A highly contagious herpesvirus infection affecting the central nervous system of swine, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, and other animals.
A species of VARICELLOVIRUS producing a respiratory infection (PSEUDORABIES) in swine, its natural host. It also produces an usually fatal ENCEPHALOMYELITIS in cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, foxes, and mink.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PSEUDORABIES (Aujeszky's disease), a herpesvirus of swine and other animals.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
A subfamily of HERPESVIRIDAE characterized by a short replication cycle. The genera include: SIMPLEXVIRUS; VARICELLOVIRUS; MAREK'S DISEASE-LIKE VIRUSES; and ILTOVIRUS.
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.
A family of enveloped, linear, double-stranded DNA viruses infecting a wide variety of animals. Subfamilies, based on biological characteristics, include: ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE; BETAHERPESVIRINAE; and GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE.
A species of VARICELLOVIRUS that causes INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS and other associated syndromes in CATTLE.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.
The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.
The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
A species of VARICELLOVIRUS virus that causes a disease in newborn puppies.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
A species of PARVOVIRUS causing reproductive failure in pigs.
The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).
A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.
A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. The type species is HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN.
Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.
The type species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing most forms of non-genital herpes simplex in humans. Primary infection occurs mainly in infants and young children and then the virus becomes latent in the dorsal root ganglion. It then is periodically reactivated throughout life causing mostly benign conditions.
The semilunar-shaped ganglion containing the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve. It is situated within the dural cleft on the cerebral surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and gives off the ophthalmic, maxillary, and part of the mandibular nerves.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.
A species of VARICELLOVIRUS causing abortion and respiratory disease in horses.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
Inflammation of the OVARY, generally caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix.
A species of the PESTIVIRUS genus causing exceedingly contagious and fatal hemorrhagic disease of swine.
An acute, highly contagious disease affecting swine of all ages and caused by the CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS. It has a sudden onset with high morbidity and mortality.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

Mutation of the YXXL endocytosis motif in the cytoplasmic tail of pseudorabies virus gE. (1/252)

The role of alphaherpesvirus membrane protein internalization during the course of viral infection remains a matter of speculation. To determine the role of internalization of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) gE and gI proteins, we constructed viral mutants encoding specific mutations in the cytoplasmic tail of the gE gene that inhibited internalization of the gE-gI complex. We used these mutants to assess the role of gE-gI endocytosis in incorporation of the proteins into the viral envelope and in gE-mediated spread or gE-promoted virulence. In addition, we report that another viral mutant, PRV 25, which encodes a gE protein defective in endocytosis, contains an additional, previously uncharacterized mutation in the gE gene. We compared PRV 25 to another viral mutant, PRV 107, that does not express the cytoplasmic tail of the gE protein. The gE protein encoded by PRV 107 is also defective in endocytosis. We conclude that efficient endocytosis of gE is not required for gE incorporation into virions, gE-mediated virulence, or spread of virus in the rat central nervous system. However, we do correlate the defect in endocytosis to a small-plaque phenotype in cultured cells.  (+info)

Retrograde, transneuronal spread of pseudorabies virus in defined neuronal circuitry of the rat brain is facilitated by gE mutations that reduce virulence. (2/252)

The pseudorabies virus (PRV) gE gene encodes a multifunctional membrane protein found in infected cell membranes and in the virion envelope. Deletion of the gE gene results in marked attenuation of the virus in almost every animal species tested that is permissive for PRV. A common inference is that gE mutants are less virulent because they have reduced ability to spread from cell to cell; e.g., gE mutants infect fewer cells and, accordingly, animals live longer. In this report, we demonstrate that this inference does not hold in a rat experimental model for virus invasion of the brain. We find that animals infected with gE mutants live longer despite extensive retrograde, transneuronal spread of virus in the rat brain. In this model of brain infection, virus is injected into the stomach musculature and virions spread to the brain in long axons of brain stem neurons that give rise to the tenth cranial nerve (the vagus). The infection then spreads from neuron to neuron in well-defined, and physically separated, areas of the brain involved in autonomic regulation of the viscera. We examined the progression of infection of five PRV strains in this circuitry: the wild-type PRV-Becker strain, the attenuated PRV-Bartha vaccine strain, and three gE mutants isogenic with the PRV-Becker strain. By 60 to 67 h after infection, all PRV-Becker-infected animals were dead. Analysis of Becker-infected rats killed prior to virus-induced death demonstrated that the virus had established an infection only in the primary vagal neurons connected directly to the stomach and synaptically linked neurons in the immediate vicinity of the caudal brain stem. There was little spread to other neurons in the vagus circuitry. In contrast, rats infected with PRV-Bartha or PRV-Becker gE mutants survived to at least 96 h and exhibited few overt signs of disease. Despite this long survival and the lack of symptoms, brains of animals sacrificed at this time revealed extensive transsynaptic infection not only of the brain stem but also of areas of the forebrain synaptically linked to neurons in the brain stem. This finding provides evidence that the gE protein plays a role in promoting symptoms of infection and death in animals that is independent of neuron-to-neuron spread during brain infection. When this early virulence function is not active, animals live longer, resulting in more extensive spread of virus in the brain.  (+info)

Role of the individual interferon systems and specific immunity in mice in controlling systemic dissemination of attenuated pseudorabies virus infection. (3/252)

The importance of each of the two interferon (IFN) systems in impeding herpesvirus replication and in stimulating virus-specific lymphocytes to control an acute systemic infection is not completely understood. To further our knowledge, pseudorabies virus, attenuated by deletion of the glycoprotein E gene to impair its neurovirulence and by deletion of the thymidine kinase gene (gE-TK-PRV), was used to infect wild-type 129Sv/Ev and congenic mice with immune system-associated genetic deficiencies. Mice with mature B and T lymphocytes but lacking either one or both functional receptors for members of each of the two IFN families were infected with gE-TK-PRV. At 3 and 7 but not 14 days after infection, replicating gE-TK-PRV could be isolated only from livers or spleens of mice lacking the receptors for both IFN families, and these mice survived the infection. Therefore, functional IFN receptors were not required to induce a protective immune response against an acute infection with gE-TK-PRV. Furthermore, PRV-specific antibodies of all immunoglobulin G isotypes were produced in these mice. Mice without mature B and T lymphocytes and lacking either one or both functional receptors for members of each of the two IFN families were also infected with gE-TK-PRV. Three days after infection, replicating virus could be isolated only from mice lacking both mature B and T lymphocytes and functional IFN receptors, and these mice were not able to clear the virus. We present evidence that mice with an intact gamma IFN system but without mature B and T cells were able to prevent systemic dissemination of gE-TK-PRV.  (+info)

Role of the cytoplasmic tail of gE in antibody-induced redistribution of viral glycoproteins expressed on pseudorabies-virus-infected cells. (4/252)

Pseudorabies virus (PrV) glycoprotein gE is a nonessential glycoprotein involved in virulence and spread of the virus. It also has an important, yet unknown, function during antibody-induced capping of viral glycoproteins on the plasma membrane of PrV-infected swine kidney cells. In the present study, it was shown, by the use of a PrV strain expressing a truncated gE glycoprotein, that the cytoplasmic tail of gE is of significant importance for viral glycoprotein capping to occur. In addition, using PrV strains carrying point mutations in the cytoplasmic tail of gE, it was demonstrated that two tyrosine-based motifs are very important for correct functioning of gE during viral glycoprotein capping. Furthermore it was shown that genistein and tyrphostin, two tyrosine kinase activity inhibitors, inhibit viral glycoprotein capping in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, it can be stated that efficient antibody-induced viral glycoprotein capping requires the presence of two YxxL sequences in the cytoplasmic tail of glycoprotein gE, as well as the activation of a tyrosine phosphorylation signal transduction pathway.  (+info)

