Domesticated birds raised for food. It typically includes CHICKENS; TURKEYS, DUCKS; GEESE; and others.
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.
Food products manufactured from poultry.
Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.
Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1. The H5N1 subtype, frequently referred to as the bird flu virus, is endemic in wild birds and very contagious among both domestic (POULTRY) and wild birds. It does not usually infect humans, but some cases have been reported.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 9 and neuraminidase 2. The H9N2 subtype usually infects domestic birds (POULTRY) but there have been some human infections reported.
The science of breeding, feeding and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition.
Large woodland game BIRDS in the subfamily Meleagridinae, family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. Formerly they were considered a distinct family, Melegrididae.
Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.
Infections with bacteria of the genus CAMPYLOBACTER.
"Ducks" is not a recognized medical term or condition in human health; it may refer to various anatomical structures in animals, such as the ducks of the heart valves, but it does not have a standalone medical definition.
The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.
A species of bacteria that resemble small tightly coiled spirals. Its organisms are known to cause abortion in sheep and fever and enteritis in man and may be associated with enteric diseases of calves, lambs, and other animals.
A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic.
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.
Places where animals are slaughtered and dressed for market.
The productive enterprises concerned with food processing.
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.
A dilated cavity extended caudally from the hindgut. In adult birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes but few mammals, cloaca is a common chamber into which the digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts discharge their contents. In most mammals, cloaca gives rise to LARGE INTESTINE; URINARY BLADDER; and GENITALIA.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
Animal reproductive bodies, or the contents thereof, used as food. The concept is differentiated from OVUM, the anatomic or physiologic entity.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 7 and neuraminidase 7. The H7N7 subtype produced an epidemic in 2003 which was highly pathogenic among domestic birds (POULTRY). Some infections in humans were reported.
An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "geese" is a common name for certain species of waterfowl and doesn't have a medical definition. It is not related to medical terminology or healthcare.
Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple).
A serotype of Salmonella enterica which is an etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in man and other animals.
The type species of the genus INFLUENZAVIRUS A that causes influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. Antigenic variation occurs frequently between strains, allowing classification into subtypes and variants. Transmission is usually by aerosol (human and most non-aquatic hosts) or waterborne (ducks). Infected birds shed the virus in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces.
A species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of swine, poultry, and man. It may be pathogenic.
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.
The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 7 and neuraminidase 3. It was first detected in turkeys in Britain in 1963 and there have been several outbreaks on poultry farms since that time. A couple cases of human infections have been reported.
Membrane glycoproteins from influenza viruses which are involved in hemagglutination, virus attachment, and envelope fusion. Fourteen distinct subtypes of HA glycoproteins and nine of NA glycoproteins have been identified from INFLUENZA A VIRUS; no subtypes have been identified for Influenza B or Influenza C viruses.
Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.
Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, processing, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 7 and neuraminidase 9. This avian origin virus was first identified in humans in 2013.
The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Diseases of birds not considered poultry, therefore usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. The concept is differentiated from POULTRY DISEASES which is for birds raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption, and usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc.
'Housing, Animal' refers to the physical structure or environment designed and constructed to provide shelter, protection, and specific living conditions for various domestic or captive animals, meeting their biological and behavioral needs while ensuring their welfare and well-being.
Examination of foods to assure wholesome and clean products free from unsafe microbes or chemical contamination, natural or added deleterious substances, and decomposition during production, processing, packaging, etc.
Accumulations of solid or liquid animal excreta usually from stables and barnyards with or without litter material. Its chief application is as a fertilizer. (From Webster's 3d ed)
Domesticated farm animals raised for home use or profit but excluding POULTRY. Typically livestock includes CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; SWINE; GOATS; and others.
Animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with humans. They include animals domesticated by humans to live and breed in a tame condition on farms or ranches for economic reasons, including LIVESTOCK (specifically CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; etc.), POULTRY; and those raised or kept for pleasure and companionship, e.g., PETS; or specifically DOGS; CATS; etc.
A poxvirus infection of poultry and other birds characterized by the formation of wart-like nodules on the skin and diphtheritic necrotic masses (cankers) in the upper digestive and respiratory tracts.
A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 2. The H5N2 subtype has been found to be highly pathogenic in chickens.
The most well known avian paramyxovirus in the genus AVULAVIRUS and the cause of a highly infectious pneumoencephalitis in fowl. It is also reported to cause CONJUNCTIVITIS in humans. Transmission is by droplet inhalation or ingestion of contaminated water or food.
Foodstuff used especially for domestic and laboratory animals, or livestock.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Viruses containing two or more pieces of nucleic acid (segmented genome) from different parents. Such viruses are produced in cells coinfected with different strains of a given virus.
Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.
The aggregate enterprise of technically producing packaged meat.
Diseases in persons engaged in cultivating and tilling soil, growing plants, harvesting crops, raising livestock, or otherwise engaged in husbandry and farming. The diseases are not restricted to farmers in the sense of those who perform conventional farm chores: the heading applies also to those engaged in the individual activities named above, as in those only gathering harvest or in those only dusting crops.
Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.
Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-oxygen bond. EC 6.1.
An order of BIRDS comprising the waterfowl, particularly DUCKS; GEESE; swans; and screamers.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Vietnam" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context; it is a country located in Southeast Asia. If you have any questions related to medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help clarify those topics for you.
Infections with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Unlike ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS, this species may produce an alpha-hemolytic reaction on blood agar and is unable to utilize pyruvic acid as an energy source.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.

