Protozoan Infections
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Helminths
Giardia lamblia
Yemen
Amoebozoa
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoebiasis
Giardiasis
Eukaryota
Feces
Cryptosporidiosis
Protozoan Infections, Animal
Prevalence
Ciliophora
RNA, Protozoan
Whirling disease: host specificity and interaction between the actinosporean stage of Myxobolus cerebralis and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. (1/301)
Scanning electron microscopic studies were conducted on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the first 60 min after their exposure to the triactinomyxon spores of Myxobolus cerebralis. The results demonstrated that as early as 1 min post exposure the whole process, from the attachment of the triactinomyxon spores to the complete penetration of their sporoplasm germs, had occurred. The triactinomyxon spores sought out the secretory openings of mucous cells of the epidermis, the respiratory epithelium and the buccal cavity of trout and used them as portals of entry. Exposure experiments of the triactinomyxon spores of M. cerebralis to non-salmonid fish, such as goldfish Carassius auratus, carp Cyprinus carpio, nose Chondrostoma nasus, medaka Oryzias latipes, guppy Poecilia reticulata and also the amphibian tadpole Rana pipiens as well as to rainbow trout fry indicated a specificity for salmonids. Attempts to activate the triactinomyxon spores by exposure to mucus prepared from cyprinid and salmonid fish showed no significant differences from those conducted in tap water. The results suggest that the simultaneous presence of both mechano- and chemotactic stimuli was required for finding the salmonid fish host. (+info)Pathogenicity of Ichthyophonus hoferi for laboratory-reared Pacific herring Clupea pallasi and its early appearance in wild Puget Sound herring. (2/301)
Laboratory-reared pathogen-free Pacific herring were exposed to pure cultures of Ichthyophonus hoferi, and reproduced the disease seen in naturally infected fish--thus fulfilling Koch's Postulates. Pathogen-free herring used in this study were reared from artificially spawned eggs incubated in filtered, UV-sterilized seawater, eliminating the variables associated with multiple infections, which are common in wild herring. Wild free-ranging herring were captured monthly from June through October by dip net from 'herring balls' located in the northern Puget Sound. I. hoferi infections were identified in these fish soon after metamorphoses, about 4 mo post-hatch. The prevalence increased from 5 to 6% in 0-yr fish to 24% in 1-yr-old fish to 50 to 70% in fish over 2 yr old, with no associated increase in mortality. The route of natural transmission to wild herring was not determined, but carnivorous fish became infected and died when they were experimentally fed tissues infected with the organism. In vitro culture of tissues was the most sensitive method for identifying both clinical and subclinical infections. (+info)Nosema notabilis (Microsporidia), its ultrastructure and effect on the myxosporean host Ortholinea polymorpha. (3/301)
Nosema notabilis Kudo, 1939 produces chain-forming meronts with a dense cell coat in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic microtubules and membranaceous whorls could be observed in meront cytoplasm. Sporonts differ in that they have a thicker cell wall and more conspicuous endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae. Sporoblasts have an externally ridged cell wall. Spores have an apically located anchoring disc, an isofilar polar tube with 6 to 9 turns and polyribosomal strands in the sporoplasm. Diplokarya occur in all stages. Heavily infected plasmodia of Ortholinea polymorpha (Davis, 1917) reveal marked pathological signs. The most prominent are reduction of surface projections and/or pinocytosis, inflated mitochondria with altered inner structures, affected vegetative nuclei, damage to generative cells and occurrence of various anomalous formations in the plasmodium cytoplasm. The damage may result in complete disintegration of the plasmodium. However, the development of the microsporidian is affected by a remarkably high percentage of teratological stages revealing membranaceous and tubular structures. (+info)Molecular characterization of the myxosporean associated with parasitic encephalitis of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Ireland. (4/301)
During seasonal epizootics of neurologic disease and mass mortality in the summers of 1992, 1993 and 1994 on a sea-farm in Ireland, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts suffered from encephalitis associated with infection by a neurotropic parasite. Based on ultrastructural studies, this neurotropic parasite was identified as an intercellular presporogonic multicellular developmental stage of a histozoic myxosporean, possibly a Myxobolus species. In order to generate sequence data for phylogenetic comparisons to substantiate the present morphological identification of this myxosporean in the absence of detectable sporogony, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blot hybridization, dideoxynucleotide chain-termination DNA sequencing, and in situ hybridization (ISH) were used in concert to characterize segments of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. Oligonucleotide primers were created from sequences of the SSU rRNA gene of M. cerebralis and were employed in PCR experiments using DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections of brains from Atlantic salmon smolts in which the myxosporean had been detected by light microscopy. Five segments of the SSU rRNA gene of the myxosporean, ranging in length from 187 to 287 base pairs, were amplified, detected by hybridization with sequence-specific probes, and sequenced. Consensus sequences from these segments were aligned to create a partial sequence of the SSU rRNA gene of the myxosporean. Assessments of sequence identity were made between this partial sequence and sequences of SSU rRNA genes from 7 myxosporeans, including Ceratomyxa shasta, Henneguya doori, M. arcticus, M. cerebralis, M. insidiosus, M. neurobius, and M. squamalis. The partial SSU rRNA gene sequence from the myxosporean had more sequence identity with SSU rRNA gene sequences from neurotropic and myotropic species of Myxobolus than to those from epitheliotropic species of Myxobolus or Henneguya, or the enterotropic species of Ceratomyxa, and was identical to regions of the SSU rRNA gene of M. cerebralis. Digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide DNA probes complementary to multiple segments of the SSU rRNA gene of M. cerebralis hybridized with DNA of the parasite in histologic sections of brain in ISH experiments, demonstrating definitively that the segments of genome amplified were from the organisms identified by histology and ultrastructural analysis. Based on sequence data derived entirely from genetic material of extrasporogonic stages, the SSU rDNA sequence identity discovered in this study supports the hypothesis that the myxosporean associated with encephalitis of farmed Atlantic salmon smolts is a neurotropic species of the genus Myxobolus, with sequences identical to those of M. cerebralis. (+info)Development of a polymerase chain reaction diagnostic assay for Ceratomyxa shasta, a myxosporean parasite of salmonid fish. (5/301)
