RNA, Antisense
Oligonucleotides, Antisense
DNA, Antisense
RNA
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense
Antisense Elements (Genetics)
RNA, Small Interfering
RNA Splicing
RNA Editing
RNA, Messenger
Oligoribonucleotides, Antisense
RNA, Ribosomal
RNA, Bacterial
RNA Interference
DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases
Base Sequence
RNA, Double-Stranded
RNA, Catalytic
Molecular Sequence Data
RNA Polymerase II
RNA, Long Noncoding
Encyclopedias as Topic
Porins
The Jun kinase 2 isoform is preferentially required for epidermal growth factor-induced transformation of human A549 lung carcinoma cells. (1/1934)
We have previously found that epidermal growth factor (EGF) mediates growth through the Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated kinase (JNK/SAPK) pathway in A549 human lung carcinoma cells. As observed here, EGF treatment also greatly enhances the tumorigenicity of A549 cells, suggesting an important role for JNK in cancer cell growth (F. Bost, R. McKay, N. Dean, and D. Mercola, J. Biol. Chem. 272:33422-33429, 1997). Several isoforms families of JNK, JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, have been isolated; they arise from alternative splicing of three different genes and have distinct substrate binding properties. Here we have used specific phosphorothioate oligonucleotides targeted against the two major isoforms, JNK1 and JNK2, to discriminate their roles in EGF-induced transformation. Multiple antisense sequences have been screened, and two high-affinity and specific candidates have been identified. Antisense JNK1 eliminated steady-state mRNA and JNK1 protein expression with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of <0.1 microM but did not alter JNK2 mRNA or protein levels. Conversely, antisense JNK2 specifically eliminated JNK2 steady-state mRNA and protein expression with an EC50 of 0.1 microM. Antisense JNK1 and antisense JNK2 inhibited by 40 and 70%, respectively, EGF-induced total JNK activity, whereas sense and scrambled-sequence control oligonucleotides had no effect. The elimination of mRNA, protein, and JNK activities lasted 48 and 72 h following a single Lipofectin treatment with antisense JNK1 and JNK2, respectively, indicating sufficient duration for examining the impact of specific elimination on the phenotype. Direct proliferation assays demonstrated that antisense JNK2 inhibited EGF-induced doubling of growth as well as the combination of active antisense oligonucleotides did. EGF treatment also induced colony formation in soft agar. This effect was completely inhibited by antisense JNK2 and combined-antisense treatment but not altered by antisense JNK1 alone. These results show that EGF doubles the proliferation (growth in soft agar as well as tumorigenicity in athymic mice) of A549 lung carcinoma cells and that the JNK2 isoform but not JNK1 is utilized for mediating the effects of EGF. This study represents the first demonstration of a cellular phenotype regulated by a JNK isoform family, JNK2. (+info)RNA antisense abrogation of MAT1 induces G1 phase arrest and triggers apoptosis in aortic smooth muscle cells. (2/1934)
The human MAT1 gene (menage a trois 1) is an assembly factor and a targeting subunit of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-activating kinase. The novel mechanisms by which MAT1 forms an active CDK-activating kinase and determines substrate specificity of CDK7-cyclin H are involved in the cell cycle, DNA repair, and transcription. Hyperplasia of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) is a fundamental pathologic feature of luminal narrowing in vascular occlusive diseases, and nothing is yet known regarding the cell cycle phase specificity of the MAT1 gene in its involvement in SMC proliferation. To investigate such novel regulatory pathways, MAT1 expression was abrogated by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of antisense MAT1 RNA in cultured rat aortic SMCs. We show that abrogation of MAT1 expression retards SMC proliferation and inhibits cell activation from a nonproliferative state. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that these effects are due to G1 phase arrest and apoptotic cell death. Our studies indicate a link between cell cycle control and apoptosis and reveal a potential mechanism for coupling the regulation of MAT1 with G1 exit and prevention of apoptosis. (+info)150-kDa oxygen-regulated protein (ORP150) suppresses hypoxia-induced apoptotic cell death. (3/1934)
To determine the contribution of 150-kDa oxygen-regulated protein (ORP150) to cellular processes underlying adaptation to hypoxia, a cell line stably transfected to overexpress ORP150 antisense RNA was created. In human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells stably overexpressing ORP150 antisense RNA, ORP150 antigen and transcripts were suppressed to low levels in normoxia and hypoxia, whereas wild-type cells showed induction of ORP150 with oxygen deprivation. Inhibition of ORP150 in antisense transfectants was selective, as hypoxia-mediated enhancement of glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 78 and GRP94 was maintained. However, antisense ORP150 transfectants displayed reduced viability when subjected to hypoxia, compared with wild-type and sense-transfected HEK cells. In contrast, diminished levels of ORP150 had no effect on cytotoxicity induced by other stimuli, including oxygen-free radicals and sodium arsenate. Although cellular ATP content was similar in hypoxia, compared with ORP150 antisense transfectants and wild-type HEK cells, suppression of ORP150 expression was associated with accelerated apoptosis. Hypoxia-mediated cell death in antisense HEK transfectants did not cause an increase in caspase activity or in cytoplasmic cytochrome c antigen. A well recognized inducer of apoptosis in HEK cells, staurosporine, caused increased caspase activity and cytoplasmic cytochrome c levels in both wild-type and antisense cells. These data indicate that ORP150 has an important cytoprotective role in hypoxia-induced cellular perturbation and that ORP150-associated inhibition of apoptosis may involve mechanisms distinct from those triggered by other apoptotic stimuli. (+info)Otx expression during lamprey embryogenesis provides insights into the evolution of the vertebrate head and jaw. (4/1934)
Agnathan or jawless vertebrates, such as lampreys, occupy a critical phylogenetic position between the gnathostome or jawed vertebrates and the cephalochordates, represented by amphioxus. In order to gain insight into the evolution of the vertebrate head, we have cloned and characterized a homolog of the head-specific gene Otx from the lamprey Petromyzon marinus. This lamprey Otx gene is a clear phylogenetic outgroup to both the gnathostome Otx1 and Otx2 genes. Like its gnathostome counterparts, lamprey Otx is expressed throughout the presumptive forebrain and midbrain. Together, these results indicate that the divergence of Otx1 and Otx2 took place after the gnathostome/agnathan divergence and does not correlate with the origin of the vertebrate brain. Intriguingly, Otx is also expressed in the cephalic neural crest cells as well as mesenchymal and endodermal components of the first pharyngeal arch in lampreys, providing molecular evidence of homology with the gnathostome mandibular arch and insights into the evolution of the gnathostome jaw. (+info)Antisense downregulation of a mouse mammary tumor virus activated protooncogene in mouse mammary tumor cells reverses the malignant phenotype. (5/1934)