Lead and mercury residues in kidney and liver of Canadian slaughter animals. (1/1054)

Liver and kidney samples were collected from Canadian slaughter animals during the winter of 1973-1974. A total of 256 samples were analyzed for lead. Mean lead levels of 1.02 ppm in poultry liver, 1.04 ppm in bovine liver, 1.02 ppm in bovine kidney, 0.73 ppm in pork liver and 0.85 ppm in pork kidney were found. A total of 265 samples were analyzed for mercury. Mean mercury levels of 0.003 ppm in poultry liver, 0.007 ppm in bovine liver, 0.008 ppm in bovine kidney, 0.001 ppm in pork liver and 0.013 ppm in pork kidney were found. All levels detected were below the Canadian official tolerance of 2 ppm for lead and administrative tolerance of 0.5 ppm for mercury.  (+info)

Complementary randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis patterns and primer sets to differentiate Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains. (2/1054)

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to differentiate 7 strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Six commercially available primers or primer combinations were screened for their ability to differentiate vaccine and type strains. Although major and minor bands were produced with each primer, many of the primers were unsuitable for strain differentiation. The use of primer 6 and combined primers 3 and 4 resulted in complementary RAPD banding patterns for each M. gallisepticum strain. Eleven different isolates representing 7 different strains were segregated into 7 different patterns, corresponding to the 7 strains.  (+info)

Cloning of Mycoplasma synoviae genes encoding specific antigens and their use as species-specific DNA probes. (3/1054)

A genomic library of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) was generated by using bacteriophage lambda gt11 as a cloning and expression vector. Identification of recombinant clones highly specific to MS was achieved by screening the library for expression of MS proteins with polyclonal antiserum that had been preadsorbed with 6 heterologous avian mycoplasma species antigens. Expression of the recombinant clones in Escherichia coli followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the total cell lysates and immunoblot yielded a predominant reactive fusion protein of 165 kD. Two clones (MS2/28 and MS2/12) that yielded inserts of different size were selected. The 2 MS DNA inserts were subcloned in a plasmid vector, labeled with digoxigenin, and used as probes for the specific recognition of several MS strains. A high degree of conservation was demonstrated for the MS2/12 and MS2/28 genes in tested MS strains. In addition, neither DNA fragment recognized any other avian mycoplasma species (M. gallisepticum, M. meleagridis, M. gallinarum, M. iners, M. anatis, and M. iowae), thus indicating their high specificity to MS. The sensitivity of the slot blot hybridization method using digoxigenin-labeled MS2/12 and MS2/28 probes for direct detection of MS from broth cultures of field isolates was 10(5) colony-forming units/ml. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of adsorbed antisera for the isolation of species-specific mycoplasma DNA and the potential for its use as probes for the specific and direct detection of MS from broth cultures of field isolates.  (+info)

