Relaxin
Receptors, Peptide
Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
Fibrocartilage
Corpus Luteum
Pregnancy
Relaxin is a potent renal vasodilator in conscious rats. (1/449)
The kidneys and other nonreproductive organs vasodilate during early gestation; however, the "pregnancy hormones" responsible for the profound vasodilation of the renal circulation during pregnancy are unknown. We hypothesized that the ovarian hormone relaxin (RLX) contributes. Therefore, we tested whether the administration of RLX elicits renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration in conscious adult, intact female rats. After several days of treatment with either purified porcine RLX or recombinant human RLX 2 (rhRLX), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased by 20%-40%. Comparable renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration was also observed in ovariectomized rats, suggesting that estrogen and progesterone are unnecessary for the renal response to rhRLX. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester completely abrogated the increase in ERPF and GFR elicited by chronic administration of purified porcine RLX. In contrast, the renal vasoconstrictory response to angiotensin II was attenuated by the RLX treatment. Short-term infusion of purified porcine RLX to conscious rats over several hours failed to increase ERPF and GFR. Plasma osmolality was consistently reduced by the chronic administration of both RLX preparations. In conclusion, the renal and osmoregulatory effects of chronic RLX administration to conscious rats resemble the physiological changes of pregnancy in several respects: (a) marked increases in ERPF and GFR with a mediatory role for nitric oxide; (b) attenuation of the renal circulatory response to angiotensin II; and (c) reduction in plasma osmolality. (+info)Canine preprorelaxin: nucleic acid sequence and localization within the canine placenta. (2/449)
Employing uteroplacental tissue at Day 35 of gestation, we determined the nucleic acid sequence of canine preprorelaxin using reverse transcription- and rapid amplification of cDNA ends-polymerase chain reaction. Canine preprorelaxin cDNA consisted of 534 base pairs encoding a protein of 177 amino acids with a signal peptide of 25 amino acids (aa), a B domain of 35 aa, a C domain of 93 aa, and an A domain of 24 aa. The putative receptor binding region in the N'-terminal part of the canine relaxin B domain GRDYVR contained two substitutions from the classical motif (E-->D and L-->Y). Canine preprorelaxin shared highest homology with porcine and equine preprorelaxin. Northern analysis revealed a 1-kilobase transcript present in total RNA of canine uteroplacental tissue but not of kidney tissue. Uteroplacental tissue from two bitches each at Days 30 and 35 of gestation were studied by in situ hybridization to localize relaxin mRNA. Immunohistochemistry for relaxin, cytokeratin, vimentin, and von Willebrand factor was performed on uteroplacental tissue at Day 30 of gestation. The basal cell layer at the core of the chorionic villi was devoid of relaxin mRNA and immunoreactive relaxin or vimentin but was immunopositive for cytokeratin and identified as cytotrophoblast cells. The cell layer surrounding the chorionic villi displayed specific hybridization signals for relaxin mRNA and immunoreactivity for relaxin and cytokeratin but not for vimentin, and was identified as syncytiotrophoblast. Those areas of the chorioallantoic tissue with most intense relaxin immunoreactivity were highly vascularized as demonstrated by immunoreactive von Willebrand factor expressed on vascular endothelium. The uterine glands and nonplacental uterine areas of the canine zonary girdle placenta were devoid of relaxin mRNA and relaxin. We conclude that the syncytiotrophoblast is the source of relaxin in the canine placenta. (+info)Endocrine biomarkers of early fetal loss in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) following exposure to dioxin. (3/449)
This study examines the endocrine alterations associated with early fetal loss (EFL) induced by an environmental toxin, TCDD (2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), in the cynomolgus macaque, a well-documented reproductive/developmental model for humans. Females were administered single doses of 1, 2, and 4 microgram/kg TCDD (n = 4 per dose group) on gestational day (GD) 12. Urinary estrogen metabolites (estrone conjugates) were monitored to establish the day of ovulation, and serum hormones (estradiol, progesterone, chorionic gonadotropin, relaxin) were measured to assess ovarian and placental endocrine status before and after treatment. EFL occurred between GDs 22 and 32 in 10 of the 12 animals treated with TCDD. The primary endocrine alterations associated with TCDD treatment were significant decreases in serum