Protein energy malnutrition. Medical search

The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.

A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning "displaced child". Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body.

An imbalanced nutritional status resulted from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.

State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients.

Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

Nutrition of FEMALE during PREGNANCY.

Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.

Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of proteins in the diet, characterized by adaptive enzyme changes in the liver, increase in amino acid synthetases, and diminution of urea formation, thus conserving nitrogen and reducing its loss in the urine. Growth, immune response, repair, and production of enzymes and hormones are all impaired in severe protein deficiency. Protein deficiency may also arise in the face of adequate protein intake if the protein is of poor quality (i.e., the content of one or more amino acids is inadequate and thus becomes the limiting factor in protein utilization). (From Merck Manual, 16th ed; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p406)

Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.

Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months.

Pathogenesis of cancrum oris (noma): confounding interactions of malnutrition with infection. (1/695)

This study showed that impoverished Nigerian children at risk for cancrum oris (noma) had significantly reduced plasma concentrations of zinc (< 10.8 micromol/L), retinol (< 1.05 micromol/L), ascorbate (< 11 micromol/L), and the essential amino acids, with prominently increased plasma and saliva levels of free cortisol, compared with their healthy counterparts. The nutrient deficiencies, in concert with previously reported widespread viral infections (measles, herpesviruses) in the children, would impair oral mucosal immunity. We postulate, subject to additional studies, that evolution of the oral mucosal ulcers including acute necrotizing gingivitis to noma is triggered by a consortium of microorganisms of which Fusobacterium necrophorum is a key component. Fusobacterium necrophorum elaborates several dermonecrotic toxic metabolites and is acquired by the impoverished children via fecal contamination resulting from shared residential facilities with animals and very poor environmental sanitation. (+info)

Growth hormone promotes somatic and skeletal muscle growth recovery in rats following chronic protein-energy malnutrition. (2/695)

The efficacy of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) and/or a diet enriched in protein and energy to improve growth recovery following prolonged malnutrition was examined in male rats food-restricted from birth until 120 d of age. At d 121, restricted rats were randomly assigned to recovery groups receiving either a control or enriched diet with or without daily subcutaneous injections of GH. Rats were killed after 16 or 47 d of recovery. At d 16, GH treatment stimulated liver, heart, plantaris, soleus, carcass and body weight gain and inhibited fat gain when compared to recovery controls. Rats receiving GH also exhibited the highest serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations and total muscle protein. At d 47, GH effects on body and muscle recovery were minimal, and differences among recovery groups in serum IGF-I concentration and total muscle protein were no longer present. Consumption of an enriched diet increased fat pad and liver mass, but did not promote muscle recovery. There were no differences among treatment groups in skeletal muscle IGF-I mRNA levels at d 16 or 47. In summary, GH had positive effects on somatic and skeletal muscle growth early in the recovery process, possibly via endocrine IGF-I-stimulated protein accretion. In contrast, the enriched diet promoted fat deposition with no impact on skeletal muscle growth recovery. (+info)

Dietary protein, growth and urea kinetics in severely malnourished children and during recovery. (3/695)

The case mortality for severe malnutrition in childhood remains high, but established best approaches to treatment are not used in practice. The energy and protein content of the diet at different stages of treatment appears important, but remains controversial. The effect on growth, urea kinetics and the urinary excretion of 5-L-oxoproline was compared between a standard infant formula (HP group) provided in different quantities at each stage of treatment and a recommended dietary regimen, which differentiates the requirements of protein and energy during the acute phase of resuscitation (maintenance intake of energy and protein, relatively low protein to energy ratio, LP group) from those during the restoration of a weight deficit (energy and nutrient dense). The energy required to maintain weight was less in the HP than the LP group, but the HP group was not able to achieve as high an energy intake during repletion of wasting because of the high volume which would have had to be consumed. Compared to the LP group, in the HP group during catch-up growth there was significantly greater deposition of lean tissue and higher rates of urea production, hydrolysis and salvage of urea-nitrogen. These, together with higher rates of 5-L-oxoprolinuria, suggest a greater constraint of the formation of adequate amounts of nonessential amino acids, especially glycine, in the face of enhanced demands. Although more effective rehabilitation might be achieved using a standard formula, there is the need to determine the extent to which it might impose metabolic stress compared with the modified formulation. (+info)

Strong association between malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure. (4/695)

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and malnutrition are widely recognized as leading causes of the increased morbidity and mortality observed in uremic patients. C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase protein, is a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in nonrenal patient populations. In chronic renal failure (CRF), the prevalence of an acute-phase response has been associated with an increased mortality. METHODS: One hundred and nine predialysis patients (age 52 +/- 1 years) with terminal CRF (glomerular filtration rate 7 +/- 1 ml/min) were studied. By using noninvasive B-mode ultrasonography, the cross-sectional carotid intima-media area was calculated, and the presence or absence of carotid plaques was determined. Nutritional status was assessed by subjective global assessment (SGA), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), serum albumin, serum creatinine, serum urea, and 24-hour urine urea excretion. The presence of an inflammatory reaction was assessed by CRP, fibrinogen (N = 46), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha; N = 87). Lipid parameters, including Lp(a) and apo(a)-isoforms, as well as markers of oxidative stress (autoantibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein and vitamin E), were also determined. RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls, CRF patients had an increased mean carotid intima-media area (18.3 +/- 0.6 vs. 13.2 +/- 0.7 mm2, P < 0.0001) and a higher prevalence of carotid plaques (72 vs. 32%, P = 0.001). The prevalence of malnutrition (SGA 2 to 4) was 44%, and 32% of all patients had an acute-phase response (CRP > or = 10 mg/liter). Malnourished patients had higher CRP levels (23 +/- 3 vs. 13 +/- 2 mg/liter, P < 0.01), elevated calculated intima-media area (20.2 +/- 0.8 vs. 16.9 +/- 0.7 mm2, P < 0.01) and a higher prevalence of carotid plaques (90 vs. 60%, P < 0.0001) compared with well-nourished patients. During stepwise multivariate analysis adjusting for age and gender, vitamin E (P < 0.05) and CRP (P < 0.05) remained associated with an increased intima-media area. The presence of carotid plaques was significantly associated with age (P < 0.001), log oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL; P < 0.01), and small apo(a) isoform size (P < 0.05) in a multivariate logistic regression model. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the rapidly developing atherosclerosis in advanced CRF appears to be caused by a synergism of different mechanisms, such as malnutrition, inflammation, oxidative stress, and genetic components. Apart from classic risk factors, low vitamin E levels and elevated CRP levels are associated with an increased intima-media area, whereas small molecular weight apo(a) isoforms and increased levels of oxLDL are associated with the presence of carotid plaques. (+info)

Association of morbidity with markers of nutrition and inflammation in chronic hemodialysis patients: a prospective study. (5/695)

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies suggest a strong association between nutrition and clinical outcome in chronic hemodialysis (CHD) patients. Nevertheless, the pathophysiological link between malnutrition and morbidity remains to be clarified. In addition, recent evidence suggests that nutritional indices may reflect an inflammatory response, as well as protein-calorie malnutrition. In this study, we prospectively assessed the relative importance of markers of nutritional status and inflammatory response as determinants of hospitalization in CHD patients. METHODS: The study consisted of serial measurements of concentrations of serum albumin, creatinine, transferrin, prealbumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and reactance values by bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) as an indirect measure of lean body mass every 3 months over a period of 15 months in 73 CHD patients. Outcome was determined by hospitalizations over the subsequent three months following each collection of data. RESULTS: Patients who required hospitalization in the three months following each of the measurement sets had significantly different values for all parameters than patients who were not hospitalized. Thus, serum albumin (3.93 +/- 0.39 vs. 3.74 +/- 0.39 g/dl), serum creatinine (11.0 +/- 3.7 vs. 9.1 +/- 3.5 mg/dl), serum transferrin (181 +/- 35 vs. 170 +/- 34 mg/dl), serum prealbumin (33.6 +/- 9.2 vs. 30.0 +/- 10.1 mg/dl), and reactance (50.4 +/- 15.6 vs. 43.0 +/- 13.0 ohms) were higher for patients not hospitalized, whereas CRP (0.78 +/- 0.89 vs. 2.25 +/- 2.72 mg/dl) was lower in patients who were not hospitalized. All differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05 for all parameters). When multivariate analysis was performed, serum CRP and reactance values were the only statistically significant predictors of hospitalization (P < 0.05 for both). When a serum CRP concentration of 0.12 mg/dl was considered as a reference range (relative risk 1.0), the relative risk for hospitalization was 7% higher (relative risk = 1.07) for a CRP concentration of 0.92 mg/dl and was 30% (relative risk = 1.30) higher for a CRP concentration of 3.4 mg/dl. When a reactance value of 70 ohms was considered as a reference range with a relative risk of 1.0, the relative risk of hospitalization increased to 1.09 for a reactance value of 43 ohms and further increased to 1.14 for a reactance value of 31 ohms. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study strongly indicate that both nutritional status and inflammatory response are independent predictors of hospitalization in CHD patients. CRP and reactance values by BIA are reliable indicators of hospitalization. Visceral proteins such as serum albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin are influenced by inflammation when predicting hospitalization. When short-term clinical outcomes such as hospitalizations are considered, markers of both inflammation and nutrition should be evaluated. (+info)