Phage type conversion in Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis caused by the introduction of a resistance plasmid of incompatibility group X (IncX). (4/1054)

The plasmid pOG670, a 54 kb, conjugative plasmid that specifies resistance to ampicillin and kanamycin and belonging to the incompatibility group X (IncX), was transferred into 10 isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis belonging to 10 different phage types (PT1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 9b, 10, 11 and 13). Acquisition of the plasmid by these strains did not result in the loss of any resident plasmids but resulted in phage type conversion in 8 of the 10 strains (PT1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 9b, 10 and 11). The observed changes in phage type were found to result from the loss of sensitivity to 3 of the 10 typing phages used (phages 3, 5 and 7). Where the conversion resulted in a change to a defined phage type, both the new and original PTs belonged to the same, previously described, evolutionary lines. Enteritidis PTs 1, 4 and 8, commonly associated with poultry world-wide, were converted to PTs 21, 6 and 13a respectively. The results indicate a different route for phage type conversion Enteritidis from others reported in the literature and, although IncX plasmids are not normally present in PT8 or PT13a, may suggest a possible mechanism/link connecting these phage types.  (+info)

Molecular typing of Salmonella serotype Thompson strains isolated from human and animal sources. (5/1054)

One-hundred-and-thirteen isolates of Salmonella serotype Thompson from diverse sources in seven countries were characterized by PvuII ribotyping and IS200 fingerprinting. Ten PvuII ribotypes were observed. The predominant PvuII ribotype 1 represented a major clone of world-wide distribution but was not found in Australia; PvuII ribotypes 2 and 3 represented minor clones. HincII ribotyping discriminated subtypes within PvuII ribotype 1: HincII ribotype 1 was distributed widely but HincII ribotype 2 was found mainly in Scottish isolates. None of 101 isolates of PvuII ribotypes 1-3 contained copies of IS200. All 12 isolates of PvuII ribotypes 4-10 were from Australia and 7 of them contained copies of IS200 of 5 different profiles. These results suggest the existence of at least two lineages of Salmonella Thompson with a different geographical distribution. The finding that most isolates from man and poultry in Scotland belonged to the same ribotype (PvuII 1/HincII 2) and were IS200-negative suggests that poultry is an important source of human infection in Scotland.  (+info)

High-resolution genotyping of Campylobacter strains isolated from poultry and humans with amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting. (6/1054)

For epidemiological studies of Campylobacter infections, molecular typing methods that can differentiate campylobacters at the strain level are needed. In this study we used a recently developed genotyping method, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), which is based on selective amplification of restriction fragments of chromosomal DNA, for genetic typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains derived from humans and poultry. We developed an automated AFLP fingerprinting method in which restriction endonucleases HindIII and HhaI were used in combination with one set of selective PCR primers. This method resulted in evenly distributed band patterns for amplified fragments ranging from 50 to 500 bp long. The discriminatory power of AFLP was assessed with a C. jejuni strain, an isogenic flagellin mutant, and distinct C. jejuni strains having known pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and fla PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism genotypes. Unrelated C. jejuni strains produced heterogeneous patterns, whereas genetically related strains produced similar AFLP patterns. Twenty-five Campylobacter strains obtained from poultry farms in The Netherlands grouped in three C. jejuni clusters that were separate from a C. coli cluster. The band patterns of 10 C. jejuni strains isolated from humans were heterogeneous, and most of these strains grouped with poultry strains. Our results show that AFLP analysis can distinguish genetically unrelated strains from genetically related strains of Campylobacter species. However, desirable genetically related strains can be differentiated by using other genotyping methods. We concluded that automated AFLP analysis is an attractive tool which can be used as a primary method for subtyping large numbers of Campylobacter strains and is extremely useful for epidemiological investigations.  (+info)