A diagnostic procedure based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for the myxosporean parasite Ceratomyxa shasta. Three sets of oligonucleotide primers were designed to specifically amplify C. shasta ribosomal RNA genes and several parameters of the assay were tested and optimised. A simple protocol for the processing of fish tissue samples was also developed. In a single round, 20 microliters volume reaction the optimised procedure allows the detection of 50 fg of purified C. shasta genomic DNA, or 0.01 spore from a seeded fish intestine sample. This protocol is considerably faster, cheaper and more reliable than any previous diagnostic procedure for a myxosporean parasite, and can be an invaluable tool for the monitoring of early and/or subclinical C. shasta infections in wild and cultured salmon populations. (+info)Ichthyophthiriasis in carp Cyprinus carpio: infectivity of trophonts prematurely exiting both the immune and non-immune host. (6/301)
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis exposed to naturally immunised carp established short-term infections, the majority of parasites actively emerging within 2 h of entering the epidermis. A small, but significant, number of these expelled parasites were shown to retain theront-like properties with the capacity to directly re-invade a further fish host. Infectivity fell rapidly with time in the host and was comparable to that of trophonts of a similar age artificially induced to emerge from non-immune hosts with the aid of MEM (minimal essential medium). Trophonts recovered with MEM from immune carp 2 to 8 h post infection rarely established infections upon exposure to susceptible new hosts and no infections resulted from older trophonts recovered after 8 to 24 h exposure; older trophonts, however, represented only a small percentage of the original parasite population. A low level of infectivity was recorded in trophonts collected with the aid of MEM from non-immune carp after up to 24 h of infection. The results are discussed in relation to theront transformation and evasion of the host immune response. (+info)Molecular evidence that the proliferative kidney disease organism unknown (PKX) is a myxosporean. (7/301)
The proliferative kidney organism unknown (PKX), a serious salmonid fish pathogen, is considered to be a myxosporean on the basis of ultrastructural studies, but its real taxonomic position has never been confirmed. In order to ascertain its position, genomic DNA was extracted from PKX and small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA was amplified by PCR, cloned and sequenced. A phylogenetical analysis on SSU rDNA from 76 or 128 eucaryotic species was carried out. Whatever the tree reconstruction methods used, PKX was found to be a sister group of the Myxozoa phylum, providing the first molecular evidence for its membership in this phylum. (+info)Demonstration of Tritrichomonas foetus in the external genitalia and of specific antibodies in preputial secretions of naturally infected bulls. (8/301)
Portions of penis and prepuce were collected from 24 bulls with current or recent Tritrichomonas foetus infection. Epididymides were collected from seven of the bulls, and seminal vesicles and prostate were collected from four. Following immunohistochemical staining with two monoclonal antibodies (34.7C4.4 and TF1.15) prepared against T. foetus surface antigens, trichomonads were identified in sections from 15 of the bulls. Organisms were most often located in penile crypts in the midshaft and caudal regions and less often in preputial crypts. Trichomonads were not observed in sections from other genitalia or in subepithelial tissue. T. foetus antigen, however, was present in the cytoplasm of some epithelial cells and the cytoplasm of some mononuclear cells in subepithelial lymphoid aggregates and follicles. Preputial smegma was collected from 16 T. foetus-infected bulls and from 16 control bulls with negative T. foetus cultures. Preputial antibody levels to TF1.17, a surface antigen of T. foetus, were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Preputial secretions from infected bulls contained specific antibody of each isotype and subisotype tested. IgG1 responses were the greatest, IgM and IgA responses were approximately equal, and IgG2 responses were low. Each isotype and subisotype response in infected bulls was significantly greater than that in the controls. These results confirm previous speculation concerning anatomical sites of infection and suggest that parasite antigen can be taken up and processed locally, resulting in deposition of specific IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM antibodies in the preputial cavity. (+info)Protozoan infections are diseases caused by microscopic, single-celled organisms known as protozoa. These parasites can enter the human body through contaminated food, water, or contact with an infected person or animal. Once inside the body, they can multiply and cause a range of symptoms depending on the type of protozoan and where it infects in the body. Some common protozoan infections include malaria, giardiasis, amoebiasis, and toxoplasmosis. Symptoms can vary widely but may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, and skin rashes. Treatment typically involves the use of antiprotozoal medications to kill the parasites and alleviate symptoms.
Parasitic intestinal diseases are disorders caused by microscopic parasites that invade the gastrointestinal tract, specifically the small intestine. These parasites include protozoa (single-celled organisms) and helminths (parasitic worms). The most common protozoan parasites that cause intestinal disease are Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Entamoeba histolytica. Common helminthic parasites include roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), tapeworms (Taenia saginata and Taenia solium), hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), and pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis).
Parasitic intestinal diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weight loss. The severity and duration of the symptoms depend on the type of parasite, the number of organisms present, and the immune status of the host.
Transmission of these parasites can occur through various routes, including contaminated food and water, person-to-person contact, and contact with contaminated soil or feces. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, washing hands thoroughly after using the toilet and before handling food, cooking food thoroughly, and avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked meat, poultry, or seafood.
Treatment of parasitic intestinal diseases typically involves the use of antiparasitic medications that target the specific parasite causing the infection. In some cases, supportive care such as fluid replacement and symptom management may also be necessary.
Helminths are a type of parasitic worm that can infect humans and animals. They are multi-cellular organisms that belong to the phyla Platyhelminthes (flatworms) or Nematoda (roundworms). Helminths can be further classified into three main groups: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes).