T cells with a quiescent phenotype (CD45RA+) are overabundant in the blood and involuted lymphoid tissues in wasting protein and energy deficiencies. (6/695)

The objective of this investigation was to determine the influence of distinct forms of acute weight loss on the expression of the quiescence marker, CD45RA, by T cells in several lymphoid compartments including the blood. Male and female weanling mice, CBA/J and C57BL/6J strains, were allocated to the following groups: ad libitum intake of a complete purified diet; restricted intake of the complete diet; and ad libitum intake of an isocaloric low-protein diet. The restricted intake protocol produced weight loss through energy deficiency (marasmic-type malnutrition), whereas the low-protein diet caused wasting through inadequate protein nitrogen and induced a condition mimicking incipient kwashiorkor. In one experiment, weanling mice of both strains were maintained for 14 days according to each of these dietary protocols and, in a supplementary study, C57BL/6J weanlings consumed either the complete diet or the low-protein diet ad libitum for 21 days. Zero-time control groups (19-days old and 23-days old in C57BL/6J and CBA/J strains, respectively) were included in the first experiment to control for ontogeny-related change. Expression of CD45RA was assessed by two-colour flow cytometry in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and blood. Within 14 days, energy-restricted mice exhibited a high percentage of CD4+ T cells expressing CD45RA in all three lymphoid compartments in both mouse strains (an average of 50% CD45RA+ versus 9% in well-nourished controls), and a similar outcome was apparent in the CD8+ subset (93% CD45RA+ versus 63%). Mice fed the low-protein diet required up to 21 days to exhibit the same imbalance within the CD4+ T-cell subset (33% CD45RA+ versus 4% in well-nourished controls). A shift toward a quiescent phenotype occurs throughout the peripheral T-cell system in acute wasting disease. Consequently, the quiescence-activation phenotype of blood T cells reflects the same index in secondary lymphoid organs in such pathologies. Naive-type quiescence among T cells is implicated as a component of depressed adaptive immunocompetence in the advanced stages of diverse forms of acute weight loss. (+info)

Dietary phospholipids rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids improve the repair of small intestine in previously malnourished piglets. (7/695)

Malnourished piglets were studied to establish how a diet containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) of the (n-6) and (n-3) series, esterified in the form of phospholipids, affects intestinal recovery after severe malnutrition. Piglets (7-d-old) were randomly assigned to two groups. One group was fed a piglet milk formula and the other was malnourished by protein-energy restriction for 30 d. Healthy and malnourished piglets were then divided into two subgroups fed for 10 d either an adapted milk formula (C and M) or the same diet supplemented with LC-PUFA phospholipids (C-P and M-P). The M-P group had greater protein, DNA, cholesterol and phospholipid levels and a lower triglyceride level in the jejunal segment than did the M group. The fatty acid composition of the jejunal mucosa and microsomes of the M-P piglets did not differ from that of healthy piglets (C). However, in jejunal mucosa, microsomes and phospholipids from malnourished piglets that did not receive LC-PUFA (group M) had significantly lower percentages of (n-6) LC-PUFA than those in healthy piglets (C). The (n-3) LC-PUFA percentages of jejunal mucosa were also lower in the M group than in the C group. The small intestine of piglets fed the LC-PUFA-supplemented formula recovered more completely from histologic lesions and biochemical alterations caused by the malnutrition process than the small intestine of piglets fed the control formula without LC-PUFA. (+info)

A minimally invasive tracer protocol is effective for assessing the response of leucine kinetics and oxidation to vaccination in chronically energy-deficient adult males and children. (8/695)

In disadvantaged populations, recurrent infections lead to a loss of body nitrogen and worsen nutritional status. The resulting malnutrition, in its turn, produces a greater susceptibility to infection. This study aimed to examine the ability of a new minimally invasive tracer protocol to measure leucine oxidation, and then to use it to quantify the effect of vaccination on leucine kinetics and oxidation. Undernourished men (n = 5; body mass index 16.3 +/- 0.9 kg/m(2)) and children (n = 9; age 4.1 +/- 0.6 y; weight-for-age Z-score -2.3 +/- 0.7) underwent metabolic studies 6 d before and 1 d after vaccination with diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT). The tracer protocol was performed in the fed state and involved two 3-h sequential periods of frequent (20 min) oral doses of NaH(13)CO(3) or [1-(13)C] leucine. Frequent breath samples and urine collections were made. Blood samples were obtained from the men and used for the determination of the isotopic enrichment of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid. The prevaccination oxidation of leucine (percentage of dose +/- SD) was 18.1 +/- 2.3 (men) and 16.7 +/- 3.8 (children). One day after vaccination, these values had risen to 19. 9 +/- 1.9 (P < 0.05) in the men and to 19.5 +/- 4.6 (P < 0.01) in the children. In the adults, vaccination was associated with a rise in whole-body protein breakdown [mg protein/(kg.h)] from 200 +/- 40 to 240 +/- 10 (P < 0.05). A minor simulated infection increases leucine catabolism in undernourished humans and this new, minimally invasive protocol is sufficiently sensitive to measure these changes. (+info)

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is a serious condition that occurs when an individual's diet does not provide enough protein or calories to meet their body's needs. It can lead to impaired physical and cognitive development, decreased immune function, increased susceptibility to infections, and in severe cases, death.

PEM can be caused by a variety of factors, including poverty, food insecurity, digestive disorders, chronic diseases, and eating disorders. The two most common forms of PEM are marasmus and kwashiorkor. Marasmus is characterized by extreme weight loss, muscle wasting, and decreased fat stores, while kwashiorkor is marked by swelling (edema), fluid accumulation in the abdomen, and a distended belly.

In medical terms, PEM is defined as a state of nutrient deficiency that results from a lack of adequate protein and energy intake over an extended period. It can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical assessment, medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Treatment typically involves providing the individual with a balanced diet that is high in both protein and calories, as well as addressing any underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to their malnutrition.

Kwashiorkor is a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema (fluid accumulation in the body's tissues), a distended belly, and a weakened immune system. It typically occurs in children between the ages of 1 and 3 who experience a sudden stop in breastfeeding and are switched to a diet that is low in protein but high in carbohydrates. The lack of protein impairs the body's ability to produce essential enzymes and hormones, leading to the characteristic symptoms of Kwashiorkor. It can also result in liver enlargement, skin lesions, hair changes, and impaired growth and development. Immediate medical attention is required for individuals with Kwashiorkor to prevent further complications and promote recovery.

Anthropometry is the scientific study of measurements and proportions of the human body. It involves the systematic measurement and analysis of various physical characteristics, such as height, weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, and other body measurements. These measurements are used in a variety of fields, including medicine, ergonomics, forensics, and fashion design, to assess health status, fitness level, or to design products and environments that fit the human body. In a medical context, anthropometry is often used to assess growth and development, health status, and disease risk factors in individuals and populations.

Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which one or more nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the body's function is not maintained. It can also refer to a deficiency or excess of vitamins, minerals, protein, energy, and/or water. This condition can have negative effects on physical and mental health. Malnutrition includes undernutrition (wasting, stunting, underweight), overnutrition (overweight, obesity) and micronutrient deficiencies or excesses.

It's important to note that malnutrition is different from malabsorption, which is the inability to absorb nutrients from food. Malabsorption can also lead to malnutrition if it results in a lack of necessary nutrients for the body's function.

Nutritional status is a concept that refers to the condition of an individual in relation to their nutrient intake, absorption, metabolism, and excretion. It encompasses various aspects such as body weight, muscle mass, fat distribution, presence of any deficiencies or excesses of specific nutrients, and overall health status.

A comprehensive assessment of nutritional status typically includes a review of dietary intake, anthropometric measurements (such as height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure), laboratory tests (such as serum albumin, total protein, cholesterol levels, vitamin and mineral levels), and clinical evaluation for signs of malnutrition or overnutrition.

