavior occurring again in the future. It is often used in the context of behavioral therapy and modification, particularly for addressing maladaptive behaviors in individuals with developmental disorders, mental health conditions, or substance use disorders.

Punishment can take various forms, such as response cost (removal of a positive reinforcer), time-out (removal of access to reinforcement), or aversive stimuli (presentation of an unpleasant stimulus). However, it is important to note that punishment should be used judiciously and ethically, with careful consideration given to the potential negative consequences such as avoidance, escape, or aggression. Additionally, positive reinforcement (rewarding desirable behaviors) is generally considered a more effective and sustainable approach to behavior change than punishment alone.

Dopamine is a type of neurotransmitter, which is a chemical messenger that transmits signals in the brain and nervous system. It plays several important roles in the body, including:

* Regulation of movement and coordination
* Modulation of mood and motivation
* Control of the reward and pleasure centers of the brain
* Regulation of muscle tone
* Involvement in memory and attention

Dopamine is produced in several areas of the brain, including the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area. It is released by neurons (nerve cells) and binds to specific receptors on other neurons, where it can either excite or inhibit their activity.

Abnormalities in dopamine signaling have been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric conditions, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addiction.

Impulsive behavior can be defined medically as actions performed without proper thought or consideration of the consequences, driven by immediate needs, desires, or urges. It often involves risky or inappropriate behaviors that may lead to negative outcomes. In a clinical context, impulsivity is frequently associated with certain mental health conditions such as ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, and some neurological conditions. It's important to note that everyone can exhibit impulsive behavior at times, but when it becomes a persistent pattern causing distress or functional impairment, it may indicate an underlying condition requiring professional assessment and treatment.

Reaction time, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the time period between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent initiation of a response. This complex process involves the central nervous system, particularly the brain, which perceives the stimulus, processes it, and then sends signals to the appropriate muscles or glands to react.

There are different types of reaction times, including simple reaction time (responding to a single, expected stimulus) and choice reaction time (choosing an appropriate response from multiple possibilities). These measures can be used in clinical settings to assess various aspects of neurological function, such as cognitive processing speed, motor control, and alertness.

However, it is important to note that reaction times can be influenced by several factors, including age, fatigue, attention, and the use of certain medications or substances.

In the context of medicine and healthcare, learning is often discussed in relation to learning abilities or disabilities that may impact an individual's capacity to acquire, process, retain, and apply new information or skills. Learning can be defined as the process of acquiring knowledge, understanding, behaviors, and skills through experience, instruction, or observation.

Learning disorders, also known as learning disabilities, are a type of neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to learn and process information in one or more areas, such as reading, writing, mathematics, or reasoning. These disorders are not related to intelligence or motivation but rather result from differences in the way the brain processes information.

It is important to note that learning can also be influenced by various factors, including age, cognitive abilities, physical and mental health status, cultural background, and educational experiences. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of an individual's learning abilities and needs should take into account these various factors to provide appropriate support and interventions.

Decision-making is the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from among multiple alternatives. In a medical context, decision-making refers to the process by which healthcare professionals and patients make choices about medical tests, treatments, or management options based on a thorough evaluation of available information, including the patient's preferences, values, and circumstances.

The decision-making process in medicine typically involves several steps:

1. Identifying the problem or issue that requires a decision.
2. Gathering relevant information about the patient's medical history, current condition, diagnostic test results, treatment options, and potential outcomes.
3. Considering the benefits, risks, and uncertainties associated with each option.
4. Evaluating the patient's preferences, values, and goals.
5. Selecting the most appropriate course of action based on a careful weighing of the available evidence and the patient's individual needs and circumstances.
6. Communicating the decision to the patient and ensuring that they understand the rationale behind it, as well as any potential risks or benefits.
7. Monitoring the outcomes of the decision and adjusting the course of action as needed based on ongoing evaluation and feedback.

Effective decision-making in medicine requires a thorough understanding of medical evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences. It also involves careful consideration of ethical principles, such as respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. Ultimately, the goal of decision-making in healthcare is to promote the best possible outcomes for patients while minimizing harm and respecting their individual needs and values.

"Probability learning" is not a widely recognized or used term in medicine. However, it is a concept that may be relevant to the field of behavioral medicine and psychology. In those contexts, probability learning refers to the process by which individuals learn to predict the likelihood or probability of certain events or outcomes based on past experiences or observations.

In medical research, the term "probability" is often used to describe the likelihood that a particular event will occur, such as the probability of developing a disease given exposure to a certain risk factor. This concept is central to the field of epidemiology and biostatistics, where researchers use statistical methods to estimate the probability of various health outcomes based on large datasets.

However, "probability learning" in the context of medical research typically refers to the process by which individuals learn to make accurate judgments about probabilities based on data or evidence. This may involve learning to recognize patterns in data, using statistical models to estimate probabilities, or applying principles of probability theory to clinical decision-making.

Overall, while "probability learning" is not a formal medical term, it is a concept that has relevance to various areas of medicine, including behavioral medicine, epidemiology, and biostatistics.

Brain mapping is a broad term that refers to the techniques used to understand the structure and function of the brain. It involves creating maps of the various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes in the brain by correlating these processes with physical locations or activities within the nervous system. Brain mapping can be accomplished through a variety of methods, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, electroencephalography (EEG), and others. These techniques allow researchers to observe which areas of the brain are active during different tasks or thoughts, helping to shed light on how the brain processes information and contributes to our experiences and behaviors. Brain mapping is an important area of research in neuroscience, with potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected nuclei, or clusters of neurons, located in the base of the brain. They play a crucial role in regulating motor function, cognition, and emotion. The main components of the basal ganglia include the striatum (made up of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and ventral striatum), globus pallidus (divided into external and internal segments), subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra (with its pars compacta and pars reticulata).

The basal ganglia receive input from various regions of the cerebral cortex and other brain areas. They process this information and send output back to the thalamus and cortex, helping to modulate and coordinate movement. The basal ganglia also contribute to higher cognitive functions such as learning, decision-making, and habit formation. Dysfunction in the basal ganglia can lead to neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and dystonia.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

The prefrontal cortex is the anterior (frontal) part of the frontal lobe in the brain, involved in higher-order cognitive processes such as planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior. It also plays a significant role in working memory and executive functions. The prefrontal cortex is divided into several subregions, each associated with specific cognitive and emotional functions. Damage to the prefrontal cortex can result in various impairments, including difficulties with planning, decision making, and social behavior regulation.

"Long-Evans" is a strain of laboratory rats commonly used in scientific research. They are named after their developers, the scientists Long and Evans. This strain is albino, with a brownish-black hood over their eyes and ears, and they have an agouti (salt-and-pepper) color on their backs. They are often used as a model organism due to their size, ease of handling, and genetic similarity to humans. However, I couldn't find any specific medical definition related to "Long-Evans rats" as they are not a medical condition or disease.

The Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) is a collection of neurons located in the midbrain that is part of the dopamine system. It is specifically known as the A10 group and is the largest source of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. These neurons project to various regions, including the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens, and are involved in reward, motivation, addiction, and various cognitive functions. The VTA also contains GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons that modulate dopamine release and have various other functions.

Psychological feedback refers to the process of providing information about an individual's performance or behavior to help them understand and improve their skills, abilities, or actions. It is a critical component of learning, growth, and development in various settings, including education, therapy, coaching, and management.

In psychological feedback, the provider communicates their observations, assessments, or evaluations to the recipient in a constructive and supportive manner. The feedback may include both positive reinforcement for strengths and areas of success, as well as suggestions for improvement and strategies for overcoming challenges.

Effective psychological feedback is specific, objective, and focused on behaviors that can be changed or improved. It should also be timely, regular, and delivered in a way that promotes self-reflection, motivation, and goal-setting. The recipient should have an opportunity to ask questions, seek clarification, and engage in a dialogue about the feedback to ensure mutual understanding and agreement on next steps.

Overall, psychological feedback is a valuable tool for promoting personal and professional development, building self-awareness, and enhancing interpersonal relationships.

Classical conditioning is a type of learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together, leading to an association between them. This concept was first introduced by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, in his studies on classical conditioning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

In classical conditioning, there are typically two types of stimuli involved: the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the neutral stimulus (NS). The US is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response, known as the unconditioned response (UR), in an organism. For example, food is an US that triggers salivation, which is the UR, in dogs.

The NS, on the other hand, is a stimulus that does not initially trigger any response in the organism. However, when the NS is repeatedly paired with the US, it becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) and begins to elicit a conditioned response (CR). The CR is similar to the UR but is triggered by the CS instead of the US.

For example, if Pavlov repeatedly rang a bell (NS) just before presenting food (US) to a dog, the dog would eventually start salivating (CR) in response to the bell (CS) even when food was not presented. This is an example of classical conditioning.

Classical conditioning has been widely studied and is believed to play a role in various physiological processes, such as learning, memory, and emotion regulation. It has also been used in various applications, including behavioral therapy and advertising.

Psychomotor performance refers to the integration and coordination of mental processes (cognitive functions) with physical movements. It involves the ability to perform complex tasks that require both cognitive skills, such as thinking, remembering, and perceiving, and motor skills, such as gross and fine motor movements. Examples of psychomotor performances include driving a car, playing a musical instrument, or performing surgical procedures.

In a medical context, psychomotor performance is often used to assess an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), such as bathing, dressing, cooking, cleaning, and managing medications. Deficits in psychomotor performance can be a sign of neurological or psychiatric disorders, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, or depression.

Assessment of psychomotor performance may involve tests that measure reaction time, coordination, speed, precision, and accuracy of movements, as well as cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. These assessments can help healthcare professionals develop appropriate treatment plans and monitor the progression of diseases or the effectiveness of interventions.

Cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylon coca). It is a powerful central nervous system stimulant that affects the brain and body in many ways. When used recreationally, cocaine can produce feelings of euphoria, increased energy, and mental alertness; however, it can also cause serious negative consequences, including addiction, cardiovascular problems, seizures, and death.

Cocaine works by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward. This leads to the pleasurable effects that users seek when they take the drug. However, cocaine also interferes with the normal functioning of the brain's reward system, making it difficult for users to experience pleasure from natural rewards like food or social interactions.

Cocaine can be taken in several forms, including powdered form (which is usually snorted), freebase (a purer form that is often smoked), and crack cocaine (a solid form that is typically heated and smoked). Each form of cocaine has different risks and potential harms associated with its use.

Long-term use of cocaine can lead to a number of negative health consequences, including addiction, heart problems, malnutrition, respiratory issues, and mental health disorders like depression or anxiety. It is important to seek help if you or someone you know is struggling with cocaine use or addiction.

A reinforcement schedule is a concept in behavioral psychology that refers to the timing and pattern of rewards or reinforcements provided in response to certain behaviors. It is used to shape, maintain, or strengthen specific behaviors in individuals. There are several types of reinforcement schedules, including:

1. **Fixed Ratio (FR):** A reward is given after a fixed number of responses. For example, a salesperson might receive a bonus for every 10 sales they make.
2. **Variable Ratio (VR):** A reward is given after an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule is commonly used in gambling, as the uncertainty of when a reward (winning) will occur keeps the individual engaged and motivated to continue the behavior.
3. **Fixed Interval (FI):** A reward is given after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reward, regardless of the number of responses during that time. For example, an employee might receive a paycheck every two weeks, regardless of how many tasks they completed during that period.
4. **Variable Interval (VI):** A reward is given after an unpredictable amount of time has passed since the last reward, regardless of the number of responses during that time. This schedule can be observed in foraging behavior, where animals search for food at irregular intervals.
5. **Combined schedules:** Reinforcement schedules can also be combined to create more complex patterns, such as a fixed ratio followed by a variable interval (FR-VI) or a variable ratio followed by a fixed interval (VR-FI).