Helminth infections are typically acquired through contact with contaminated soil, food, or water. The symptoms of helminth infections can vary widely depending on the type of worm and the location and extent of the infection. Some common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, and malnutrition.
Helminths have complex life cycles that often involve multiple hosts. They can be difficult to diagnose and treat, and in some cases, may require long-term treatment with anti-parasitic drugs. Preventive measures such as good hygiene practices, proper sanitation, and access to clean water can help reduce the risk of helminth infections.
Helminthiasis is a medical condition characterized by the infection and infestation of body tissues and organs by helminths, which are parasitic worms. These worms can be classified into three main groups: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes).
Helminthiasis infections can occur through various modes of transmission, such as ingestion of contaminated food or water, skin contact with contaminated soil, or direct contact with an infected person or animal. The severity of the infection depends on several factors, including the type and number of worms involved, the duration of the infestation, and the overall health status of the host.
Common symptoms of helminthiasis include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, anemia, and nutritional deficiencies. In severe cases, the infection can lead to organ damage or failure, impaired growth and development in children, and even death.
Diagnosis of helminthiasis typically involves microscopic examination of stool samples to identify the presence and type of worms. Treatment usually consists of administering anthelmintic drugs that are effective against specific types of worms. Preventive measures include improving sanitation and hygiene, avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water, and practicing safe food handling and preparation.
"Giardia lamblia," also known as "Giardia duodenalis" or "Giardia intestinalis," is a species of microscopic parasitic protozoan that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine of various vertebrates, including humans. It is the most common cause of human giardiasis, a diarrheal disease. The trophozoite (feeding form) of Giardia lamblia has a distinctive tear-drop shape and possesses flagella for locomotion. It attaches to the intestinal epithelium, disrupting the normal function of the small intestine and leading to various gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, and dehydration. Giardia lamblia is typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Yemen" is not a medical term. It is a country located in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. If you have any questions about medical conditions, treatments, or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!
Amoebozoa is a supergroup of unicellular eukaryotic organisms that includes various kinds of amoebas and slime molds. These organisms are characterized by the presence of lobose pseudopodia, which are temporary protrusions of cytoplasm used for locomotion and feeding. Amoebozoa is a diverse group with over 9,000 described species, including both free-living and symbiotic forms. Some amoebozoans can form multicellular structures during their life cycle, such as slime molds, which are known for their complex behaviors and social interactions. The study of Amoebozoa is important for understanding the evolutionary history and diversity of eukaryotic organisms.
'Entamoeba histolytica' is a species of microscopic, single-celled protozoan parasites that can cause a range of human health problems, primarily in the form of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. The medical definition of 'Entamoeba histolytica' is as follows:
Entamoeba histolytica: A species of pathogenic protozoan parasites belonging to the family Entamoebidae, order Amoebida, and phylum Sarcomastigophora. These microorganisms are typically found in the form of cysts or trophozoites and can infect humans through the ingestion of contaminated food, water, or feces.
Once inside the human body, 'Entamoeba histolytica' parasites can colonize the large intestine, where they may cause a range of symptoms, from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery, depending on the individual's immune response and the location of the infection. In some cases, these parasites can also invade other organs, such as the liver, lungs, or brain, leading to more serious health complications.
The life cycle of 'Entamoeba histolytica' involves two main stages: the cyst stage and the trophozoite stage. The cysts are the infective form, which can be transmitted from person to person through fecal-oral contact or by ingesting contaminated food or water. Once inside the human body, these cysts excyst in the small intestine, releasing the motile and feeding trophozoites.
The trophozoites then migrate to the large intestine, where they can multiply by binary fission and cause tissue damage through their ability to phagocytize host cells and release cytotoxic substances. Some of these trophozoites may transform back into cysts, which are excreted in feces and can then infect other individuals.
Diagnosis of 'Entamoeba histolytica' infection typically involves the examination of stool samples for the presence of cysts or trophozoites, as well as serological tests to detect antibodies against the parasite. Treatment usually involves the use of antiparasitic drugs such as metronidazole or tinidazole, which can kill the trophozoites and help to control the infection. However, it is important to note that these drugs do not affect the cysts, so proper sanitation and hygiene measures are crucial to prevent the spread of the parasite.
Entamoebiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It can affect various organs, but the most common site of infection is the large intestine (colon), leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach pain, and cramping. In severe cases, it may cause invasive disease, including amoebic dysentery or extraintestinal infections like liver abscesses.
The life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica involves two stages: the infective cyst stage and the proliferative trophozoite stage. Transmission occurs through ingestion of contaminated food, water, or hands containing cysts. Once inside the human body, these cysts excyst in the small intestine, releasing trophozoites that colonize the large intestine and cause disease.
Entamoebiasis is more prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. Preventive measures include proper handwashing, safe food handling, and access to clean water. Treatment typically involves antiparasitic medications such as metronidazole or tinidazole.
Giardiasis is a digestive infection caused by the microscopic parasite Giardia intestinalis, also known as Giardia lamblia or Giardia duodenalis. The parasite is found worldwide, especially in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe water.
The infection typically occurs after ingesting contaminated water, food, or surfaces that have been exposed to fecal matter containing the cyst form of the parasite. Once inside the body, the cysts transform into trophozoites, which attach to the lining of the small intestine and cause symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, dehydration, and greasy stools that may float due to excess fat.
In some cases, giardiasis can lead to lactose intolerance and malabsorption of nutrients, resulting in weight loss and vitamin deficiencies. The infection is usually diagnosed through a stool sample test and treated with antibiotics such as metronidazole or tinidazole. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, avoiding contaminated water and food, and washing hands regularly.