Malnutrition can result from inadequate intake or absorption of nutrients, increased nutrient requirements due to illness or injury, or excessive loss of nutrients due to medical conditions. On the other hand, overnutrition can lead to obesity and related health problems such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer.

Therefore, maintaining a good nutritional status is essential for overall health and well-being, and it is an important consideration in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various medical conditions.

Dietary proteins are sources of protein that come from the foods we eat. Protein is an essential nutrient for the human body, required for various bodily functions such as growth, repair, and immune function. Dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion, which are then absorbed and used to synthesize new proteins in the body.

Dietary proteins can be classified as complete or incomplete based on their essential amino acid content. Complete proteins contain all nine essential amino acids that cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. Examples of complete protein sources include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, soy, and quinoa.

Incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids and are typically found in plant-based foods such as grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. However, by combining different incomplete protein sources, it is possible to obtain all the essential amino acids needed for a complete protein diet. This concept is known as complementary proteins.

It's important to note that while dietary proteins are essential for good health, excessive protein intake can have negative effects on the body, such as increased stress on the kidneys and bones. Therefore, it's recommended to consume protein in moderation as part of a balanced and varied diet.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is not a standard or widely recognized medical term. It seems to be a rather broad and vague phrase that combines several concepts: prenatal (occurring before birth), nutritional (relating to nutrition), physiological (relating to the functioning of living organisms and their parts), and phenomena (observable events or occurrences).

If you're interested in a specific aspect of maternal and fetal nutrition, physiology, or related processes during pregnancy, I would be happy to help further if you could provide a more precise term or question. For example, prenatal nutritional physiological phenomena could refer to the process of how certain nutrients are transported across the placenta, how maternal nutrition affects fetal growth and development, or how various hormonal and metabolic changes occur during pregnancy.

"Energy intake" is a medical term that refers to the amount of energy or calories consumed through food and drink. It is an important concept in the study of nutrition, metabolism, and energy balance, and is often used in research and clinical settings to assess an individual's dietary habits and health status.

Energy intake is typically measured in kilocalories (kcal) or joules (J), with one kcal equivalent to approximately 4.184 J. The recommended daily energy intake varies depending on factors such as age, sex, weight, height, physical activity level, and overall health status.

It's important to note that excessive energy intake, particularly when combined with a sedentary lifestyle, can lead to weight gain and an increased risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, inadequate energy intake can lead to malnutrition, decreased immune function, and other health problems. Therefore, it's essential to maintain a balanced energy intake that meets individual nutritional needs while promoting overall health and well-being.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Protein deficiency, also known as protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), is a condition that occurs when an individual's diet fails to provide adequate amounts of protein and calories necessary for growth, maintenance, and repair of body tissues. Proteins are essential macromolecules that play critical roles in various bodily functions such as enzyme production, hormone regulation, immune response, and tissue structure.

There are two main types of protein deficiency disorders:

1. Marasmus: This is a chronic form of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by inadequate intake of both proteins and calories. It typically occurs in children from impoverished backgrounds who suffer from prolonged food deprivation. The body begins to break down its own tissues, including muscle mass, to meet energy demands, leading to severe weight loss, weakness, and delayed growth.

2. Kwashiorkor: This is an acute form of protein deficiency that primarily affects young children during weaning, when their diet transitions from breast milk to solid foods. While they may consume sufficient calories, these diets often lack adequate protein. Symptoms include edema (fluid accumulation in the abdomen and legs), distended bellies, skin lesions, hair changes, and impaired immune function.

In addition to these severe forms of protein deficiency, subclinical protein malnutrition can also occur when an individual's diet consistently provides insufficient protein levels over time. This can lead to reduced muscle mass, weakened immune function, and increased susceptibility to infections.

It is important to note that protein deficiency is relatively rare in developed countries where access to diverse food sources is generally available. However, specific populations such as elderly individuals, those with eating disorders, or those following restrictive diets may be at higher risk for developing protein deficiencies.

Nutrition disorders refer to conditions that result from eating, drinking, or absorbing nutrients in a way that is not consistent with human physiological needs. These disorders can manifest as both undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition includes disorders such as protein-energy malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, and mineral deficiencies, while overnutrition includes conditions such as obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer.

Malnutrition is the broad term used to describe a state in which a person's nutrient intake is insufficient or excessive, leading to negative consequences for their health. Malnutrition can be caused by a variety of factors, including poverty, food insecurity, lack of education, cultural practices, and chronic diseases.

In addition to under- and overnutrition, disordered eating patterns such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and other specified feeding or eating disorders can also be considered nutrition disorders. These conditions are characterized by abnormal eating habits that can lead to serious health consequences, including malnutrition, organ damage, and mental health problems.

Overall, nutrition disorders are complex conditions that can have significant impacts on a person's physical and mental health. They require careful assessment, diagnosis, and treatment by healthcare professionals with expertise in nutrition and dietetics.

Infant nutrition disorders refer to a group of conditions that occur when an infant's diet does not provide adequate nutrients for growth, development, and health. These disorders can result from various factors such as inadequate feeding practices, poor nutrient quality or composition of the diet, food intolerances or allergies, and medical conditions affecting nutrient absorption or metabolism.

Examples of infant nutrition disorders include:

1. Failure to thrive (FTT): A condition characterized by an infant's failure to gain weight or height at the expected rate due to inadequate nutrition.
2. Malnutrition: A condition resulting from a deficiency, excess, or imbalance of nutrients in an infant's diet.
3. Obesity: A condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation in an infant due to poor dietary habits and lack of physical activity.
4. Food intolerances or allergies: Adverse reactions to specific foods or food components that can cause digestive, skin, or respiratory symptoms in infants.
5. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies: A condition resulting from an insufficient intake or absorption of essential vitamins and minerals required for normal growth and development.
6. Metabolic disorders: Inborn errors of metabolism that affect the body's ability to process specific nutrients, leading to a buildup of toxic substances in the body.

Infant nutrition disorders can have serious consequences on an infant's health and development, and it is essential to identify and address them promptly through appropriate medical interventions and feeding practices.

... (PEM), sometimes called protein-energy undernutrition (PEU), is a form of malnutrition that is ... Protein-energy malnutrition affects children the most because they have less protein intake.[further explanation needed] The ... These findings highlight the great significance of adequate protein in the prenatal diet. Although protein energy malnutrition ... Protein malnutrition is detrimental at any point in life, but protein malnutrition prenatally has been shown to have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–energy_malnutrition

... weakens every part of the immune system. Protein and energy malnutrition increases susceptibility to infection; so ... "Serum Total Protein and Albumin Levels in Different Grades of Protein Energy Malnutrition". Journal of Bangladesh Society of ... Grover Z, Ee LC (October 2009). "Protein energy malnutrition". Pediatric Clinics of North America. 56 (5): 1055-1068. doi: ... Undernutrition' sometimes refers specifically to protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). This condition involves both micronutrient ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition

"Protein-Energy Malnutrition , Nutrition Guide for Clinicians". PCRM's nutrition guide for clinicians. PCRM. Retrieved 16 April ... and the body begins to turn to stored protein for energy. This means it needs to break down muscle tissues full of protein; the ... After that, the body begins to break down fat and protein. The body uses Fatty acids as an energy source for muscles but lowers ... About 2-3 g of protein has to be broken down to synthesize 1 g of glucose; about 20-30 g of protein is broken down each day to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation

Velázquez A (1997). "Biotin deficiency in protein-energy malnutrition: implications for nutritional homeostasis and ... "Biotin deficiency in protein-energy malnutrition". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 43 (3): 169-173. ISSN 0954-3007. ... Protein deficiency (not certain): A shortage of proteins involved in biotin homeostasis can cause biotin deficiency. The main ... Egg whites contain high levels of avidin, a protein that binds biotin strongly. When cooked, avidin is partially denatured and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin_deficiency

"High-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol in protein-energy malnutrition". British Journal of Nutrition. The Nutrition Society. 47 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Oladunni_Taylor

Protein energy malnutrition is often seen in VAD; suppressed synthesis of retinol binding protein (RBP) due to protein ... Rhodopsin is found in the retina and is composed of retinal (an active form of vitamin A) and opsin (a protein). Night ... The relatively low bioavailability of plant-food carotenoids results partly from binding to proteins - chopping, homogenizing ... LSU AgCenter Communications (2004). "'Golden Rice' Could Help Reduce Malnutrition". Archived from the original on September 28 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A_deficiency