Activation of the protooncogene Wnt-1 by insertion of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is known to cause mammary tumors in mice. Wnt-1 expression in mammary glands has been postulated to confer direct local growth stimulation of mammary epithelial cells leading to their acquisition of a preneoplastic state. Wnt-1 expression also induces morphological alterations in cultured normal mammary cells. However, it has not been determined whether or not transformed mammary cells require continuous Wnt-1 expression for their ability to form tumors in vivo. To address this question, we constructed antisense and sense Wnt-1 expression vectors containing a synthetic promoter composed of five high-affinity glucocorticoid response elements (GRE5). This promoter is at least 50-fold more inducible by dexamethasone than the promoter contained in the long terminal repeats of MMTV. The vectors were introduced into a mouse mammary tumor cell line (R/Sa-MT) that expresses high levels of endogenous Wnt-1 mRNA and forms rapidly growing tumors when transplanted into syngeneic hosts. Of the 12 stably transfected cell lines established (9 with antisense and 3 with sense constructs), 2 antisense cell lines (R/Sa-MT/antisense) and 1 sense cell line (R/Sa-MT/sense) were examined for inducibility by dexamethasone of antisense and sense Wnt-1 RNAs, changes in endogenous Wnt-1 RNA expression, and changes in cell morphology. The growth patterns of the cells in vitro and in vivo were also examined. Our results show that (1) the levels of the expression of endogenous Wnt-1 mRNA and protein were reduced significantly (>80%) in those cells (R/Sa-MT/antisense) that expressed antisense Wnt-1 RNA at high levels following exposure to dexamethasone, compared to the R/Sa-MT/sense and R/Sa-MT control cells and (2) transplantation of the R/Sa-MT/antisense cells produced smaller tumors ( approximately 0.2 cm in 16 weeks) compared to the tumors ( approximately 2.0 cm in 8 weeks) that were produced by the R/Sa-MT/sense and R/Sa-MT cells. We therefore suggest that Wnt-1 expression is required not only for the transformation of normal mammary cells into tumor cells, but also for the maintenance of their tumorigenicity. (+info)Antisense RNA strategies for metabolic engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum. (6/1934)
We examined the effectiveness of antisense RNA (as RNA) strategies for metabolic engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Strain ATCC 824(pRD4) was developed to produce a 102-nucleotide asRNA with 87% complementarity to the butyrate kinase (BK) gene. Strain ATCC 824(pRD4) exhibited 85 to 90% lower BK and acetate kinase specific activities than the control strain. Strain ATCC 824(pRD4) also exhibited 45 to 50% lower phosphotransbutyrylase (PTB) and phosphotransacetylase specific activities than the control strain. This strain exhibited earlier induction of solventogenesis, which resulted in 50 and 35% higher final concentrations of acetone and butanol, respectively, than the concentrations in the control. Strain ATCC 824(pRD1) was developed to putatively produce a 698-nucleotide asRNA with 96% complementarity to the PTB gene. Strain ATCC 824(pRD1) exhibited 70 and 80% lower PTB and BK activities, respectively, than the control exhibited. It also exhibited 300% higher levels of a lactate dehydrogenase activity than the control exhibited. The growth yields of ATCC 824(pRD1) were 28% less than the growth yields of the control. While the levels of acids were not affected in ATCC 824(pRD1) fermentations, the acetone and butanol concentrations were 96 and 75% lower, respectively, than the concentrations in the control fermentations. The lower level of solvent production by ATCC 824(pRD1) was compensated for by approximately 100-fold higher levels of lactate production. The lack of any significant impact on butyrate formation fluxes by the lower PTB and BK levels suggests that butyrate formation fluxes are not controlled by the levels of the butyrate formation enzymes. (+info)Variation of liver-type fatty acid binding protein content in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 by peroxisome proliferators and antisense RNA affects the rate of fatty acid uptake. (7/1934)
The liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), a member of a family of mostly cytosolic 14-15 kDa proteins known to bind fatty acids in vitro and in vivo, is discussed to play a role in fatty acid uptake. Cells of the hepatoma HepG2 cell line endogenously express this protein to approximately 0.2% of cytosolic proteins and served as a model to study the effect of L-FABP on fatty acid uptake, by manipulating L-FABP expression in two approaches. First, L-FABP content was more than doubled upon treating the cells with the potent peroxisome proliferators bezafibrate and Wy14,643 and incubation of these cells with [1-14C]oleic acid led to an increase in fatty acid uptake rate from 0.55 to 0.74 and 0.98 nmol/min per mg protein, respectively. In the second approach L-FABP expression was reduced by stable transfection with antisense L-FABP mRNA yielding seven clones with L-FABP contents ranging from 0.03% to 0.14% of cytosolic proteins. This reduction to one sixth of normal L-FABP content reduced the rate of [1-14C]oleic acid uptake from 0.55 to 0. 19 nmol/min per mg protein, i.e., by 66%. The analysis of peroxisome proliferator-treated cells and L-FABP mRNA antisense clones revealed a direct correlation between L-FABP content and fatty acid uptake. (+info)beta-thymosin is required for axonal tract formation in developing zebrafish brain. (8/1934)
beta-Thymosins are polypeptides that bind monomeric actin and thereby function as actin buffers in many cells. We show that during zebrafish development, &bgr;-thymosin expression is tightly correlated with neuronal growth and differentiation. It is transiently expressed in a subset of axon-extending neurons, essentially primary neurons that extend long axons, glia and muscle. Non-neuronal expression in the brain is restricted to a subset of glia surrounding newly forming axonal tracts. Skeletal muscle cells in somites, jaw and fin express beta-thymosin during differentiation, coinciding with the time of innervation. Injection of beta-thymosin antisense RNA into zebrafish embryos results in brain defects and impairment of the development of beta-thymosin-associated axon tracts. Furthermore, irregularities in somite formation can be seen in a subset of embryos. Compared to wild-type, antisense-injected embryos show slightly weaker and more diffuse engrailed staining at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and a strong reduction of Isl-1 labeling in Rohon Beard and trigeminal neurons. The decreased expression is not based on a loss of neurons indicating that beta-thymosin may be involved in the maintenance of the expression of molecules necessary for neuronal differentiation. Taken together, our results strongly indicate that beta-thymosin is an important regulator of development. (+info)Antisense RNA is a type of RNA molecule that is complementary to another RNA called sense RNA. In the context of gene expression, sense RNA is the RNA transcribed from a protein-coding gene, which serves as a template for translation into a protein. Antisense RNA, on the other hand, is transcribed from the opposite strand of the DNA and is complementary to the sense RNA.