estradiol and bioactive chorionic gonadotropin concentrations (p < 0.02). Less pronounced decreases in serum progesterone (p = 0.10) and relaxin (p < 0.08) also followed TCDD treatment. In contrast, immunoreactive chorionic gonadotropin concentrations were not reduced by TCDD exposure at any level, indicating that TCDD targets specific components of the chorionic gonadotropin synthesis machinery within the trophoblast to alter the functional capacity of the hormone. These data demonstrate the value of endocrine biomarkers in identifying a toxic exposure to primate pregnancy many days before direct signs of reproductive toxicity were apparent. The increased EFL that occurred after exposure to TCDD might reflect a toxic response initially mediated via endocrine imbalance, leading to placental insufficiency, compromised embryonic circulation, and subsequent EFL. (+info)Relaxin secretion by human granulosa cell culture is predictive of in-vitro fertilization-embryo transfer success. (4/449)
We have developed a cell culture system for human luteinizing granulosa cells which supports the timely and dynamic secretion of oestrogen, progesterone and relaxin in patterns that mimic serum concentrations of these hormones during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. There was a wide variation in the amount of relaxin secreted by the cultured cells for the 69 patients studied. As relaxin production was generally maximal by day 10 of culture, comparisons were made at this time point. It was observed that most of the conceptions occurred in patients with higher relaxin secretion in vitro. All cycles with relaxin > 800 pg/ml on day 10 had a term pregnancy while only 13% of cycles with relaxin < 200 pg/ml had term pregnancies. A limited number of cycles from donor/recipient cycles did not show similar results. Steroid concentrations were not predictive of conception. These results demonstrated that in-vitro production of relaxin is predictive of implantation success in in-vitro fertilization (IVF)-embryo transfer cycles. This supports the hypothesis that relaxin may be involved in implantation and that lowered relaxin concentrations may be a partial cause of poor pregnancy rates after IVF. (+info)Relaxin stimulates expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in normal human endometrial cells in vitro and is associated with menometrorrhagia in women. (5/449)
Although the role of the reproductive hormone, relaxin, in rodents is well documented, its potential contribution to human reproduction is less well defined. In this study, we examine the effects of relaxin on human endometrial cells in vitro and describe the clinical effects of relaxin on menstrual flow in women. In cultured endometrial cells, relaxin specifically induces the expression of an angiogenic agent, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). cAMP is implicated as a second messenger involved in VEGF stimulation. VEGF expression is temporally regulated in the endometrium, and our results suggest that relaxin, which is secreted by the corpus luteum and is present in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, may be involved in regulating endometrial VEGF expression. Relaxin was recently tested in a clinical trial for efficacy in the treatment of progressive systemic sclerosis, and was administered at levels up to 10 times higher than that measured during pregnancy. The most frequent relaxin-related adverse event reported during the course of the study was the onset of menometrorrhagia, defined in this study as heavier-than-usual or irregular menstrual bleeding. The intensification of menstrual flow observed in these patients is consistent with the hypothesis that relaxin mediates neovascularization of the endometrial lining. (+info)Relaxin stimulates glycodelin mRNA and protein concentrations in human endometrial glandular epithelial cells. (6/449)
Human endometrium is the major organ that produces glycodelin A (GdA). The production of endometrial GdA causes a fluctuation of the peripheral glycodelin concentrations in women during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. It has recently been reported that the rise of plasma concentrations of glycodelin is correlated with relaxin during the late luteal phase and early pregnancy. In addition, administration of relaxin increases glycodelin plasma concentrations, suggesting that relaxin induces GdA production in endometrium. To investigate whether relaxin regulates the GdA synthesis, human endometrial glandular epithelial cells were isolated and cultured with or without relaxin for up to 4 days. Western blot showed that GdA synthesized and secreted from epithelial glands had a major molecular weight of 28 kDa, i.e. the same as the GdA isolated from amniotic fluid. Cells incubated with relaxin consistently increased in GdA production rate (2-6-fold). The GdA mRNA concentrations increased 2-11-fold in cells incubated with relaxin for 2-4 days, as determined by solution hybridization/ribonuclease protection assay. The increase of the mRNA concentration indicates that relaxin activates GdA transcription. (+info)What knockout mice can tell us about parturition. (7/449)