Construction and transposon mutagenesis in Escherichia coli of a full-length infectious clone of pseudorabies virus, an alphaherpesvirus. (5/252)

A full-length clone of the 142-kb pseudorabies virus (PRV) genome was constructed as a stable F plasmid in Escherichia coli. The clone, pBecker1, was colinear with PRV-Becker genomic DNA, lacking detectable rearrangements, deletions, or inversions. The transfection of pBecker1 into susceptible eukaryotic cells resulted in productive viral infection. Virus isolated following transfection was indistinguishable from wild-type virus in a rodent model of infection and spread to retinorecipient regions of the brain following inoculation in the vitreous body of the eye. Mutagenesis of pBecker1 in E. coli with a mini-Tn5-derived transposon enabled the rapid isolation of insertion mutants, identification of essential viral genes, and simplified construction of viral revertants. The serial passage of a viral insertion mutant demonstrated the transposon insertion to be stable. However, the F-plasmid insertion present in the viral gG locus was found to undergo a spontaneous deletion following transfection into eukaryotic cells. The implications of F-plasmid insertion into the viral genome with regard to phenotype and genomic stability are discussed.  (+info)

Infection of Chinese hamster ovary cells by pseudorabies virus. (6/252)

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have recently been used for identification of receptors for several alphaherpesviruses, including pseudorabies virus (PrV) (R. J. Geraghty, C. Krummenacher, G. H. Cohen, R. J. Eisenberg, and P. G. Spear, Science 280:1618-1620, 1998). The experiments were based on the fact that CHO cells are inefficient target cells for PrV. However, a detailed analysis of the interaction between PrV and CHO wild-type and recombinant PrV-receptor bearing cells has not been performed. We show here that PrV has a growth defect on CHO cells which leads to a ca. 100-fold reduction in plating efficiency, strongly delayed penetration kinetics, and a 10(4)-fold reduction in one-step growth. Entry of PrV into CHO cells is significantly delayed but is not affected by inhibitors of endocytosis, suggesting that the mechanism of penetration resembles that on permissive cells. The defects in plating efficiency and penetration could be corrected by expression of herpesvirus entry mediators B (HveB), HveC, or HveD, with HveC being the most effective. However, the defects in one-step growth and plaque formation were not corrected by expression of PrV receptors, indicating an additional restriction in viral replication after entry. Surprisingly, PrV infection of CHO cells was sensitive to neutralization by a gB-specific monoclonal antibody, which does not inhibit PrV infection of other host cells. Moreover, the same monoclonal antibody neutralized PrV infectivity on cells displaying the interference phenomenon by overexpression of gD and subsequent intracellular sequestration of gD receptors. Thus, absence of gD receptors on two different host cells leads to an increased sensitivity of PrV toward gB neutralization. We hypothesize that this is due to the increased requirement for interaction of gB with a cellular surface protein in the absence of the gD-gD receptor interaction. As expected, CHO cells are as susceptible as other host cells to infection by PrV gD(-) Pass, an infectious gD-negative PrV mutant. However, PrV gD(-) Pass was also not able to form plaques on CHO cells.  (+info)

Resistance to pseudorabies virus infection in transgenic mice expressing the chimeric transgene that represses the immediate-early gene transcription. (7/252)

A chimeric gene encoding a fusion protein consisting of the DNA-binding domain of the immediate-early (IE) protein of pseudorabies virus (PRV) and a tail-truncated VP16 of herpes simplex virus 1, lacking the transcription activation domain, has been shown to repress transcription of the PRV IE gene, resulting in the inhibition of PRV growth in vitro. To assess the antiviral potential of the fusion protein in vivo, transgenic mice containing the chimeric gene under the control of the virus- and interferon-inducible Mx 1 promoter were generated. A transgenic mouse line showed marked resistance to PRV infection when the mice were challenged intranasally with PRV. Inhibition of PRV replication was also observed in monolayers of embryonic cells prepared from the transgenic mice. In the cells infected with PRV, transcription of the PRV IE gene was repressed. The present results indicate that the chimeric gene is able to exert a significant antiviral effect against PRV infection in vivo.  (+info)

Glycoproteins gM and gN of pseudorabies virus are dispensable for viral penetration and propagation in the nervous systems of adult mice. (8/252)

Glycoproteins gM and gN are conserved throughout the herpesviruses but are dispensable for viral replication in cell cultures. To assay for a function of these proteins in infection of an animal, deletion mutants of pseudorabies virus lacking gM or gN and corresponding revertants were analyzed for the ability to penetrate and propagate in the nervous systems of adult mice after intranasal inoculation. We demonstrate that neither of the two glycoproteins is required for infection of the nervous systems of mice by pseudorabies virus.  (+info)

Pseudorabies, also known as Aujeszky's disease, is a viral disease that primarily affects animals, particularly pigs, but can occasionally infect other mammals including dogs, cats, and humans. The disease is caused by the Suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1) and is named "pseudorabies" because it can cause symptoms similar to rabies, such as neurological signs and aggression. However, it is not related to rabies and is caused by a different virus.

In pigs, the disease can cause a range of symptoms including respiratory distress, fever, neurological signs, and reproductive failure. In other animals, pseudorabies can cause severe neurological signs such as seizures, disorientation, and aggression.

Humans can become infected with pseudorabies through close contact with infected animals or their tissues, but it is rare and usually only occurs in people who work closely with pigs or other susceptible animals. In humans, the disease typically causes mild flu-like symptoms or a skin rash, but in rare cases, it can cause more severe neurological signs.

There is no specific treatment for pseudorabies, and prevention measures such as vaccination and biosecurity are critical to controlling the spread of the disease in animal populations.

Herpesvirus 1, Suid (Suid Herpesvirus 1 or SHV-1), also known as Pseudorabies Virus (PrV), is a species of the genus Varicellovirus in the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae of the family Herpesviridae. It is a double-stranded DNA virus that primarily infects members of the Suidae family, including domestic pigs and wild boars. The virus can cause a range of symptoms known as Aujeszky's disease in these animals, which may include respiratory distress, neurological issues, and reproductive failures.

SHV-1 is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions, as well as through aerosol transmission. Although it does not typically infect humans, there have been rare cases of human infection, usually resulting from exposure to infected pigs or their tissues. In these instances, the virus may cause mild flu-like symptoms or more severe neurological issues.

SHV-1 is an important pathogen in the swine industry and has significant economic implications due to its impact on animal health and production. Vaccination programs are widely used to control the spread of the virus and protect susceptible pig populations.

Pseudorabies vaccines are vaccines used to protect swine against the Pseudorabies virus, also known as Aujeszky's disease. This viral disease can affect the nervous system of pigs and other animals, causing symptoms such as fever, loss of appetite, difficulty breathing, and neurological issues. It can also lead to significant economic losses in the swine industry due to reproductive failures and mortality.

Pseudorabies vaccines contain attenuated (weakened) or inactivated (killed) forms of the Pseudorabies virus. These vaccines work by stimulating the pig's immune system to produce antibodies against the virus, providing protection against infection. However, it is important to note that these vaccines do not provide complete sterilizing immunity, meaning that vaccinated animals may still become infected and shed the virus if exposed to the wild-type strain.