Salmonellosis in North Thames (East), UK: associated risk factors. (7/1054)

We assessed the rate of salmonella infections and risk factors associated with infection in North East Thames in 1993. Cases of culture confirmed infection were identified through microbiology laboratories and environmental health officers in the North East Thames. A total of 1730 cases were reported and 209 of these individuals (those who could be contacted within a 3-week interval after onset of symptoms) and matched controls were interviewed by telephone. In addition randomly selected controls were interviewed over a 4-month period about recent gastric acid lowering medication and antimicrobial ingestion. Sixty-six serotypes were identified: S. enteritidis was isolated from 1179 (69%) cases, S. typhimurium from 221 (13%), S. virchow from 77 (4%) and S. newport 25 (1%). Infections were more frequent in summer months. Highest rates were documented in children under 2 years of age for S. enteritidis (108/100,000) and under 1 year for S. typhimurium (36/100,000). Using the Townsend score, highest isolation rates of S. enteritidis were in more prosperous areas (36/100,000 vs. 27/100,000; odds ratio (OR) 1.3, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 1.2-1.6, P < 0.0001), while for S. typhimurium, there was no relation between deprivation index and isolation rates areas (6.4/100,000 vs. 6.1/100,000; OR 1.1, 95% CIs 0.8-1.5, P = 0.77). The case control study showed a significant association between ingestion of products containing raw eggs and S. enteritidis infection (8/111 cases vs. 0/110 controls; OR undefined, lower 95% CIs 3.4). Individuals with salmonella infection were significantly more likely to have travelled abroad in the week before the onset of illness [42/186 (23%) vs. 1/182 (0.5%); OR 40, 95% CIs = 5.5-291, P < 0.001] and to report gastroduodenal disease [11/143 (7%) vs. 3/143 (2%); OR 5.0, 95% CIs = 1.1-23, P = 0.04]. There was an association between illness and gastric acid-lowering medications [unmatched controls OR 22.3 (95% CIs 1.5-3.7, P = 0.0002), matched controls OR 3.7 (95% CIs 1.0-3.8, P = 0.07)], but no association with antimicrobial ingestion.  (+info)

Case-control study of risk factors for avian influenza A (H5N1) disease, Hong Kong, 1997. (8/1054)

In May 1997, a 3-year-old boy in Hong Kong died of a respiratory illness related to influenza A (H5N1) virus infection, the first known human case of disease from this virus. An additional 17 cases followed in November and December. A case-control study of 15 of these patients hospitalized for influenza A (H5N1) disease was conducted using controls matched by age, sex, and neighborhood to determine risk factors for disease. Exposure to live poultry (by visiting either a retail poultry stall or a market selling live poultry) in the week before illness began was significantly associated with H5N1 disease (64% of cases vs. 29% of controls, odds ratio, 4.5, P=.045). By contrast, travel, eating or preparing poultry products, recent exposure to persons with respiratory illness, including persons with known influenza A (H5N1) infection, were not associated with H5N1 disease.  (+info)

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "poultry" is not a medical term. It is a agricultural and culinary term that refers to domestic birds (such as chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys) that are kept for their eggs, meat, or feathers. The study and care of these birds would fall under the field of veterinary medicine, but "poultry" itself is not a medical term.

Poultry diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious disorders that affect domesticated birds, particularly those raised for meat, egg, or feather production. These diseases can be caused by various factors including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, genetic predisposition, environmental conditions, and management practices.

Infectious poultry diseases are often highly contagious and can lead to significant economic losses in the poultry industry due to decreased production, increased mortality, and reduced quality of products. Some examples of infectious poultry diseases include avian influenza, Newcastle disease, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, mycoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and coccidiosis.

Non-infectious poultry diseases can be caused by factors such as poor nutrition, environmental stressors, and management issues. Examples of non-infectious poultry diseases include ascites, fatty liver syndrome, sudden death syndrome, and various nutritional deficiencies.