Understanding reinforcement schedules is essential for developing effective behavioral interventions in various settings, including healthcare, education, and rehabilitation.

In medical terms, "drive" is not a term that has a specific definition on its own. However, it can be used in the context of various medical concepts related to motivation, behavior, and physiological processes. Here are a few examples:

1. Motivational Drive: This refers to the internal push or desire that drives an individual to engage in certain behaviors or activities. It is often influenced by factors such as needs, goals, values, and emotions.
2. Sexual Drive: Also known as libido, sexual drive refers to a person's overall sexual desire or interest in sexual activity. It can be influenced by various factors, including hormonal changes, stress levels, relationship satisfaction, and mental health.
3. Aggression Drive: This refers to the tendency towards aggressive behavior, which can be motivated by various factors such as frustration, competition, or territoriality.
4. Homeostatic Drive: In physiology, homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions. Homeostatic drives are the physiological processes that help regulate and maintain this stability, such as hunger, thirst, or temperature regulation.

It is important to note that these are just a few examples of how the term "drive" can be used in a medical context. The specific meaning may vary depending on the context in which it is used.

Association learning, also known as associative learning, is a type of learning in which an individual learns to associate two stimuli or a response with a particular outcome. This can occur through classical conditioning or operant conditioning.

In classical conditioning, first described by Ivan Pavlov, an initially neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) is repeatedly paired with a biologically significant stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus), until the conditioned stimulus elicits a response (the conditioned response) similar to that of the unconditioned stimulus. For example, a dog may learn to salivate at the sound of a bell if the bell is repeatedly rung just before it is fed.

In operant conditioning, described by B.F. Skinner, behavior is modified by its consequences, with desired behaviors being reinforced and undesired behaviors being punished. For example, a child may learn to put their toys away if they are given a reward for doing so.

Association learning is an important mechanism in the acquisition of many types of knowledge and skills, and it plays a key role in the development and modification of behavior.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "gambling" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Gambling is generally defined as the act of betting or wagering money or something of value on an event with an uncertain outcome, with the primary intent of winning money or material goods. It can become a problematic behavior leading to financial, emotional, and social consequences for some individuals. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to help answer those!

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Addictive behavior is a pattern of repeated self-destructive behavior, often identified by the individual's inability to stop despite negative consequences. It can involve a variety of actions such as substance abuse (e.g., alcohol, drugs), gambling, sex, shopping, or using technology (e.g., internet, social media, video games).

These behaviors activate the brain's reward system, leading to feelings of pleasure and satisfaction. Over time, the individual may require more of the behavior to achieve the same level of pleasure, resulting in tolerance. If the behavior is stopped or reduced, withdrawal symptoms may occur.

Addictive behaviors can have serious consequences on an individual's physical, emotional, social, and financial well-being. They are often associated with mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder. Treatment typically involves a combination of behavioral therapy, medication, and support groups to help the individual overcome the addiction and develop healthy coping mechanisms.

Food preferences are personal likes or dislikes towards certain types of food or drinks, which can be influenced by various factors such as cultural background, individual experiences, taste, texture, smell, appearance, and psychological factors. Food preferences can also be shaped by dietary habits, nutritional needs, health conditions, and medication requirements. They play a significant role in shaping an individual's dietary choices and overall eating behavior, which can have implications for their nutritional status, growth, development, and long-term health outcomes.

The corpus striatum is a part of the brain that plays a crucial role in movement, learning, and cognition. It consists of two structures called the caudate nucleus and the putamen, which are surrounded by the external and internal segments of the globus pallidus. Together, these structures form the basal ganglia, a group of interconnected neurons that help regulate voluntary movement.

The corpus striatum receives input from various parts of the brain, including the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and other brainstem nuclei. It processes this information and sends output to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, which then project to the thalamus and back to the cerebral cortex. This feedback loop helps coordinate and fine-tune movements, allowing for smooth and coordinated actions.

Damage to the corpus striatum can result in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and dystonia. These conditions are characterized by abnormal involuntary movements, muscle stiffness, and difficulty initiating or controlling voluntary movements.

I could not find a specific medical definition for "Experimental Games" as it is not a term commonly used in the medical field. However, I can provide some context that might help you understand the possible relationship between experimental games and medicine.

Experimental games generally refer to games designed specifically to explore, test, or validate certain concepts, hypotheses, or theories. These games often involve novel mechanics, rules, or systems that are intended to create unique experiences, engage players in specific ways, or teach particular skills or knowledge.

In the context of medicine and healthcare, experimental games might be used for various purposes, such as:

1. Medical education and training: Experimental games can help medical professionals learn new skills, understand complex concepts, or practice decision-making in a safe, controlled environment. These games could simulate various medical scenarios, allowing players to develop their expertise and improve patient outcomes.
2. Therapeutic interventions: Experimental games might be used as a form of therapy for patients with physical, cognitive, or emotional challenges. By engaging patients in gameplay that targets specific areas of need, these games can help improve various aspects of health and well-being. For example, therapeutic gaming applications have been developed to assist with rehabilitation, pain management, stress reduction, and mental health conditions like anxiety and depression.
3. Research: Experimental games could be used in medical research to investigate various aspects of human behavior, cognition, or physiology. By observing how players interact with the game and its mechanics, researchers can gain insights into factors that influence health, decision-making, or treatment outcomes.

In summary, while "Experimental Games" is not a standard medical term, it generally refers to games designed to explore, test, or validate specific concepts, hypotheses, or theories. In the context of medicine and healthcare, experimental games might be used for medical education, therapeutic interventions, or research purposes.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Anhedonia is a medical term that describes the inability to feel pleasure. It is a common symptom of depression and other mental health disorders, such as schizophrenia. Anhedonia can manifest as a lack of interest in activities that were once enjoyed, a reduced ability to experience pleasure from social interactions or sexual activity, or an inability to feel positive emotions like happiness or joy.

Anhedonia is different from simply feeling sad or down. It is a more profound and persistent loss of the ability to experience pleasure, which can significantly impact a person's quality of life and overall well-being. The exact cause of anhedonia is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to changes in brain chemistry and function, particularly in areas involved in reward processing and motivation. Treatment for anhedonia typically involves addressing the underlying mental health condition, such as depression or schizophrenia, through a combination of medication and therapy.

Appetitive behavior is a term used in the field of psychology and neuroscience to refer to actions or behaviors that are performed in order to obtain a reward or positive reinforcement. These behaviors are often driven by basic biological needs, such as hunger, thirst, or the need for social interaction. They can also be influenced by learned associations and past experiences.

In the context of medical terminology, appetitive behavior may be used to describe a patient's level of interest in food or their desire to eat. For example, a patient with a good appetite may have a strong desire to eat and may seek out food regularly, while a patient with a poor appetite may have little interest in food and may need to be encouraged to eat.

Appetitive behavior is regulated by a complex interplay of hormonal, neural, and psychological factors. Disruptions in these systems can lead to changes in appetitive behavior, such as increased or decreased hunger and eating. Appetitive behavior is an important area of study in the field of obesity research, as it is thought that understanding the underlying mechanisms that drive appetitive behavior may help to develop more effective treatments for weight management.

The limbic system is a complex set of structures in the brain that includes the hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, cingulate gyrus, and other nearby areas. It's associated with emotional responses, instinctual behaviors, motivation, long-term memory formation, and olfaction (smell). The limbic system is also involved in the modulation of visceral functions and drives, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual drive.

The structures within the limbic system communicate with each other and with other parts of the brain, particularly the hypothalamus and the cortex, to regulate various physiological and psychological processes. Dysfunctions in the limbic system can lead to a range of neurological and psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and certain types of memory impairment.

Behavioral economics in the field of medicine refers to the study of how psychological, social, and emotional factors influence the economic decisions and behaviors of individuals and groups within the healthcare system. This interdisciplinary approach combines insights from psychology, economics, and other social sciences to examine how various factors such as cognitive biases, heuristics, emotions, social norms, and cultural influences affect health-related decision-making by patients, healthcare providers, policymakers, and other stakeholders.

By understanding these behavioral factors, researchers and practitioners can develop more effective interventions, policies, and strategies to improve health outcomes, promote evidence-based practices, reduce healthcare costs, and enhance patient satisfaction and well-being. Examples of applications of behavioral economics in medicine include nudging patients toward healthier choices, reducing overuse and underuse of medical services, promoting shared decision-making between patients and providers, and designing insurance plans and payment systems that incentivize high-value care.

Photic stimulation is a medical term that refers to the exposure of the eyes to light, specifically repetitive pulses of light, which is used as a method in various research and clinical settings. In neuroscience, it's often used in studies related to vision, circadian rhythms, and brain function.

In a clinical context, photic stimulation is sometimes used in the diagnosis of certain medical conditions such as seizure disorders (like epilepsy). By observing the response of the brain to this light stimulus, doctors can gain valuable insights into the functioning of the brain and the presence of any neurological disorders.

However, it's important to note that photic stimulation should be conducted under the supervision of a trained healthcare professional, as improper use can potentially trigger seizures in individuals who are susceptible to them.

Dopamine uptake inhibitors are a class of medications that work by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, a neurotransmitter, into the presynaptic neuron. This results in an increased concentration of dopamine in the synapse, leading to enhanced dopaminergic transmission and activity.

These drugs are used in various medical conditions where dopamine is implicated, such as depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease. They can also be used to treat substance abuse disorders, such as cocaine addiction, by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and reducing the rewarding effects of the drug.

Examples of dopamine uptake inhibitors include:

* Bupropion (Wellbutrin), which is used to treat depression and ADHD
* Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), which is used to treat ADHD
* Amantadine (Symmetrel), which is used to treat Parkinson's disease and also has antiviral properties.

It's important to note that dopamine uptake inhibitors can have side effects, including increased heart rate, blood pressure, and anxiety. They may also have the potential for abuse and dependence, particularly in individuals with a history of substance abuse. Therefore, these medications should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Feeding behavior refers to the various actions and mechanisms involved in the intake of food and nutrition for the purpose of sustaining life, growth, and health. This complex process encompasses a coordinated series of activities, including:

1. Food selection: The identification, pursuit, and acquisition of appropriate food sources based on sensory cues (smell, taste, appearance) and individual preferences.
2. Preparation: The manipulation and processing of food to make it suitable for consumption, such as chewing, grinding, or chopping.
3. Ingestion: The act of transferring food from the oral cavity into the digestive system through swallowing.
4. Digestion: The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food within the gastrointestinal tract to facilitate nutrient absorption and eliminate waste products.
5. Assimilation: The uptake and utilization of absorbed nutrients by cells and tissues for energy production, growth, repair, and maintenance.
6. Elimination: The removal of undigested material and waste products from the body through defecation.

Feeding behavior is regulated by a complex interplay between neural, hormonal, and psychological factors that help maintain energy balance and ensure adequate nutrient intake. Disruptions in feeding behavior can lead to various medical conditions, such as malnutrition, obesity, eating disorders, and gastrointestinal motility disorders.