Protein-energy malnutrition: the nature and extent of the problem'- (1992)- JC Waterlow. Waterlow was the son of Sir Sydney ... "Protein-energy malnutrition: the nature and extent of the problem". Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 16 Suppl 1: 3-9. ... Waterlow wrote extensively during the course of his career, but perhaps his most famous works include: 'Protein turnover in ... doi:10.1098/rsbm.2018.0010 Conrad Waterlow, John; J Garlick, Peter; Millward, D.J (31 January 2018). "Protein turnover in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Waterlow

Rehabilitation of grade III protein energy malnutrition on out patients basis. Risk factors of persistent diarrhoea in children ... 1997 Feb;47(2):42-5. Rehabilitation of grade III protein energy malnutrition on out patients basis. Retrieved, US National ... Association of literacy of mothers with malnutrition among children under three years of age in rural area of district Malir, ... Association of literacy of mothers with malnutrition among children under three years of age in rural area of district Malir, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Gaffar_Billoo

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is another form of malnutrition that affects children. PEM can appear as conditions called ... Marasmus and other forms of Protein-energy malnutrition.[citation needed] The World Health Organization estimated in 2008 that ... https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/bwho/2003.v81n2/79-79/en Atassi, H. (2019). Protein-Energy Malnutrition. MedScape. https:// ... "Levels and trends in child malnutrition: UNICEF/WHO/The World Bank Group joint child malnutrition estimates: key findings of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undernutrition_in_children

"Protein energy malnutrition classification - wikidoc". www.wikidoc.org. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. ... Wellcome classification is a system for classifying protein-energy malnutrition in children based on weight for their age and ... Both kwashiorkor and marasmus fall under the umbrella of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). These diseases are oftentimes ... Gernaat, H.; Voorhoeve, HW (1 April 2000). "A new classification of acute protein-energy malnutrition". Journal of Tropical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwashiorkor

"Spirulina in combating Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) and Protein Energy Wasting (PEW) - A review". Journal of Nutrition ... Arthrospira is very rich in proteins, and constitute 53 to 68 percent by dry weight of the contents of the cell. Its protein ... 2015). "Harvesting techniques applied to microalgae: A review". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 41: 1489-1500. doi: ... the one includes NGO's and institutions focusing on malnutrition and the other includes health conscious people. There are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrospira

Siva Kiran RR, Madhu GM, Satyanarayana SV (2015). "Spirulina in combating Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) and Protein Energy ... Its advantage for food security is that it needs less land and water than livestock to produce protein and energy. Dried ... Like all protein-rich foods, spirulina contains the essential amino acid phenylalanine (2.6-4.1 g/100 g), which should be ... Spirulina is being investigated to address food security and malnutrition, and as dietary support in long-term space flight or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)

He is known for his award-winning research on "early diagnosis of" Protein Energy Malnutrition. Suhail developed a saliva-based ... Pradhan Mantri Bal Puraskar for his work in Protein Energy Malnutrition (2019) 2nd Grand Award at Intel International Science ... been awarded the Bal Shakti Puraskar for his work in using technology to diagnose Pre-symptomatic Protein Energy Malnutrition ... Painless innovation to detect protein malnutrition , Mohammed Suhail Chinya Salimpasha , TEDxPanaji, retrieved 2020-02-05 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Suhail_Chinya_Salimpasha

An example of nutritional hypoproteinemia is Kwashiorkor, a type of protein energy malnutrition affecting young children. ... Decreased serum protein reduces the oncotic pressure of the blood, leading to loss of fluid from the intravascular compartment ... Hypoproteinemia is a condition where there is an abnormally low level of protein in the blood. There are several causes that ... Renal disease like nephrotic syndrome can also result in hypoproteinemia because plasma proteins are lost in the urine. Sepsis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoproteinemia

There are around 50 million children less than five years old who have protein-energy malnutrition. Of the malnourished ... Marasmus is a form of severe malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency. It can occur in anyone with severe malnutrition ... It can be distinguished from kwashiorkor in that kwashiorkor is protein deficiency with adequate energy intake whereas marasmus ... The Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) is a validated malnutrition screening tool that is primarily used in the residential aged ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marasmus

Emphasized the importance of growth monitoring for early diagnosis and appropriate management of protein energy malnutrition. ... Exploded the protein myth and highlighted calorie gap as the major bottleneck for healthy growth of children. Developed simple ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Nutrition,_Hyderabad

Avery's agency Medicine Mondiale developed the infant formula "Proteinforte" for the treatment of protein-energy malnutrition. ... "NZ food partnership to combat global malnutrition". Massey University. 21 February 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2021. "Amino Natural ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Avery_(scientist)

Delays in growth are the result of protein-energy malnutrition and also of specific deficiencies in micronutrients. The Good ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desdunes

Kwashiorkor is a kind of protein-energy malnutrition that is caused by repeated infections, specifically diarrheal disease. ... Malnutrition plagues much of Uganda's youth. According to a study by the World Food Programme (WFP), roughly one-third of ... Along with stunting, malnutrition also caused children to be underweight. According to the United States National Center for ... The CECOD, a non-governmental organization in Uganda, has a purpose to create stoves that save energy and don't use a lot of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_health_in_Uganda

de Onís M, Monteiro C, Akré J, Glugston G (1993). "The worldwide magnitude of protein-energy malnutrition: an overview from the ... 6. "Levels and trends in child malnutrition" (PDF). UNICEF - WHO - World Bank Group joint child malnutrition estimates. 2015. ... Malnutrition in children". JAMA. 292 (5): 648. doi:10.1001/jama.292.5.648. PMID 15292091. Tette EM, Sifah EK, Nartey ET ( ... Haddad L, Alderman H, Appleton S, Song L, Yohannes Y (2003-06-01). "Reducing Child Malnutrition: How Far Does Income Growth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality

Malnutrition, especially protein-energy malnutrition, can decrease the children's resistance to infections, including water- ... Recent work showed that the most important driver of water turnover which is closely linked to water requirements is energy ... "Global potential for harvesting drinking water from air using solar energy". Nature. 598 (7882): 611-617. Bibcode:2021Natur.598 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water

"Serum vitamin D status in children with protein-energy malnutrition admitted to a national referral hospital in Uganda". BMC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D_deficiency

Nutritional problems include severe protein-energy malnutrition, anemia and deficiencies including protein, iron, calcium, ... Fruitarians can develop protein energy malnutrition, anemia, and low levels of iron, calcium, essential fatty acids, vitamins, ... When the body does not take in enough protein, it misses out on amino acids, which are essential to making body proteins which ... Although fruit provides a source of carbohydrates, they have very little protein, and because protein cannot be stored in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitarianism

... can also be used as a liquid-stable source of glutamine to prevent damage from protein energy malnutrition. The ... partially prevents changes in body weight and on intestinal immunity induced by protein energy malnutrition in pigs". Digestive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceglutamide

Based on his medical work in Kenya and Uganda (1929-1958), he identified a condition known as protein-energy malnutrition. From ... FRCP was a British physician known for his research on dietary fiber and protein-energy malnutrition. Trowell was educated at ... albumin concentration in children with kwashiorkor was below normal which was used to support the hypothesis that a protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Carey_Trowell

... and protein-energy malnutrition. Worms compete directly with their hosts for nutrients, but the magnitude of this effect is ... Malnutrition due to worms can give rise to anorexia. A study of 459 children in Zanzibar revealed spontaneous increases in ... Malnutrition due to helminths may affect cognitive function leading to low educational performance, decreased concentration and ... Chronic illness, malnutrition, and anemia are further examples of secondary effects. Soil-transmitted helminthiases are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminthiasis

Within this group it is protein energy malnutrition that has the highest annual increase of 2.41% with total DALYs of 0.33%. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Norway

... where it is also known as uremic malnutrition or protein-energy malnutrition) and chronic heart failure. The MICS is believed ... Malnutrition-inflammation complex (syndrome) (MICS), also known as malnutrition-inflammation-cachexia syndrome, is a common ... Kalantar-Zadeh, Kamyar; Ikizler, T.Alp; Block, Gladys; Avram, Morrel M.; Kopple, Joel D. (November 2003). "Malnutrition- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition–inflammation_complex

Zhong discovered the relationship between protein malnutrition and COPD and has developed a calibrated formula on energy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhong_Nanshan