Eukaryota is a domain that consists of organisms whose cells have a true nucleus and complex organelles. This domain includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists. The term "eukaryote" comes from the Greek words "eu," meaning true or good, and "karyon," meaning nut or kernel. In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is housed within a membrane-bound nucleus, and the DNA is organized into chromosomes. This is in contrast to prokaryotic cells, which do not have a true nucleus and have their genetic material dispersed throughout the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. They have many different organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, that perform specific functions to support the cell's metabolism and survival. Eukaryotic cells also have a cytoskeleton made up of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments, which provide structure and shape to the cell and allow for movement of organelles and other cellular components.
Eukaryotes are diverse and can be found in many different environments, ranging from single-celled organisms that live in water or soil to multicellular organisms that live on land or in aquatic habitats. Some eukaryotes are unicellular, meaning they consist of a single cell, while others are multicellular, meaning they consist of many cells that work together to form tissues and organs.
In summary, Eukaryota is a domain of organisms whose cells have a true nucleus and complex organelles. This domain includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists, and the eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.
Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease caused by microscopic parasites called Cryptosporidium. The parasites are found in the feces of infected animals and humans. People can become infected with Cryptosporidium by ingesting contaminated water or food, or by coming into contact with infected persons or animals.
The infection can cause a wide range of symptoms, including watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. In people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, the infection can be severe and even life-threatening.
Cryptosporidiosis is typically treated with increased fluid intake to prevent dehydration, and in some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly after using the bathroom or changing diapers, can help prevent the spread of Cryptosporidium.
Protozoan infections in animals refer to diseases caused by the invasion and colonization of one or more protozoan species in an animal host's body. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can exist as parasites and can be transmitted through various modes, such as direct contact with infected animals, contaminated food or water, vectors like insects, and fecal-oral route.
Examples of protozoan infections in animals include:
1. Coccidiosis: It is a common intestinal disease caused by several species of the genus Eimeria that affects various animals, including poultry, cattle, sheep, goats, and pets like cats and dogs. The parasites infect the epithelial cells lining the intestines, causing diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, and sometimes death in severe cases.
2. Toxoplasmosis: It is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii that can infect various warm-blooded animals, including humans, livestock, and pets like cats. The parasite forms cysts in various tissues, such as muscles, brain, and eyes, causing mild to severe symptoms depending on the host's immune status.
3. Babesiosis: It is a tick-borne disease caused by several species of Babesia protozoa that affect various animals, including cattle, horses, dogs, and humans. The parasites infect red blood cells, causing anemia, fever, weakness, and sometimes death in severe cases.
4. Leishmaniasis: It is a vector-borne disease caused by several species of Leishmania protozoa that affect various animals, including dogs, cats, and humans. The parasites are transmitted through the bite of infected sandflies and can cause skin lesions, anemia, fever, weight loss, and sometimes death in severe cases.
5. Cryptosporidiosis: It is a waterborne disease caused by the protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum that affects various animals, including humans, livestock, and pets like dogs and cats. The parasites infect the epithelial cells lining the intestines, causing diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dehydration.
Prevention and control of these diseases rely on various measures, such as vaccination, chemoprophylaxis, vector control, and environmental management. Public awareness and education are also essential to prevent the transmission and spread of these diseases.
Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Protozoan Proteins" is not a specific medical or scientific term. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms, and proteins are large biological molecules consisting of one or more chains of amino acid residues. Therefore, "Protozoan Proteins" generally refers to the various types of proteins found in protozoa.
However, if you're looking for information about proteins specific to certain protozoan parasites with medical relevance (such as Plasmodium falciparum, which causes malaria), I would be happy to help! Please provide more context or specify the particular protozoan of interest.
There doesn't seem to be a specific medical definition for "DNA, protozoan" as it is simply a reference to the DNA found in protozoa. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be found in various environments such as soil, water, and the digestive tracts of animals.
Protozoan DNA refers to the genetic material present in these organisms. It is composed of nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which contain the instructions for the development, growth, and reproduction of the protozoan.
The DNA in protozoa, like in other organisms, is made up of two strands of nucleotides that coil together to form a double helix. The four nucleotide bases that make up protozoan DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). These bases pair with each other to form the rungs of the DNA ladder, with A always pairing with T and G always pairing with C.
The genetic information stored in protozoan DNA is encoded in the sequence of these nucleotide bases. This information is used to synthesize proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of the organism's cells. Protozoan DNA also contains other types of genetic material, such as regulatory sequences that control gene expression and repetitive elements with no known function.
Understanding the DNA of protozoa is important for studying their biology, evolution, and pathogenicity. It can help researchers develop new treatments for protozoan diseases and gain insights into the fundamental principles of genetics and cellular function.
Ciliophora is a phylum in the taxonomic classification system that consists of unicellular organisms commonly known as ciliates. These are characterized by the presence of hair-like structures called cilia, which are attached to the cell surface and beat in a coordinated manner to facilitate movement and feeding. Ciliophora includes a diverse group of organisms, many of which are found in aquatic environments. Examples of ciliates include Paramecium, Tetrahymena, and Vorticella.
Genes in protozoa refer to the hereditary units of these single-celled organisms that carry genetic information necessary for their growth, development, and reproduction. These genes are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules, which contain sequences of nucleotide bases that code for specific proteins or RNA molecules. Protozoan genes are responsible for various functions, such as metabolism, response to environmental stimuli, and reproduction.
It is important to note that the study of protozoan genes has contributed significantly to our understanding of genetics and evolution, particularly in areas such as molecular biology, cell biology, and genomics. However, there is still much to be learned about the genetic diversity and complexity of these organisms, which continue to be an active area of research.
I'd be happy to help! However, I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question. RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid, which is a type of nucleic acid involved in various biological roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. On the other hand, protozoan refers to a unicellular organism from the kingdom Protista, which includes a wide variety of simple eukaryotic organisms such as amoebas, paramecia, and plasmodium (the malaria-causing parasite).