Self-administration, in the context of medicine and healthcare, refers to the act of an individual administering medication or treatment to themselves. This can include various forms of delivery such as oral medications, injections, or topical treatments. It is important that individuals who self-administer are properly trained and understand the correct dosage, timing, and technique to ensure safety and effectiveness. Self-administration promotes independence, allows for timely treatment, and can improve overall health outcomes.

Neural pathways, also known as nerve tracts or fasciculi, refer to the highly organized and specialized routes through which nerve impulses travel within the nervous system. These pathways are formed by groups of neurons (nerve cells) that are connected in a series, creating a continuous communication network for electrical signals to transmit information between different regions of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Neural pathways can be classified into two main types: sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent). Sensory neural pathways carry sensory information from various receptors in the body (such as those for touch, temperature, pain, and vision) to the brain for processing. Motor neural pathways, on the other hand, transmit signals from the brain to the muscles and glands, controlling movements and other effector functions.

The formation of these neural pathways is crucial for normal nervous system function, as it enables efficient communication between different parts of the body and allows for complex behaviors, cognitive processes, and adaptive responses to internal and external stimuli.

The gyrus cinguli, also known as the cingulate gyrus, is a structure located in the brain. It forms part of the limbic system and plays a role in various functions such as emotion, memory, and perception of pain. The gyrus cinguli is situated in the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere, adjacent to the corpus callosum, and curves around the frontal portion of the corpus callosum, forming a C-shaped structure. It has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, and chronic pain syndromes.

"Macaca mulatta" is the scientific name for the Rhesus macaque, a species of monkey that is native to South, Central, and Southeast Asia. They are often used in biomedical research due to their genetic similarity to humans.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pleasure" is not typically defined in medical terms. It is more commonly understood in psychological or philosophical contexts. Pleasure is often described as a positive emotional response associated with satisfying needs and desires, or enjoying certain experiences. However, in a medical context, the term might be used to describe the positive feelings some people may associate with certain health-related behaviors or experiences. For example, a person might derive pleasure from engaging in regular exercise, which can have positive effects on their physical and mental health.

Sucrose is a type of simple sugar, also known as a carbohydrate. It is a disaccharide, which means that it is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. Sucrose occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables and is often extracted and refined for use as a sweetener in food and beverages.

The chemical formula for sucrose is C12H22O11, and it has a molecular weight of 342.3 g/mol. In its pure form, sucrose is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. It is commonly used as a reference compound for determining the sweetness of other substances, with a standard sucrose solution having a sweetness value of 1.0.

Sucrose is absorbed by the body through the small intestine and metabolized into glucose and fructose, which are then used for energy or stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. While moderate consumption of sucrose is generally considered safe, excessive intake can contribute to weight gain, tooth decay, and other health problems.

The caudate nucleus is a part of the brain located within the basal ganglia, a group of structures that are important for movement control and cognition. It has a distinctive C-shaped appearance and plays a role in various functions such as learning, memory, emotion, and motivation. The caudate nucleus receives inputs from several areas of the cerebral cortex and sends outputs to other basal ganglia structures, contributing to the regulation of motor behavior and higher cognitive processes.

Substance Withdrawal Syndrome is a medically recognized condition that occurs when an individual who has been using certain substances, such as alcohol, opioids, or benzodiazepines, suddenly stops or significantly reduces their use. The syndrome is characterized by a specific set of symptoms that can be physical, cognitive, and emotional in nature. These symptoms can vary widely depending on the substance that was being used, the length and intensity of the addiction, and individual factors such as genetics, age, and overall health.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, provides the following diagnostic criteria for Substance Withdrawal Syndrome:

A. The development of objective evidence of withdrawal, referring to the specific physiological changes associated with the particular substance, or subjective evidence of withdrawal, characterized by the individual's report of symptoms that correspond to the typical withdrawal syndrome for the substance.

B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

C. The symptoms are not better explained by co-occurring mental, medical, or other substance use disorders.

D. The withdrawal syndrome is not attributable to another medical condition and is not better accounted for by another mental disorder.

The DSM-5 also specifies that the diagnosis of Substance Withdrawal Syndrome should be substance-specific, meaning that it should specify the particular class of substances (e.g., alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines) responsible for the withdrawal symptoms. This is important because different substances have distinct withdrawal syndromes and require different approaches to management and treatment.

In general, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome can be a challenging and potentially dangerous condition that requires professional medical supervision and support during the detoxification process. The specific symptoms and their severity will vary depending on the substance involved, but they may include:

* For alcohol: tremors, seizures, hallucinations, agitation, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, and insomnia.
* For opioids: muscle aches, restlessness, lacrimation (tearing), rhinorrhea (runny nose), yawning, perspiration, chills, mydriasis (dilated pupils), piloerection (goosebumps), nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.
* For benzodiazepines: anxiety, irritability, insomnia, restlessness, confusion, hallucinations, seizures, and increased heart rate and blood pressure.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of Substance Withdrawal Syndrome. They can provide appropriate medical care, support, and referrals for further treatment as needed.

The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of nuclei located deep within the temporal lobe of the brain, specifically in the anterior portion of the temporal lobes and near the hippocampus. It forms a key component of the limbic system and plays a crucial role in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. The amygdala is involved in the integration of sensory information with emotional responses, memory formation, and decision-making processes.

In response to emotionally charged stimuli, the amygdala can modulate various physiological functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and stress hormone release, via its connections to the hypothalamus and brainstem. Additionally, it contributes to social behaviors, including recognizing emotional facial expressions and responding appropriately to social cues. Dysfunctions in amygdala function have been implicated in several psychiatric and neurological conditions, such as anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Discrimination learning is a type of learning in which an individual learns to distinguish between two or more stimuli and respond differently to each. It involves the ability to recognize the differences between similar stimuli and to respond appropriately based on the specific characteristics of each stimulus. This type of learning is important for many aspects of cognition, including perception, language, and problem-solving.

In discrimination learning, an individual may be presented with two or more stimuli and reinforced for responding differently to each. For example, a person might be trained to press a button in response to the color red and to do nothing in response to the color green. Through this process of differential reinforcement, the individual learns to discriminate between the two colors and to respond appropriately to each.

Discrimination learning is often studied in animals as well as humans, and it is thought to involve a range of cognitive processes, including attention, memory, and perception. It is an important aspect of many forms of learning and plays a role in a wide variety of behaviors.

The mesencephalon, also known as the midbrain, is the middle portion of the brainstem that connects the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) and the forebrain (prosencephalon). It plays a crucial role in several important functions including motor control, vision, hearing, and the regulation of consciousness and sleep-wake cycles. The mesencephalon contains several important structures such as the cerebral aqueduct, tectum, tegmentum, cerebral peduncles, and several cranial nerve nuclei (III and IV).

The frontal lobe is the largest lobes of the human brain, located at the front part of each cerebral hemisphere and situated in front of the parietal and temporal lobes. It plays a crucial role in higher cognitive functions such as decision making, problem solving, planning, parts of social behavior, emotional expressions, physical reactions, and motor function. The frontal lobe is also responsible for what's known as "executive functions," which include the ability to focus attention, understand rules, switch focus, plan actions, and inhibit inappropriate behaviors. It is divided into five areas, each with its own specific functions: the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, Broca's area, prefrontal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex. Damage to the frontal lobe can result in a wide range of impairments, depending on the location and extent of the injury.

In the context of medicine, particularly in the setting of developing a care plan for patients, "goals" refer to specific, measurable, and achievable outcomes that healthcare providers and patients aim to accomplish through treatment or management strategies. These goals are often centered around improving symptoms, enhancing quality of life, promoting functional ability, preventing complications, and extending survival. Goals should be individualized to each patient's unique needs, values, and preferences and may be adjusted over time based on the patient's progress and changing circumstances.

Flupenthixol is an antipsychotic medication that belongs to the chemical class of diphenylbutylpiperidines. It has potent dopamine D2 receptor blocking activity and moderate serotonin 5-HT2A receptor blocking activity, which makes it effective in managing various psychiatric disorders.

Flupenthixol is primarily used for the treatment of chronic schizophrenia and other related psychotic disorders. It can help alleviate symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and hostility. Additionally, flupenthixol may also be used off-label to manage depression, anxiety, and aggression in individuals with developmental disabilities or dementia.

The medication is available in two forms: immediate-release tablets (Flupenthixol decanoate) for short-term use and a long-acting depot injection (Flupenthixol dihydrochloride) that can be administered every 2-4 weeks, providing sustained therapeutic levels of the drug.

As with any medication, flupenthixol should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare professional due to potential side effects and interactions with other drugs. Common side effects include extrapyramidal symptoms (involuntary muscle movements), sedation, weight gain, and sexual dysfunction. Rare but serious adverse reactions may include neuroleptic malignant syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, and metabolic disorders.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Plant Nectar" is not a term used in medical definitions. Nectar is a sweet liquid produced by plants in flowers to attract pollinators such as insects and birds. It's a sugar-rich substance that serves as a source of energy for these animals. While it may have some nutritional value, it's not something that would be relevant to medical definitions or human health in a direct sense.

A medical definition of 'food' would be:

"Substances consumed by living organisms, usually in the form of meals, which contain necessary nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. These substances are broken down during digestion to provide energy, build and repair tissues, and regulate bodily functions."

It's important to note that while this is a medical definition, it also aligns with common understanding of what food is.

Psychological models are theoretical frameworks used in psychology to explain and predict mental processes and behaviors. They are simplified representations of complex phenomena, consisting of interrelated concepts, assumptions, and hypotheses that describe how various factors interact to produce specific outcomes. These models can be quantitative (e.g., mathematical equations) or qualitative (e.g., conceptual diagrams) in nature and may draw upon empirical data, theoretical insights, or both.

Psychological models serve several purposes:

1. They provide a systematic and organized way to understand and describe psychological phenomena.
2. They generate hypotheses and predictions that can be tested through empirical research.
3. They integrate findings from different studies and help synthesize knowledge across various domains of psychology.
4. They inform the development of interventions and treatments for mental health disorders.

Examples of psychological models include:

1. The Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality, which posits that individual differences in personality can be described along five broad dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
2. The Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) model, which suggests that maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected and can be changed through targeted interventions.
3. The Dual Process Theory of Attitudes, which proposes that attitudes are formed and influenced by two distinct processes: a rapid, intuitive process (heuristic) and a slower, deliberative process (systematic).
4. The Social Cognitive Theory, which emphasizes the role of observational learning, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations in shaping behavior.
5. The Attachment Theory, which describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans, particularly the parent-child relationship.

It is important to note that psychological models are provisional and subject to revision or replacement as new evidence emerges. They should be considered as useful tools for understanding and explaining psychological phenomena rather than definitive truths.

Computer-assisted image processing is a medical term that refers to the use of computer systems and specialized software to improve, analyze, and interpret medical images obtained through various imaging techniques such as X-ray, CT (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), ultrasound, and others.

The process typically involves several steps, including image acquisition, enhancement, segmentation, restoration, and analysis. Image processing algorithms can be used to enhance the quality of medical images by adjusting contrast, brightness, and sharpness, as well as removing noise and artifacts that may interfere with accurate diagnosis. Segmentation techniques can be used to isolate specific regions or structures of interest within an image, allowing for more detailed analysis.