Antisense RNA can bind to its complementary sense RNA through base-pairing, forming a double-stranded RNA structure. This interaction can prevent the sense RNA from being translated into protein or can target it for degradation by cellular machinery, thereby reducing the amount of protein produced from the gene. Antisense RNA can be used as a tool in molecular biology to study gene function or as a therapeutic strategy to silence disease-causing genes.
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are short synthetic single stranded DNA-like molecules that are designed to complementarily bind to a specific RNA sequence through base-pairing, with the goal of preventing the translation of the target RNA into protein or promoting its degradation.
The antisense oligonucleotides work by hybridizing to the targeted messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule and inducing RNase H-mediated degradation, sterically blocking ribosomal translation, or modulating alternative splicing of the pre-mRNA.
ASOs have shown promise as therapeutic agents for various genetic diseases, viral infections, and cancers by specifically targeting disease-causing genes. However, their clinical application is still facing challenges such as off-target effects, stability, delivery, and potential immunogenicity.
Antisense DNA is a segment of DNA that is complementary to a specific RNA molecule. Unlike the sense strand, which carries the genetic information that gets transcribed into RNA, the antisense strand does not directly code for a protein. Instead, it can bind to the corresponding RNA transcript (known as messenger RNA or mRNA) through base-pairing, forming a double-stranded RNA-DNA hybrid. This interaction can prevent the translation of the mRNA into protein, either by blocking the ribosome from binding and initiating translation or by triggering degradation of the mRNA.
Antisense DNA can be used as a tool in molecular biology to study gene function or as a therapeutic strategy to target specific disease-causing genes. In some cases, antisense oligonucleotides (short synthetic single-stranded DNA molecules) are designed to complement and bind to specific mRNA sequences, leading to their degradation or inhibition of translation. This approach has been explored in the treatment of various genetic diseases, viral infections, and cancers.
It's important to note that antisense RNA also exists, which is transcribed from the DNA strand complementary to the coding (or sense) strand. Antisense RNA plays a role in gene regulation by binding to and inhibiting the translation of specific mRNAs or promoting their degradation.
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) is a single-stranded, linear polymer of ribonucleotides. It is a nucleic acid present in the cells of all living organisms and some viruses. RNAs play crucial roles in various biological processes such as protein synthesis, gene regulation, and cellular signaling. There are several types of RNA including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). These RNAs differ in their structure, function, and location within the cell.
Antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) are short synthetic single-stranded DNA molecules that are designed to be complementary to a specific RNA sequence. They work by binding to the target mRNA through base-pairing, which prevents the translation of the mRNA into protein, either by blocking the ribosome or inducing degradation of the mRNA. This makes antisense ODNs valuable tools in research and therapeutics for modulating gene expression, particularly in cases where traditional small molecule inhibitors are not effective.
The term "oligodeoxyribonucleotides" refers to short DNA sequences, typically made up of 15-30 nucleotides. These molecules can be chemically modified to improve their stability and binding affinity for the target RNA, which increases their efficacy as antisense agents.
In summary, Antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) are short synthetic single-stranded DNA molecules that bind to a specific RNA sequence, preventing its translation into protein and thus modulating gene expression.
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a type of short, double-stranded RNA molecule that plays a role in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. The RNAi pathway is a natural cellular process that regulates gene expression by targeting and destroying specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, thereby preventing the translation of those mRNAs into proteins.
SiRNAs are typically 20-25 base pairs in length and are generated from longer double-stranded RNA precursors called hairpin RNAs or dsRNAs by an enzyme called Dicer. Once generated, siRNAs associate with a protein complex called the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which uses one strand of the siRNA (the guide strand) to recognize and bind to complementary sequences in the target mRNA. The RISC then cleaves the target mRNA, leading to its degradation and the inhibition of protein synthesis.
SiRNAs have emerged as a powerful tool for studying gene function and have shown promise as therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases, including viral infections, cancer, and genetic disorders. However, their use as therapeutics is still in the early stages of development, and there are challenges associated with delivering siRNAs to specific cells and tissues in the body.
A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.
RNA splicing is a post-transcriptional modification process in which the non-coding sequences (introns) are removed and the coding sequences (exons) are joined together in a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. This results in a continuous mRNA sequence that can be translated into a single protein. Alternative splicing, where different combinations of exons are included or excluded, allows for the creation of multiple proteins from a single gene.
RNA editing is a process that alters the sequence of a transcribed RNA molecule after it has been synthesized from DNA, but before it is translated into protein. This can result in changes to the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein or to the regulation of gene expression. The most common type of RNA editing in mammals is the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine (A) to inosine (I), catalyzed by a family of enzymes called adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs). Inosine is recognized as guanosine (G) by the translation machinery, leading to A-to-G changes in the RNA sequence. Other types of RNA editing include cytidine (C) to uridine (U) deamination and insertion/deletion of nucleotides. RNA editing is a crucial mechanism for generating diversity in gene expression and has been implicated in various biological processes, including development, differentiation, and disease.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.
Oligoribonucleotides are short, single-stranded RNA molecules that consist of fewer than 200 nucleotides. Antisense oligoribonucleotides (ORNs) are a type of oligoribonucleotide that are designed to be complementary to a specific target RNA molecule. They work by binding to the target RNA through base-pairing, which can prevent the target RNA from being translated into protein or can trigger its degradation by cellular enzymes. Antisense ORNs have potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of various diseases, including viral infections and genetic disorders.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that is a key component of ribosomes, which are the cellular structures where protein synthesis occurs in cells. In ribosomes, rRNA plays a crucial role in the process of translation, where genetic information from messenger RNA (mRNA) is translated into proteins.