Pseudorabies vaccines are typically administered to young pigs through injection, and revaccination may be necessary to maintain immunity. These vaccines have played a crucial role in controlling and eradicating Pseudorabies from swine populations in many countries. However, it is important to follow proper vaccine handling, storage, and administration procedures to ensure their effectiveness and safety.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

'Alphaherpesvirinae' is a subfamily of viruses within the family Herpesviridae. These viruses are characterized by their ability to establish latency in neurons and undergo rapid replication. The subfamily includes several human pathogens, such as:

1. Human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1, or HSV-1): also known as herpes simplex virus type 1, it primarily causes oral herpes (cold sores) but can also cause genital herpes.
2. Human herpesvirus 2 (HHV-2, or HSV-2): also known as herpes simplex virus type 2, it mainly causes genital herpes, although it can also cause oral herpes.
3. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV, or HHV-3): responsible for causing both chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (zoster) infections.

After the initial infection, these viruses can remain dormant in the nervous system and reactivate later, leading to recurrent symptoms.

Viral envelope proteins are structural proteins found in the envelope that surrounds many types of viruses. These proteins play a crucial role in the virus's life cycle, including attachment to host cells, fusion with the cell membrane, and entry into the host cell. They are typically made up of glycoproteins and are often responsible for eliciting an immune response in the host organism. The exact structure and function of viral envelope proteins vary between different types of viruses.

Swine diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions that affect pigs. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors. Some common swine diseases include:

1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): a viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in piglets and grower pigs.
2. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages.
3. Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD): a group of diseases caused by porcine circoviruses, including Porcine CircoVirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
4. Swine Influenza: a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses that can infect pigs and humans.
5. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes pneumonia in pigs.
6. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes severe pneumonia in pigs.
7. Salmonella: a group of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans and a variety of diseases in pigs, including septicemia, meningitis, and abortion.
8. Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae: a bacterial disease that causes dysentery in pigs.
9. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: a bacterial disease that causes erysipelas in pigs.
10. External and internal parasites, such as lice, mites, worms, and flukes, can also cause diseases in swine.

Prevention and control of swine diseases rely on good biosecurity practices, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and management practices. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect and treat diseases early.

Herpesviridae is a family of large, double-stranded DNA viruses that includes several important pathogens affecting humans and animals. The herpesviruses are characterized by their ability to establish latency in infected host cells, allowing them to persist for the lifetime of the host and leading to recurrent episodes of disease.

The family Herpesviridae is divided into three subfamilies: Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae, and Gammaherpesvirinae. Each subfamily includes several genera and species that infect various hosts, including humans, primates, rodents, birds, and reptiles.

Human herpesviruses include:

* Alphaherpesvirinae: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
* Betaherpesvirinae: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A), Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), and Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7)
* Gammaherpesvirinae: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as HHV-8)

These viruses are responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, from mild skin lesions to life-threatening diseases. Primary infections usually occur during childhood or adolescence and can be followed by recurrent episodes due to virus reactivation from latency.

Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a species-specific virus that belongs to the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, and genus Varicellovirus. This virus is the causative agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), which is a significant respiratory disease in cattle. The infection can also lead to reproductive issues, including abortions, stillbirths, and inflammation of the genital tract (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis) in cows and infertility in bulls.

The virus is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, their respiratory secretions, or contaminated objects. Once an animal is infected, BoHV-1 establishes a lifelong latency in the nervous system, from where it can periodically reactivate and shed the virus, even without showing any clinical signs. This makes eradication of the virus challenging in cattle populations.

Vaccines are available to control IBR, but they may not prevent infection or shedding entirely. Therefore, ongoing management practices, such as biosecurity measures and surveillance programs, are essential to minimize the impact of this disease on cattle health and productivity.

Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

A viral plaque assay is a laboratory technique used to measure the infectivity and concentration of viruses in a sample. This method involves infecting a monolayer of cells (usually in a petri dish or multi-well plate) with a known volume of a virus-containing sample, followed by overlaying the cells with a nutrient-agar medium to restrict viral spread and enable individual plaques to form.

After an incubation period that allows for viral replication and cell death, the cells are stained, and clear areas or "plaques" become visible in the monolayer. Each plaque represents a localized region of infected and lysed cells, caused by the progeny of a single infectious virus particle. The number of plaques is then counted, and the viral titer (infectious units per milliliter or PFU/mL) is calculated based on the dilution factor and volume of the original inoculum.

Viral plaque assays are essential for determining viral titers, assessing virus-host interactions, evaluating antiviral agents, and studying viral pathogenesis.

A virion is the complete, infectious form of a virus outside its host cell. It consists of the viral genome (DNA or RNA) enclosed within a protein coat called the capsid, which is often surrounded by a lipid membrane called the envelope. The envelope may contain viral proteins and glycoproteins that aid in attachment to and entry into host cells during infection. The term "virion" emphasizes the infectious nature of the virus particle, as opposed to non-infectious components like individual capsid proteins or naked viral genome.

Viral genes refer to the genetic material present in viruses that contains the information necessary for their replication and the production of viral proteins. In DNA viruses, the genetic material is composed of double-stranded or single-stranded DNA, while in RNA viruses, it is composed of single-stranded or double-stranded RNA.

Viral genes can be classified into three categories: early, late, and structural. Early genes encode proteins involved in the replication of the viral genome, modulation of host cell processes, and regulation of viral gene expression. Late genes encode structural proteins that make up the viral capsid or envelope. Some viruses also have structural genes that are expressed throughout their replication cycle.

Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines. By targeting specific viral genes, researchers can develop drugs that inhibit viral replication and reduce the severity of viral infections. Additionally, knowledge of viral gene sequences can inform the development of vaccines that stimulate an immune response to specific viral proteins.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

Viral structural proteins are the protein components that make up the viral particle or capsid, providing structure and stability to the virus. These proteins are encoded by the viral genome and are involved in the assembly of new virus particles during the replication cycle. They can be classified into different types based on their location and function, such as capsid proteins, matrix proteins, and envelope proteins. Capsid proteins form the protein shell that encapsulates the viral genome, while matrix proteins are located between the capsid and the envelope, and envelope proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer membrane that surrounds some viruses.

A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.

Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.

It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.

Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:

1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.

The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

Vero cells are a line of cultured kidney epithelial cells that were isolated from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the 1960s. They are named after the location where they were initially developed, the Vervet Research Institute in Japan.

Vero cells have the ability to divide indefinitely under certain laboratory conditions and are often used in scientific research, including virology, as a host cell for viruses to replicate. This allows researchers to study the characteristics of various viruses, such as their growth patterns and interactions with host cells. Vero cells are also used in the production of some vaccines, including those for rabies, polio, and Japanese encephalitis.

It is important to note that while Vero cells have been widely used in research and vaccine production, they can still have variations between different cell lines due to factors like passage number or culture conditions. Therefore, it's essential to specify the exact source and condition of Vero cells when reporting experimental results.

Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.

Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.

Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.

Canid herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1), also known as canine herpesvirus or cytomegalovirus, is a DNA virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, and genus Varicellovirus. It primarily affects members of the Canidae family, including domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and other canid species.

CHV-1 is characterized by its ability to cause a range of clinical signs, from asymptomatic infection to acute fatal disease in young puppies. The virus mainly targets the respiratory and reproductive systems, leading to conditions such as fading puppy syndrome, stillbirths, neonatal deaths, and respiratory issues in adult dogs.

The virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, their bodily fluids (e.g., saliva, urine), or contaminated objects. CHV-1 has a predilection for infecting epithelial cells and macrophages in the host, leading to the formation of characteristic intranuclear inclusion bodies.

Despite its potential to cause severe disease, many adult dogs can become latently infected with CHV-1, meaning that the virus remains dormant within their nervous system without causing any apparent clinical signs. However, stress or immunosuppression may reactivate the virus, leading to recurrent shedding and potential transmission to other susceptible animals.

Prevention strategies for CHV-1 include good biosecurity measures, such as isolating newly introduced dogs from the existing population, maintaining cleanliness in breeding facilities, and avoiding overcrowding. Vaccination is available in some countries; however, its efficacy varies, and it may not prevent infection or shedding entirely.

Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.

Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.

Parvovirus, Porcine (PPV) is a single-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the family Parvoviridae and genus Parvovirus. It is a small, non-enveloped virus that primarily infects the rapidly dividing cells of piglets, particularly those in the intestinal epithelium and bone marrow.

PPV infection can cause a variety of clinical signs, including diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy, and loss of appetite, which can lead to severe dehydration and death in young piglets. The virus is highly contagious and can be spread through fecal-oral transmission or by ingesting infected material.

PPV infection is also associated with reproductive failure in sows, including stillbirths, mummified fetuses, and weak newborn piglets. This condition is known as Porcine Parvovirus Syndrome (PPVS). The virus can cross the placenta and infect developing fetuses, causing damage to their cardiovascular and nervous systems.

There are currently no specific treatments for PPV infection, but vaccination programs have been developed to prevent the spread of the virus in pig herds. Good biosecurity practices, such as isolating infected animals and thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting facilities, can also help reduce the risk of transmission.

Neutralization tests are a type of laboratory assay used in microbiology and immunology to measure the ability of a substance, such as an antibody or antitoxin, to neutralize the activity of a toxin or infectious agent. In these tests, the substance to be tested is mixed with a known quantity of the toxin or infectious agent, and the mixture is then incubated under controlled conditions. After incubation, the mixture is tested for residual toxicity or infectivity using a variety of methods, such as cell culture assays, animal models, or biochemical assays.

The neutralization titer is then calculated based on the highest dilution of the test substance that completely neutralizes the toxin or infectious agent. Neutralization tests are commonly used in the diagnosis and evaluation of immune responses to vaccines, as well as in the detection and quantification of toxins and other harmful substances.

Examples of neutralization tests include the serum neutralization test for measles antibodies, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for dengue virus antibodies, and the cytotoxicity neutralization assay for botulinum neurotoxins.

'Cercopithecus aethiops' is the scientific name for the monkey species more commonly known as the green monkey. It belongs to the family Cercopithecidae and is native to western Africa. The green monkey is omnivorous, with a diet that includes fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. They are known for their distinctive greenish-brown fur and long tail. Green monkeys are also important animal models in biomedical research due to their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), which is closely related to HIV.

Gene deletion is a type of mutation where a segment of DNA, containing one or more genes, is permanently lost or removed from a chromosome. This can occur due to various genetic mechanisms such as homologous recombination, non-homologous end joining, or other types of genomic rearrangements.

The deletion of a gene can have varying effects on the organism, depending on the function of the deleted gene and its importance for normal physiological processes. If the deleted gene is essential for survival, the deletion may result in embryonic lethality or developmental abnormalities. However, if the gene is non-essential or has redundant functions, the deletion may not have any noticeable effects on the organism's phenotype.

Gene deletions can also be used as a tool in genetic research to study the function of specific genes and their role in various biological processes. For example, researchers may use gene deletion techniques to create genetically modified animal models to investigate the impact of gene deletion on disease progression or development.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Simplexvirus is a genus of viruses in the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. This genus contains two species: Human alphaherpesvirus 1 (also known as HSV-1 or herpes simplex virus type 1) and Human alphaherpesvirus 2 (also known as HSV-2 or herpes simplex virus type 2). These viruses are responsible for causing various medical conditions, most commonly oral and genital herpes. They are characterized by their ability to establish lifelong latency in the nervous system and reactivate periodically to cause recurrent symptoms.

Central nervous system (CNS) viral diseases refer to medical conditions caused by the infection and replication of viruses within the brain or spinal cord. These viruses can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the specific virus and the location of the infection within the CNS. Some common examples of CNS viral diseases include:

1. Meningitis: This is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meninges) caused by viruses such as enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, or HIV. Symptoms may include fever, headache, stiff neck, and altered mental status.
2. Encephalitis: This is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by viruses such as herpes simplex virus, West Nile virus, or rabies virus. Symptoms may include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and focal neurologic deficits.
3. Poliomyelitis: This is a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus that can lead to paralysis of the muscles used for breathing, swallowing, and movement. It primarily affects children under 5 years old.
4. HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND): HIV can cause various neurologic symptoms such as cognitive impairment, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy.
5. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): This is a rare but serious demyelinating disease of the CNS caused by the JC virus that primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy.

Treatment for CNS viral diseases depends on the specific virus and may include antiviral medications, supportive care, and management of symptoms. Prevention measures such as vaccination, avoiding contact with infected individuals, and practicing good hygiene can help reduce the risk of these infections.

Medical Definition of "Herpesvirus 1, Human" (also known as Human Herpesvirus 1 or HHV-1):

Herpesvirus 1, Human is a type of herpesvirus that primarily causes infection in humans. It is also commonly referred to as human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) or oral herpes. This virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with infected saliva, skin, or mucous membranes.

After initial infection, the virus typically remains dormant in the body's nerve cells and may reactivate later, causing recurrent symptoms. The most common manifestation of HHV-1 infection is oral herpes, characterized by cold sores or fever blisters around the mouth and lips. In some cases, HHV-1 can also cause other conditions such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and keratitis (inflammation of the eye's cornea).

There is no cure for HHV-1 infection, but antiviral medications can help manage symptoms and reduce the severity and frequency of recurrent outbreaks.

The trigeminal ganglion, also known as the semilunar or Gasserian ganglion, is a sensory ganglion (a cluster of nerve cell bodies) located near the base of the skull. It is a part of the trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve), which is responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing.

The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons that carry information from three major branches of the trigeminal nerve: the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular divisions. These divisions provide sensation to different areas of the face, head, and oral cavity, including the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, and teeth.

Damage to the trigeminal ganglion or its nerve branches can result in various sensory disturbances, such as pain, numbness, or tingling in the affected areas. Conditions like trigeminal neuralgia, a disorder characterized by intense, stabbing facial pain, may involve the trigeminal ganglion and its associated nerves.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rabbits" is a common name used to refer to the Lagomorpha species, particularly members of the family Leporidae. They are small mammals known for their long ears, strong legs, and quick reproduction.

However, if you're referring to "rabbits" in a medical context, there is a term called "rabbit syndrome," which is a rare movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the fingers, resembling those of a rabbit chewing. It is also known as "finger-chewing chorea." This condition is usually associated with certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and typically resolves when the medication is stopped or adjusted.

Restriction mapping is a technique used in molecular biology to identify the location and arrangement of specific restriction endonuclease recognition sites within a DNA molecule. Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cut double-stranded DNA at specific sequences, producing fragments of various lengths. By digesting the DNA with different combinations of these enzymes and analyzing the resulting fragment sizes through techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis, researchers can generate a restriction map - a visual representation of the locations and distances between recognition sites on the DNA molecule. This information is crucial for various applications, including cloning, genome analysis, and genetic engineering.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

A capsid is the protein shell that encloses and protects the genetic material of a virus. It is composed of multiple copies of one or more proteins that are arranged in a specific structure, which can vary in shape and symmetry depending on the type of virus. The capsid plays a crucial role in the viral life cycle, including protecting the viral genome from host cell defenses, mediating attachment to and entry into host cells, and assisting with the assembly of new virus particles during replication.

Herpesvirus 1, Equid (EHV-1) is a DNA virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae and subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. It is a species-specific virus that primarily infects horses, donkeys, and mules. The virus is also known as equine abortion virus, equine rhinitis virus type A, and equine herpesvirus 1.