There are nine essential amino acids which humans must obtain from their diet in order to prevent protein-energy malnutrition ... value Bodybuilding supplement Leaf protein concentrate Low-protein diet Protein bar Single-cell protein List of proteins in the ... Therefore, a slight increase in protein intake may be beneficial to endurance athletes by replacing the protein lost in energy ... "True protein is a measure of only the proteins in milk, whereas crude protein is a measure of all sources of nitrogen and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), sometimes called protein-energy undernutrition (PEU), is a form of malnutrition that is ... Protein-energy malnutrition affects children the most because they have less protein intake.[further explanation needed] The ... These findings highlight the great significance of adequate protein in the prenatal diet. Although protein energy malnutrition ... Protein malnutrition is detrimental at any point in life, but protein malnutrition prenatally has been shown to have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93energy_malnutrition

encoded search term (Protein-Energy Malnutrition) and Protein-Energy Malnutrition What to Read Next on Medscape ... Protein-Energy Malnutrition. Updated: Mar 11, 2019 * Author: Hadi Atassi, DO; Chief Editor: Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP more ... Protein-energy malnutrition is very much a disease that occurs in 21st century, even in the United States and other developed ... Protein-energy malnutrition has also been found to be a primary factor of poor prognosis in elderly persons. In a study ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1104623-overview

... protein-energy malnutrition has usually been assessed by comparing attained growth with international growth standards, the ... Protein-energy malnutrition in Papua New Guinea: Its functional significance. *Peter F. Heywood & ... Heywood, P.F., Heywood, A.H. (1990). Protein-energy malnutrition in Papua New Guinea: Its functional significance. In: Visser, ... In Papua New Guinea (PNG) protein-energy malnutrition has usually been assessed by comparing attained growth with international ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-1996-9_10?error=cookies_not_supported&code=da7a4729-fd8b-4599-ba9b-b207be3da1d5

The Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Control Programme - Breastfeeding promotion and/or counselling - Lactating women (LW), ... The Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Control Programme - Complementary feeding promotion and/or counselling - Infants and ... The Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Control Programme - Deworming - Preschool-age children (Pre-SAC) ... Action - The Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Control Programme - Promotion of improved hygiene practices including ...

https://extranet.who.int/nutrition/gina/es/node/23143

Action - The Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Control Programme - Iron supplementation - Pregnant women (PW). ... The Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Control Programme - Breastfeeding promotion and/or counselling - Lactating women (LW), ... The Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Control Programme - Complementary feeding promotion and/or counselling - Infants and ... The Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Control Programme - Promotion of improved hygiene practices including handwashing ...

https://extranet.who.int/nutrition/gina/es/node/23139

One group was fed a control diet (containing 22% w/w protein) ad libitum., the other three diets were reduced in protein (10% w ... Food-restriction lead to a reduced metabolisable energy (as a % of energy intake) and retarded growth. Brain, and the digestive ... Net protein utilization improved in PEM, especially with PUFA The PUFA diet gave rise to no obvious negative effects. Numbers ... Apparent absorption of energy and nitrogen were dramatically reduced in the diet high in stearic acid. A second experiment ...

https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1044/

3 Reasons to Watch your Protein level and avoid Protein-Energy Malnutrition. by Danny Davis , Apr 13, 2018 , News ... This refers to a range of different pathological conditions caused by a deficiency of protein. It varies in a form ranging from ...

https://checkbiotech.org/near-me/3-reasons-to-watch-your-protein-level-and-avoid-protein-energy-malnutrition/

Printed from /publications/protein-energy-malnutrition-during-early-gestation-sheep-blunts-fetal-renal-vascular on 04/12/23 02: ... Protein energy malnutrition during early gestation in sheep blunts fetal renal vascular and nephron development and compromises ... Protein energy malnutrition during early gestation in sheep blunts fetal renal vascular and nephron development and compromises ...

https://www.hutton.ac.uk/publications/protein-energy-malnutrition-during-early-gestation-sheep-blunts-fetal-renal-vascular

... co-morbidities and case fatality rates of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) admissions at the paediatric ward of the University ... Ubesie, A.C., Ibeziako, N.S., Ndiokwelu, C.I. et al. Under-five Protein Energy Malnutrition Admitted at the University of In ... Under-five Protein Energy Malnutrition Admitted at the University of In Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu: a 10 year ... Under-five Protein Energy Malnutrition Admitted at the University of In Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu: a 10 year ...

https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-11-43

Cranial MRI findings in children with protein energy malnutrition.. Dursun Odabaş, Hüseyin Caksen, Sakir Sar, Ozkan Unal, Oguz ... findings were investigated in children with moderate and severe protein energy malnutrition (PEM) to determine cerebral ... Thirteen (65%) children had severe malnutrition and seven (35%) children had moderate malnutrition. Fifteen (75%) children had ... abnormalities in malnutrition in childhood. A total of 20 children aged 3 months to 36 months were included in the study. ...

https://read.qxmd.com/read/16019576/cranial-mri-findings-in-children-with-protein-energy-malnutrition?redirected=slug

Results of search for su:{Protein-energy malnutrition} Refine your search. *. Availability. * Limit to currently available ... The Treatment and management of severe protein-energy malnutrition; La Malnutrition protéino-énergétique sévère: traitement et ... The Treatment and management of severe protein-energy malnutrition. Material type: Text; Format: print Publication details: ... Protein-energy malnutrition.Availability: Items available for loan: WHO HQ (2)Call number: PAHO SERIAL, ... ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BProtein-energy%20malnutrition%7D

The two common clinical syndromes due to severe protein-calorie malnutrition in young children are kwashiorkor and […] ... p>Protein energy malnutrition ids also known as protein-calorie malnutrition. ... Protein energy malnutrition ids also known as protein-calorie malnutrition. The two common clinical syndromes due to severe ... Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM). February 9, 2020 , by Yashaswi Pathakamuri , Posted in Nutrition Facts ...

https://www.nutritionfact.in/nutrition-facts/protein-energy-malnutrition-pem

... particularly protein undernutrition, contributes to the occurrence of osteoporotic fracture, by lowering bone mass and altering ... Protein-Energy Malnutrition / complications* * Protein-Energy Malnutrition / physiopathology * Risk Factors Substances * ... Malnutrition and osteoporosis] Z Gerontol Geriatr. 1999 Jul:32 Suppl 1:I31-7. doi: 10.1007/s003910050178. ... Undernutrition, particularly protein undernutrition, contributes to the occurrence of osteoporotic fracture, by lowering bone ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10441801/

https://wasdlibrary.org/tag/protein-energy-malnutrition/

Protein-energy malnutrition. Source: GBD Compare 2019, South Sudan. Top of Page ...

http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/countries/south-sudan/default.htm

Marasmus / Protein-Energy Malnutrition. Marasmus is a severe potentially life-threatening form of malnutrition caused by a diet ...

https://www.medindia.net/news/challenge-to-live-below-poverty-line-excites-brits-118262-1.htm

Study reveals high prevalence of severe acute malnutrition among hospitalized children in Yemen. Learn about the causes and ... Torún, B. (2006) Protein-Energy Malnutrition. In: Shils, Maurice, E., Shike and Moshe, Eds., Modern Nutrition in Health and ... Hamidu, J.L., Salami, H.A., Ekanem, A.U. and Hamman (2003) Prevalence of Protein-Energy Malnutrition in Maiduguri, Nigeria. ... Other factors leading to nutrient deficiencies and low energy and protein intakes seen in children are the increased use of ...

https://scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=66452

Protein-energy malnutrition varies from mild to serious; however, there are no arranged criteria for setting the amount. Most ... Proteins energy malnutrition (PEM) is really a potentially fatal body deprival disorder that is the leading reason for death in ... Protein-energy malnutrition varies from mild to serious; however, there are no arranged criteria for setting the amount. Most ... It is very important that those who are most at risk for healthy protein energy malnutrition (children, typically the sick and ...

https://codesmech.com/healthy-proteins-energy-malnutrition-precisely-how-serious-can-it-be/

Manary MJ, Trehan I. Protein-energy malnutrition. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia ... Malnutrition: assessment and support. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003107.htm

Each source of protein is assigned a biological value depending on the essential amino acids in it. Learn which foods have ... Protein energy malnutrition. Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) describes a range of disorders occurring mainly in developing ... Amino acids are then absorbed and used to make other proteins in the body. Adequate protein and energy intake, on a daily basis ... The protein cycle. Proteins in our body are constantly being built and disposed of. After we eat, proteins are broken down by ...

https://www.eufic.org/en/whats-in-food/article/the-basics-proteins

Zinc and immunocompetence in protein-energy malnutrition. Lancet. 1978;1:1226-8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ... Pelly TF, Santillan CF, Gilman RH, Cabrera LZ, Garcia E, Vidal C, Tuberculosis skin testing, anergy and protein malnutrition in ... Anthropometric protein status (corrected arm muscle area; cm2). 36 (1.4). 0.2. 0.09. ... Persons with infrequent meat/fish consumption had lower protein stores on muscle anthropometry (p = 0.02), and this tended to ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/content/13/7/1101-t1.htm