There isn't a specific medical definition for "RNA, protozoan" since RNA is a molecule present in all living cells, including human cells, and protozoans are a group of organisms. However, I can tell you that RNA plays crucial roles in protozoan biology, such as acting as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes during protein synthesis or regulating gene expression.
If you have any further questions or need more specific information about RNA in protozoans, please let me know!
A protozoan genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in a protozoan organism. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms that lack cell walls and have diverse morphology and nutrition modes. The genome of a protozoan includes all the genes that code for proteins, as well as non-coding DNA sequences that regulate gene expression and other cellular processes.
The size and complexity of protozoan genomes can vary widely depending on the species. Some protozoa have small genomes with only a few thousand genes, while others have larger genomes with tens of thousands of genes or more. The genome sequencing of various protozoan species has provided valuable insights into their evolutionary history, biology, and potential as model organisms for studying eukaryotic cellular processes.
It is worth noting that the study of protozoan genomics is still an active area of research, and new discoveries are continually being made about the genetic diversity and complexity of these fascinating microorganisms.
Parasites14
- Parasites also are responsible for causing disease in humans and domesticated animals. (wikipedia.org)
- Some protozoa are parasites, which means that they need to live on or in another organism (like an animal or plant) to survive. (kidshealth.org)
- Other examples of protozoan parasites that can cause enteric (intestinal) disease are Coccidia , Cryptosporidia, and Toxoplasma . (vcahospitals.com)
- While there are many descriptions of the parasites present, the majority of publications failed to note the effect of them on the animals. (mdpi.com)
- Novel immunization strategies against protozoan parasites : proceedings of a workshop held in Ilrad, Nairobi, Kenya, 1-4 November 1993 / edited by D. J. McKeever. (who.int)
- Notable exceptions include various species of Vibrio and Legionella bacteria and protozoan parasites such as the free-living amoebae Naegleria and Acanthamoeba . (nationalacademies.org)
- Similar to last week, over the next few weeks, I am going to be highlighting three diseases caused by microscopic protozoan parasites that all lead to diarrheal infection. (watertothrive.org)
- The prevalence of these parasites increase the infection rate, which in turn, also increases the death rate. (watertothrive.org)
- Health care personnel should also be aware that stool specimens examined for ova and parasites usually are not examined for Cyclospora unless such testing is specifically requested and that Cyclospora infection is treatable with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. (lookformedical.com)
- We are all warm blooded animals, so cross infection can take place with a lot of parasites, protozoa and bacterial infections. (sugar-gliders.com)
- It is caused by infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma . (pulse.ug)
- They are transmitted to humans by tsetse fly ( Glossina genus) bites which have acquired their infection from human beings or from animals harbouring human pathogenic parasites. (pulse.ug)
- Widespread implementation of rapid antigen detection tests has greatly expanded access to tests for global parasitic threats such as malaria, while next-generation amplification and sequencing methods allow for sensitive and specific detection of human and animal parasites in complex specimen matrices. (cdc.gov)
- African human trypanosomiasis is caused by the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense , transmitted through the bite of tsetse flies. (who.int)
Parasite16
- Sarcosporidiosis is defined as infection with Sarcocystis, which is an intracellular protozoan parasite. (medscape.com)
- Overview of Parasitic Infections A parasite is an organism that lives on or inside another organism (the host) and benefits (for example, by getting nutrients) from the host at the host's expense. (merckmanuals.com)
- Toxoplasmosis is infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii . (msdmanuals.com)
- Doctors usually diagnose the infection by doing blood tests that detect antibodies against the parasite. (msdmanuals.com)
- The parasite infects a large number of animals as well as people. (msdmanuals.com)
- Another possibility is infection with giardia, a protozoan parasite. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
- Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi . (medscape.com)
- Infected insects take blood meals from humans and their domestic animals and deposit parasite-laden feces. (medscape.com)
- This disease is caused by a microscopic parasite known as Cryptosporidium that commonly infects animals through ingestion of contaminated water and remains in the intestines for weeks after infection. (watertothrive.org)
- Shockingly enough, Cryptosporidiosis is the most common diarrheal infection caused by a parasite worldwide. (watertothrive.org)
- Once in the system, the parasite moves to the intestines, creating discomfort and diarrheal infection. (watertothrive.org)
- Dourine is a trypanosomiasis, i.e., an infection caused by a blood parasite. (sciensano.be)
- In this study, Associate Professor Kentaro Kato and his group at the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences and Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine investigated whether sulfated polysaccharides inhibit infection by the Cryptosporidium parasite using cells derived from human colon tissue. (sciencedaily.com)
- In addition, the group investigated the mechanism of infection by the Cryptosporidium parasite, and elucidated that heparan sulfate, a sulfated polysaccharide found on the surface of mammalian cells, is involved in Cryptosporidium infection. (sciencedaily.com)
- The zoo argues the GSSP did take concerns about the possible re-emergence of Ndume's B. coli infection - an intestinal protozoan parasite - into consideration and decided the benefits outweighed the risks. (wvxu.org)
- Infection by this parasite is inextricably tied to its complex life cycle. (medscape.com)
Malaria5
- Many of the most prevalent and deadly human diseases are caused by a protozoan infection, including African sleeping sickness, amoebic dysentery, and malaria. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, the protozoa that causes malaria grows inside red blood cells, eventually destroying them. (kidshealth.org)