Ribosomal RNA is synthesized in the nucleus and then transported to the cytoplasm, where it assembles with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes. Within the ribosome, rRNA provides a structural framework for the assembly of the ribosome and also plays an active role in catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during protein synthesis.
There are several different types of rRNA molecules, including 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNA, which vary in size and function. These rRNA molecules are highly conserved across different species, indicating their essential role in protein synthesis and cellular function.
Bacterial RNA refers to the genetic material present in bacteria that is composed of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Unlike higher organisms, bacteria contain a single circular chromosome made up of DNA, along with smaller circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These bacterial genetic materials contain the information necessary for the growth and reproduction of the organism.
Bacterial RNA can be divided into three main categories: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). mRNA carries genetic information copied from DNA, which is then translated into proteins by the rRNA and tRNA molecules. rRNA is a structural component of the ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs, while tRNA acts as an adapter that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
Bacterial RNA plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including gene expression, protein synthesis, and regulation of metabolic pathways. Understanding the structure and function of bacterial RNA is essential for developing new antibiotics and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit the expression of specific genes. This process is mediated by small RNA molecules, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), that bind to complementary sequences on messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, leading to their degradation or translation inhibition.
RNAi plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression and defending against foreign genetic elements, such as viruses and transposons. It has also emerged as an important tool for studying gene function and developing therapeutic strategies for various diseases, including cancer and viral infections.
DNA-directed RNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize RNA molecules using a DNA template in a process called transcription. These enzymes read the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule and use it as a blueprint to construct a complementary RNA strand.
The RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template, adding ribonucleotides one by one to the growing RNA chain. The synthesis is directional, starting at the promoter region of the DNA and moving towards the terminator region.
In bacteria, there is a single type of RNA polymerase that is responsible for transcribing all types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA). In eukaryotic cells, however, there are three different types of RNA polymerases: RNA polymerase I, II, and III. Each type is responsible for transcribing specific types of RNA.
RNA polymerases play a crucial role in gene expression, as they link the genetic information encoded in DNA to the production of functional proteins. Inhibition or mutation of these enzymes can have significant consequences for cellular function and survival.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
I'm happy to help! However, it seems there might be a slight misunderstanding in your question. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is typically single-stranded. Unlike DNA, which is double-stranded and forms a double helix, RNA usually exists as a single strand of nucleotides.
There are exceptions to this rule, such as certain types of RNA molecules that can form double-stranded structures in specific contexts. For example:
1. Double-Stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses: These viruses have genomes made entirely of RNA, which is double-stranded throughout or partially double-stranded. The dsRNA viruses include important pathogens such as rotaviruses and reoviruses.
2. Hairpin loops in RNA structures: Some single-stranded RNA molecules can fold back on themselves to form short double-stranded regions, called hairpin loops, within their overall structure. These are often found in ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules.
So, while 'double-stranded RNA' is not a standard medical definition for RNA itself, there are specific instances where RNA can form double-stranded structures as described above.
RNA viruses are a type of virus that contain ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic material, as opposed to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA viruses replicate by using an enzyme called RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to transcribe and replicate their RNA genome.
There are several different groups of RNA viruses, including:
1. Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that is complementary to the mRNA and must undergo transcription to produce mRNA before translation can occur. Examples include influenza virus, measles virus, and rabies virus.
2. Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that can serve as mRNA and can be directly translated into protein after entry into the host cell. Examples include poliovirus, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses.
3. Double-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome consisting of double-stranded RNA and use a complex replication strategy involving both transcription and reverse transcription. Examples include rotaviruses and reoviruses.
RNA viruses are known to cause a wide range of human diseases, ranging from the common cold to more severe illnesses such as hepatitis C, polio, and COVID-19. Due to their high mutation rates and ability to adapt quickly to new environments, RNA viruses can be difficult to control and treat with antiviral drugs or vaccines.
A catalytic RNA, often referred to as a ribozyme, is a type of RNA molecule that has the ability to act as an enzyme and catalyze chemical reactions. These RNA molecules contain specific sequences and structures that allow them to bind to other molecules and accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.
Ribozymes play important roles in various biological processes, such as RNA splicing, translation regulation, and gene expression. One of the most well-known ribozymes is the self-splicing intron found in certain RNA molecules, which can excise itself from the host RNA and then ligase the flanking exons together.
The discovery of catalytic RNAs challenged the central dogma of molecular biology, which held that proteins were solely responsible for carrying out biological catalysis. The finding that RNA could also function as an enzyme opened up new avenues of research and expanded our understanding of the complexity and versatility of biological systems.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
RNA Polymerase II is a type of enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA in eukaryotic cells. It plays a crucial role in the process of gene expression, where the information stored in DNA is used to create proteins. Specifically, RNA Polymerase II transcribes protein-coding genes to produce precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), which is then processed into mature mRNA. This mature mRNA serves as a template for protein synthesis during translation.
RNA Polymerase II has a complex structure, consisting of multiple subunits, and it requires the assistance of various transcription factors and coactivators to initiate and regulate transcription. The enzyme recognizes specific promoter sequences in DNA, unwinds the double-stranded DNA, and synthesizes a complementary RNA strand using one of the unwound DNA strands as a template. This process results in the formation of a nascent RNA molecule that is further processed into mature mRNA for protein synthesis or other functional RNAs involved in gene regulation.
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that is longer than 200 nucleotides and does not encode for proteins. They are involved in various cellular processes such as regulation of gene expression, chromosome remodeling, and modulation of protein function. LncRNAs can be located in the nucleus or cytoplasm and can interact with DNA, RNA, and proteins to bring about their functions. Dysregulation of lncRNAs has been implicated in various human diseases, including cancer.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
Porins are a type of protein found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. They form water-filled channels, or pores, that allow small molecules such as ions, nutrients, and waste products to pass through the otherwise impermeable outer membrane. Porins are important for the survival of gram-negative bacteria, as they enable the selective transport of essential molecules while providing a barrier against harmful substances.
There are different types of porins, classified based on their structure and function. Some examples include:
1. General porins (also known as nonspecific porins): These are the most common type of porins and form large, water-filled channels that allow passive diffusion of small molecules up to 600-700 Da in size. They typically have a trimeric structure, with three identical or similar subunits forming a pore in the membrane.