Protein Energy Malnutrition?. Dear colleagues. I thought that we abandoned the term PEM (Protein Energy Malnutrition) years ago ... Severe acute malnutrition figure is extremely high (above 20%, OMS2006) and I was wondering whether this is a plausible result ... Hi all....I am looking for a research topic on management of acute malnutrition and I was wondering if there are already ... Kwashiorkor malnutrition affects hundreds of thousands of children and kills tens of thousands each year. Although recognized ...

https://www.ennonline.net/newsroom/kwashiorkorenigmapaper

Leclercia adecarboxylata Infection in Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Patient: A Case Report. Vijayshri Deotale , Yogendra ... "Leclercia adecarboxylata Infection in Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Patient: A Case Report", International Journal of ...

https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=NOV161018

... energy malnutrition. Source for information on PEM: A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition dictionary. ... PEM See protein‐energy malnutrition.. A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition ×. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the ... For examp… Solar Energy , In a broad sense, most energy that individuals use is some form of solar energy. Other renewable ... Energy , In classical physics, energy is defined as the amount of work a body or system is capable of doing against a force. In ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/pem

... review and meta-analysis of the criterion validity of nutrition assessment tools for diagnosing protein-energy malnutrition in ... review and meta-analysis of the criterion validity of nutrition assessment tools for diagnosing protein-energy malnutrition in ...

https://research.bond.edu.au/en/publications/a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-of-the-criterion-validity-o-2/fingerprints/

Protein-Energy Malnutrition / epidemiology * Public Health* * Refugees / statistics & numerical data* * Relief Work ... acute malnutrition rates among children under 5 years old ranged between 18 and 23%. Children with a recent history of ... dysentery and those in households headed by women were at higher risk of malnutrition. A well-coordinated relief programme, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7646638/?dopt=Abstract

Categories: Protein-Energy Malnutrition Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Protein-Energy+Malnutrition&parentid=21405&catid=21418

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), sometimes called protein-energy undernutrition (PEU), is a form of malnutrition that is defined as a range of conditions arising from coincident lack of dietary protein and/or energy (calories) in varying proportions. (wikipedia.org)
Types include: Kwashiorkor (protein malnutrition predominant) Marasmus (deficiency in calorie intake) Marasmic kwashiorkor (marked protein deficiency and marked calorie insufficiency signs present, sometimes referred to as the most severe form of malnutrition) PEM is fairly common worldwide in both children and adults and accounts for about 250 000 deaths annually. (wikipedia.org)
Conversely, there is also growing concern in all countries about the rise in obesity rates -obesity being a form of malnutrition. (worldhunger.org)
Загальні відомості про недоїдання Undernutrition is a form of malnutrition. (msdmanuals.com)

In general, marasmus occurs when there is an insufficient energy intake to match the body's requirements. (medscape.com)
In kwashiorkor, adequate carbohydrate consumption and decreased protein intake lead to decreased synthesis of visceral proteins. (medscape.com)
Protein-energy malnutrition also involves an inadequate intake of many essential nutrients. (medscape.com)
Protein-energy malnutrition affects children the most because they have less protein intake. (wikipedia.org)
Although there were not significant differences in the food intake, there were increased amounts of perirenal fat in rats that were protein-deprived during early (gestation days 0-7) and mid (gestation days 8-14) pregnancy, and throughout pregnancy, whereas rats that were protein-deprived only late in gestation (gestation days 15-22) were shown to have increased gonadal fat. (wikipedia.org)
Food-restriction lead to a reduced metabolisable energy (as a % of energy intake) and retarded growth. (edu.au)
The protein intake should be about twice the normal protein requirements i.e 4 to 5 g/kg body weight. (nutritionfact.in)
For a child suffering from protein-calorie malnutrition and weighing 12 kg, the daily calorie intake should be about 12×140=1680 kcal and protein intake should be 12×4 or 5=48 to 60 g. (nutritionfact.in)
Marasmus is described as an insufficient energy and nutrient intake seen mainly in infants between 6 to 8 months of age but may occur in children less than 5 years old. (scirp.org)
Adequate protein and energy intake, on a daily basis, ensures the cycle continues. (eufic.org)
3. In Africa, nutritional problems in infants and young children occur in a context characterized by factors such as the prevalent low birth weight, household food insecurity, inappropriate infant and young child feeding practices, including the absence of food safety and hygiene, and inadequate intake of proteins and energy foods. (who.int)
In these cases, women have greater micronutrient requirements, and adequate protein energy intake is even more important (FAO, 2012). (worldhunger.org)
Children with malnutrition or insufficient nutrient intake tended to have learning restraints and developmental disabilities compared to those who had an adequate nutrient uptake [ 17 , 18 ], and the malnourished children often exhibited lower academic performance in school than well-nourished children [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The rate of breakdown of muscle proteins varies depending upon specific conditions, for example, the requirement of protein is different during old age when the breakdown of muscles accelerates and is different for strength trainers who would also need to consider perfect timing along with the amount of protein intake . (organicfacts.net)

Note that four of the children have gray-blond hair, a symptom of the protein-deficiency disease kwashiorkor. (medscape.com)
Kwashiorkor is a disease that develops due to a severe dietary protein deficiency. (medscape.com)
The following are some studies in which prenatal protein deficiency has been shown to have unfavorable consequences. (wikipedia.org)
Decreased brain size: Protein deficiency has been shown to affect the size and composition of brains in rhesus monkeys. (wikipedia.org)
Impaired neocortical long-term potentiation: Mild protein deficiency (in which 7.2% of the diet consists of protein) in rats has been shown to impair entorhinal cortex plasticity (visuospatial memory), noradrenergic function in the neocortex, and neocortical long-term potentiation. (wikipedia.org)
The protein deficiency appeared to reduce sertoli cell number, sperm motility, and sperm count. (wikipedia.org)
The possible implications of this work on rats for human PEM are, that more attention should be paid to the nature of lipids given during recovery from malnutrition and that the mechanistic differences between kwashiorkor and marasmus m a y be related to essential fatty acid deficiency. (edu.au)
This refers to a range of different pathological conditions caused by a deficiency of protein. (checkbiotech.org)
The authors did not find statistically significant differences between the groups when comparing the MRI findings for degree of malnutrition, head circumference, iron deficiency anemia, and serum albumin levels. (qxmd.com)
SUMMARY Different nutritional disorders prevail at different stages in the life cycle, e.g. growth retardation in the fetus, protein energy deficiency in children, noncommunicable conditions in adults. (who.int)
The focus shifted from pregnant and lactating mothers and children, through functional consequences of malnutrition to deficiency disorders. (who.int)
Clinical methods of assessment (usually indicators of late-stage malnutrition) have become less important recently although clinical indicators of iodine deficiency and vitamin A deficiency are still useful. (who.int)
Protein and Disease: Protein energy malnutrition (PEM): Is a type of malnutrition resulting from deficiency of proteins and calories in the food over a long period of time. (slideshare.net)
Protein-energy undernutrition (PEU), previously called protein-energy malnutrition, is an energy deficit due to deficiency of all macronutrients. (msdmanuals.com)

Malnutrition can be classified as acute versus chronic. (medscape.com)
Objective: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age worldwide. (scirp.org)
I am looking for a research topic on management of acute malnutrition and I was wondering if there are already identified areas and topics. (ennonline.net)
I thought that we abandoned the term PEM (Protein Energy Malnutrition) years ago because we know that acute malnutrition is caused by deficiencies of various. (ennonline.net)
Severe acute malnutrition figure is extremely high (above 20%, OMS2006) and I was wondering whether this is a plausible result. (ennonline.net)

Both the conditions are caused by severe deficiencies of protein and calories in diet. (nutritionfact.in)
Iron and vitamin A deficiencies and protein-energy malnutrition are highly prevalent worldwide and are important to the public health in terms of immunocompetence. (vaclib.org)

PEM happens when there are insufficient calories or proteins to satisfy the body's nutritional needs. (codesmech.com)
When the presence of one essential amino acid is insufficient, the protein is said to have low biological value. (eufic.org)
There are five major causes of adult malnutrition: insufficient food, infections, mal-absorption of nutrients, malignancies (such as cancer) and eating disorders. (worldhunger.org)

[ 1 ] The term protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) applies to a group of related disorders that include marasmus , kwashiorkor (see the images below), and intermediate states of marasmus-kwashiorkor. (medscape.com)
Children may also present with a mixed picture of marasmus and kwashiorkor or with milder forms of malnutrition. (medscape.com)
Marasmus is a form of emaciation and wasting in an infant due to protein-energy malnutrition. (jrank.org)
Marasmus is common in Third World countries in situations with poor access to protein-rich food sources or where unsanitary water is associated with severe infant diarrhea and a corollary inability to absorb nutrients. (jrank.org)