- Parasitic infections of occupational origin are caused by protozoa, helminths, and arthropods and include malaria, amebiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and various less common blood and gastrointestinal infections. (cdc.gov)
- The present study revealed the variability of malaria vector resting and feeding behaviour, and the persistence of Plasmodium infections regardless the use of LLINs. (nih.gov)
- Protocide does not treat blood protozoa such as Malaria or Haemoproteus. (jedds.com)
Fungi5
- The term "germs" refers to the microscopic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa that can cause disease. (kidshealth.org)
- In cats, especially adult animals, viruses, protozoa, and fungi are more frequent causes of meningitis and encephalitis than are bacteria. (merckvetmanual.com)
- The module will focus on the main causes of infectious disease (prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and helminths) and how these disease causing agents interact with wildlife, including immunological adaptations and responses of the host. (exeter.ac.uk)
- These fungi are naturally resistant to certain antifungal medications called echinocandins, making infections difficult to treat. (cdc.gov)
- Protozoan infections are caused by a protist, a microscopic organism that cannot be defined as an animal, plant, or fungi! (watertothrive.org)
Single-cell infectious organisms2
- Free-living amebas are protozoa (single-cell infectious organisms) that live in soil or water and do not need to live in people or animals. (merckmanuals.com)
- Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoa (single-cell infectious organisms) present worldwide wherever there are cats. (msdmanuals.com)
Viruses3
- Viral diseases likely encountered on the job include animal respiratory viruses, poxviruses, enteroviruses, and arboviruses. (cdc.gov)
- This chapter describes basic principles of ecology and evolution for waterborne viruses, bacteria, and protozoa (and yeasts and molds to a lesser extent) of public health concern as an aid to better understand how selective forces may alter one's ability to assess the microbial quality of water. (nationalacademies.org)
- Some important results are related to enteric infections caused by viruses, bacteria and protozoa that enter the body by ingestion of contaminated food. (who.int)
Organisms4
- Protozoan infections are parasitic diseases caused by organisms formerly classified in the kingdom Protozoa. (wikipedia.org)
- Protozoan infections are responsible for diseases that affect many different types of organisms, including plants, animals, and some marine life. (wikipedia.org)
- Protozoa (pronounced: pro-toe-ZO-uh) are one-celled organisms, like bacteria. (kidshealth.org)
- The vast majority of new descriptors treed under Eukaryota comprise most of the organisms that were previously treed under the old Protozoa. (bvsalud.org)
Bacterial infection3
- Campylobacteriosis: A bacterial infection that causes diarrhea in humans. (beachapedia.org)
- Note: If favorable results of Marcogyl are not achieved due to Secondly Bacterial Infection„ then it will be appropriate to give Marcoprim bolus along with Marcogyl. (vet24x7.com)
- Metronidazole is an antibacterial drug, mainly used to treat some diseases caused by protozoa and bacterial infection. (veterinarymedicinedrugs.com)
Fungal infections3
- Many fungal infections, such as athlete's foot and yeast infections , are not dangerous in a healthy person. (kidshealth.org)
- People who have weakened immune systems (from diseases like HIV or cancer), though, may develop more serious fungal infections. (kidshealth.org)
- Infections caused by protozoa and certain bacteria can be treated with appropriate antibiotics, and fungal infections can be treated with specific antifungal drugs. (merckvetmanual.com)
Toxoplasma4
- Our findings suggest that hamsters may lack functional TLR11, which has recently been shown to recognize a profilin-like protein homologous to rEA from the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. (usu.edu)
- Infection occurs when people unknowingly ingest toxoplasma cysts from cat feces or eat contaminated meat. (msdmanuals.com)
- We tested for evidence of infection with three protozoans, Leishmania infantum, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dogs from the kennel of Inca (Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain). (usda.gov)
- Toxoplasmosis is the general term for infection and disease in man and animals caused by the parasitic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii . (medscape.com)
Infectious1
- The most common cause of inflammatory cardiomyopathy is lymphocytic myocarditis, which is most usually triggered by a viral infection, and occasionally by other infectious agents. (intechopen.com)
Protozoal infections3
- Protocide tablets are a single dose treatment for intestinal tract protozoal infections in Falcons. (jedds.com)
- Protocide is ideal for treating all internal protozoal infections including Trichomoniasis (Frounce), Hexamita and Giardia. (jedds.com)
- Metronidazole can be used to treat protozoal infections in animals, such as trichomoniasis and Flagellate. (veterinarymedicinedrugs.com)
Feces3
- People acquire the infection by transferring the parasite's eggs from an object contaminated with infected cat feces to the mouth or by eating contaminated food. (msdmanuals.com)
- There are several routes for human infection by T gondii , such as ingestion of material contaminated by oocyst-containing cat feces or ingestion of improperly prepared meat containing tissue cysts. (medscape.com)
- Recently, the introduction of multiplex panels for human gastrointestinal infections has enhanced the identification of common intestinal protozoa in feces along with bacterial and viral pathogens. (cdc.gov)
Trypanosoma1
- The pathogen responsible for the infection is a protozoan, Trypanosoma equiperdum . (sciensano.be)
Organism3
- A yeast-like organism of the Candida genus that causes the infection Candidiasis, commonly referred to as "thrush. (innvista.com)
- The organism T cruzi and infection in humans were first described in 1909 by the Brazilian physician Carlos RJ Chagas. (medscape.com)
- Most of the organism descriptors that were treed under Protozoa are now treed under Eukaryota, some under different taxonomic names. (bvsalud.org)
Viral4
- This activity most likely results from the strong induction of interkeukin-12 (IL-12) and gamma interferon (IFN-{gamma}), which are also essential factors in the establishment of protective immunity against viral infection. (usu.edu)
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a viral infection that progressively destroys certain white blood cells and is treated with antiretroviral medications. (msdmanuals.com)