Computer-assisted image processing has numerous applications in medical imaging, including detection and characterization of lesions, tumors, and other abnormalities; assessment of organ function and morphology; and guidance of interventional procedures such as biopsies and surgeries. By automating and standardizing image analysis tasks, computer-assisted image processing can help to improve diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and consistency, while reducing the potential for human error.

'Task Performance and Analysis' is not a commonly used medical term, but it can be found in the field of rehabilitation medicine and ergonomics. It refers to the process of evaluating and understanding how a specific task is performed, in order to identify any physical or cognitive demands placed on an individual during the performance of that task. This information can then be used to inform the design of interventions, such as workplace modifications or rehabilitation programs, aimed at improving task performance or reducing the risk of injury.

In a medical context, task performance and analysis may be used in the assessment and treatment of individuals with disabilities or injuries, to help them return to work or other activities of daily living. The analysis involves breaking down the task into its component parts, observing and measuring the physical and cognitive demands of each part, and evaluating the individual's ability to perform those demands. Based on this analysis, recommendations may be made for modifications to the task or the environment, training or education, or assistive devices that can help the individual perform the task more safely and efficiently.

Overall, task performance and analysis is a valuable tool in promoting safe and effective task performance, reducing the risk of injury, and improving functional outcomes for individuals with disabilities or injuries.

Functional neuroimaging is a branch of medical imaging that involves the use of various techniques to measure and visualize the metabolic activity or blood flow in different regions of the brain. These measurements can be used to infer the level of neural activation in specific brain areas, allowing researchers and clinicians to study the functioning of the brain in various states, such as during rest, cognitive tasks, or disease processes.

Some common functional neuroimaging techniques include:

1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): This technique uses magnetic fields and radio waves to measure changes in blood flow and oxygenation levels in the brain, which are associated with neural activity.
2. Positron Emission Tomography (PET): This technique involves the injection of a small amount of radioactive tracer into the body, which is taken up by active brain cells. The resulting gamma rays are then detected and used to create images of brain activity.
3. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT): Similar to PET, SPECT uses a radioactive tracer to measure blood flow in the brain, but with lower resolution and sensitivity.
4. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS): This technique uses near-infrared light to measure changes in oxygenation levels in the brain, providing a non-invasive and relatively inexpensive method for studying brain function.

Functional neuroimaging has numerous applications in both research and clinical settings, including the study of cognitive processes, the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and the development of new treatments and interventions.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Dopamine antagonists are a class of drugs that block the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain associated with various functions including movement, motivation, and emotion. These drugs work by binding to dopamine receptors and preventing dopamine from attaching to them, which can help to reduce the symptoms of certain medical conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

There are several types of dopamine antagonists, including:

1. Typical antipsychotics: These drugs are primarily used to treat psychosis, including schizophrenia and delusional disorders. Examples include haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and fluphenazine.
2. Atypical antipsychotics: These drugs are also used to treat psychosis but have fewer side effects than typical antipsychotics. They may also be used to treat bipolar disorder and depression. Examples include risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine.
3. Antiemetics: These drugs are used to treat nausea and vomiting. Examples include metoclopramide and prochlorperazine.
4. Dopamine agonists: While not technically dopamine antagonists, these drugs work by stimulating dopamine receptors and can be used to treat conditions such as Parkinson's disease. However, they can also have the opposite effect and block dopamine receptors in high doses, making them functionally similar to dopamine antagonists.

Common side effects of dopamine antagonists include sedation, weight gain, and movement disorders such as tardive dyskinesia. It's important to use these drugs under the close supervision of a healthcare provider to monitor for side effects and adjust the dosage as needed.

"Cocaine-Related Disorders" is a term used in the medical and psychiatric fields to refer to a group of conditions related to the use of cocaine, a powerful stimulant drug. These disorders are classified and diagnosed based on the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association.

The two main categories of Cocaine-Related Disorders are:

1. Cocaine Use Disorder: This disorder is characterized by a problematic pattern of cocaine use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two symptoms within a 12-month period. These symptoms may include using larger amounts of cocaine over a longer period than intended, persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control cocaine use, spending a great deal of time obtaining, using, or recovering from the effects of cocaine, and continued use despite physical or psychological problems caused or exacerbated by cocaine.
2. Cocaine-Induced Disorders: These disorders are directly caused by the acute effects of cocaine intoxication or withdrawal. They include:
* Cocaine Intoxication: Presents with a reversible syndrome due to recent use of cocaine, characterized by euphoria, increased energy, and psychomotor agitation. It may also cause elevated heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature, as well as pupillary dilation.
* Cocaine Withdrawal: Occurs when an individual who has been using cocaine heavily for a prolonged period abruptly stops or significantly reduces their use. Symptoms include depressed mood, fatigue, increased appetite, vivid and unpleasant dreams, and insomnia.

Cocaine-Related Disorders can have severe negative consequences on an individual's physical health, mental wellbeing, and social functioning. They often require professional treatment to manage and overcome.

Nicotine is defined as a highly addictive psychoactive alkaloid and stimulant found in the nightshade family of plants, primarily in tobacco leaves. It is the primary component responsible for the addiction to cigarettes and other forms of tobacco. Nicotine can also be produced synthetically.

When nicotine enters the body, it activates the release of several neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, leading to feelings of pleasure, stimulation, and relaxation. However, with regular use, tolerance develops, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effects, which can contribute to the development of nicotine dependence.

Nicotine has both short-term and long-term health effects. Short-term effects include increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased alertness and concentration, and arousal. Long-term use can lead to addiction, lung disease, cardiovascular disease, and reproductive problems. It is important to note that nicotine itself is not the primary cause of many tobacco-related diseases, but rather the result of other harmful chemicals found in tobacco smoke.

The neostriatum is a component of the basal ganglia, a group of subcortical nuclei in the brain that are involved in motor control, procedural learning, and other cognitive functions. It is composed primarily of two types of neurons: medium spiny neurons and aspiny interneurons. The neostriatum receives input from various regions of the cerebral cortex and projects to other parts of the basal ganglia, forming an important part of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop.

In medical terminology, the neostriatum is often used interchangeably with the term "striatum," although some sources reserve the term "neostriatum" for the caudate nucleus and putamen specifically, while using "striatum" to refer to the entire structure including the ventral striatum (also known as the nucleus accumbens).

Damage to the neostriatum has been implicated in various neurological conditions, such as Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Dopaminergic neurons are a type of specialized brain cells that produce, synthesize, and release the neurotransmitter dopamine. These neurons play crucial roles in various brain functions, including motivation, reward processing, motor control, and cognition. They are primarily located in several regions of the midbrain, such as the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA).

Dopaminergic neurons have a unique physiology characterized by their ability to generate slow, irregular electrical signals called pacemaker activity. This distinctive firing pattern allows dopamine to be released in a controlled manner, which is essential for proper brain function.

The degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc are associated with Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor impairments such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia (slowness of movement). The reduction in dopamine levels caused by this degeneration leads to an imbalance in the brain's neural circuitry, resulting in the characteristic symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

Dopamine D2 receptor is a type of metabotropic G protein-coupled receptor that binds to the neurotransmitter dopamine. It is one of five subtypes of dopamine receptors (D1-D5) and is encoded by the gene DRD2. The activation of D2 receptors leads to a decrease in the activity of adenylyl cyclase, which results in reduced levels of cAMP and modulation of ion channels.

D2 receptors are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and play important roles in various physiological functions, including motor control, reward processing, emotion regulation, and cognition. They are also involved in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, drug addiction, and Tourette syndrome.

D2 receptors have two main subtypes: D2 short (D2S) and D2 long (D2L). The D2S subtype is primarily located in the presynaptic terminals and functions as an autoreceptor that regulates dopamine release, while the D2L subtype is mainly found in the postsynaptic neurons and modulates intracellular signaling pathways.

Antipsychotic drugs, which are used to treat schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders, work by blocking D2 receptors. However, excessive blockade of these receptors can lead to side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), tardive dyskinesia, and hyperprolactinemia. Therefore, the development of drugs that selectively target specific subtypes of dopamine receptors is an active area of research in the field of neuropsychopharmacology.

"Extinction, Psychological" refers to the process by which a conditioned response or behavior becomes weakened and eventually disappears when the behavior is no longer reinforced or rewarded. It is a fundamental concept in learning theory and conditioning.

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (US), leading to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response (CR). For example, if a person learns to associate a tone (CS) with a puff of air to the eye (US), causing blinking (CR), but then the tone is presented several times without the puff of air, the blinking response will become weaker and eventually disappear.

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when a reinforcer is no longer provided following a behavior, leading to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of that behavior. For example, if a child receives candy every time they clean their room (reinforcement), but then the candy is withheld, the child may eventually stop cleaning their room (extinction).

It's important to note that extinction can be a slow process and may require multiple trials or repetitions. Additionally, behaviors that have been extinguished can sometimes reappear in certain circumstances, a phenomenon known as spontaneous recovery.

'Behavior' is a term used in the medical and scientific community to describe the actions or reactions of an individual in response to internal or external stimuli. It can be observed and measured, and it involves all the responses of a person, including motor responses, emotional responses, and cognitive responses. Behaviors can be voluntary or involuntary, adaptive or maladaptive, and normal or abnormal. They can also be influenced by genetic, physiological, environmental, and social factors. In a medical context, the study of behavior is often relevant to understanding and treating various mental health conditions, such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and personality disorders.

Compulsive behavior is a type of repetitive behavior that an individual feels driven to perform, despite its negative impact on their daily life and mental health. It is often driven by an overwhelming urge or anxiety, and the person may experience distress if they are unable to carry out the behavior. Compulsive behaviors can be associated with various psychiatric conditions, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, eating disorders, and impulse control disorders.

Examples of compulsive behaviors include:

1. Excessive handwashing or cleaning
2. Repeatedly checking locks, light switches, or appliances
3. Ordering or arranging items in a specific way
4. Compulsive hoarding
5. Compulsive shopping or spending
6. Compulsive eating or purging behaviors (such as those seen in bulimia nervosa)
7. Compulsive sexual behavior (sex addiction)
8. Compulsive exercise
9. Compulsive hair pulling (trichotillomania)
10. Compulsive skin picking (excoriation disorder)

Treatment for compulsive behaviors typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy), and lifestyle changes to help manage the underlying causes and reduce the urge to engage in the compulsive behavior.

Reversal learning is a neuropsychological concept that refers to the ability to adjust behavioral responses when reward contingencies are changed or reversed. In other words, it is the capacity to learn and adapt to new rules when the previous ones no longer apply or are no longer reinforced. This cognitive process is often studied in animal models and human subjects using various learning paradigms, such as classical or operant conditioning tasks.

In a typical reversal learning task, a subject is initially trained to associate a particular stimulus (e.g., visual cue, sound, or action) with a reward (e.g., food or water). Once the subject has learned this association and responds consistently to the stimulus, the reinforcement contingency is reversed, so that the previously reinforced stimulus is now unreinforced, and the previously unreinforced stimulus is now reinforced. The subject must then learn and adapt to this new reward contingency.

Reversal learning involves several cognitive processes, including attention, memory, motivation, and executive functions. It requires the ability to inhibit a previously learned response, update working memory with new information, and flexibly adjust behavior based on changing environmental demands. Deficits in reversal learning have been observed in various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, schizophrenia, and substance use disorders, suggesting that this cognitive process may be a useful marker of brain dysfunction in these conditions.