2. Specific porins: These porins are more selective in the molecules they allow to pass through and often have smaller pores than general porins. They can be involved in the active transport of specific molecules or ions, requiring energy from the cell.
3. Autotransporters: While not strictly considered porins, autotransporter proteins share some structural similarities with porins and are involved in the transport of protein domains across the outer membrane. They consist of an N-terminal passenger domain and a C-terminal translocator domain, which forms a β-barrel pore in the outer membrane through which the passenger domain is transported.
Porins have attracted interest as potential targets for antibiotic development, as they play crucial roles in bacterial survival and virulence. Inhibiting porin function or blocking the pores could disrupt essential processes in gram-negative bacteria, providing a new approach to treating infections caused by these organisms.
Untranslated regions (UTRs) of RNA are the non-coding sequences that are present in mRNA (messenger RNA) molecules, which are located at both the 5' end (5' UTR) and the 3' end (3' UTR) of the mRNA, outside of the coding sequence (CDS). These regions do not get translated into proteins. They contain regulatory elements that play a role in the regulation of gene expression by affecting the stability, localization, and translation efficiency of the mRNA molecule. The 5' UTR typically contains the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotes or the Kozak consensus sequence in eukaryotes, which are important for the initiation of translation. The 3' UTR often contains regulatory elements such as AU-rich elements (AREs) and microRNA (miRNA) binding sites that can affect mRNA stability and translation.
Antisense RNA
AsponA antisense RNA
C4 antisense RNA
ATP2B1 antisense RNA 1
Ep300 antisense rna 1
Cpb2 antisense rna 1
VIM antisense RNA 1
Snai3 antisense rna 1
Mef2c antisense rna 1
Natural antisense short interfering RNA
R1162-like plasmid antisense RNA
Psmb8 antisense rna 1 (head to head)
Ptgs2 antisense nfkb1 complex-mediated expression regulator rna
RnaG
Bridged nucleic acid
FlmA-FlmB toxin-antitoxin system
Harold M. Weintraub
IGF2-AS
CDR1-AS
Cis-natural antisense transcript
MZF1-AS1
HNF1A-AS1
UMODL1-AS1
MAPT-AS1
FOXC2-AS1
Small interfering RNA
SLC25A25-AS1
DnaQ
FOXP4-AS1
Long non-coding RNA
Antisense RNA - Wikipedia
LY86-AS1 LY86 antisense RNA 1 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI
Long non-coding antisense RNA controls Uchl1 translation through an embedded SINEB2 repeat | Nature
C9orf72 frontotemporal lobar degeneration is characterised by frequent neuronal sense and antisense RNA foci
Custom RNA Oligos, Antisense Oligonucleotides-GenScript
SFARI | The role of the PTCHD1-antisense long noncoding RNA in autism
Increasing KANSL1 Expression Through Modulation of Endogenous Anti-Sense RNAs - CURE Epilepsy
SD2022-099) Repeat expansion disease therapy with antisense RNA vectors - Available technology for licensing from the...
TARID - TCF21 antisense RNA inducing promoter demethylation Gene | MedChemExpress
Search Results - antisense RNA
HOXA11-AS / HOXA11 antisense RNA
Molecular characterization of the GTF2A-1 antisense long non-coding RNA | GCRIS Database | IYTE
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) antisense RNA:CR31912 (Dmel CR31912) | URS0000029507
Volume 451 Issue 7175, 10 January 2008
Molecular characterization of the GTF2A-1 antisense long non-coding RNA
Antisense Circular RNA as Therapeutic Compound for Treatment of Covid-19: Invention Store
Antibiotic - Wikipedia
Wrangling RNA: Antisense oligonucleotides for neurological disorders - Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (DPAG)
RNA Sequencing Reveals Widespread Transcription of Natural Antisense RNAs in Entamoeba Species - Institut Pasteur
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Chromosome 9 - Wikipedia
Down-regulated long non-coding RNA LHFPL3 antisense RNA 1 inhibits the radiotherapy resistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma via...
Medical Dictionary, Dictionary of medicine and human biology, medical, biological and chemical terminology
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Presentation1 ADAR RNA editing on antisense RNAs results in apparent U-to-C base changes on overlapping sense transcripts.pdf
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Targeting antisense mitochondrial noncoding RNAs induces bladder cancer cell death and inhibition of tumor growth through...
Oligonucleotides11
- Unmodified RNA, RNA with modifications, chimeric oligonucleotides with mixed DNA and RNA bases, 2'-OMe-RNA, 2'-F-RNA, and other antisense RNAs are available at your specific request. (genscript.com)
- To ensure that the RNA oligos are of highest quality, all RNA oligonucleotides are identified by ESI (electrospray ionization) mass spectrometry. (genscript.com)
- They include coding mRNAs and non-coding (nc) RNAs among them antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), micro-RNAs (miRNAs), small activating RNAs (saRNAs), RNA aptamers and RNA guides. (frontiersin.org)
- There are currently several products containing RNA on the market, and many are under development, among them mRNA, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), small activating RNAs (saRNAs), micro-RNAs (mi-RNAs), RNA aptamers and RNA guides. (frontiersin.org)
- RNA-like oligonucleotides that are complementary to a portion of a target mRNA molecule. (genomicglossaries.com)
- More specifically, antisense oligonucleotides that are useful as reagents for target validation , or as drugs, are engineered molecules that differ from natural RNA but that have a base sequence that is recognized as being complementary to a very specific mRNA sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
- Pharmaceutical biology antisense, antisense DNA, antisense oligonucleotides. (genomicglossaries.com)
- Antisense morpholino oligonucleotides directed at intronic pseudoexons have been shown to increase propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity to normal levels in fibroblast cell lines derived from patients suffering from propionic acidemia. (medscape.com)
- Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have proven to be an effective therapeutic platform for the treatment of disease. (canal-u.tv)
- Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), defined as short synthetic oligonucleotides with single-stranded sequences complementary to certain mRNA sites, have been under drug development for approximately 30 years, with the first FDA-approved drug, Fomivirsen, being approved in 1998 ( Stein and Castanotto, 2017 ). (aspetjournals.org)
- This approach involves the intramolecular cross-linking of 5′ amine- and 3′ disulfide-modified MO oligonucleotides using appropriately functionalized tethers, generating macrocyclic structures that conformationally resist RNA hybridization. (cdc.gov)
Oligonucleotide9
- Antisense RNA (asRNA), also referred to as antisense transcript, natural antisense transcript (NAT) or antisense oligonucleotide, is a single stranded RNA that is complementary to a protein coding messenger RNA (mRNA) with which it hybridizes, and thereby blocks its translation into protein. (wikipedia.org)