Having declared hunger and malnutrition unacceptable at the International Conference on Nutrition (Rome, 1992), governments reached a new global consensus on their nature and multiple causes, and on the urgent action required to prevent, reduce and ultimately eliminate malnutrition. (who.int)
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recognizes gender inequality as both a cause of and an effect of hunger and malnutrition (FAO, 2012). (worldhunger.org)

There are also various other conditions that greatly improve the nutritional needs in the body, especially the need for protein. (codesmech.com)
In this article, a brief review of the nutritional problems in South Africa, as well as the intergenerational, vicious cycle of poverty and malnutrition, are used to argue for the necessity of including a nutrition intervention component in poverty-alleviation programmes. (scielo.org.za)
It is concluded that this cycle can be broken by improving the nutritional status of women in their productive years, whereby foetal malnutrition, arrested mental development and physical stunting in children, adolescents and adults can be prevented. (scielo.org.za)
A dietitian used a comprehensive and valid nutritional assessment tool to confirm the malnutrition diagnosis. (bmj.com)
The purpose of this investigation was to study children with kwashiorkor and to relate the concentration of bleomycin detectable iron (BDI) and the iron binding protein, transferrin, to the severity of oedema on admission to hospital and during their nutritional rehabilitation. (bmj.com)
Biological methods based on measurement of growth and nitrogen retention assess the overall nutritional quality of the protein. (fao.org)
The amount of amino acid present in proteins determines their nutritional value which may vary for different foods. (organicfacts.net)
The study has established the safe and rich nutritional value of these vegetables and that their consumption could combat malnutrition and prevent some of the common nutritionally-related ailments. (scirp.org)

Altered fat distribution: Protein undernutrition can have varying effects depending on the period of fetal life during which the malnutrition occurred. (wikipedia.org)

Undernutrition, particularly protein undernutrition, contributes to the occurrence of osteoporotic fracture, by lowering bone mass and altering muscle strength. (nih.gov)
1999). Studies document a prevalence of protein-energy undernutrition among hospitalized older persons that exceeds one-third of all admissions (Constans et al. (nationalacademies.org)
Nutrition support is most frequently used as short-term therapy for hospitalized patients with protein-energy undernutrition. (nationalacademies.org)
The consequences of protein-energy undernutrition include depletion of body cell mass and decline of vital tissue and organ functions (see chapter 4 ). (nationalacademies.org)
Enteral and parenteral nutrition support of shorter duration can also prevent and treat protein-energy undernutrition among other selected Medicare beneficiaries in the hospital setting. (nationalacademies.org)

The primary function of dietary protein is to satisfy the body's needs for nitrogen and essential amino acids. (fao.org)

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines malnutrition as "the cellular imbalance between the supply of nutrients and energy and the body's demand for them to ensure growth, maintenance, and specific functions. (medscape.com)
According to the World Health Organization (1985), the chemical score of a protein if calculated in relation to the essential amino acid requirement pattern as reference would be more realistic and indicative of the capacity of the protein to meet human requirements. (fao.org)
Based on World Health Organization classification of severity of malnutrition, the overall prevalence of stunting was very high (≥ 40 %) among boys and high (30-39 %) among girls. (ispub.com)

To determine the prevalence, risk factors, co-morbidities and case fatality rates of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) admissions at the paediatric ward of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, South-east Nigeria over a 10 year period. (biomedcentral.com)

On the average 640 children (aged 0-18 years) were admitted into the paediatric wards annually and malnutrition accounted for nearly 3% of those admissions. (biomedcentral.com)
Cranial MRI findings in children with protein energy malnutrition. (qxmd.com)
In this study, cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were investigated in children with moderate and severe protein energy malnutrition (PEM) to determine cerebral abnormalities in malnutrition in childhood. (qxmd.com)
Thirteen (65%) children had severe malnutrition and seven (35%) children had moderate malnutrition. (qxmd.com)
It is very important that those who are most at risk for healthy protein energy malnutrition (children, typically the sick and the elderly) receive enough calories, including the entire group of macronutrients to ensure their health or to help them recover from health issues or trauma. (codesmech.com)
Vegan diets in particular, may lack the main sources of high biological value proteins and people following these diets may have difficulty meeting their protein requirements especially to support extra needs due to growth (e.g. children and pregnant women). (eufic.org)
Kwashiorkor malnutrition affects hundreds of thousands of children and kills tens of thousands each year. (ennonline.net)
Summary of published paper1 An infant having MUAC measured during the study in Kenya Current WHO guidelines for the management of severe malnutrition in children recommend. (ennonline.net)
1. Malnutrition remains one of the most frequent causes and determinants of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. (who.int)
Children with a recent history of dysentery and those in households headed by women were at higher risk of malnutrition. (nih.gov)
The findings of this study demonstrated that 'High protein' pattern was positively associated with cognitive ability in Chinese children, while 'High fat' pattern exhibited a negative association. (biomedcentral.com)
Lefranc V, de Luca A, Hankard R. Protein-energy malnutrition is frequent and precocious in children with cri du chat syndrome. (medscape.com)
Cognitive development in children with chronic protein energy Malnutrition. (bvsalud.org)
In countries with high rates of food insecurity, PEU affects children who do not consume enough calories or protein. (msdmanuals.com)

When a protein contains the essential amino acids in the right proportion required by humans, we say that it has high biological value. (eufic.org)
Therefore in the case of vegetarians, vegans in particular, the combination of proteins from different vegetable sources and a balanced food choice are very important to ensure that required levels of essential amino acids are attained. (eufic.org)
Complete proteins  Contain all essential amino acids. (slideshare.net)
These amino acids are formed by the body either from the breakdown of proteins or from the essential amino acids. (organicfacts.net)

This complements document EB101/10, part XI, providing a more comprehensive evaluation of the most serious forms of child malnutrition, the progress made in reducing them, and action taken by Member States and WHO in response, LQWHU DOLD, to resolutions WHA33.32 (1980), EB97.R13 (1996), and WHA49.15 (1996). (who.int)

 Large molecules  Made up of chains of amino acids  Are found in every cell in the body  Are involved in most of the body's functions and life processes Daily requirements of proteins: It is 1gm/kg of body weight per day for adults. (slideshare.net)

Malnutrition: assessment and support. (medlineplus.gov)

However, as the limiting amino acid tends to be different in different vegetable proteins, combination of vegetable sources of proteins in the same meal (e.g. legumes or pulses with cereals), can result in a mix of higher biological value. (eufic.org)
Fluctuations in the protein content of the grain are generally accompanied by changes in the amino acid composition of the protein (Waggle and Deyoe, 1966). (fao.org)
The quality of a protein is primarily a function of its essential amino acid composition. (fao.org)
To assess the protein quality, Block and Mitchell (1946) introduced the concept of an amino acid or chemical score, in which the amount of the essential amino acid that is in greatest deficit is expressed as a percentage of the amount present in a standard or reference protein. (fao.org)
Sorghum and millet proteins differed in their essential amino acid profile (Table 21). (fao.org)
Apart from a favourable essential amino acid profile, easy digestibility is an important attribute of a good-quality protein. (fao.org)

The Treatment and management of severe protein-energy malnutrition. (who.int)

muscle proteins allow contraction, etc. (eufic.org)
It is extremely important to create a balance between the rate of muscle protein synthesis and the breakdown of these muscle proteins. (organicfacts.net)

Eggs are one of the best sources of protein, and it is important that access to this important food item is not restricted to the Indian population. (livemint.com)

Infection and malnutrition have always been intricately linked. (vaclib.org)
It is recognized that malnutrition and infection are the two major obstacles for health, development, and survival worldwide, and poverty and ignorance are the most significant contributing factors (1, 2). (vaclib.org)
Epidemiological observations have confirmed that infection and malnutrition aggravate each other. (vaclib.org)

All animal and plant cells contain some protein but the amount of protein present in food varies widely. (eufic.org)

Features of chronic malnutrition include stunted growth, mental apathy, developmental delay, and poor weight gain. (medscape.com)
Note that PEM may be secondary to other conditions such as chronic renal disease or cancer cachexia in which protein energy wasting (PEW) may occur. (wikipedia.org)

Increased obesity: Mice exposed to a low-protein diet prenatally weighed 40% less than the control group at birth (intrauterine growth retardation). (wikipedia.org)