Sweetening agents are substances that are added to foods or drinks to give them a sweet taste. They can be natural, like sugar (sucrose), honey, and maple syrup, or artificial, like saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose. Artificial sweeteners are often used by people who want to reduce their calorie intake or control their blood sugar levels. However, it's important to note that some sweetening agents may have potential health concerns when consumed in large amounts.

The medial forebrain bundle (MFB) is a group of fiber tracts in the brain that carries various neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. It plays a crucial role in reward processing, motivation, and reinforcement, as well as regulation of motor function, cognition, and emotion.

The MFB is located in the ventral part of the forebrain and extends from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain to the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and other limbic structures in the basal forebrain.

Damage to the MFB can result in various neurological and psychiatric symptoms, such as motor impairment, mood disorders, and addiction. Stimulation of the MFB has been shown to produce rewarding effects and is implicated in the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Amphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant drug that works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain, such as dopamine and norepinephrine. It is used medically to treat conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity, due to its appetite-suppressing effects.

Amphetamines can be prescribed in various forms, including tablets, capsules, or liquids, and are available under several brand names, such as Adderall, Dexedrine, and Vyvanse. They are also known by their street names, such as speed, uppers, or wake-ups, and can be abused for their euphoric effects and ability to increase alertness, energy, and concentration.

Long-term use of amphetamines can lead to dependence, tolerance, and addiction, as well as serious health consequences, such as cardiovascular problems, mental health disorders, and malnutrition. It is essential to use amphetamines only under the supervision of a healthcare provider and follow their instructions carefully.

Saccharin is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that is widely used as an artificial sweetener. Medically speaking, saccharin is classified as an intense sugar substitute, meaning it is many times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar) but contributes little to no calories when added to food or drink.

Saccharin is often used by people with diabetes or those who are trying to reduce their calorie intake. It has been in use for over a century and has undergone extensive safety testing. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classified saccharin as generally recognized as safe (GRAS), although it once required a warning label due to concerns about bladder cancer. However, subsequent research has largely dismissed this risk for most people, and the warning label is no longer required.

It's important to note that while saccharin and other artificial sweeteners can be helpful for some individuals, they should not be used as a replacement for a balanced diet and regular exercise. Additionally, excessive consumption of these sugar substitutes may have negative health consequences, such as altering gut bacteria or contributing to metabolic disorders.

"Motor activity" is a general term used in the field of medicine and neuroscience to refer to any kind of physical movement or action that is generated by the body's motor system. The motor system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles that work together to produce movements such as walking, talking, reaching for an object, or even subtle actions like moving your eyes.

Motor activity can be voluntary, meaning it is initiated intentionally by the individual, or involuntary, meaning it is triggered automatically by the nervous system without conscious control. Examples of voluntary motor activity include deliberately lifting your arm or kicking a ball, while examples of involuntary motor activity include heartbeat, digestion, and reflex actions like jerking your hand away from a hot stove.

Abnormalities in motor activity can be a sign of neurological or muscular disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, or multiple sclerosis. Assessment of motor activity is often used in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.