- The idea of asRNAs as drug targets started in 1978 when Zamecnik and Stephenson found an antisense oligonucleotide to the viral RNA of Rous scarcoma virus that was capable of inhibiting viral replication and protein synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
- Effective treatment of spinal muscular atrophy with antisense oligonucleotide therapy opens the door to treating other neurological disorders with this approach. (ox.ac.uk)
- REHOVOT and RAMAT GAN , Israel , Nov. 21, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- Skip Therapeutics (" Skip "), developer of computational platform for design of Antisense Oligonucleotide (ASO) based therapies and Sheba Medical Center (" Sheba "), one of the leading medical centers in the world, announced today that they have entered a collaboration for the development of ASO-based treatments for rare genetic diseases. (ktla.com)
- Oligonucleotide Synthesis Market Report 2022: The RNA Bas. (pharmiweb.com)
- 87(5): 1663-1667] Specifically, the investigators started by priming whole cerebellar RNA with a synthetic oligonucleotide containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
- Examples of these RNA therapies include antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and microRNA (miRNA) therapies. (medlineplus.gov)
- The current study describes the implementation of a hybridization liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) platform for the direct quantitation of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) ƒ u . (aspetjournals.org)
- Interfering RNA and antisense oligonucleotide treatments currently available in France: an update]. (cdc.gov)
MRNA8
- Antisense Uchl1 RNA is then required for the association of the overlapping sense protein-coding mRNA to active polysomes for translation. (nature.com)
- During one of these validations on DDX58 mRNA, along with A-to-I RNA editing sites, we encountered putative U-to-C editing. (figshare.com)
- While the first mRNA vaccines against an infectious disease have reached the market ( 1 , 2 ), many other medicinal products with RNA as an active substance (see Table 1 ), either vaccines against non-infectious diseases or non-vaccine drugs, are under development ( 3 - 18 ) or even approved ( 19 - 25 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Because alternative RNA splicing allows different types of mRNA molecules to be created from a single gene, it generates the diversity of protein function and structure that is essential to complex organisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
- A complementary RNA sequence that binds to a naturally occurring (sense) mRNA molecule, thus blocking its translation. (genomicglossaries.com)
- Highly specific and effective gene silencing of any disease can be achieved by an accurate knowledge of the target mRNA sequence and rational design of its complementary antisense agents for the downregulation of its protein message. (genomicglossaries.com)
- In many of these techniques, the pieces of RNA interact with a molecule called messenger RNA (or mRNA for short). (medlineplus.gov)
- Expression of the antisense RNA against TIF3 mRNA resulted in significant reversal of oncogenic potential of the CdCl(2)-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells. (cdc.gov)
ASOs2
- ASOs are short strands of synthetic, chemically modified, RNA sequences that can be designed to intervene in a molecular process called "splicing" which determines the final RNA sequence that will be translated into a protein. (ktla.com)
- ASOs can be used to manipulate the splicing process and restore function of a mutated gene, by promoting exclusion of the mutated region from the final RNA transcript or by restoring normal splicing where it has been lost. (ktla.com)
Natural antisense transcript2
- A natural antisense transcript regulates Zeb2/Sip1 gene expression during Snail1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. (nature.com)
- Our findings, also confirmed by deep transcriptome data, demonstrate that such loci can be recognized simply through the presence of A-to-I and U-to-C mismatches within the same locus, reflective A-to-I editing both in the sense-oriented transcript and in the cis-natural antisense transcript (cis-NAT), implying that such clusters could be a mark of functionally relevant ADAR1 editing events. (figshare.com)
Sequences6
- This generates a vast repertoire of transcripts that includes protein-coding messenger RNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and repetitive sequences, such as SINEs (short interspersed nuclear elements). (nature.com)
- Hastings, M. L., Ingle, H. A., Lazar, M. A. & Munroe, S. H. Post-transcriptional regulation of thyroid hormone receptor expression by cis-acting sequences and a naturally occurring antisense RNA. (nature.com)
- In particular, we found the widespread initiation of antisense transcription from within the gene coding sequences is a common feature among all Entamoeba species. (hal.science)
- Targeting one or more HIV RNA sequences with small molecules may be an effective way of shutting down viral replication, preventing cellular transmission and ultimately leading to sustained viral remission. (sbir.gov)
- RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. (genomicglossaries.com)
- They form more stable hybrids with complementary RNA strands than equivalent DNA/RNA sequences. (eurogentec.com)
Proteins6
- Non-coding repeat expansions may cause disease by reducing the expression level of the gene they reside in, by producing toxic aggregates of repeat RNA termed RNA foci, or by producing toxic proteins generated by repeat-associated non-ATG translation. (nih.gov)
- These drugs work by suppressing and destroying the viral messenger RNA, which is crucial to make proteins and replicate HBV DNA. (hepb.org)
- Background Therapeutic targeting of RNA may be a strategy which could inhibit the translation of one or more disease-associated proteins. (sbir.gov)
- Performing proof-of-concept studies to demonstrate that small molecule binding to HIV RNA can prevent processing and translation into proteins in relevant cell lines and primary cells. (sbir.gov)
- An RNA therapy called RNA aptamer therapy introduces small pieces of RNA that attach directly to proteins to alter their function. (medlineplus.gov)
- Mutations in many genes encoding RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) cause neurologic diseases, and especially the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). (canal-u.tv)
LncRNA5
- Here we identify a nuclear-enriched lncRNA antisense to mouse ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 ( Uchl1 ), a gene involved in brain function and neurodegenerative diseases 11 . (nature.com)
- The laboratory of Stephen Scherer recently uncovered preliminary findings that identify the PTCHD1 -antisense (AS) long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) gene, present on the X chromosome, as a bona fide susceptibility locus for ASD. (sfari.org)
- In this study, target lncRNA was determined based on RNA-Seq data. (iyte.edu.tr)
- Then apoptosis was induced in HeLa cells with cisplatin and qRT-PCR was performed with isolated RNAs from the cells to validate the data with regard to upregulation of GTF2A-1 anti-sense lncRNA in apoptosis. (iyte.edu.tr)