Even though healthy proteins are found in so many different food solutions there are still many people that do not necessarily get enough calories in their own diet including protein. (codesmech.com)
Primary PEM occurs if you find a lack of overall protein resources in the diet and too few calories. (codesmech.com)
Carried on inability to get enough calories from fat or enough protein within the diet can lead to severe issues and can alter the form or even function of every organ in your body. (codesmech.com)

Monkeys whose mother had eaten a diet with an adequate amount of protein were shown to have no deficit in brain size or composition, even when their body weight amounted to less than one-half of that of the controls, whereas monkeys whose mothers had eaten low-protein diets were shown to have smaller brains regardless of the diet given after birth. (wikipedia.org)
In the presence of adequate calcium and vitamin D supplies, protein supplements increasing the intakes from low to normal, raises IGF-I levels, improves the clinical outcome after hip fracture, and attenuates the decrease in proximal femur bone mineral density in the year following the fracture. (nih.gov)
Omnivorous diets (containing foods derived from animals and plants) in the developed world provide adequate amounts of protein. (eufic.org)
Adequate diet: a diet that provides enough of the energy, nutrients, and fiber needed to maintain a person health. (slideshare.net)
Consumption of adequate protein ensures strong immune defense, efficient signaling of nerves and impulses, healthy hair , and maintenance of fluid balance in the body. (organicfacts.net)

In hierdie artikel word 'n kort oorsig van die voedingsprobleme in Suid-Afrika sowel as die noodlottige siklus van wanvoeding en armoede wat oor generasies strek, gebruik om aan te voer dat dit noodsaaklik is om 'n voedingsintervensie-komponent in programme gemik op die verligting van armoede in te sluit. (scielo.org.za)

L. guineensis had the highest carbohydrate, protein, calorific value and ash content, and the lowest fat content of 4.05%, very rich in K, Ca and Mg and the amino acids leucine, arginine, lysine, phenylalanine and histidine. (scirp.org)

Diets that consist of less than 6% protein in utero have been linked with many deficits, including decreased brain weight, increased obesity, and impaired communication within the brain in some animals. (wikipedia.org)

The increases in growth and protein assimilation, combined with a reduced body water content indicate that increased dietary Hnoleic acid during PEM is beneficial. (edu.au)

Decreased birth weight, and gestation duration: Supplementation of protein and energy can lead to increased duration of gestation and higher birth weight. (wikipedia.org)
Decreased sperm quality: A low-protein diet during gestation in rats has been shown to affect the sperm quality of the male offspring in adulthood. (wikipedia.org)

Amazing health benefits of proteins include a better muscular health, stronger immune system, healthy hair, and many more. (organicfacts.net)
Proteins are vital to building a stronger immune system.The body runs a mechanism of self-defense and protects itself from various infections and diseases with the help of antibodies. (organicfacts.net)

Egg and human milk proteins, for their very high biological value, have been considered as reference standards. (fao.org)

Use of such alternative fluids as a major component of the diet has been associated with severe protein energy malnutrition and with growth faltering. (cdc.gov)

It is not just the amount of protein that needs to be considered - the quality of the protein is also important and that depends on the amino acids that are present. (eufic.org)

Malnutrition is a disorder that promotes disease. (minddisorders.com)

The diet should be easily digestible and should contain proteins of high nutritive value, eg: milk proteins. (nutritionfact.in)
 Simple Carbohydrates are quick energy sources ( rapidly digestible starch - 20 min) as sweets. (slideshare.net)

Carbohydrates, aside from providing energy, are precursors of what? (flashcardmachine.com)
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are the only nutrients that provide energy By this, we mean that our body breaks down these nutrients and reassemble their components into a fuel that supports physical activity and basic functioning. (slideshare.net)
 Carbohydrates give the body energy. (slideshare.net)
Carbohydrates also help to digest protein and fat. (slideshare.net)
Functions of carbohydrates  Serve as a main source of energy (1 gm provide 4 cal of energy). (slideshare.net)

Pelly TF , Santillan CF , Gilman RH , Cabrera LZ , Garcia E , Vidal C , Tuberculosis skin testing, anergy and protein malnutrition in Peru. (cdc.gov)

In general, proteins from animal sources have a higher biological value than proteins from plant sources. (eufic.org)
These methods include determination of protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein utilization (NPU), biological value (BV) and true protein digestibility (TDP). (fao.org)
Proteins are a group of biological compounds which are present in every live cell, organ, and tissue of the body. (organicfacts.net)

Activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and plasma concentrations of total and conjugated bilirubin, total protein and albumin were determined using standard methods. (karger.com)
Grain proteins are broadly classified into four fractions according to their solubility characteristics: albumin (water soluble), globulin (soluble in dilute salt solution), prolamin (soluble in alcohol) and glutelin (extractable in dilute alkali or acid solutions). (fao.org)

What changes the demand for nutrients and energy expenditure? (flashcardmachine.com)

Even diets of mild protein malnutrition (7.2%) have been shown to have lasting and significant effects in rats. (wikipedia.org)
Increased stress sensitivity: Male offspring of pregnant rats fed low-protein diets have been shown to exhibit blood pressure that is hyperresponsive to stress and salt. (wikipedia.org)
This thesis examines protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in rats and the influence of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on this condition. (edu.au)
the other three diets were reduced in protein (10% w/w ). and at one third the food consumption rate of the control diet rats. (edu.au)

The highest deficit of Iysine was in the protein of barnyard millet (chemical score 31), closely followed by little millet (chemical score 33). (fao.org)

But it does not always happen just in the absence of protein within the diet, it can also occur once the body is either unable to soak up the protein or struggles to convert it for its personal use. (codesmech.com)

Persons with infrequent meat/fish consumption had lower protein stores on muscle anthropometry (p = 0.02), and this tended to be associated with smaller skin-test reactions, as previously reported ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)

During pregnancy, one should aim for a diet that consists of at least 20% protein for the health of the fetus[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
Apparent absorption of energy and nitrogen were dramatically reduced in the diet high in stearic acid. (edu.au)
Net protein utilization improved in PEM, especially with PUFA The PUFA diet gave rise to no obvious negative effects. (edu.au)
Amino acids can be classified as either essential (indispensable amino acids that cannot be produced during metabolism by the body and therefore must be provided by our diet) or non-essential (dispensable amino acids that can be produced endogenously in the body from other proteins). (eufic.org)
 A healthful diet provides the proper combination of energy and nutrients. (slideshare.net)

Proteins consist of multiple chains of amino acids and are considered the building blocks of our life. (organicfacts.net)

Each species, including humans, has its own characteristic proteins - the proteins of human muscle, for instance, are different from those of beef muscle. (eufic.org)

1. Fat provides the body with essential fatty acids and energy. (slideshare.net)

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Pathogenesis of cancrum oris (noma): confounding interactions of malnutrition with infection. (1/695)

Growth hormone promotes somatic and skeletal muscle growth recovery in rats following chronic protein-energy malnutrition. (2/695)

Dietary protein, growth and urea kinetics in severely malnourished children and during recovery. (3/695)

Strong association between malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure. (4/695)

Association of morbidity with markers of nutrition and inflammation in chronic hemodialysis patients: a prospective study. (5/695)

T cells with a quiescent phenotype (CD45RA+) are overabundant in the blood and involuted lymphoid tissues in wasting protein and energy deficiencies. (6/695)

Dietary phospholipids rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids improve the repair of small intestine in previously malnourished piglets. (7/695)

A minimally invasive tracer protocol is effective for assessing the response of leucine kinetics and oxidation to vaccination in chronically energy-deficient adult males and children. (8/695)

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Pathogenesis of cancrum oris (noma): confounding interactions of malnutrition with infection. (1/695)

Growth hormone promotes somatic and skeletal muscle growth recovery in rats following chronic protein-energy malnutrition. (2/695)

Dietary protein, growth and urea kinetics in severely malnourished children and during recovery. (3/695)

Strong association between malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure. (4/695)

Association of morbidity with markers of nutrition and inflammation in chronic hemodialysis patients: a prospective study. (5/695)

T cells with a quiescent phenotype (CD45RA+) are overabundant in the blood and involuted lymphoid tissues in wasting protein and energy deficiencies. (6/695)

Dietary phospholipids rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids improve the repair of small intestine in previously malnourished piglets. (7/695)

A minimally invasive tracer protocol is effective for assessing the response of leucine kinetics and oxidation to vaccination in chronically energy-deficient adult males and children. (8/695)

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Protein-energy malnutrition - Wikipedia

Protein-Energy Malnutrition: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

Protein-energy malnutrition in Papua New Guinea: Its functional significance | SpringerLink

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Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) - NutritionFact.in

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Protein energy malnutrition - World Association for Sustainable Development (WASD)

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