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She offered a reward of £15 to anyone who gave information about the robber. The reward was received by Mr. Holder, after he ... Bounties on the Reward board are provided by the requesting Wikipedia user and both monetary and non-monetary rewards are ... Private parties were also free to offer rewards in addition to rewards by proclamations, then this practice was taken up by ... On Wikipedia, one of several ways to incentivize users to expand articles is by offering rewards via the Reward board in ...
... is a loyalty program operated by Norwegian Air Shuttle. The program launched in 2007 and has over 10 million ... Norwegian's loyalty programme reaches 10 million members Norwegian Reward Named Program of the Year Europe & Africa at 2018 ... ". "Freddie Awards winners 2020". Norwegian Reward v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from ... members (2019). In 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020, Norwegian Reward won the Freddie Award for 'Best Loyalty Program in Europe / ...
Pavlov used the reward system by rewarding dogs with food after they had heard a bell or another stimulus. Pavlov was rewarding ... Extrinsic rewards (e.g., money) are rewarding as a result of a learned association with an intrinsic reward. In other words, ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reward system. Scholarpedia Reward Scholarpedia Reward signals Portals: Psychology ... higher order rewards, as attaining their reward properties does not require pairing with an unconditioned reward. ... These ...
A reward website is a website that offers rewards for performing tasks, usually related to selected retailers and organisations ... These are usually less simple, since the reward website will usually only display the reward for performing a task in terms of ... These are usually the simplest reward websites from the user's perspective, since the reward website will usually display a ... Share rewards websites allow customers, on becoming a member of the site, to become a shareholder in the website or a company ...
... is a 1927 American silent drama film directed by Bertram Bracken and starring Alan Roscoe, Eva Novak and Lou ... Duty's Reward at IMDb v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, IMDb ID same as Wikidata, ...
... is characterized as a tendency to respond markedly to signals of reward, particularly to verbal signals of ... High reward dependence is characterized by learning from reward signals, persisting repetition of actions that are associated ... Adolescents low in reward dependence may find conventional sources of reward unfulfilling (e.g., academic achievement or ... People who have high reward dependent personalities but find themselves in situations where they are unable to find rewards and ...
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reward Unlimited. Reward Unlimited at IMDb (Articles with short description, Short ... Reward Unlimited is a short film produced in 1944 by David O. Selznick's Vanguard Films, for the United States Public Health ... Reward Unlimited was released May 18, 1944. Distributed by the United States Office of War Information, the film was exhibited ... Reward Unlimited', a U.S. government release. "Cadet Nurses to Entertain". Albuquerque Journal. May 3, 1945. Fujiwara, Chris ( ...
Reward Reward is a hamlet in Saskatchewan within the rural municipality of Grass Lake No. 381. It is located 26 km (16 miles) ... "The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan (Our Lady of the Holy Rosary, Reward, 1932)". Retrieved December 8, 2012. "Shrine Reward: Holy ... 3 km south of Reward on Grid 675 is the site of the Shrine of the Holy Rosary. The site has been the location of an annual ... "Tourism Saskatchewan(Our Lady of the Holy Rosary, Reward, 1932)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2013. ...
... may refer to: Reward, Inyo County, California Reward, Kern County, California This disambiguation page lists ...
... (1908)". Screenonline. BFI. Retrieved 9 April 2012. £100 Reward at IMDb v t e (Use dmy dates from June 2016, Use ... 100 Reward is a 1908 British short silent film directed by James Williamson. A poor family, suffering from a lack of food, plan ... These turn out to be stolen, and the family are given a £100 reward. "£ ...
"Reward" is a song by English band the Teardrop Explodes. It was released as a single in early 1981 and was the band's biggest ... "The Teardrop Explodes - "Reward" Peak Position". Official Charts Company. "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". ... Dave Simpson (3 March 2015). "The Teardrop Explodes: how we made Reward". The Guardian. v t e (Articles with short description ... "Reward" was however added to later pressings of the album from 1981. The song's creation started with Alan Gill who suggested a ...
... is the sixth solo studio album by American rapper and record producer Kaseem "Ka" Ryan. It was released on ... A Martyr's Reward was met with generally favorable reviews from music critics. The aggregator Album of the Year, which assigns ... "KA - A Martyr's Reward - Reviews - Album of The Year". www.albumoftheyear.org. Retrieved April 22, 2023. Johnston, Andy ( ... "Ka - A Martyr's Reward Album Reviews, Songs & More , AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved April 22, 2023. Sentz, Tim (August 18, 2021 ...
Reward is compilation EP from drum and bass artist Photek. It combines tracks from his previous EPs The Hidden Camera and Ni- ... Reward - Photek , Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. 1997-09-09. Retrieved 2016-07-21. Roberts, David (2006). British Hit ...
Reward, also known as Williams Point Farm, is a historic home located at Shelltown, Somerset County, Maryland, United States. ... Reward, Somerset County v t e (Articles using NRISref without a reference number, Articles with short description, Short ... Reward was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. "National Register Information System". National ... Ann Hill and Lois Snyderman (November 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Reward" (PDF). Maryland ...
The cumulative reward can be computed as a sum of the individual reward and the reward inherited from parents. Reward-based ... otherwise the reward is zero. Several reward definitions are possible: 1. r ( g ) = 1 {\displaystyle r^{(g)}=1} , if the ... Reward-based selection can quickly identify the most fruitful directions of search by maximizing the cumulative reward of ... Reward-based selection is a technique used in evolutionary algorithms for selecting potentially useful solutions for ...
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The $1,000,000 Reward. The $1,000,000 Reward at IMDb v t e (Articles with short ... The $1,000,000 Reward is a 1920 American drama serial film directed by George Lessey and produced by Harry Grossman. This is ...
... ". silentera.com. Retrieved February 22, 2008. The Great Reward at IMDb Synopsis at AllMovie v t e (Articles ... The Great Reward is a 1921 American drama film serial directed by and starring Francis Ford. The film is considered to be lost ... of Doom Burning Sands The Thunderbolt Cross Fires Forgotten Halls On the Brink At Bay The Silent Hour High Treason The Reward ...
... is the fourth studio album by the English electronic music band Depeche Mode, released on 24 September 1984 ... Some Great Reward (liner notes). Depeche Mode. Mute Records. 1984. CD STUMM 19.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in ... The Depeche Mode clicks." German DJ Paul van Dyk cited Some Great Reward as his all-time favourite album, stating it is "one of ... Some Great Reward at Discogs (list of releases) Album information from the official Depeche Mode website Official remaster info ...
The Markov Reward Model Checker tool can be used to numerically compute transient and stationary properties of Markov reward ... Features of interest in the model include expected reward at a given time and expected time to accumulate a given reward. The ... In probability theory, a Markov reward model or Markov reward process is a stochastic process which extends either a Markov ... See Markov Chain See Markov chain Monte Carlo The accumulated reward at a time t can be computed numerically over the time ...
The Reward Work Act of 2018 (S.2605 and HR 6096) is a proposed United States Act of Congress to ban unjustified stock buy-backs ... Text of proposed Reward Work Act (Articles with short description, Short description with empty Wikidata description, Proposed ...
Reward is the fifth studio album by Welsh musician Cate Le Bon, released on 24 May 2019 by Mexican Summer. Reward dives into " ... "Reward by Cate Le Bon Reviews and Tracks". Metacritic. Retrieved 3 August 2019. Thomas, Fred. "Reward - Cate Le Bon". AllMusic ... Mohammed, Jenna (21 May 2019). "Cate Le Bon: Reward". Exclaim!. Retrieved 3 August 2019. "Reward by Cate Le Bon reviews". ... Martin, Piers (June 2019). "Cate Le Bon: Reward". Uncut (265): 30. Reward (CD booklet). Cate Le Bon. Mexican Summer. 2019.{{ ...
John Harrisons contested reward[edit]. The winner of the most reward money under the Longitude Act is John Harrison for sea ... Establishing the rewards[edit]. In the early 1700s, a series of maritime disasters occurred, including the wrecking of a ... The longitude rewards were the system of inducement prizes offered by the British government for a simple and practical method ... Ultimately, the £20,000 reward was not awarded to anyone in a lump sum, although John Harrison did receive a series of payments ...
Managing risk/reward contracts requires extra effort and a new mind-set, says Bart Perkins, but the benefits are worth it. ... Risk/reward contracts work best when the two parties share a high degree of trust and a common goal -- yours! Be prepared to be ... Use risk/reward agreements to align your suppliers goals with your own and motivate the suppliers to outperform the terms of ... Risk/reward contracts add an extra dimension to all aspects of project management. In return, these contracts allow you to ...
Experiential Rewards Experiential rewards are listed in the Rewards platform, separate from the swag catalog. Request your ... Physical Rewards Once youve activated your Rewards profile, complete the compliance eligibility questionnaire under the ... Champions is our elite Rewards status, reserved for our most engaged and active Rewards customers who have worked their way up ... The Rewards catalog will open to you as soon as you complete the questionnaire. The swag catalog will open in a new window and ...
You can take Reward Flights with British Airways, Iberia and our oneworld and other partner airlines, wherever theres ... Reward Flights explained Flights booked using Avios are called Reward Flights. Reward Flights can be taken with British Airways ... Making changes to Reward Flights In most circumstances, you will be able to cancel or change Reward Flights subject to ... Reward Flight Saver. Reward Flight Saver offers customers great value flights with a low, flat fee to cover taxes, fees and ...
Mercer can help you find out and build an employee rewards program that works. ... Workforce reward and compensation We partner with clients to develop robust workforce rewards and compensation structures with ... Design employee reward programs that inspire and retain Employee reward and recognition programs incentivize employees as they ... Formulating a rewards program that harmonizes with your other employee value propositions (EVP) and total rewards offerings. ...
Marriott Rewards members can redeem points for rounds of golf and golf travel deals at premier Marriott Golf Clubs worldwide. ...
... a new study demonstrates that the lasting positive effect of a reward on the ability of individuals to retain a variety of ... By deciphering the neural dialogue between the brains reward and memory networks, ... When a reward is involved, however, another region is activated, the ventral tegmental area, which is involved in the reward ... Inability to Integrate Reward Info Contributes to Undervalued Rewards in Schizophrenia. Jan. 22, 2019 People with schizophrenia ...
This research provides the first step towards an understanding of how rewards influence behaviour before they are received and ... The suggestion that the mechanisms underlying drug addiction might involve natural reward systems has also stimulated interest ... that have revealed that neurons in a limited number of brain structures carry specific signals about past and future rewards. ... The fundamental biological importance of rewards has created an increasing interest in the neuronal processing of reward ...
See an archive of all rewarding bad behavior stories published on Intelligencer. ... the radio personality has been rewarded with a new show! ... Rewarding Bad Behavior. * people who just keep talking Nov. 27 ...
Heres everything you need to know about the Discover card rewards program. ... Heres everything you need to know about the Discover card rewards program. ... Is the Discover rewards program right for you?. The Discover rewards program is a good option if you want to earn rewards ... Or, for more rewards redemption options, check out other rewards programs like Chase Ultimate Rewards and American Express ...
Your most rewarding way to shop is here. Explore the All New Kohls Rewards. ... Kohls Rewards - Everything you love about Kohls Cash. And more. ... Kohls Rewards frequently asked questions.. View all FAQs. How do I earn Rewards Kohls Cash®?. You earn 5% Kohls Rewards on ... Kohls Rewards works:. You earn it.. Earn 7.5% rewards when you use a Kohls Card or 5% any other way you pay. ...
... then select Order History on your Rewards page. ... Track my Microsoft Rewards orders. Microsoft account More... ... If you want to track your Microsoft Rewards order after you redeem an award, sign in to the Rewards page with your Microsoft ... Why was my Microsoft Rewards order cancelled?. Were sorry for the hassle. Rewards orders may be cancelled for a number of ... Use a mobile or landline phone number to authenticate your account when attempting to redeem Rewards points. Do not use a VoIP ...
Reward Reaches $5,000 in Pony Abuse Case. Share. Tweet .prefix__st101{fill-rule:evenodd;clip-rule:evenodd;fill:#254d68} Share. ... This brings the total reward offered by PETA, the Lancaster County SPCA, and Omega Horse Rescue to $5,000. ... to offer a reward of up to $4,000 for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the person or persons responsible for ...
EY Americas People Advisory Services Reward Leader Leader of the EY total reward resources in the Americas. Focused on aligning ... As EY Americas People Advisory Services Reward Leader, Michael has deep knowledge in the application of the Golden Parachute ...
... Keeping EFT on the Cutting Edge (Seeking Excellence). ... It only takes a home movie camera and the time involved to write up your innovation ... a miniscule price for the rewards ... This will give you (1) a handsome financial reward, (2) an enhanced level of credibility and (3) an important role in ...
An expert weighs in on how reward points could disappear if new legislation is passed. ... How credit card reward points could disappear Published: September 22, 2023, 11:19 AM. Updated: September 22, 2023, 12:14 PM. ... An expert weighs in on how reward points could disappear if new legislation is passed. ...
The ideal candidate for the USAA Rewards Visa Signature is a deployed military member who has a balance they want to pay off ... The ideal candidate for the USAA Rewards Visa Signature is a deployed military member who has a balance they want to pay off ... Its hard to recommend USAA Rewards Visa Signature card over the other rewards card from this issuer, the USAA Rewards American ... USAA® Rewards™ Visa Signature® Card Overview The special military benefits on the USAA Rewards Visa Signature make it a worthy ...
Shows accumulated Ada rewards from staking. - Cardano Blockchain ... and Ada reward information from the Cardano Blockchain. All ... If you use the Yoroi Cardano Wallet, you can find you address under Receive -, Reward and then under Generated Addresses. ... Shows accumulated Ada rewards from staking. - Cardano Blockchain. Our website is now live: https://www.myadarewards.com/ This ...
A Whangarei schools bike track has helped several students learn to cycle and has now earned the school a special award and trophy from the Heart...
What is Membership Rewards? Every time you spend on your Card, you earn Membership Rewards points. Theyre easy to use, too. ... What is Membership Rewards? Every time you spend on your Card, you earn Membership Rewards points. Theyre easy to use, too. ... Explore the freedom and flexibility of Membership Rewards - your rewards, your way. How to earn points You will get one point ... Explore the freedom and flexibility of Membership Rewards - your rewards, your way. How to earn points You will get one point ...