- Western blotting results are showing resemblance between GTF2A-1 antisense lncRNA silencing-induced apoptosis and cisplatin-induced apoptosis. (iyte.edu.tr)
Genes11
- Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) antisense RNA:CR31912 (Dmel_CR31912) sequence is a product of FBgn0051912, asRNA:CR31912 genes. (rnacentral.org)
- Interestingly, we observed the enrichment of antisense transcription in genes involved in several processes that are common to species infecting the human intestine, e.g., the metabolism of phospholipids. (hal.science)
- MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 22-nucleotide RNAs that are processed from characteristic precursor hairpins and pair to sites in messages of protein-coding genes to direct post-transcriptional repression. (nih.gov)
- Both sense and antisense miRNA products target neighboring Hox genes via highly conserved sites, leading to homeotic transformations when ectopically expressed. (nih.gov)
- Chromatin associated sense and antisense noncoding RNAs are transcribed from the var gene family of virulence genes of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. (cornell.edu)
- RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) analysis detects both the sense and antisense noncoding RNAs in distinct spots within the nucleus similar to the pattern described for the var genes themselves. (cornell.edu)
- Recent advancements in RNA-therapeutics offer an expanded molecular toolkit that can be deployed rapidly and at relatively low costs to restore protein function of mutated genes. (ktla.com)
- Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes. (genomicglossaries.com)
- In antisense technology, normal genes are not inserted. (msdmanuals.com)
- Using antisense technology, modified RNA molecules can combine with specific parts of the DNA, preventing the affected genes from functioning. (msdmanuals.com)
- Los ARNs antisentido sintéticos se utilizan para afectar el funcionamiento de genes específicos en la investigación o con fines terapéuticos. (bvsalud.org)
Transcripts4
- These features are shared by other natural antisense transcripts and can confer regulatory activity to an artificial antisense to green fluorescent protein. (nature.com)
- We also report sense/antisense miRNAs in mouse and find antisense transcripts close to many miRNAs in both flies and mammals, suggesting that additional sense/antisense pairs exist. (nih.gov)
- These sterile transcripts therefore might act in a manner analogous to noncoding RNAs associated with silent, condensed chromatin found in other eukaryotic systems. (cornell.edu)
- Project Goal The goal of this SBIR solicitation is to support the discovery and design of RNA-targeted small molecules which specifically bind to HIV RNA transcripts to prevent RNA processing and translation into protein. (sbir.gov)
Conserved RNA structures1
- The regions that are predicted to have conserved RNA structures and act as orphan promoters and Rho independent terminators are preferenced during analysis. (wikipedia.org)
Therapeutic4
- Synthetic RNA is widely used in research applications as an important tool for gene functional analysis and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. (genscript.com)
- Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) components of the U snRNP family have been proposed as a therapeutic modality for the treatment of mis-splicing. (universityofcalifornia.edu)
- The invention could be used as a therapeutic to treat diseases caused by and/or associated with repetitive RNA. (universityofcalifornia.edu)
- The new circular RNA enables specific binding and inhibition of SARS coronavirus 2 and thus opens up new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of Covid-19. (inventionstore.de)
Synthetic1
- Natural and synthetic antisense lncRNAs increase target protein levels. (nature.com)
Modulated by the bal1
- PU.1 expression is modulated by the balance of functional sense and antisense RNAs regulated by a shared cis-regulatory element. (nature.com)
Molecules4
- Despite hundreds of RNA modifications described to date, only RNA editing results in a change in the nucleotide sequence of RNA molecules compared to the genome. (figshare.com)
- The identification of detailed RNA structures now allows the design of small molecules which are capable of binding to RNA with high selectivity and specificity. (sbir.gov)
- By developing small molecules to selectively bind to key sites on transcribed HIV RNA the translation of RNA to protein may be inhibited for any HIV intracellular protein. (sbir.gov)
- Designing, optimizing and testing strategies for the targeting of small molecules to key sites on HIV RNA. (sbir.gov)
Gene expression2
- Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
- presents an opportunity to manipulate gene expression within the cells to treat various diseases, and acts as a powerful tool for studying gene function utilizing antisense agents to manage the diseases by regulating the expression of the specific factor that actually causes the particular disease. (genomicglossaries.com)
Neurons4
- A sensitive and specific fluorescence in situ hybridisation protocol was combined with protein immunostaining to show that both sense and antisense foci were frequent, specific to C9FTLD, and present in neurons of the frontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. (nih.gov)
- RNA foci were most abundant in the frontal cortex, where 51 % of neurons contained foci. (nih.gov)
- RNA foci also occurred in astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes but to a lesser degree than in neurons. (nih.gov)
- RNA foci were observed in both TDP-43- and p62-inclusion bearing neurons, but not at a greater frequency than expected by chance. (nih.gov)
Genome3
- Unlike micF RNA being discovered by accident, the majority of asRNAs were discovered by genome wide searches for small regulatory RNAs and by transcriptome analysis. (wikipedia.org)
- Studies of an old genetic puzzle in a little-known protozoan reveal a new frontier in the expanding world of RNAs: an RNA template guides genome-wide DNA rearrangements during sexual reproduction. (nature.com)
- Circular RNA is designed to bind specifically to sequence-conserved regions of SARS-CoV-2 genome and subgenomic RNAs. (inventionstore.de)
Plasmid2
- For example, in plasmid ColE1, the asRNA termed RNA I plays an important role in determining the plasmid copy number by controlling replication. (wikipedia.org)
- Five plasmid protein antitoxin-regulated systems and three plasmid antisense RNA-regulated systems were sought by PCR. (who.int)
Induces1
- Targeting antisense mitochondrial noncoding RNAs induces bladder cancer cell death and inhibition of tumor growth through reduction of survival and invasion factors. (cienciavida.org)
Inhibition1
- Antisense Uchl1 function is under the control of stress signalling pathways, as mTORC1 inhibition by rapamycin causes an increase in UCHL1 protein that is associated to the shuttling of antisense Uchl1 RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. (nature.com)
Chromatin3
- To minimize the number of false positive results, new approaches from recent years have been focusing on strand-specific transcription, chromatin binding noncoding RNAs and single cell studies. (wikipedia.org)