Many molecules, including steroid and peptide hormones, prostaglandins and cytokines, regulate the preparation, initiation and progression of parturition in mammals. Gene targeting studies show that, in the knockout mice of steroid 5alpha-reductase type 1 gene, prostaglandin F2alpha receptor gene and cytosolic phospholipase A2 gene, parturition was severely disturbed, although live offspring were delivered by Caesarean section. Relaxin gene-disrupted mice also showed protracted labour. However, most knockout mice in which the steroid hormone, prostaglandin, cytokine or peptide hormone (for example, oxytocin, corticotrophin releasing hormone and endothelin) endocrine-paracrine systems are disrupted are inadequate for analysis of the mechanism of parturition because they die before reaching reproductive age or are infertile, or because they reproduce normally. A conditional knockout strategy, for example, using the Cre-LoxP system, should be considered for investigating the biochemical background of parturition to overcome these problems. (+info)Quantitative autoradiographic studies of relaxin binding in rat atria, uterus and cerebral cortex: characterization and effects of oestrogen treatment. (8/449)
The binding characteristics of the relaxin receptor in rat atria, uterus and cortex were studied using a [33P]-labelled human gene 2 relaxin (B33) and quantitative receptor autoradiography. The binding kinetics of [33P]-human gene 2 relaxin (B33) were investigated in slide-mounted rat atrial sections. The binding achieved equilibrium after 60 min incubation at room temperature (23+/-1 degrees C) and dissociated slowly. The association and dissociation rate constants were 4.31+/-0.34x10(8) M(-1) x min(-1) and 1.55+/-0.38x10(-3) min(-1) respectively. Thus, the kinetic dissociation constant was 3.46+/-0.59 pM. Binding was saturable to a single population of non-interacting sites throughout atria, in uterine myometrium and the 5th layer of cerebral cortex. The binding affinities (pK(D)) of [33P]-human gene 2 relaxin (B33) were 8.92+/-0.09 in atrial myocardium and 8.79+/-0.04 in cerebral cortex of male rats, and 8.79+/-0.10 in uterine myometrium. Receptor densities in the cerebral cortex and atria were higher than in uterine myometrium, indicating that relaxin also has important roles in non-reproductive tissues. In male rats, treatment with 17beta-oestradiol (20 microg in 0.1 ml sesame oil s.c., 18-24 h) significantly decreased the density of relaxin receptors in atria and cerebral cortex. Identical treatment in female rats had no significant effect in atria and cerebral cortex, but it significantly increased the density of relaxin receptors in uterine myometrium. Relaxin binding was competitively displaced by porcine and rat native relaxins. Porcine native relaxin binds to the relaxin receptor in male rat atria (8.90+/-0.02), and cerebral cortex (8.90+/-0.03) and uterine myometrium (8.89+/-0.03) with affinities not significantly different from human gene 2 (B33) relaxin. Nevertheless, rat relaxin binds to the receptors with affinities (8.35+/-0.09 in atria, 8.22+/-0.07 in cerebral cortex and 8.48+/-0.06 in uterine myometrium) significantly less than human gene 2 (B33) and porcine relaxins. Quantitative receptor autoradiography is the method of choice for measurement of affinities and densities of relaxin receptor in atria, uterine myometrium and cerebral cortex. High densities were found in all these tissues. 17beta-oestradiol treatment produced complex effects where it increased the densities of relaxin receptors in uterus but decreased those in atria and cerebral cortex of the male rats, and had no effect on the atria and cerebral cortex of the female rats. (+info)Relaxin is a hormone produced by the ovaries and, during pregnancy, also by the placenta and the fetal membranes. Its primary function is to relax the uterus and pelvic joints in preparation for childbirth, hence its name. It does this by softening the connective tissues and increasing their elasticity, which allows them to stretch more easily. Relaxin also plays a role in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy, helping to maintain healthy blood pressure levels.
Additionally, relaxin has been shown to have effects on other parts of the body, such as reducing muscle stiffness and joint pain, increasing flexibility, and potentially even playing a role in bone metabolism. However, more research is needed to fully understand all of its functions and potential therapeutic uses.