EHV-1 can cause a range of clinical signs in infected animals, including respiratory disease, abortion in pregnant mares, and neurological disorders. The virus is primarily spread through direct contact with infected animals or their respiratory secretions, and it can also be spread through contaminated objects such as tack and feed buckets.

Once an animal is infected with EHV-1, the virus becomes latent in the nervous system and may reactivate later, causing recurrent disease. There is no cure for EHV-1 infection, but vaccines are available to help reduce the severity of clinical signs and prevent the spread of the virus.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Oophoritis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of one or both ovaries. It is often caused by an infection, which can be bacterial, viral, or fungal in nature. The infection can spread to the ovaries from other parts of the reproductive system, such as the fallopian tubes or the uterus.

Oophoritis can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, abdominal cramping, irregular menstrual bleeding, and fever. In some cases, it may lead to complications such as infertility or chronic pelvic pain. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection, as well as pain relief medications and anti-inflammatory drugs to manage symptoms.

It is important to note that oophoritis can be a serious condition, especially if left untreated. If you are experiencing any symptoms of oophoritis, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. It is the causative agent of Classical Swine Fever (CSF), also known as hog cholera, which is a highly contagious and severe disease in pigs. The virus is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their body fluids, but it can also be spread through contaminated feed, water, and fomites.

CSFV infects pigs of all ages, causing a range of clinical signs that may include fever, loss of appetite, lethargy, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, and respiratory distress. In severe cases, the virus can cause hemorrhages in various organs, leading to high mortality rates. CSF is a significant disease of economic importance in the swine industry, as it can result in substantial production losses and trade restrictions.

Prevention and control measures for CSF include vaccination, biosecurity practices, and stamping-out policies. Vaccines against CSF are available but may not provide complete protection or prevent the virus from shedding, making it essential to maintain strict biosecurity measures in pig farms. In some countries, stamping-out policies involve the rapid detection and elimination of infected herds to prevent the spread of the disease.

Classical Swine Fever (CSF), also known as Hog Cholera, is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease in pigs that is caused by a Pestivirus. The virus can be spread through direct contact with infected pigs or their bodily fluids, as well as through contaminated feed, water, and objects.

Clinical signs of CSF include fever, loss of appetite, lethargy, reddening of the skin, vomiting, diarrhea, abortion in pregnant sows, and neurological symptoms such as tremors and weakness. The disease can cause significant economic losses in the swine industry due to high mortality rates, reduced growth rates, and trade restrictions.