- Here, we demonstrate that this chromatin structure also includes the incorporation of long sense and antisense noncoding RNAs. (cornell.edu)
- Further, analysis by RNA chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) indicates that the noncoding RNAs are physically associated with chromatin. (cornell.edu)
Regulatory2
- Few regulatory studies are available to assist in the regulatory categorization of RNA-based medicinal products. (frontiersin.org)
- 2021). TDP-43 condensation properties specify its RNA-binding and regulatory repertoire. (canal-u.tv)
Long8
- Long non-coding RNA LY86-AS1 and HCG27_201 expression in type 2 diabetes mellitus. (nih.gov)
- Identification of age- and gender-associated long noncoding RNAs in the human brain with Alzheimer's disease. (nih.gov)
- Long RNA oligos up to 180 nt are now available! (genscript.com)
- One of the novel approaches is based on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). (iyte.edu.tr)
- Down-regulated long non-coding RNA LHFPL3 antisense RNA 1 inhibits the radiotherapy resistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma via modulating microRNA-143-5p/homeobox A6 axis. (bvsalud.org)
- The function of long non-coding RNA LHFPL3 antisense RNA 1 (LHFPL3-AS1) in cancer progression has been studied, while its role in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unclear. (bvsalud.org)
- The same findings were also observed for the human long intergenic non-coding RNA p21 (hLincRNA-p21). (figshare.com)
- Investigation of rumen long noncoding RNA before and after weaning in cattle. (usda.gov)
Therapy3
- What are CAR T cell therapy, RNA therapy, and other genetic therapies? (medlineplus.gov)
- RNA Therapy: Current Status and Future Potential. (medlineplus.gov)
- A different method of gene therapy uses antisense technology. (msdmanuals.com)
Sequence3
- Antisense Uchl1 activity depends on the presence of a 5′ overlapping sequence and an embedded inverted SINEB2 element. (nature.com)
- Based on the sequence of the mouse and hamster cDNAs, optimal antisense RNA fragments were selected from preliminary in vitro translation tests. (univ-lorraine.fr)
- RNA which contains an intron sequence that has an enzyme- like catalytic activity. (genomicglossaries.com)
Targeting2
- A novel HBV antisense RNA gene delivery system targeting hepatocellular carcinoma. (wjgnet.com)
- In combination with transgenic organisms, such enzyme-actuated antisense tools will enable gene silencing in specific cell types, including tissues that are not amenable to optical targeting. (cdc.gov)
Expression1
- Conversely, suppressing PA degradation by inhibiting LPP activity using any of three different inhibitors significantly stimulated pollen tube growth, and similar effect was achieved by suppressing the expression of tobacco pollen LPP4 using antisense knock-down. (frontiersin.org)
Synthesis3
- Antisense Uchl1 increases UCHL1 protein synthesis at a post-transcriptional level, hereby identifying a new functional class of lncRNAs. (nature.com)
- GenScript provides high-quality and cost-effective custom RNA oligos with flexible synthesis scales to meet researchers' different needs. (genscript.com)
- After second- strand cDNA synthesis, T7 RNA polymerase was used to generate aRNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
Neurodegenerative1
- We present the first definitive report of C9orf72 repeat sense and antisense RNA foci using a series of C9FTLD cases, and neurodegenerative disease and normal controls. (nih.gov)
Genetic1
- Several techniques, called RNA therapies, use pieces of RNA, which is a type of genetic material similar to DNA, to help treat a disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
CDNA3
- Compared to the parental cell line, the new strain (CHO-AsUH2), which was transfected with a 199-bp antisense fragment derived from the mouse CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase cDNA, showed an 80% reduction in hydroxylase activity. (univ-lorraine.fr)
- Researchers at Stanford University used such a method to produce amplified heterogeneous populations of RNA from limited quantities of cDNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
- Amplified RNA synthesized from limited quantities of heterogeneous cDNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
Repetitive2
- Without the motif, the nuclear expressed antisense RNA will lack the stability to target repetitive RNA effectively. (universityofcalifornia.edu)
- The invention could be used to characterize the effects of repetitive RNA knockdown on RNA, RBP, and cellular dynamics. (universityofcalifornia.edu)
Disease3
- RNA foci abundance in the frontal cortex showed a significant inverse correlation with age at onset of disease. (nih.gov)
- How do protein-RNA condensates form and contribute to disease? (canal-u.tv)
- 2021). I'll also discuss how insights into the specificity of RBP condensation open new doors for understanding of protein-RNA complexes as mediators of signalling, disease and evolution. (canal-u.tv)
Abundance1
- More recently, another group of researchers reported that they had developed a process for optimizing low- abundance RNA, by combining aRNA amplification with template- switching. (genomicglossaries.com)
Molecule1
- Small-molecule RNA modulators, gene silence etc. (genscript.com)
Apoptosis1
- After induction of apoptosis, total RNA and protein were isolated from the cells. (iyte.edu.tr)
Transcription2
- The replication of ColE1 relies on the transcription of a primer RNA named RNA II. (wikipedia.org)
- RNA maps reveal new RNA classes and a possible function for pervasive transcription. (nature.com)
Selectively1
- CLIP enabled us to disentangle the principles driving the condensation of TDP-43 on cellular RNAs, which showed that the IDR selectively fine-tunes the RNA binding properties and functions of the protein (Hallegger et al. (canal-u.tv)
Publication1
- To our knowledge, no publication is available for other RNA-based drugs. (frontiersin.org)
Rational1
- The aim of this work was, therefore, to reduce CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase activity in a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell line, and thus the Neu5Gc content of the resulting glycoconjugates, using a rational antisense RNA approach. (univ-lorraine.fr)
Mammals1
- In mammals, two kinds of RNA editing have been described so far, adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) and cytidine to uridine (C-to-U) editing. (figshare.com)
Artificial1
- A new artificial circular RNA prevents SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from replicating in infected cells. (inventionstore.de)
Vivo1
- To understand how these mutations act, we developed crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation (CLIP) to obtain transcriptome-wide maps of in vivo protein-RNA interactions. (canal-u.tv)
Modifications1
- RNA modifications (2'-OMe-RNA etc.), modified bases (2-Aminopurine etc. (genscript.com)
Examples1
- Examples of RNA-based drugs currently or formerly on the market or under development. (frontiersin.org)
Sense1
- These data establish that sense and antisense C9orf72 repeat RNA foci are a consistent and specific feature of C9FTLD, providing new insight into the pathogenesis of C9FTLD. (nih.gov)