Xbox Rewards at IGN: walkthroughs, items, maps, video tips, and strategies ...
9. Once I have redeemed my Membership Rewards points for a reward, can I cancel the redemption and request for the refund of ... 9. Once I have redeemed my Membership Rewards points for a reward, can I cancel the redemption and request for the refund of ... 9. Once I have redeemed my Membership Rewards points for a reward, can I cancel the redemption and request for the refund of ... 9. Once I have redeemed my Membership Rewards points for a reward, can I cancel the redemption and request for the refund of ...
Rewards card will be issued at the time of the first purchase or it will be stapled to your web order receipt. Please bring ... Rewards Program. Rules and information.... *Spend $250 at the CSB/SJU Bookstores between Dec. 27, 2010 and Jan. 31, 2011 and ... Bring your rewards card to either bookstore - Feb.1 - 3, 2011 to receive your $10 bookstore voucher. If you have multiple cards ...
Rewards at M&S. Order online for home delivery or free collection from your nearest store. ... Club Rewards. *. How to collect rewards points with my M&S Bank cards?. For M&S credit cardholders, earn 1 rewards point for ... What is the difference between M&S Bank rewards and M&S Club Rewards?. As an M&S Bank cardholder you earn rewards points every ... If you have subscribed to M&S Club Rewards, earn 3 rewards point for every £1 spent in M&S, 1 rewards point for every £5 spent ...
... By Mark Krikorian on September 27, 2011 ... But our heads tell us that all amnesties reward lawbreaking and serve to attract more illegal immigration. It is for this ...
Find out all about the Reward Cards and great savings exclusive to our customers. Order BT TV, broadband, mobile and landline ... If your virtual reward card has been activated but it still doesnt work, please contact the BT Reward Card Service team on ... BT Reward Cards and Gifts. Want to claim your BT Reward Card or Gift? ... How do I claim my BT Virtual Reward Card, please contact the BT Reward Card Service team on 0344 879 1068† or email bt@ ...
Get points purchases and exclusive discounts, including a discount on a Bookshelf+ subscription and more. Start your membership today!
30,000 reward for information in the bombing of a Minnesota mosque earlier this month. ... MINNEAPOLIS - The FBI is offering a $30,000 reward for information in the bombing of a Minnesota mosque earlier this month. ... The FBIs Minneapolis Division announced the reward in a tweet Wednesday. The FBI says finding whoever was responsible for the ... Muslim advocacy groups and Twin Cities mosques are separately offering a combined $24,000 reward. ...
  • The aims of this research was to identify the prevalence of the psychosocial factors at work, measured with the JCQ (Job Content Questionnaire) and ERI (Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire), in school teachers of Bogotá, and evaluate the relationship of this factors with mental health and blood pressure. (bvsalud.org)
  • Stressful work ing conditions were measured by the validated short version of the effort-reward imbalance questionnaire. (cdc.gov)
  • To understand how early life adversity might affect reward behavior and the development of mental illnesses, Dr. Birnie and colleagues investigated brain connections in mice that play a role in creating reward behaviors and express a stress-sensitive molecule called corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). (nih.gov)
  • Stimulating the amygdala-nucleus accumbens connection reduced reward-related behaviors in male but not female mice, suggesting this connection inhibits reward behavior-but only in male mice. (nih.gov)
  • The reduced rewards-behavior seen in male mice when the connection was stimulated was similar to reward-behavior deficits seen in mice that had experienced early life stress. (nih.gov)
  • To test the role of this connection on reward-behavior deficits associated with early life adversity, the scientists blocked the connection between the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens in mice that had been exposed to early life stress. (nih.gov)
  • Blocking this connection in the mice restored their reward behavior, bringing it back in line with what is typically seen in mice who have not been exposed to early life stress. (nih.gov)
  • Together, the findings of this study provide evidence that the newly discovered connection between the basolateral amygdala and the nucleus accumbens is involved in reward-behavior deficits associated with early life adversity. (nih.gov)
  • Russia: Analysis From Washington--Rewarding Bad Behavior? (rferl.org)
  • But when some states conclude that they can extract even greater rewards by failing to cooperate or even by seeking to frustrate the policies of those who provide them with help, there is the risk that these states will decide that bad behavior works and hence will engage in more of it. (rferl.org)
  • They may come to expect to be rewarded not only for cooperative moves but also for bad behavior, lest the cooperation cease and the bad behavior become still worse. (rferl.org)
  • Boost your business with rewards, perks and more. (bankrate.com)
  • Travel, renting cars and staying at hotels spring to mind as the most obvious perks of credit card reward programs. (chase.com)
  • Many travel rewards cards, including the Southwest Rapid Rewards Premier Credit Card, also come with great perks that can be used to improve your overall travel experience. (cnbc.com)
  • Payment is easily achievable by visiting either "Free Rewards" or "Daily Reward" offers, where no purchases are necessary. (killerstartups.com)
  • Earn Chase Ultimate Rewards ® on everyday purchases and redeem for travel, cash back and more. (chase.com)
  • Employee reward and recognition programs incentivize employees as they support your business goals. (mercer.com)
  • To support your people's mental and physical well-being and incentivize performance, having the right employee reward and recognition programs are essential. (mercer.com)
  • A balance can be achieved with the right reward and recognition strategy. (mercer.com)
  • These surveys are also revealing that employees prefer a more customisable rewards framework - some prefer tangible remuneration, recognition and respect, whilst others prefer development opportunities, diversity, and work-life integration. (pwc.com)
  • Install before 1st November 2021 - physical Reward Card sent via 1st Class Post, we'll send you a confirmation email when it's on the way. (bt.com)
  • Install after 1st November 2021 - virtual Reward card will be sent to the email you have registered on your BT account, please ensure you use the right email address when you create your BT account in the steps above. (bt.com)
  • Sydney, Australia, Aug. 30, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Fantom Foundation, one of the fastest growing layer-1 blockchain platforms, has announced a new incentive program , a first of its kind rewards scheme to encourage developers and projects to build on Fantom. (globenewswire.com)
  • Browse credit cards from our premier partners , including Amazon Rewards cards , Southwest Rapid Rewards cards , Marriott Rewards and others. (chase.com)
  • The Southwest Rapid Rewards Premier Credit Card is loaded with benefits. (cnbc.com)
  • The Southwest Rapid Rewards ® Premier Credit Card is a solid airline credit card for consumers who regularly fly with the Dallas-based carrier. (cnbc.com)
  • Below, Select breaks down the rewards, benefits and fees associated with the Southwest Rapid Rewards® Premier Credit Card to help you decide if it's the right card for your needs. (cnbc.com)
  • You must not currently have a personal Southwest Rapid Rewards credit card and you must not have received a welcome bonus within the last 24 months. (cnbc.com)
  • The Southwest Rapid Rewards® Premier Credit Card is a good choice for consumers who enjoy flying with Southwest Airlines. (cnbc.com)
  • To prevent it, organizations now need to go beyond the traditional contractual rewards of pay and broad-brush benefits plus ad hoc components. (mercer.com)
  • Support Rewards is a contractual obligation that Oracle guarantees for the length of the Universal Credit contract, which may be extended by the customer at any time. (oracle.com)
  • Risk/reward contracts work best when the two parties share a high degree of trust and a common goal -- yours! (computerworld.com)
  • The positive influence of a reward on memory is a well-known phenomenon," says Sophie Schwartz, full professor in the Department of Basic Neurosciences at the UNIGE Faculty of Medicine, who led this work. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Contrary to what one might have thought, the best results were not associated with the highest accumulation of rewards, the point where subjects should have been the most motivated," says Kristoffer Aberg, a researcher now at the Weizmann Institute of Science and the first author of this work. (sciencedaily.com)
  • If my virtual reward card doesn't work, what do I do? (bt.com)
  • At the end of each month, Cabot randomly rewards volunteers for their hard work, and for inspiring friends and family to do the same, with a variety of prizes. (prnewswire.com)
  • Small rewards work as well, such as tickets to a concert or movie. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Responding to disasters is both rewarding and challenging work. (cdc.gov)
  • Alternatively, if you do not have online access or would prefer to discuss and redeem your reward over the telephone, you can call us on +44 (0) 1273 868 900. (americanexpress.com)
  • Yet you can also redeem your reward points for so much more. (chase.com)
  • To be eligible for Reward Flight Saver, you need to have collected at least one Avios in the past 12 months. (britishairways.com)
  • In order to be eligible to receive your special birthday gift from Kohl's, you must make a purchase with your Kohl's Rewards account at any time prior to your birthday month. (kohls.com)
  • Kohl's Rewards members are only eligible to receive one special birthday gift per year, and Kohl's retains the right to not issue or invalidate any special birthday gift in the event of suspected fraud or suspicious activity. (kohls.com)
  • How do I know if I'm eligible for a BT Reward Card or Gift? (bt.com)
  • You can claim a BT Reward Card or gift if you've ordered an eligible broadband product. (bt.com)
  • Customers using Oracle's on-premises software become eligible for Oracle Support Rewards when they enter into a new Universal Credit contract and begin consuming OCI services. (oracle.com)
  • As OCI services are consumed, customers accrue Support Rewards to apply as a form of payment to any eligible open invoice for on-premises support of Oracle technology programs. (oracle.com)
  • We will pursue justice for Mr. Williams and his family, no matter how long it takes, and we hope this reward will incentivize anyone with information to come forward," Christopher DiMenna, acting special agent in charge of the FBI Boston Division, said in a statement. (pressherald.com)
  • Book flights quicker, pay with Avios and earn rewards as an Executive Club member. (britishairways.com)
  • Earn rewards on every purchase, every day. (kohls.com)
  • The Reward Volunteers iPhone App and web widget from Cabot Creamery Cooperative enables individuals and organizations to track the time they spend volunteering in their communities, post to Facebook, and earn rewards for themselves and the organizations they serve. (prnewswire.com)
  • This brings the total reward offered by PETA, the Lancaster County SPCA, and Omega Horse Rescue to $5,000. (peta.org)
  • Leader of the EY total reward resources in the Americas. (ey.com)
  • One may ask whether such drugs modify existing neuronal responses to natural rewards or constitute rewards in their own right, and as such engage existing neuronal reward mechanisms, directing subjects towards artificially rewarding goals. (nature.com)
  • The ultimate goal of this study is to develop an integrative, data-driven model to examine how patterns of brain activation across functional domains give rise to distinct mechanisms underlying resilience, and how these neural mechanisms interrelate with behavioral (e.g., emotion regulation, reward responses, social cognition) and psychosocial (e.g., coping self-efficacy, positive emotions, social connectedness) factors implicated in resilience. (cdc.gov)
  • Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation to drug and natural reward cues , startle responses to natural reward cues , day- time cortisol levels, time in bed , and total time spent sleeping were all correlated with the number of days since last drug use (ie, time in supervised residential treatment ). (bvsalud.org)
  • After activating your Rewards profile, your participation in community coffeehouse forums will automatically earn VMware Rewards points. (vmware.com)
  • If you do not see your points accumulating, check that your Rewards profile and your VMTN login are using the same VMware Customer Connect email. (vmware.com)
  • Connect your LinkedIn, Twitter and Facebook accounts to VMware Rewards and earn points for every social share challenge completed. (vmware.com)
  • Earn VMware Rewards points for registration, attendance and participation for select live events and webinars. (vmware.com)
  • Rewards points must be redeemed in the region you signed up in. (microsoft.com)
  • You are attempting to redeem rewards points in multiple regions. (microsoft.com)
  • Use a mobile or landline phone number to authenticate your account when attempting to redeem Rewards points. (microsoft.com)
  • Every time you spend on your Card, you earn Membership Rewards points. (americanexpress.com)
  • An expert weighs in on how reward points could disappear if new legislation is passed. (click2houston.com)
  • Prior to transferring your points, please ensure that your frequent flyer or frequent guest account is linked to your Membership Rewards account. (americanexpress.com)
  • Please call the Membership Rewards team on +44 (0) 01273 868900 to transfer your Points or link your details to your Membership Rewards account. (americanexpress.com)
  • Reward Volunteers was conceived and created by Cabot Creamery Cooperative, and is sponsored by AARP Create the Good , All for Good , Marriott , Co+op Stronger Together , Hope for Women , Points of Light , and Volunteer Spot . (prnewswire.com)
  • however, you'll immediately lose all your points if your account is closed for program misuse, fraudulent activities, failure to pay, bankruptcy, or other reasons described in the terms of the Rewards Program Agreement. (chase.com)
  • Where can I spend the money on my virtual reward card? (bt.com)
  • What happens if I don't spend the funds before the virtual reward card expires? (bt.com)
  • The aforementioned total rewards strategy isn't just about how much you can spend on employees. (pwc.com)
  • You'll find educational and gamified activity cards called "challenges" in the Rewards program. (vmware.com)
  • So, it's crucial to design your employee reward program specifically for your workforce. (mercer.com)
  • To personalize workforce rewards, companies have begun using 'personas' to identify what matters most to target populations and to operationalize their employee rewards program for distinct groups. (mercer.com)
  • question in the Kohl's Rewards program guide . (kohls.com)
  • The gifts from the Reward Volunteers program have just been the icing on the cake. (prnewswire.com)
  • The program entitles customers to earn and use Support Rewards for the length of their services period. (oracle.com)
  • A high-level overview of the entire Oracle Support Rewards program. (oracle.com)
  • The new Oracle Support Rewards program gives us and our clients additional strong incentives to move workloads to OCI. (oracle.com)
  • What is the Oracle Support Rewards program? (oracle.com)
  • The Oracle Support Rewards program provides additional value to Oracle's on-premises software customers who also consume Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) services. (oracle.com)
  • Stay tuned as we develop a brand new Dell Rewards program tailored for you. (dell.com)
  • The fastest blockchain platform Fantom foundation is bringing a groundbreaking incentive program for projects and developers to build with 370 million FTM in rewards. (globenewswire.com)
  • As you engage with items in Glue, you'll occasionally be offered rewards like this one. (avc.com)
  • Reward Flight - jet off in style using your Avios, only paying taxes, fees and carrier charges and enjoy full flexibility with your ticket. (britishairways.com)
  • Explore the freedom and flexibility of Membership Rewards - your rewards, your way. (americanexpress.com)