Peptide receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind to peptide hormones and neurotransmitters. These receptors play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including regulation of appetite, pain perception, immune function, and cardiovascular homeostasis. Peptide receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily or the tyrosine kinase receptor family. Upon binding of a peptide ligand, these receptors activate intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately lead to changes in cell behavior and communication with other cells.
Peptide receptors can be classified into two main categories: metabotropic and ionotropic. Metabotropic peptide receptors are GPCRs, which activate intracellular signaling pathways through coupling with heterotrimeric G proteins. These receptors typically have seven transmembrane domains and undergo conformational changes upon ligand binding, leading to the activation of downstream effectors such as adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, or ion channels.
Ionotropic peptide receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that directly modulate ion fluxes across the cell membrane upon ligand binding. These receptors contain four or five subunits arranged around a central pore and undergo conformational changes to allow ion flow through the channel.
Examples of peptide receptors include:
1. Opioid receptors (μ, δ, κ) - bind endogenous opioid peptides such as enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins to modulate pain perception and reward processing.
2. Somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5) - bind somatostatin and cortistatin to regulate hormone secretion, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis.
3. Neuropeptide Y receptors (Y1-Y5) - bind neuropeptide Y to modulate feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and cardiovascular function.
4. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRP-R) - binds calcitonin gene-related peptide to mediate vasodilation and neurogenic inflammation.
5. Bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) - binds bradykinin to induce pain, inflammation, and vasodilation.
6. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2) - bind vasoactive intestinal peptide to regulate neurotransmission, hormone secretion, and smooth muscle contraction.
7. Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) - binds oxytocin to mediate social bonding, maternal behavior, and uterine contractions during childbirth.
8. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) - binds angiotensin II to regulate blood pressure, fluid balance, and cell growth.
The pubic symphysis is the joint in the front of the pelvis that connects the two halves of the pelvic girdle, specifically the pubic bones. It's located at the lower part of the anterior (front) pelvic region. Unlike most joints, which are movable and contain synovial fluid, the pubic symphysis is a cartilaginous joint, also known as an amphiarthrosis.
The joint consists of fibrocartilaginous discs, ligaments, and the articular surfaces of the adjacent pubic bones. The fibrocartilaginous disc helps to absorb shock and reduce friction between the two bones. The main function of the pubic symphysis is to provide stability for the pelvis and transfer weight and forces from the upper body to the lower limbs during activities like walking, running, or jumping.
The pubic symphysis has a limited range of motion, allowing only slight movement in response to pressure or tension. During pregnancy and childbirth, the hormone relaxin is released, which increases the laxity of the pelvic joints, including the pubic symphysis, to accommodate the growing fetus and facilitate delivery. This increased mobility can sometimes lead to discomfort or pain in the area, known as symphysis pubis dysfunction (SPD) or pelvic girdle pain.
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a family of membrane receptors that play an essential role in cellular signaling and communication. These receptors possess seven transmembrane domains, forming a structure that spans the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. They are called "G-protein-coupled" because they interact with heterotrimeric G proteins upon activation, which in turn modulate various downstream signaling pathways.
When an extracellular ligand binds to a GPCR, it causes a conformational change in the receptor's structure, leading to the exchange of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) for guanosine triphosphate (GTP) on the associated G protein's α subunit. This exchange triggers the dissociation of the G protein into its α and βγ subunits, which then interact with various effector proteins to elicit cellular responses.
There are four main families of GPCRs, classified based on their sequence similarities and downstream signaling pathways:
1. Gq-coupled receptors: These receptors activate phospholipase C (PLC), which leads to the production of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 induces calcium release from intracellular stores, while DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC).
2. Gs-coupled receptors: These receptors activate adenylyl cyclase, which increases the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and subsequently activates protein kinase A (PKA).
3. Gi/o-coupled receptors: These receptors inhibit adenylyl cyclase, reducing cAMP levels and modulating PKA activity. Additionally, they can activate ion channels or regulate other signaling pathways through the βγ subunits.
4. G12/13-coupled receptors: These receptors primarily activate RhoGEFs, which in turn activate RhoA and modulate cytoskeletal organization and cellular motility.