- When I began to realize this COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic was not as advertised, and there had to be a reason why the first symptoms of COVID, unlike any other viral infection, involved the nervous system - loss of sense of smell and taste and abnormal heart rate and breathing issues, I suspected something other than a virus. (knowledgeofhealth.com)
- An alarming fact is that a frank vitamin B1 deficiency, called beriberi, may be misdiagnosed as a viral infection, pneumonia, sepsis or meningitis, and the patient may die before the correct diagnosis is made . (knowledgeofhealth.com)
Giardiasis7
- Protozoa love moisture, so intestinal infections and other diseases they cause, such as amebiasis and giardiasis, often spread through contaminated water. (kidshealth.org)
- Giardiasis is an intestinal infection in humans and animals caused by a microscopic protozoan. (vcahospitals.com)
- Giardiasis can be a significant cause of illness, especially diarrhea, in animals and people. (vcahospitals.com)
- Giardiasis is common in densely populated environments, such as kennels, pet stores, or animal shelters. (vcahospitals.com)
- Giardiasis: A protozoan infection of the small intestine that can cause diarrhea, cramping, fatigue, and weight loss. (beachapedia.org)
- The second disease is I will introduce is Giardiasis, which does not have a shorter name, but is named after an infection caused by the parasitic microorganism known as Giardia . (watertothrive.org)
- Widely used for Jia to giardiasis of dogs and cats, horses, appreciation tract trichomoniasis of cattle and dogs , histomoniasis in poultry, this drug has been disabled in animals for human food. (veterinarymedicinedrugs.com)
Species6
- The species originally termed "protozoa" are not closely related to each other and only have superficial similarities (eukaryotic, unicellular, motile, though with exceptions). (wikipedia.org)
- Sarcocystis species that are specific for the skeletal-muscle cysts in cattle and pigs also are distributed worldwide, but cultural practices in certain parts of the world (eg, Thailand) lead to higher rates of human infection. (medscape.com)
- Granulomatous amebic encephalitis is a very rare, usually fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by Acanthamoeba species or Balamuthia mandrillaris , two types of free-living amebas. (merckmanuals.com)
- Resembles infection by Nocardia species and can be misdiagnosed if a biopsy is not performed. (cdc.gov)
- Symptoms vary based on the species of microsporidia and the route of infection. (cdc.gov)
- The size and shape of protozoa vary based on the types of species. (microbiologynote.com)
MeSH1
- for now we are going to retain the other DeCS/MeSH descriptors with the word 'Protozoan. (bvsalud.org)
Proteins1
- Thus the headings Protozoan Infections, Protozoan Genes, and Protozoan Proteins, etc. have not changed. (bvsalud.org)
Sporozoan1
- Zygote-containing cysts of sporozoan protozoa. (lookformedical.com)
Protist1
- The terms "protozoa" (and protist) are usually discouraged in the modern biosciences. (wikipedia.org)
Antibiotics1
- Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. (kidshealth.org)
Parasitic infection1
- A parasitic infection can occur through ingestion or through skin absorption. (beachapedia.org)
Immune system4
- Overview of Immunodeficiency Disorders Immunodeficiency disorders involve malfunction of the immune system, resulting in infections that develop and recur more frequently, are more severe, and last longer than usual. (merckmanuals.com)
- Most people who get this infection already have a medical condition that weakens their immune system, such as HIV or another condition that lowers the body's ability to fight germs and sickness. (cdc.gov)
- People with a weakened immune system are more at risk for widespread infections. (cdc.gov)
- People who have a weakened immune system, such as transplant recipients, are at risk for severe infections. (cdc.gov)
Infects2
- Sarcocystis predominantly infects nonhuman animals but can also infect humans. (medscape.com)
- Cryptosporidium is a zoonotic pathogen (a pathogen that causes disease in animals and which can also infect humans), which infects a wide range of mammals including humans and cattle causing severe diarrhea. (sciencedaily.com)
Trypanosomiasis2
- The International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control was established in 1949 to promote research and control of both human and animal trypanosomiases. (who.int)
- The Programme against African Trypanosomiasis, established in 1995, is a joint project of WHO, FAO, IAEA and OAU/Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources to support Member States in trypanosomiasis-endemic areas to reinforce surveillance and control of human and animal trypanosomiases. (who.int)
Cysts2
- Some protozoa are encapsulated in cysts, which help them live outside the human body and in harsh environments for long periods of time. (kidshealth.org)
- These cysts are immediately able to infect another animal. (vcahospitals.com)
Epidemiology1
- etiology, pathology, epidemiology and control of animal parasitic diseases. (just.edu.jo)
Asymptomatic3
- Many infections are asymptomatic. (merckvetmanual.com)
- In humans, the result of infection may range from asymptomatic to severe disease. (medscape.com)
- Asymptomatic infection occurs both congenitally and by ingestion of infected material in immunocompetent individuals. (medscape.com)
Genus1
- Infection with parasitic protozoa of the genus CYCLOSPORA. (lookformedical.com)
Gastrointestinal1
- A minority of persons with long-standing T cruzi infection develop the serious cardiac and gastrointestinal problems that characterize chronic symptomatic Chagas disease. (medscape.com)
Causes diarrhea in humans1
- Researchers have demonstrated that heparin, a type of sulfated polysaccharide, inhibits infection with Cryptosporidium parvum, a protozoan that causes diarrhea in humans and other mammals. (sciencedaily.com)
Occurs3
- This is called hypersensitivity scouring, and generally occurs once an animal has developed resistance to the worms, but has not been exposed to worm larvae for some months. (wormboss.com.au)
- T cruzi infection in humans occurs in a spotty distribution throughout the range of the sylvatic cycle. (medscape.com)
- Rural populations living in regions where transmission occurs and which depend on agriculture, fishing, animal husbandry or hunting are the most exposed to the tsetse fly and therefore to the disease. (pulse.ug)
Symptoms6
- Usually, the infection does not cause symptoms, but some people have swollen lymph nodes, fever, a vague ill feeling, and sometimes a sore throat or blurred vision and eye pain. (msdmanuals.com)
- Most infections cause few or no symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