Prevention and control measures include vaccination, biosecurity measures, quarantine, and stamping out infected herds. CSF is not considered a public health threat as it does not infect humans. However, it can have significant impacts on the swine industry and food security in affected regions.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Aujeszky's disease, usually called pseudorabies in the United States, is a viral disease in swine that is endemic in most parts ... "Pseudorabies: Introduction". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-31. Pensaert M, Labarque G, Favoreel H, ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pseudorabies. Overview of the virus and its applications in neuroscience Animal viruses ... ISBN 978-1-904455-09-7. Pomeranz L, Reynolds A, Hengartner C (2005). "Molecular Biology of Pseudorabies Virus: Impact on ...
Pseudorabies Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 4-87190-391-5. Thomas, Lucas M. "The Secret Library of the Famicom". IGN. Retrieved August ...
The pseudorabies virus (PRV; Bartha strain), for example, may be used as a suitable tracer due to the propensity of the ... Deletion of three key membrane protein genes in the PRV-Bartha strain of pseudorabies blocks anterograde spread of the virus ... A member of the herpesviridae family, the pseudorabies virus spreads through the CNS in both a retrograde and anterograde ... Enquist, L. W. (2002-12-01). "Exploiting Circuit-Specific Spread of Pseudorabies Virus in the Central Nervous System: Insights ...
Sams, J. M.; Jansen, A. S.; Mettenleiter, T. C.; Loewy, A. D. (1995-07-31). "Pseudorabies virus mutants as transneuronal ... Herpes simplex virus (Herpesviridae family) - anterograde Pseudorabies virus PRV (Herpesviridae family) - retrograde trans- ... "Role of us9 phosphorylation in axonal sorting and anterograde transport of pseudorabies virus". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e58776. ... "Efficient retrograde transport of pseudorabies virus within neurons requires local protein synthesis in axons". Cell Host ...
... pseudorabies, and vaccinia viruses". The American Journal of Pathology. 30 (6): 1057-1073. PMC 1942564. PMID 13207312. Kennedy ...
... also known as pseudorabies virus)-Aujesky's disease. The following 20 species are assigned to the genus in ICTV 2022 ...
Burnet FM, Lush D, Jackson AV (1939). "The properties of herps B and pseudorabies viruses on the choriollantois". Aust J Exp ...
An example of a tracer virus which replicates from the synapse to the soma is the pseudorabies virus. By using pseudorabies ... Card, J. P. (2001). "Pseudorabies virus neuroinvasiveness: A window into the functional organization of the brain". Advances in ... Card, J. P. (2011). "A Dual Infection Pseudorabies Virus Conditional Reporter Approach to Identify Projections to ...
"Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous in transgenic mice expressing IE180 of the pseudorabies virus". Investigative ...
... and pseudorabies. "Contact Information." Texas Animal Health Commission. Retrieved on August 29, 2009. "About TAHC." Texas ...
DAP derivatives are in vitro antivirals useful against pseudorabies virus, a economically important livestock disease. This ... In vitro study results with pseudorabies virus (PrV, SuHV-1)". Veterinary Microbiology. 184: 84-93. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic. ...
... and pseudorabies. Decreases in GFAP expression have been reported in Down's syndrome, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and ... and brain macrophages to central neuronal infection with pseudorabies virus". The Journal of Neuroscience. 13 (2): 685-702. doi ...
January 2016). "Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of a gE/gI/TK gene-deleted pseudorabies virus variant in susceptible animals ...
Pirtle, E. C; Sacks, J. M; Nachman, R. J (1986). "Antiviral effectiveness of butylated hydroxytoluene against pseudorabies ( ... pseudorabies in mouse and swine, and Newcastle in chickens).[non-primary source needed] The relevance of other reports, ... a report of inhibitory activity in vitro against pseudorabies (in cell culture),[non-primary source needed] and two studies, in ...
Traub E, Cultivation of Pseudorabies Virus, J Exp Med, 30 November 1933, 58(6), 663-81. Barthold SW, Introduction: microbes and ... including pseudorabies virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM). During his stay in the United States, Traub and his ...
They used a pseudo-rabies virus (PRV) as a transsynaptic tracer, and injected it into the VTA. They found that unilateral ...
They found that some existing vaccines against pseudorabies (also termed Aujeszky's disease) had deletions in their viral ... The DIVA strategy has been applied in various countries to successfully eradicate pseudorabies virus from those countries. ...
"Disruption of Adherens Junctions Liberates Nectin-1 To Serve as Receptor for Herpes Simplex Virus and Pseudorabies Virus Entry ...
Kocáková, P.; Leško, J.; Horáková, K.; Golais, F. (1997). "A Combined Effect of Pseudorabies Virus Growth Factor (PGRF) and ...
Other notable research by her concerned the topics of the pseudorabies, as well as of the bovine alphaherpesvirus 1. ...
Moriuchi H, Moriuchi M, Dean H, Cheung AK, Cohen JI (May 1995). "Pseudorabies virus EPO is functionally homologous to varicella ...
TAP function can also be inhibited by UL49.5 protein produced by bovine herpesvirus 1, pseudorabies virus, and equine ...
Research on pseudorabies virus (PrV), the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease in pigs, has pioneered animal disease control ... Among the animal herpesviruses are pseudorabies virus causing Aujeszky's disease in pigs, and bovine herpesvirus 1 causing ...
Due to the presence of vesicular stomatitis and pseudorabies on the island, no more live pigs may be removed from the island. ...
... also known as pseudorabies, in cattle. Scope also discovered that virus infection caused fibroma in the cottontail rabbits he ...
Pseudorabies (Morbus Aujeszky) is an infectious disease that primarily affects swine, but can also cause a fatal disease in ...
... and for Pseudorabies Virus. Recently, it has been found that nectin-4 can be found in the serum of patients with lung cancer. ...
Pseudorabies virus is the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease in pigs and Bovine herpesvirus 1 is the causative agent of ...
... noted for his work on pseudorabies. Pseudorabies (also known as PRV, Aujeszky's disease, infectious bulbar paralysis, or mad ... United States Department of Agriculture - Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's Disease) and Its Eradication v t e (CS1 maint: archived copy ...
It also serves as an entry for certain mutant strains of herpes simplex virus and pseudorabies virus, and it is involved in ... 1999). "The Murine Homolog (Mph) of Human Herpesvirus Entry Protein B (HveB) Mediates Entry of Pseudorabies Virus but Not ... and pseudorabies virus". Virology. 246 (1): 179-89. doi:10.1006/viro.1998.9218. PMID 9657005. Freistadt MS, Eberle KE (1998). " ...
Aujeszkys disease, usually called pseudorabies in the United States, is a viral disease in swine that is endemic in most parts ... "Pseudorabies: Introduction". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-31. Pensaert M, Labarque G, Favoreel H, ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pseudorabies. Overview of the virus and its applications in neuroscience Animal viruses ... ISBN 978-1-904455-09-7. Pomeranz L, Reynolds A, Hengartner C (2005). "Molecular Biology of Pseudorabies Virus: Impact on ...
Schiltz says the state and nation have been diligently working to wipe out the viral disease.Schiltz says other cases of pseudo-rabies ... will have to destroy all 16-hundred head of his hogs due to an outbreak of pseudo-rabies. Dr. ...
Pseudorabies. The assessment is levied to promote the control and eradication of pseudorabies in swine. The assessment is ... Home Excise Tax Miscellaneous Tax Promotion Assessments Pseudorabies ...
Puentes E, Eiras A, Cancio E, Nores MV, Aguilera A, Comparison of the protective efficacy of Aujeszkys disease (pseudorabies) ... Pseudorabies virus infection in mink: a host-specific pathogenesis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2008;124:264-73. DOIPubMedGoogle ... Aujeszkys disease (pseudorabies) in pigs. Developments in Veterinary Virology (USA). 1989;9:230-325. DOIGoogle Scholar ... Complete, annotated sequence of the pseudorabies virus genome. J Virol. 2004;78:424-40. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ...
The pseudorabies PCR results were positive.. Pseudorabies is caused by suid herpesvirus 1. This virus has been eradicated from ... Pseudorabies is reportable to the Texas Animal Health Commission.. In summary, pseudorabies should be considered a differential ... Pseudorabies in a group of Texas hog-hunting dogs. Erin Edwards, DVM, MS, DACVP, Gabriel Gomez, DVM, PhD, DACVP, Terry Hensley ... This past spring, pseudorabies was diagnosed in a group of hog-hunting dogs from southern Texas. Four dogs total were affected ...
A pseudorabies outbreak has been confirmed near DeQueen in Sevier County. The outbreak claimed the lives of 10 hunting dogs ...
Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus Glycoprotein E Antigen. Description: Recombinant Glycoprotein E (gE) of Pseudorabies Virus ... Pseudorabies virus glycoprotein E (PRV gE) has been recognized as a suitable diagnostic antigen for pseudorabies. The ... Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus Glycoprotein E Antigen. October 01, 2023 0.5ml. $1,998.00. ...
Campaign to eradicate pseudorabies continues The government is extending its campaign to eradicate pseudorabies in the United ...