GPCRs are involved in various physiological processes, including neurotransmission, hormone signaling, immune response, and sensory perception. Dysregulation of GPCR function has been implicated in numerous diseases, making them attractive targets for drug development.
Fibrocartilage is a type of tough, dense connective tissue that contains both collagen fibers and cartilaginous matrix. It is composed of fibroblasts embedded in a extracellular matrix rich in collagen types I and II, proteoglycans and elastin. Fibrocartilage is found in areas of the body where strong, flexible support is required, such as intervertebral discs, menisci (knee cartilage), labrum (shoulder and hip cartilage) and pubic symphysis. It has both the elasticity and flexibility of cartilage and the strength and durability of fibrous tissue. Fibrocartilage can withstand high compressive loads and provides cushioning, shock absorption and stability to the joints and spine.
The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure that forms in the ovary after an oocyte (egg) has been released from a follicle during ovulation. It's formed by the remaining cells of the ruptured follicle, which transform into large, hormone-secreting cells.
The primary function of the corpus luteum is to produce progesterone and, to a lesser extent, estrogen during the menstrual cycle or pregnancy. Progesterone plays a crucial role in preparing the uterus for potential implantation of a fertilized egg and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum will typically degenerate and stop producing hormones after approximately 10-14 days, leading to menstruation.
However, if pregnancy occurs, the developing embryo starts to produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which signals the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone and estrogen until the placenta takes over hormonal production, usually around the end of the first trimester.
Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.
"Animal pregnancy" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. However, in biological terms, animal pregnancy refers to the condition where a fertilized egg (or eggs) implants and develops inside the reproductive tract of a female animal, leading to the birth of offspring (live young).
The specific details of animal pregnancy can vary widely between different species, with some animals exhibiting phenomena such as placental development, gestation periods, and hormonal changes that are similar to human pregnancy, while others may have very different reproductive strategies.
It's worth noting that the study of animal pregnancy and reproduction is an important area of biological research, as it can provide insights into fundamental mechanisms of embryonic development, genetics, and evolution.
Relaxin
Relaxin-3
Relaxin receptor
Relaxin' with Chet
Relaxin' at Camarillo
Relaxin' at Camarillo (album)
Relaxin family peptide hormones
Relaxo
Eois relaxaria
Carex relaxa
Muscle relaxant
Relaxin' with the Miles Davis Quintet
The Hawk Relaxes
Selective relaxant binding agents
Ah W Noss
Nancy Ajram videography
Ya Salam
Juiceboxxx
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
Alastair MacLennan (obstetrician)
List of Final Fantasy compilation albums
1989 Football League Second Division play-off final
1989 Football League Third Division play-off final
Canobie Lake Park
Pregnancy and sleep
Lolina
Serelaxin
Electrical muscle stimulation
Tubocurarine chloride
Nasir Yusuf Gawuna
Relaxin - Wikipedia
Japan relaxes human stem-cell rules | Nature
CRAN - Package relaxo
Baclofen: muscle relaxant that relieves muscle spasms - NHS
NOP relaxes rules
Calif. Gov. Newsom relaxes some criteria for reopening the state
relaxo | RubyGems.org | your community gem host
Japan relaxes attendance limit for large events | Nepalnews
18 Apr 1946 - V.C. RELAXES WITH FAMILY - Trove
Disney World Relaxes Its Mask Mandate | The Motley Fool
Free Stock Photo of Woman Relaxes On Pink - HD Images
Hong Kong reopens beaches, Beijing relaxes quarantine rules - MyNorthwest.com
Twitter relaxes pot ad rules to lure in more advertisers
Egypt relaxes night curfew by 2 hours as unrest fades | The Straits Times
Sofa, so good ... BigCouch relaxes into comfy Apache CouchDB • The Register
Gwyneth Paltrow relaxes beachside on perfect winter holiday in Mexico | HELLO!