Prevention and control of poultry diseases typically involve a combination of biosecurity measures, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, good management practices, and monitoring for early detection and intervention. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of poultry diseases is crucial to implementing effective treatment and prevention strategies, and can help minimize the impact of disease outbreaks on both individual flocks and the broader poultry industry.

Medical definitions of terms often come from authoritative sources such as those produced by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), or the World Health Organization (WHO). However, I couldn't find a specific medical definition for 'poultry products' in these resources. Instead, poultry products are commonly defined by food safety authorities such as the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

According to the USDA, "Poultry products" are items that are derived from the whole carcasses, parts, or portions of poultry carcasses, such as chicken, turkey, duck, goose, guinea fowl, and ratites (emus and ostriches). These products include, but are not limited to, meat, skin, fat, bones, organs, eggs, and egg products.

It's important to note that poultry products can be a source of various bacteria, parasites, and viruses, including Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria, and avian influenza viruses. Proper handling, cooking, and storage are crucial steps in preventing foodborne illnesses associated with the consumption of poultry products.

'Avian influenza' refers to the infection caused by avian (bird) influenza A viruses. These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species. Avian influenza viruses do not normally infect humans, but rare cases of human infection have occurred mainly after close contact with infected birds or heavily contaminated environments.

There are many different subtypes of avian influenza viruses based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). There are 16 known HA subtypes and 9 known NA subtypes, creating a vast number of possible combinations. Some of these combinations cause severe disease and death in birds (e.g., H5N1, H7N9), while others only cause mild illness (e.g., H9N2).

Most avian influenza viruses do not infect humans. However, some forms are zoonotic, meaning they can infect animals and humans. The risk to human health is generally low. When human infections with avian influenza viruses have occurred, most have resulted from direct contact with infected poultry or surfaces contaminated by their feces.

Avian influenza viruses have caused several pandemics in the past, including the 1918 Spanish flu (H1N1), which was an H1N1 virus containing genes of avian origin. The concern is that a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus could mutate to become easily transmissible from human to human, leading to another pandemic. This is one of the reasons why avian influenza viruses are closely monitored by public health authorities worldwide.

"Chickens" is a common term used to refer to the domesticated bird, Gallus gallus domesticus, which is widely raised for its eggs and meat. However, in medical terms, "chickens" is not a standard term with a specific definition. If you have any specific medical concern or question related to chickens, such as food safety or allergies, please provide more details so I can give a more accurate answer.

"Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype" is a specific subtype of the Influenza A virus that is often found in avian species (birds) and can occasionally infect humans. The "H5N1" refers to the specific proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) found on the surface of the virus. This subtype has caused serious infections in humans, with high mortality rates, especially in cases where people have had close contact with infected birds. It does not commonly spread from person to person, but there is concern that it could mutate and adapt to efficiently transmit between humans, which would potentially cause a pandemic.

'Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype' is a type of influenza virus that causes respiratory illness in birds and occasionally in humans. It has been found to infect various animal species, including pigs, dogs, and horses. The H9N2 subtype has eight negative-sense RNA segments, encoding several proteins, such as hemagglutinin (H), neuraminidase (N), matrix protein (M), nucleoprotein (NP), nonstructural protein (NS), and three polymerase proteins (PA, PB1, and PB2).

The H9 hemagglutinin and N2 neuraminidase surface glycoproteins define the subtype of this influenza virus. The H9N2 viruses are known to have low pathogenicity in birds but can cause mild to moderate respiratory symptoms in humans, particularly those with occupational exposure to poultry or live bird markets.

H9N2 viruses have sporadically infected humans since their first identification in the 1960s and pose a pandemic threat due to their ability to reassort genetic material with other influenza A viruses, potentially creating new strains with increased transmissibility and pathogenicity for humans.

Animal husbandry is the practice of breeding and raising animals for agricultural purposes, such as for the production of meat, milk, eggs, or fiber. It involves providing proper care for the animals, including feeding, housing, health care, and breeding management. The goal of animal husbandry is to maintain healthy and productive animals while also being mindful of environmental sustainability and animal welfare.