  • What this tells us is that people want flexibility and customisation in how they are recognised and rewarded. (pwc.com)
  • Explore the Design with Us channel in the Rewards platform. (vmware.com)
  • Explore the world and earn premium rewards with Chase Sapphire Reserve ® or Chase Sapphire Preferred ® . (chase.com)
  • Sign in to activate a Chase card , view your free credit score , redeem Ultimate Rewards ® and more. (chase.com)
  • This notion of rewarding users with free offers can be expanded to many services on the web. (avc.com)
  • I've seen a location on Foursquare that precisely has the ten check-ins and get a free beverage reward, in addition to a Mayor discount. (avc.com)
  • These results suggest possible re- regulation of dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and brain reward systems in prescription opioid -dependent patients over the drug -free period in residential treatment . (bvsalud.org)
  • It also attempts to place the processing of drug rewards within a general framework of neuronal reward mechanisms. (nature.com)
  • What Incentives Are Effective Rewards For 'Hidden Populations' Interviewed As A Part Of Research Projects? (cdc.gov)
  • The longitude rewards were the system of inducement prizes offered by the British government for a simple and practical method for the precise determination of a ship's longitude at sea. (wikipedia.org)
  • For a complete list of Reward Volunteers 5.0 prizes, visit rewardvolunteers.coop/prizes.php . (prnewswire.com)
  • Sparks is our customer reward scheme. (marksandspencer.com)
  • Colleagues may be excluded from any aspect of the reward scheme at any time at our discretion. (marksandspencer.com)
  • Now, the cynic in us suggests that if it rewards decent drivers, then it may well penalise bad drivers so it may be worth checking the small print, but those who sign up to the Fair Pay scheme will get a specially-developed TomTom PRO 3100 navigation device, which includes Active Driver Feedback and LIVE Services. (techradar.com)
  • April 17, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- On March 14 , Cabot Creamery Cooperative , the farm family owned dairy cooperative widely known as the makers of the "World's Best Cheddar," launched the fifth iteration of Reward Volunteers . (prnewswire.com)
  • By deciphering the neural dialogue between the brain's reward and memory networks, a new study demonstrates that the lasting positive effect of a reward on the ability of individuals to retain a variety of information. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Through the examination of brain activity in healthy human subjects, scientists from the University of Geneva (UNIGE) have highlighted the lasting positive effect of a reward -- monetary, in this case -- on the ability of individuals to retain a variety of information. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Some of these neurons seem to provide a reward prediction error signal that could be used for learning mechanisms, whereas others seem to be involved in the perception of individual rewards or objects that signal rewards. (nature.com)
  • The suggestion that the mechanisms underlying drug addiction might involve natural reward systems has also stimulated interest. (nature.com)
  • Among the brain structures examined to better understand memory mechanisms, the reward system is now at the centre of investigations. (sciencedaily.com)
  • You will receive your Kohl's Cash via email and if your Kohls.com account is linked to your Rewards account, your Kohl's Cash will also be automatically stored in your Kohl's Wallet. (kohls.com)
  • For more information on how to link accounts, see "How do I link my Kohl's Rewards® and Kohls.com shopping account? (kohls.com)
  • Your special birthday gift will be emailed to your email address linked to your Kohl's Rewards account on or shortly after the first day of the month of your birthday. (kohls.com)
  • If you want to track your Microsoft Rewards order after you redeem an award, sign in to the Rewards page with your Microsoft account, select Redeem and then select Order history . (microsoft.com)
  • As you are switching from this account to another Rewards account this may affect the availability of items and/or items in your shopping cart. (americanexpress.com)
  • If you're enrolled in online services, visit https://www.americanexpress.com/icc/eurodollar and log in to your Membership Rewards account. (americanexpress.com)
  • You can access your prepaid card details anytime by logging into your BT Reward Card account where you will be able to view the 16 digit card number, CVV and expiry date. (bt.com)
  • Log in with your BT ID and password to see if you have a reward available, if this is the first time you've logged in you will need to create an account using the instructions provided during the journey. (bt.com)
  • On flights to and from London City we guarantee 2 reward seats in both business (Club Europe) and economy (Euro Traveller). (britishairways.com)
  • As EY Americas People Advisory Services Reward Leader, Michael has deep knowledge in the application of the Golden Parachute Rules as well as in the structuring of go-forward compensation arrangements considering business objectives, market practice, tax and accounting. (ey.com)
  • With the risk of employees leaving for organisations offering better opportunities, it's high time that leaders change the way the business rewards employees. (pwc.com)
  • That's why we created AARP Rewards to inspire you to learn, prepare and get ahead of whatever life has ahead. (aarp.org)
  • Various neurons detect the occurrence of rewards and reward-predicting stimuli, including those of the ascending dopamine systems, and neurons within the striatum, orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala. (nature.com)
  • When a reward is involved, however, another region is activated, the ventral tegmental area, which is involved in the reward system and responsible for the release of dopamine related to the satisfaction of obtaining a reward. (sciencedaily.com)
  • You can earn cashback rewards on shopping and get great offers on credit cards, fashion, flights and holidays and a range of other online services. (killerstartups.com)
  • See all our rewards credit cards and choose one that's right for you. (chase.com)
  • The Avios and cash price you pay for your Reward Flight is dependent on date, destination and class of travel. (britishairways.com)
  • Some neurons process reward information that is dependent on the relative motivational value of the reward. (nature.com)
  • Possible evidence for re-regulation of HPA axis and brain reward systems over time in treatment in prescription opioid-dependent patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the first month of Reward Volunteers 5.0, more than a thousand acts of kindness, generosity, and community support have already been logged," says Jen Neary , Cabot Director of Marketing, Integrated Services. (prnewswire.com)
  • With Oracle Support Rewards, the more you use Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI), the more you save. (oracle.com)
  • Those rewards can be used to pay down your tech software license support bill, even down to zero. (oracle.com)
  • How to view and share available Support Rewards in the OCI console. (oracle.com)
  • How to redeem Support Rewards in the Billing Center toward technology support invoices. (oracle.com)
  • Get more value out of OCI with Oracle Support Rewards. (oracle.com)
  • For every dollar spent on OCI, you can accrue $0.25 in Oracle Support Rewards. (oracle.com)
  • Use your accrued Oracle Support Rewards to apply to your technology support bill for products such as Oracle Database, Oracle WebLogic, and more. (oracle.com)
  • Oracle Support Rewards is available for all Oracle customers with tech license support and new Universal Credit orders, including renewals. (oracle.com)
  • Oracle Support Rewards makes it much easier for us to choose Oracle for the future of these systems. (oracle.com)
  • Oracle Support Rewards allows us to continue to use existing technology investments, dramatically lower costs, and invest in the future. (oracle.com)
  • Based on their consumption of OCI services, customers accrue Support Rewards that are then applied as a form of payment for their software update license and support for Oracle technology programs. (oracle.com)
  • No. There's no limit to the amount of Oracle Support Rewards a customer can accrue. (oracle.com)
  • 21 June 1999 (RFE/RL) - Governments routinely reward other states which cooperate on common goals with aid, diplomatic support and other forms of favor. (rferl.org)
  • Think about rewards that support your efforts, such as new walking shoes, a heart rate monitor, or a GPS watch you can use to track your workouts. (medlineplus.gov)
  • By ensuring an effective neural dialogue between the reward circuit and the memory circuit, this delicate balance allows the proper encoding of memories in our brain. (sciencedaily.com)
  • However, our experiment aimed to take a further step in understanding this mechanism by looking at two important aspects: does the effect last over time and what role does the accumulation of reward play? (sciencedaily.com)
  • Rewards card will be issued at the time of the first purchase or it will be stapled to your web order receipt. (csbsju.edu)
  • In order to receive Hertz Gold Plus Rewards Mobile Alerts by SMS you must respond to this message one time. (hertz.com)
  • A protocol team can apply for rewards if the TVL on that protocol can stay above a time-weighted-average of $5,000,000 or $100,000,000 for an extended period of time. (globenewswire.com)
  • Use risk/reward agreements to align your suppliers' goals with your own and motivate the suppliers to outperform the terms of their contracts. (computerworld.com)
  • But our heads tell us that all amnesties reward lawbreaking and serve to attract more illegal immigration. (cis.org)
  • Employers are now having to reevaluate their approach to their total rewards strategy, to ensure that they're providing the right monetary, beneficial and developmental rewards to attract talent, and keep existing employees motivated, retained and engaged. (pwc.com)
  • The optimal use of reward information for learning and controlling behaviour requires cooperation between these neuronal reward signals. (nature.com)
  • Reward Flight Saver - our Reward Flight Saver offers a fixed cash cost, inclusive of taxes, fees and carrier charges plus an Avios amount. (britishairways.com)
  • Reward Flight Saver offers customers great value flights with a low, flat fee to cover taxes, fees and carrier charges and a fixed Avios amount. (britishairways.com)
  • These rewards are basically another form of coupons or offers and merchants have always responded well to the opportunity to pay a third party for the opportunity to coupon their customers and potential customers. (avc.com)
  • The 'wrong' employee reward programs - the ones that don't meet individual needs - are part of the reason employees are burning out. (mercer.com)
  • Currently, employees' rewards preferences are managed via employee engagement surveys, pulse surveys and employee exit interview results. (pwc.com)
  • The demand for personalisation by employees is part of current workforce trends, and organisations should incorporate this in a total rewards strategy as part of their employee retention programmes. (pwc.com)
  • We'll always show you the Reward Flight Saver fare when it's available, just look out for this symbol. (britishairways.com)
  • With Reward Flight Saver, we currently offer flights throughout Europe, North America and destinations around the world. (britishairways.com)
  • If you don't have a high enough Avios balance for either of our Reward Flight options, or you would simply like to carry on saving for your next reward, you can reduce the Avios cost by paying an additional cash amount. (britishairways.com)
  • Select your region of departure to view our charges for making and changing reward flight bookings. (britishairways.com)
  • This article describes how neurons detect rewards, learn to predict future rewards from past experience, and use reward information for learning, choosing, preparing and executing goal-directed behaviour. (nature.com)
  • For SMS Hertz Gold Plus Rewards Mobile Gold Alerts, you will need to respond to the Opt in Message (see details below) before you can start receiving them. (hertz.com)
  • Once the Foundation has approved the application, a two-month long cliff commences, after which rewards will start to vest on a monthly-basis. (globenewswire.com)
  • Neurons in the striatum and different areas of frontal and parietal cortex incorporate information about expected rewards into neuronal activity involved in the production of behaviour leading to reward acquisition. (nature.com)
  • Earn & track rewards on the go. (kohls.com)
  • Find out how to claim, track and use your reward. (bt.com)
  • Simply sign or renew a Universal Credit order to accrue rewards that you can track in the OCI console. (oracle.com)
  • This research describes the first steps towards an understanding of how rewards influence behaviour before their receipt and how the brain might use reward information to control learning and goal-directed behaviour. (nature.com)
  • But for me, the most interesting way to reward a checkin is to provide some real value at the moment of checkin. (avc.com)
  • So exciting, that even other foundations behind their respective chains started to provide rewards to users of protocols willing to deploy on top of their chain. (globenewswire.com)
  • The brain structures involved in the processing of natural rewards also seem to be the critical structures for the action of drugs of abuse. (nature.com)
  • Lancaster County authorities have yet to make any arrests in this case, prompting PETA-whose motto reads, in part, that "animals are not ours to abuse in any way"-to offer a reward of up to $4,000 for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the person or persons responsible for this crime. (peta.org)
  • [2] In 1675 Robert Hooke wanted to apply for a £1,000 reward in England for his invention of a spring-regulated watch. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protocol teams can apply for rewards from the Fantom Foundation from today, based on their total value locked (TVL), scaling from 1 million FTM up to 5 million FTM in its first iteration, and to be changed accordingly depending on the needs of builders. (globenewswire.com)
  • These studies show that different aspects of reward functions are processed by different neurons in different brain structures. (nature.com)
  • This article focuses on recent neurophysiological studies in primates that have revealed that neurons in a limited number of brain structures carry specific signals about past and future rewards. (nature.com)
  • Hertz Gold Plus Rewards Mobile Alerts are currently available at select USA and Canada Hertz locations. (hertz.com)
  • If you need to change that primary email address, see Change my Microsoft Rewards primary email . (microsoft.com)
  • If you choose to change the mobile phone number on your Hertz Gold Plus Rewards profile, you will need to opt in and respond to the SMS opt in message again. (hertz.com)
  • If you change the mobile phone number to out of the region of North-America you will automatically be opted out of receiving Hertz Gold Plus Rewards Mobile Alerts by SMS. (hertz.com)
  • Your Kohl's Rewards balance is converted and issued in $5 Kohl's Cash increments on the first day of the following month, valid for 30 days. (kohls.com)
  • Once we know you're happy with your service (this is usually 14 days after installation of your broadband), your reward will be sent to you. (bt.com)
  • You will be able to view the status of your Hertz Gold Plus Rewards Mobile Alerts on the Personal and Contacts section of your Hertz Gold Plus Rewards profile. (hertz.com)
  • Rewards balances that don't convert into Kohl's Cash expire after one year. (kohls.com)
  • You'll find details of when your reward will be sent in our FAQs below. (bt.com)
  • From health and fitness to retirement and money management, we're here to make your next steps easy, rewarding, and fun. (aarp.org)
  • Once you've received your order confirmation email, you can claim your BT Reward Card or Gift by logging in to My BT. (bt.com)
  • Go to the claiming a reward card page or click on the link in the email. (bt.com)
  • To opt-in to Hertz Gold Plus Rewards Mobile Alerts, go to the Personal and Contacts section of your Hertz Gold Plus Rewards ® profile at Hertz. (hertz.com)
  • You may opt-out of receiving SMS messages by managing the Mobile Alerts section of your Hertz Gold Plus Rewards profile at Hertz. (hertz.com)
  • Manage your Enrich Miles, update your profile and redeem your rewards from anywhere in the world. (malaysiaairlines.com)