YouTube relaxes advertiser-friendly guidelines around controversial topics, like abortion, abuse and eating disorders
California Will Still Require Masks Inside Schools After CDC Relaxes Guidance - NBC Bay Area
Miles Davis - Relaxin with the Miles Davis Quintet | Waterloo Records
Calculated Risk: FHA Temporarily Relaxes Condo Rules
Relaxin is a candidate drug for lung preservation: relaxin-induced protection of rat lungs from ischemia-reperfusion injury
OHSAA relaxes academic eligibility requirements for fall athletics
The Relaxant Action of Nicorandil in Bovine Tracheal Smooth Muscle | Pharmacology | Karger Publishers
Baclofen (Muscle Relaxant) - dogs - Lort Smith Animal Hospital
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Germany relaxes AIF lending rules | IFLR
Muscle8
- The relaxant mechanisms of nicorandil were examined by comparing its effects with those of sodium nitroprusside and cromakalim in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. (karger.com)
- Their relaxant effects on high K + -contracted preparations were smaller than those on methacholine-contracted muscle. (karger.com)
- These results suggest that nicorandil relaxes bovine tracheal smooth muscle through 2 mechanisms: opening of K ATP channels and activation of the nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. (karger.com)
- Nicorandil may also activate Maxi K + channels, possibly through the NO-cGMP pathway, and the interaction of K ATP channels and Maxi K + channels may affect the relaxant effect of nicorandil in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. (karger.com)
- The national drug authority ( Infarmed ) has ordered the immediate suspension of a batch of Sirdalud muscle relaxant due to the detection of out-of-specification values in a dissolution test. (theportugalnews.com)
- Medicinal plant rosemary relaxes blood vessels by activating vascular smooth muscle KCNQ channels. (bvsalud.org)
- When that smooth muscle relaxes, it gorges with blood. (medscape.com)
- Thus, a xylazine-involved case would also sedative with muscle relaxant and analgesic properties ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Collagen2
- Relaxin may affect collagen metabolism, inhibiting collagen synthesis and enhancing its breakdown by increasing matrix metalloproteinases. (wikipedia.org)
- Hence a single systemic injection of adenovirus producing mouse relaxin reverses cardiac fibrosis without adversely affecting normal collagen levels in other organs and establishes the potential for the use of relaxin gene therapy for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis. (nih.gov)
Peptide3
- Structurally, relaxin is a heterodimer of two peptide chains of 24 and 29 amino acids linked by three disulfide bridges, and it appears related to insulin. (wikipedia.org)
- Relaxin is produced from its prohormone, "prorelaxin", by post-translational proteolytic cleavage of its signal peptide and C domain peptide. (wikipedia.org)
- A single systemic injection of Ad-mRLN resulted in transgene expression in the liver and bioactive relaxin peptide in the plasma. (nih.gov)
Rules1
- YouTube today announced an update to its advertiser-friendly guidelines that relaxes some of its rules around controversial issues, including sexual and domestic abuse, abortions and eating disorders. (yahoo.com)
Responses2
- The ATP-sensitive K + (K ATP ) channel blocker glibenclamide only partially attenuated the relaxant responses to nicorandil (at 100 and 300 µmol/l). (karger.com)
- EpDRF release was examined using IL NaCl-stimulated relaxant responses of MCh-contracted preparations. (cdc.gov)
Massage1
- A scalp massage not only relaxes the nervous system but also stimulates the brain cells. (yogawiz.com)
Blood3
- Blood plasma levels of relaxin peak during the first trimester (8-12 weeks) at 1.2 ng/mL and subsequently drop following demise of the corpus luteum. (wikipedia.org)
- In pregnancy, relaxin mediates the hemodynamic changes that occur such as increased cardiac output and increased renal blood flow. (wikipedia.org)
- Via upregulation of VEGF, relaxin also plays a key role in blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) during pregnancy, tumour development or ischaemic wounds. (wikipedia.org)
Main1
- In addition to relaxin production by the horse embryo, the maternal placenta is the main source of relaxin production, whereas in most animals the main source of relaxin is the corpus luteum. (wikipedia.org)
Level1
- Placental trophoblast cells produce relaxin, however, the size of the placenta does not determine the level of relaxin production. (wikipedia.org)