- Most healthy people with toxoplasmosis do not require treatment, but adults with eye involvement, severe or persistent symptoms, or weakened immune systems, and pregnant women, and newborns with congenital infection are treated. (msdmanuals.com)
- The reason I have put these diseases together, is because they are all protozoan parasitic infections and also have similar symptoms and methods of infection. (watertothrive.org)
- The infection from this disease is known as Amebic dysentery, which often only causes mild symptoms, but can spread to the liver if untreated. (watertothrive.org)
- Reiter syndrome following protracted symptoms of Cyclospora infection. (lookformedical.com)
Eukaryotic1
- Protozoa are microscopic single-celled, eukaryotic protists that lack cell walls. (microbiologynote.com)
Gondii1
- T gondii infection in humans is widespread, although its prevalence as determined by serology shows regional variability. (medscape.com)
Small intestine1
- [ 5 ] Once shed, sporocysts are typically ingested by an intermediate host (usually a cow or pig) and pass into the small intestine of this animal. (medscape.com)
Severe2
- Very watery faeces (scouring, Score 3.5) may indicate a severe infection with scour worms. (wormboss.com.au)
- [ 1 ] In congenital infection and immunosuppressed individuals, more severe forms of the disease may occur. (medscape.com)
Cryptosporidium3
- In the United States, Cryptosporidium infections are associated with children swimming in pools due to their chlorine resistance. (watertothrive.org)
- The group showed for the first time that heparin inhibits the infection of Cryptosporidium , and that the greater the concentration of heparin the greater the inhibitory effect. (sciencedaily.com)
- This study will further promote our understanding of the interaction of heparin sulfate with Cryptosporidium and the mechanism of Cryptosporidium infection, and will facilitate the development of anti-cryptosporidial agents," says Associate Professor Kato. (sciencedaily.com)
Congenital infection1
- Pregnant women can pass the infection to a fetus(called congenital infection), and infected babies can have birth defects, loss of vision, seizures, intellectual disability, and other abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)
Diarrhea2
- Giardia infection in dogs may lead to weight loss, chronic intermittent diarrhea, and fatty stool. (vcahospitals.com)
- In addition, it can also be used to treat animal digestive system infections, such as Inflammatory bowel disease and bacterial diarrhea. (veterinarymedicinedrugs.com)
Pathogens1
- Some of these animals may be immunosuppressed and susceptible to infection with a range of pathogens. (vin.com)
Occur4
- Infections can occur when contaminated water or soil gets into the skin through a cut or scrape. (cdc.gov)
- New cases of vector-borne T cruzi infection usually occur in persons who live in primitive houses in areas where the sylvatic cycle is active. (medscape.com)
- Immune-mediated destruction is the most common cause in dogs, although infections, tumors, and other causes also occur. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Progressive confusion, personality changes, and other neurologic problems occur after infection has invaded the central nervous system. (pulse.ug)
Waterborne1
- These diseases are all considered to be waterborne illnesses that cause intestinal disruption and diarrheal infection. (watertothrive.org)
Mosquitoes1
- Mosquitoes of Animals Mosquitoes are members of the family Culicidae. (merckvetmanual.com)
Human infection2
- Although they rarely cause human infection, certain types of these amebas can cause serious, life-threatening diseases. (merckmanuals.com)
- Toxocariasis: An animal-to-human infection that is caused by roundworms found in the intestines of dogs. (beachapedia.org)
Commonly1
- Falcons are commonly infected with Trichomonas protozoa (frounce) from pigeons. (jedds.com)
Cats4
- Although the very idea may gross out some people, the fact is that the quality of a cats bowel movements can reveal a great deal about that animals health. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
- Quite often, a cats solid waste deposits dont tell the animals health story all by themselves. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
- Early spaying of female dogs and cats can help protect them from some serious health problems later in life such as uterine infections and breast cancer. (fairhavenvet.com)
- A number of mammals are subject to infection and act as intermediate hosts, although domestic cats and other felines are the only definitive host. (medscape.com)
Widespread1
- The occurrence of the outbreaks highlights the need for health care personnel to consider that seemingly isolated cases of infection could be part of widespread outbreaks and should be reported to public health officials. (lookformedical.com)
Examples1
- Examples of unsafe food include under-cooked foods of animal origin, fruits and vegetables contaminated with faeces, and shellfish containing marine biotoxins. (who.int)
Vectors1
- In 2001, FAO adopted a resolution (4/2001) requesting support for African Member States and the PATTEC initiative in efforts to combat effectively human and animal trypanosomiases and their vectors. (who.int)
Medicines1
- Therefore, the livestock sector requires effective measures against the pathogen and investigation of the mechanism of infection and development of new medicines are urgently needed. (sciencedaily.com)
Blood4
- Blood from children under 5 years-old using LLINs was examined for Plasmodium infections. (nih.gov)
- An order of parasitic protozoa found in blood cells and epithelial cells of vertebrates and invertebrates. (lookformedical.com)
- To characterise the signals with which infection might be communicated between blood cells and fat body, we ablated circulating haemocytes and defined the parameters of AMP gene activation in larvae. (cnrs.fr)
- We found that targeted ablation of blood cells influenced the levels of AMP gene expression in the fat body following both septic injury and oral infection. (cnrs.fr)
Humans and animals1
- Many microorganisms that are pathogenic to humans and animals enter ambient waters after import from various point and diffuse sources. (nationalacademies.org)
Found4
- In this review, information was summarized on endoparasites found in six non-domesticated neotropical animals. (mdpi.com)
- The average size dog dropping contains about 3 billion fecal coliform bacteria, and up to 95 percent of the waste found in urban storm drains comes from animals. (beachapedia.org)
- All three of these diseases are common in every country in the world, found in contaminated water sources, and their life cycles are able to continue using an animal host. (watertothrive.org)
- Protozoan infection found in animals and man. (angluzodynas.lt)