Biological characterization of a recombinant pseudorabies virus * E. Álvarez Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense ... In a previous study we obtained and characterized in vitro a novel pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant named gIp2 with a TK, gI/gE ... Biological characterization of a recombinant pseudorabies virus. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(4), 521-530. https ... the inoculation of gIp2 induced an immune response able to provide clinical and virological protection against pseudorabies ...
Pseudorabies Virus Us9 Directs Axonal Sorting Of Viral Capsids. M. G. Lyman; B. Feierbach; D. Curanovic; M. Bisher; and L. W. ...
Dive into the research topics of Role of pseudorabies virus Us3 protein kinase during neuronal infection. Together they form ...
Intramuscular Injections of Pseudorabies Virus (PRV). An incision was made on ulnar border of forelimb on anesthetized mice ... A) Schematic of pseudorabies virus (PRV) injection in healthy mice, with (B) corresponding coronal section of the probability ... McCarthy, K. M., Tank, D. W., and Enquist, L. W. (2009). Pseudorabies virus infection alters neuronal activity and connectivity ... Two weeks later, mice received an intramuscular left forelimb injection of pseudorabies virus (PRV-152) carrying GFP, an ...
Sik A, Ferecsko AS, Boldogkoi Z, Tombacz D, Ordog B, Hirase H et al.. Development of a novel pseudorabies virus-based method ... Sik, A, Ferecsko, AS, Boldogkoi, Z, Tombacz, D, Ordog, B, Hirase, H & Tiesinga, P 2011, Development of a novel pseudorabies ... Development of a novel pseudorabies virus-based method for monosynaptic neuronal network tracing. / Sik, Attila; Ferecsko, AS; ... Development of a novel pseudorabies virus-based method for monosynaptic neuronal network tracing. Paper presented at British ...
Octaplas (Pooled Plasma (Human) Solvent/Detergent) may treat, side effects, dosage, drug interactions, warnings, patient labeling, reviews, and related medications including drug comparison and health resources.
Chang Y.Y., Lin H.W., Wong M.L., Chang T.J., Regulation of the vhs gene promoter of pseudorabies virus by IE180 and EP0, and ... Hanson R.P., The history of pseudorabies in the United States, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. (1954) 124:259-261. [PubMed]. . ... Ou C.J., Wong M.L., Chang T.J., A TEF-1-element is required for activation of the promoter of pseudorabies virus glycoprotein X ... Shope R.E., Pseudorabies is a contagious disease in swine, Science (1934) 80:102-103. [CrossRef]. . ...
Genome-wide analysis of long noncoding RNA profiles in pseudorabies-virus-infected PK15 ce ... Genome-wide analysis of long noncoding RNA profiles in pseudorabies-virus-infected PK15 cells. ... are involved in host metabolism after infection with pseudorabies virus (PRV). In our study, via RNA sequencing analysis, a ...
Pseudorabies virus membrane proteins gI and gE facilitate anterograde spread of infection in projection- specific neurons in ... Pseudorabies virus membrane proteins gI and gE facilitate anterograde spread of infection in projection- specific neurons in ... T1 - Pseudorabies virus membrane proteins gI and gE facilitate anterograde spread of infection in projection- specific neurons ... Pseudorabies virus membrane proteins gI and gE facilitate anterograde spread of infection in projection- specific neurons in ...
Deletion of the UL21 gene in Pseudorabies virus results in the formation of DNA-deprived capsids: an electron microscopy study ...
The UdL develops an epidemiological model for pseudorabies in swine Early vaccination is key according to research published in ...
PRV: Pseudorabies Virus. SBV: Sindbis Virus. MEV: Mouse Encephalomyelitis Virus. PPV: Porcine Parvovirus ...
Pig pseudorabies virus (PRV) antibody (IgG) ELISA kit , CSB-EQ027197PI , CusabioPig pseudorabies virus (PRV) antibody (IgG) ... Pig pseudorabies virus (PRV) antibody (IgG) ELISA kit , CSB-EQ027197PI Cusabio Elisa ...
pseudorabies virus;RR1 and RR2;ribonucleotide reductase;vaccine candidate; ... pseudorabies virus ; RR1 and RR2>RR1 and RR2 ; ribonucleotide reductase ; vaccine candidate ... In this study, we deleted and genes based on a / / triple gene-deleted pseudorabies virus and tested its efficacy in pigs as a ... RR1 and RR2 gene deletion affects the immunogenicity of a live attenuated pseudorabies virus vaccine candidate in natural pig ...
Pseudorabies virus. Porcine Respiratory (PRRSV). Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis. Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE). Other ...
Pseudorabies See: Aujeszkys Disease. Psittacosis. Psoroptes ovis See: Sheep Scab (Psoroptes ovis). ...
39 Pseudorabies. 40 Papillomavirus Infections. 41 Arthropod-Borne Viral Infections. 42 Bornavirus Infection. 43 Emerging and ...
Klupp, B.G.; Nixdorf, R.; Mettenleiter, T.C. Pseudorabies virus glycoprotein M inhibits membrane fusion. J. Virol. 2000, 74, ... Jons, A.; Dijkstra, J.M.; Mettenleiter, T.C. Glycoproteins M and N of pseudorabies virus form a disulfide-linked complex. J. ... Jons, A.; Granzow, H.; Kuchling, R.; Mettenleiter, T.C. The UL49.5 gene of pseudorabies virus codes for an O-glycosylated ... This assumption is further supported by the presence of gN of Pseudorabies Virus, another alphaherpesvirus, in extracellular ...
Brainstem localization of rodent esophageal premotor neurons revealed by transneuronal passage of pseudorabies virus. ...
Pseudorabies virus and the functional architecture of the circadian timing system. J Biol ... the presence of a multisynaptic autonomic connection from SCN neurons to the heart with the retrograde pseudorabies virus ...
The veterinarians signature is needed on the submission form for all regulatory test (e.g. Pseudorabies, Brucellosis, etc.) ...
Peng, Z.; Ouyang, T.; Pang, D.; Ma, T.; Chen, X.; Guo, N.; Chen, F.; Yuan, L.; Ouyang, H.; Ren, L. Pseudorabies virus can ... Hubner, A.; Keil, G.M.; Kabuuka, T.; Mettenleiter, T.C.; Fuchs, W. Efficient transgene insertion in a pseudorabies virus vector ... Live attenuated pseudorabies virus developed using the crispr/cas9 system. Virus Res. 2016, 225, 33-39. [Google Scholar] [ ... A simple and rapid approach to manipulate pseudorabies virus genome by crispr/cas9 system. Biotechnol. Lett. 2015, 37, 1265- ...
  • Aujeszky's disease, usually called pseudorabies in the United States, is a viral disease in swine that is endemic in most parts of the world. (wikipedia.org)
  • The assessment is levied to promote the control and eradication of pseudorabies in swine. (arkansas.gov)
  • Isolates from pseudorabies virus epidemics in swine herds were characterized. (cdc.gov)
  • Pseudorabies, also known as Aujezsky's disease, mad itch, and infectious bulbar paralysis, is a highly contagious disease of swine that can also be fatal in domestic species. (tamu.edu)
  • The prevalence of pseudorabies in Texas feral swine populations averages between 8-13% based on opportunistic sampling of adults done by the USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services. (tamu.edu)
  • Pseudorabies does not appear to have a detrimental effect on the feral swine population. (tamu.edu)
  • In summary, pseudorabies should be considered a differential diagnosis for neurologic disease of domestic animals exposed to feral swine populations. (tamu.edu)
  • Iglesias G., Pijoan C., Molitor T., Interactions of pseudorabies virus with swine alveolar macrophages I: virus replication, Arch. (vetres.org)
  • Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PSEUDORABIES (Aujeszky's disease), a herpesvirus of swine and other animals. (nih.gov)
  • No swine vaccinated against Pseudorabies are allowed entry into Georgia. (georgia.gov)
  • Pseudorabies is a highly contagious disease of swine that kills piglets. (miwildlife.org)
  • In a previous study we obtained and characterized in vitro a novel pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant named gIp2 with a TK, gI/gE, 11k and 28k negative phenotype and a duplication of PK gene. (csic.es)
  • Kit S., Kit M., Bartkoski M.J., Dees G., Genetically engineered pseudorabies virus vaccine with deletions in thymidine kinase and glycoprotein genes, Cold Spring Harbor Symposium Vaccines 87, Pseudorabies Vaccines, 1987, pp. 345-349. (vetres.org)
  • In this study, we deleted and genes based on a / / triple gene-deleted pseudorabies virus and tested its efficacy in pigs as a vaccine candidate. (engineering.org.cn)
  • Histologically, pseudorabies lesions are characterized by non-suppurative inflammation with intranuclear herpesvirus-type viral inclusion bodies (Figure 1). (tamu.edu)
  • however, these findings are not specific for pseudorabies and are only suggestive of a viral infection. (tamu.edu)
  • Favoreel H.W., Nauwynck H.J., Halewyck H.M., Van Oostveldt P., Mettenleiter T.C., Pensaert M.B., Antibody-induced endocytosis of viral glycoproteins and major histocompatibility complex class I on pseudorabies virus-infected monocytes, J. Gen. Virol. (vetres.org)
  • Hanssens F.P., Nauwynck H.J., Pensaert M.B., Involvement of membrane-bound viral glycoproteins in adhesion of pseudorabies virus-infected cells, J. Virol. (vetres.org)
  • The membrane proteins gI and gE of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) are required for viral invasion and spread through some neural pathways of the rodent central nervous system. (princeton.edu)
  • As virulence-determining genes, and encode the small subunit and large subunit of viral ribonucleotide reductase (RR) in pseudorabies virus which have been extensively studied in mice. (engineering.org.cn)
  • Necropsy specimens from pigs infected with pseudorabies virus. (cdc.gov)
  • De Wind N., Berns J., Gielkens A.L., Kimman T.G., Ribonucleotide reductase-deficient mutants of pseudorabies virus are avirulent for pigs and induce partial protective immunity, J. Gen. Virol. (vetres.org)
  • However, vaccination could not provide protection against virulent pseudorabies virus challenge since vaccinated pigs showed clinical pseudorabies-specific syndromes. (engineering.org.cn)
  • Pseudorabies virus (PRV), also called Aujeszky disease virus or suid herpesvirus type 1, is a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily within the family Herpesviridae . (cdc.gov)