Delivery1
- During labour, there is a spike in relaxin 3-4 hours before delivery, which is involved in myometrial relaxation and softening of the pelvic ligaments to aid preparation of the birth canal for the delivery of the horse foetus. (wikipedia.org)
Daily2
- NEW YORK - MARCH 24: Actress Marilyn Monroe reads the newspaper "Motion Picture Daily" as she relaxes on a couch in her hotel room at the Ambassador Hotel on March 24, 1955 in New York City, New York. (gettyimagesgallery.com)
- NOW Pets Pet Relaxant is formulated to promote relaxation and contentment during changes to your pet's daily routine, which can include separation, travel, motion sickness and/or tension. (allstarhealth.com)
Promote2
- Prior to ovulation, relaxin will be produced by ovarian stromal cells, which will promote secretion of gelatinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. (wikipedia.org)
- During early pregnancy, the preimplantation conceptus will express relaxin, which will promote angiogenesis in the endometrium by up-regulating VEGF. (wikipedia.org)
Expression2
- Moreover, the pattern of relaxin expression will follow the expression of oestrogen, however, there is not yet a known link between these two hormones. (wikipedia.org)
- Recombinant adenoviruses expressing green fluorescent protein (Ad-GFP), rat relaxin (Ad-rRLN) and mouse relaxin (Ad-mRLN) were generated and Ad-rRLN and Ad-mRLN were demonstrated to direct the expression of bioactive relaxin peptides in vitro. (nih.gov)
Normal1
- Also, relaxin is found in higher than normal concentrations in the ejaculate of men who were born without their vas deferens and seminal vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
Methocarbamol3
- This study was conducted to characterize the muscle relaxant activity of methocarbamol enantiomers. (nih.gov)
- The rotarod test was used to compare the muscle relaxant activity of racemic methocarbamol and pure enantiomers after intraperitoneal administration of the enantiomers to mice. (nih.gov)
- The results show that (+)-R-methocarbamol has higher muscle relaxant activity compared with racemic methocarbamol or (-)-S-methocarbamol. (nih.gov)
Hormone4
- Relaxin is a protein hormone of about 6000 Da, first described in 1926 by Frederick Hisaw. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus, for a long time, relaxin was looked at as a pregnancy hormone. (wikipedia.org)
- July 5, 2012 - Relaxin, a naturally occurring hormone best known for its properties in causing pelvic expansion and relaxation during pregnancy, shows efficacy as a novel therapy not just for improving functional recovery after stroke but also in treating peripheral artery disease, according to several studies presented here at ENDO 2012: the Endocrine Society 94th Annual Meeting. (medscape.com)
- Relaxin H2 (RLN2) is a systemic hormone (sRLN) that is produced by the corpus luteum, whereas decidual RLN (dRLN) acts only locally. (nih.gov)
Subcutaneous2
- In ex vivo experiments using subcutaneous resistance arteries, relaxin has shown to be a powerful endothelium-dependent vasodilator. (wikipedia.org)
- Instead of moving ahead with the amputation, however, the researchers tried treatment with 2 subcutaneous injections of 1.8 mg relaxin per day for 6 months, and then twice-yearly cycles of 3 months until 2006. (medscape.com)
Receptor1
- The present invention is directed to novel small molecule agonists of the mammalian relaxin family receptor 1 (RXFP1), including human RXFP1. (nih.gov)
Reproductive2
- It also relaxes other pelvic ligaments in the lower reproductive tract. (wikipedia.org)
- Small molecule agonists of RXFP1 may be useful in treating acute heart failure (AHF), scleroderma, fibrosis, other conditions associated with the biology of relaxin, and in improving reproductive health and wound healing. (nih.gov)
Cardiovascular2
- In the cardiovascular system, relaxin is secreted by the heart and functions as a vasodilator mainly through the nitric oxide pathway. (wikipedia.org)
- Relaxin may be a novel therapy in cardiovascular disease because it induces microvessel dilation, blood flow increase, platelet inhibition and neoangiogenesis, mainly through nitric oxide release," the researchers write. (medscape.com)
Relaxation1
- During labour, there is a spike in relaxin 3-4 hours before delivery, which is involved in myometrial relaxation and softening of the pelvic ligaments to aid preparation of the birth canal for the delivery of the horse foetus. (wikipedia.org)
Blood vessel1