I'm not aware of any recognized medical term or condition specifically referred to as "turkeys." The term "turkey" is most commonly used in a non-medical context to refer to the large, bird-like domesticated fowl native to North America, scientifically known as Meleagris gallopavo.

However, if you are referring to a medical condition called "turkey neck," it is a colloquial term used to describe sagging or loose skin around the neck area, which can resemble a turkey's wattle. This condition is not a formal medical diagnosis but rather a descriptive term for an aesthetic concern some people may have about their appearance.

If you meant something else by "turkeys," please provide more context so I can give you a more accurate answer.

I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "birds." Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, and lightweight but strong skeletons. Some birds, such as pigeons and chickens, have been used in medical research, but the term "birds" itself does not have a specific medical definition.

Campylobacter infections are illnesses caused by the bacterium *Campylobacter jejuni* or other species of the genus *Campylobacter*. These bacteria are commonly found in the intestines of animals, particularly birds, and can be transmitted to humans through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected animals.

The most common symptom of Campylobacter infection is diarrhea, which can range from mild to severe and may be bloody. Other symptoms may include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting. The illness usually lasts about a week, but in some cases, it can lead to serious complications such as bacteremia (bacteria in the bloodstream), meningitis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome, a neurological disorder that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis.

Campylobacter infections are typically treated with antibiotics, but in mild cases, they may resolve on their own without treatment. Prevention measures include cooking meat thoroughly, washing hands and surfaces that come into contact with raw meat, avoiding unpasteurized dairy products and untreated water, and handling pets, particularly birds and reptiles, with care.

"Ducks" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to a group of birds that belong to the family Anatidae, which also includes swans and geese. Some ducks are hunted for their meat, feathers, or down, but they do not have any specific medical relevance. If you have any questions about a specific medical term or concept, I would be happy to help if you could provide more information!

In a medical context, "meat" generally refers to the flesh of animals that is consumed as food. This includes muscle tissue, as well as fat and other tissues that are often found in meat products. However, it's worth noting that some people may have dietary restrictions or medical conditions that prevent them from consuming meat, so it's always important to consider individual preferences and needs when discussing food options.

It's also worth noting that the consumption of meat can have both positive and negative health effects. On the one hand, meat is a good source of protein, iron, vitamin B12, and other essential nutrients. On the other hand, consuming large amounts of red and processed meats has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and certain types of cancer. Therefore, it's generally recommended to consume meat in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that are present in food, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This field examines how these microbes interact with food, how they affect its safety and quality, and how they can be controlled during food production, processing, storage, and preparation. Food microbiology also involves the development of methods for detecting and identifying pathogenic microorganisms in food, as well as studying the mechanisms of foodborne illnesses and developing strategies to prevent them. Additionally, it includes research on the beneficial microbes found in certain fermented foods and their potential applications in improving food quality and safety.

'Campylobacter jejuni' is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that is a common cause of foodborne illness worldwide. It is often found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including birds and mammals, and can be transmitted to humans through contaminated food or water.

The bacteria are capable of causing an infection known as campylobacteriosis, which is characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and vomiting. In severe cases, the infection can spread to the bloodstream and cause serious complications, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

'Campylobacter jejuni' is one of the most common causes of foodborne illness in the United States, with an estimated 1.3 million cases occurring each year. It is often found in undercooked poultry and raw or unpasteurized milk products, as well as in contaminated water supplies. Proper cooking and pasteurization can help reduce the risk of infection, as can good hygiene practices such as washing hands thoroughly after handling raw meat and vegetables.

'Campylobacter' is a genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the intestinal tracts of animals, including birds and mammals. These bacteria are a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness worldwide, with Campylobacter jejuni being the most frequently identified species associated with human infection.

Campylobacter infection, also known as campylobacteriosis, typically causes symptoms such as diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, fever, and vomiting. The infection is usually acquired through the consumption of contaminated food or water, particularly undercooked poultry, raw milk, and contaminated produce. It can also be transmitted through contact with infected animals or their feces.