  • Pseudorabies is caused by suid herpesvirus 1. (tamu.edu)
  • Promoter activity of the 5'-flanking region of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) early protein 0 (EP0) gene was analysed by transient transfection assays employing chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter constructs. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Brideau A.D., Banfield B.W., Enquist L.W., The Us9 gene product of pseudorabies virus, an alphaherpesvirus, is a phosphorylated tail-anchored type II membrane protein, J. Virol. (vetres.org)
  • Fuchs W., Klupp B.G., Granzow H., Osterrieder N., Mettenleiter T.C., The interacting UL31 and UL34 gene products of pseudorabies virus are involved in egress from the host-cell nucleus and represent components of primary enveloped but not of mature virions, J. Virol. (vetres.org)
  • Fuchs W., Klupp B.G., Granzow H., Mettenleiter T.C., Essential function of the pseudorabies virus UL36 gene product is independent of its interaction with the UL37 protein, J. Virol. (vetres.org)
  • Alignment the partial sequences of glycoprotein (g) C (A), gD (B), and gE (C) genes of pseudorabies virus at the nucleotide level. (cdc.gov)
  • Recombinant Glycoprotein E (gE) of Pseudorabies Virus produced in E. coli. (creativebiomart.net)
  • Pseudorabies virus glycoprotein E (PRV gE) has been recognized as a suitable diagnostic antigen for pseudorabies. (creativebiomart.net)
  • Recently, an increasing number of studies have shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in host metabolism after infection with pseudorabies virus (PRV). (bvsalud.org)
  • In May, the Michigan Department of Agriculture (MDA) confirmed pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection in wild boars on four privately-owned game ranches in Saginaw, Gladwin (2 ranches), and Cheboygan Counties. (miwildlife.org)
  • Based on the clinical signs and history of exposure to feral hogs, the submitting veterinarian strongly suspected a diagnosis of pseudorabies. (tamu.edu)
  • As the name implies, pseudorabies causes clinical neurological signs that mimic those of rabies. (tamu.edu)
  • The most characteristic clinical sign of pseudorabies is intense pruritis, which is why the disease is also known colloquially as "mad itch. (tamu.edu)
  • Additionally, the inoculation of gIp2 induced an immune response able to provide clinical and virological protection against pseudorabies virus after challenge. (csic.es)
  • Berthomme H., Monahan S.J., Parris D.S., Jacquemont B., Epstein A.L., Cloning, sequencing and functional characterization of the two subunits of the pseudorabies virus DNA polymerase holoenzyme: evidence for specificity of interaction, J. Virol. (vetres.org)
  • Fuchs W., Granzow B.G., Klupp B.G., Kopp M., Mettenleiter T.C., The UL48 tegument protein of pseudorabies virus is critical for intracytoplasmic assembly of infectious virus, J. Virol. (vetres.org)
  • Fuchs W., Klupp B.G., Granzow H., Hengartner C., Brack A., Mundt A., Mettenleiter T.C., Physical interaction between envelope glycoproteins E and M of pseudorabies virus and the major tegument protein UL49, J. Virol. (vetres.org)
  • Two weeks post-stroke, mice received intramuscular injections of pseudorabies virus (PRV-152), a trans-synaptic retrograde herpes virus driving expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP), into the affected contralesional forelimb to label neurons in descending tracts to the forelimb musculature. (frontiersin.org)
  • Evidence confirmed that the pathogenic pseudorabies virus was the etiologic agent of this epidemic. (cdc.gov)
  • Genome-wide analysis of long noncoding RNA profiles in pseudorabies-virus-infected PK15 cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • The pseudorabies PCR results were positive. (tamu.edu)
  • This past spring, pseudorabies was diagnosed in a group of hog-hunting dogs from southern Texas. (tamu.edu)
  • Once rabies testing was deemed negative, brain samples were sent to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL) for histopathology and to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for pseudorabies PCR. (tamu.edu)
  • Aujeszky's disease, usually called pseudorabies in the United States, is a viral disease in swine that is endemic in most parts of the world. (wikipedia.org)
  • The IDEXX PRV/ADV gE Ab Test is an immunoassay for the detection of antibodies in swine serum to the gE antigen of pseudorabies virus (PRV/Aujeszky's disease). (idexx.co.uk)
  • Pseudorabies virus (PRV/Aujeszky's disease) is caused by a type 1 porcine herpesvirus. (idexx.co.uk)
  • Examples are the PRRS vaccine, aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) vaccines and classical swine fever vaccines. (thepigsite.com)
  • All the pigs will test positive which has obvious implications for an eradication programme based on blood tests, for example the eradication of swine fever or aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies). (thepigsite.com)
  • Necropsy specimens from pigs infected with pseudorabies virus. (cdc.gov)
  • A Novel Strategy of US3 Codon De-Optimization for Construction of an Attenuated Pseudorabies Virus against High Virulent Chinese Pseudorabies Virus Variant. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our discussion on the use of biotechnologically engineered vaccines and diagnostics in pseudorabies (PR) eradication will focus mainly on selected characteristics of these two vectors (adenoviruses and vaccinia) and their application in the development of PR vaccines. (usda.gov)
  • This differential test is intended for use in herd management and pseudorabies eradication applications. (idexx.co.uk)
  • The widely used pseudorabies virus (PRV) Bartha-K61 vaccine has played a key role in the eradication of PRV. (cdc.gov)
  • In this report, we demonstrate that pseudorabies virus (PRV), a distantly related alphaherpesvirus, shows a distinctive set of defects after infection of gro29 cells. (princeton.edu)
  • The serine protease-specific inhibitor AEBSF inhibited penetration of the basement membrane by the porcine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) by 88.1% without affecting lateral spread. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pseudorabies virus (PRV), also called Aujeszky disease virus or suid herpesvirus type 1, is a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily within the family Herpesviridae . (cdc.gov)
  • Alignment the partial sequences of glycoprotein (g) C (A), gD (B), and gE (C) genes of pseudorabies virus at the nucleotide level. (cdc.gov)
  • Abstract - Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alpha herpesvirus that causes Aujezsky disease in the pig. (vetres.org)
  • Isolates from pseudorabies virus epidemics in swine herds were characterized. (cdc.gov)
  • Pseudorabies Virus: From Pathogenesis to Prevention Strategies. (nih.gov)
  • Pseudorabies is a disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV) and is responsible for considerable economic losses in the swine industry. (nih.gov)
  • during the first month of these outbreaks, 50% of samples were positive for pseudorabies gE antibody. (cdc.gov)
  • Molecular epidemiology of outbreak-associated pseudorabies virus (PRV) strains in central China. (nih.gov)
  • Pseudorabies is an acute, often fatal, viral disease with a worldwide distribution. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Genomic characterization of pseudorabies virus strains isolated in Italy. (nih.gov)
  • The findings confirm the diagnosis of pseudorabies in swine. (chula.ac.th)
  • 2. The swine originate from a qualified pseudorabies negative herd or a qualified pseudorabies negative grow-out herd in this state. (wisconsin.gov)
  • 3. The exhibitor documents that non-breeding swine originate from a qualified pseudorabies negative herd or qualified negative pseudorabies grow-out herd in this state. (wisconsin.gov)
  • Specimens were taken from a brain of swine suspected of pseudorabies. (chula.ac.th)
  • Only one serotype of pseudorabies virus is recognized, but strain differences have been identified, particularly in China, where a highly virulent type has been reported. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • In a further experiment, an eGFP expressing pseudorabies virus based on the attenuated Bartha strain (PRV-152) was stereotactically injected into the IC and was able to retrogradely infect the nuclei of the auditory brain stem in juvenile and adult Mongolian gerbils. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Pseudorabies is an acute, frequently fatal disease with a worldwide distribution that affects swine primarily and other domestic and wild animals incidentally. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • The pseudorabies virus has re-emerged as a significant foreign animal disease pathogen in the USA because of the emergence of highly virulent strains in China. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • A biosecurity concern in 2006 from the Henshaw's wild boar livestock that included concerns of pseudorabies and brucellosis, a zoological disease that could potentially be spread to people, necessitated a quarantine for the Carters and their livestock, Robert and Valerie said. (farmvilleherald.com)
  • Interspecies Transmission, Genetic Diversity, and Evolutionary Dynamics of Pseudorabies Virus. (nih.gov)
  • These results demonstrate clearly the high potential of transgenic strategy in control of pseudorabies. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Membrane fusion, potential threats, and natural antiviral drugs of pseudorabies virus. (nih.gov)
  • 1. The swine tested negative for pseudorabies in a pseudorabies test performed not more than 30 days before the person moves the swine to the fair or exhibition. (wisconsin.gov)
  • 2. The exhibitor documents that the swine tested negative for pseudorabies in a test performed within 30 days before the swine are exhibited. (wisconsin.gov)