- Via upregulation of VEGF, relaxin also plays a key role in blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) during pregnancy, tumour development or ischaemic wounds. (wikipedia.org)
Therapy1
- This is] suggested by the long-lasting effects, as well as by the evidence of arterial neoformation with relaxin long-term therapy in a peripheral artery disease patient, described by us as a case report," they write. (medscape.com)
Weeks2
- Blood plasma levels of relaxin peak during the first trimester (8-12 weeks) at 1.2 ng/mL and subsequently drop following demise of the corpus luteum. (wikipedia.org)
- They randomly assigned 20 patients with peripheral artery disease (mean age, 67 years) into 2 groups, 1 receiving oral porcine relaxin, 20 mg b.i.d. for 12 weeks, and the other a placebo. (medscape.com)
Activity1
- endothelium removal had little effect on relaxant activity. (nih.gov)
Year4
- Since then, the patient has been treated with 3-month cycles of oral porcine relaxin twice a year. (medscape.com)
- Relaxo Footwears Ltd., incorporated in the year 1984, is a Mid Cap company (having a market cap of Rs 25166.42 Crore) operating in Leather sector. (indiatimes.com)
- Time period given by analyst is one year when Relaxo Footwears Ltd . price can reach defined target. (indiatimes.com)
- Relaxo Footwears Ltd. key Products/Revenue Segments include Footwear, Scrap, Others, Wind Power, Export Incentives and Other Operating Revenue for the year ending 31-Mar-2021. (indiatimes.com)
Shown1
- Studies have shown that relaxin -2 (RLX-2) plays a vital role of endothelial protection , vasodilation , anti- fibrosis and neuroprotection in a variety of diseases . (bvsalud.org)
Cells4
- Prior to ovulation, relaxin will be produced by ovarian stromal cells, which will promote secretion of gelatinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, granular and theca cells in the follicles will express relaxin in increasing levels depending on their size. (wikipedia.org)
- Placental trophoblast cells produce relaxin, however, the size of the placenta does not determine the level of relaxin production. (wikipedia.org)
- inhibiting rho kinase relaxes the cells. (nih.gov)
Additional1
- During the first trimester of pregnancy, levels rise and additional relaxin is produced by the decidua. (wikipedia.org)
Higher1
- Also, relaxin is found in higher than normal concentrations in the ejaculate of men who were born without their vas deferens and seminal vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
Price2
- HDFC Securities has sell call on Relaxo Footwears with a target price of Rs 850. (indiatimes.com)
- The current market price of Relaxo Footwears is Rs 1003.5. (indiatimes.com)
Standard1
- This mouse Relaxin 1 ELISA Kit was based on standard sandwich enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay technology. (innov-research.com)
Days3
- Relaxin levels rise to a peak within approximately 14 days of ovulation, and then decline in the absence of pregnancy, resulting in menstruation. (wikipedia.org)
- In horses alone, the embryo in the uterus will express relaxin mRNA at least 8 days after ovulation. (wikipedia.org)
- Analyses performed at baseline and at 20 and 40 days showed that patients who received relaxin had greater improvements in general conditions and rehabilitation exercises. (medscape.com)
Body1
- it also relaxes your body so that it's conditioned for a good night's rest. (thebitbag.com)
Group1
- In 1 study, said to be the first of its kind to evaluate relaxin in stroke patients, 36 poststroke patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups of 18 patients each, with 1 group receiving rehabilitation in addition to oral porcine relaxin ( Vitalaxin Plus , Sky BioHealth), 40 mg/day, and the other group receiving only rehabilitation. (medscape.com)
Study1
- In another study, Dr. Bigazzi and colleagues hypothesized that relaxin could be effective in the treatment of peripheral artery disease for various reasons. (medscape.com)
Small1
- We're excited to partner with our friends at Craft Recordings for a very special giveaway for a copy of the Small Batch pressing of Relaxin' with the Miles Davis Quintet , the newest edition of their all-analog, one-step lacquer process series. (milesdavis.com)
Early1
- During early pregnancy, the preimplantation conceptus will express relaxin, which will promote angiogenesis in the endometrium by up-regulating VEGF. (wikipedia.org)
Vital1
- Relaxin may be involved in the vital process of decidualisation, working alongside steroid hormones to allow the endometrium to prepare for implantation. (wikipedia.org)