While most cases of campylobacteriosis are self-limiting and resolve within a week without specific treatment, severe or prolonged infections may require antibiotic therapy. In rare cases, Campylobacter infection can lead to serious complications such as bacteremia (bacterial bloodstream infection), meningitis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome, a neurological disorder that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis.

Preventive measures include proper food handling and cooking techniques, thorough handwashing, and avoiding cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods.

Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. They are caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi that naturally infect non-human animals and can sometimes infect and cause disease in humans through various transmission routes like direct contact with infected animals, consumption of contaminated food or water, or vectors like insects. Some well-known zoonotic diseases include rabies, Lyme disease, salmonellosis, and COVID-19 (which is believed to have originated from bats). Public health officials work to prevent and control zoonoses through various measures such as surveillance, education, vaccination, and management of animal populations.

An abattoir is a facility where animals are slaughtered and processed for human consumption. It is also known as a slaughterhouse. The term "abattoir" comes from the French word "abattre," which means "to take down" or "slaughter." In an abattoir, animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, and chickens are killed and then butchered into smaller pieces of meat that can be sold to consumers.

Abattoirs must follow strict regulations to ensure the humane treatment of animals and the safety of the meat products they produce. These regulations cover various aspects of the slaughtering and processing process, including animal handling, stunning, bleeding, evisceration, and inspection. The goal of these regulations is to minimize the risk of contamination and ensure that the meat is safe for human consumption.

It's important to note that while abattoirs play an essential role in providing a reliable source of protein for humans, they can also be controversial due to concerns about animal welfare and the environmental impact of large-scale animal agriculture.

I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question. The "food processing industry" is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used to describe the branch of manufacturing that involves transforming raw agricultural ingredients into food products for commercial sale.

The food-processing industry includes activities such as:

1. Cleaning and grading raw food materials
2. Preservation through canning, freezing, refrigeration, or dehydration
3. Preparation of food by chopping, cooking, baking, or mixing
4. Packaging and labeling of the final food product

While not a medical term, it is still relevant to the medical field as processed foods can impact human health, both positively and negatively. For example, processing can help preserve nutrients, increase food safety, and make certain foods more accessible and convenient. However, overly processed foods often contain high levels of added sugars, sodium, and unhealthy fats, which can contribute to various health issues such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

A Salmonella infection in animals refers to the presence and multiplication of Salmonella enterica bacteria in non-human animals, causing an infectious disease known as salmonellosis. Animals can become infected through direct contact with other infected animals or their feces, consuming contaminated food or water, or vertical transmission (from mother to offspring). Clinical signs vary among species but may include diarrhea, fever, vomiting, weight loss, and sepsis. In some cases, animals can be asymptomatic carriers, shedding the bacteria in their feces and acting as a source of infection for other animals and humans. Regular monitoring, biosecurity measures, and appropriate sanitation practices are crucial to prevent and control Salmonella infections in animals.

A cloaca is a common cavity or channel in some animals, including many birds and reptiles, that serves as the combined endpoint for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Feces, urine, and in some cases, eggs are all expelled through this single opening. In humans and other mammals, these systems have separate openings. Anatomical anomalies can result in a human born with a cloaca, which is very rare and typically requires surgical correction.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

In the medical context, the term "eggs" is not typically used as a formal medical definition. However, if you are referring to reproductive biology, an egg or ovum is a female reproductive cell (gamete) that, when fertilized by a male sperm, can develop into a new individual.

In humans, eggs are produced in the ovaries and are released during ovulation, usually once per month. They are much larger than sperm and contain all the genetic information necessary to create a human being, along with nutrients that help support the early stages of embryonic development.

It's worth noting that the term "eggs" is also commonly used in everyday language to refer to chicken eggs or eggs from other birds, which are not relevant to medical definitions.

"Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype" is a type of influenza virus that causes respiratory illness in humans and animals. The "H" and "N" in the name refer to two proteins on the surface of the virus, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), respectively. In this subtype, the H7 protein is combined with the N7 protein.

H7N7 viruses are primarily avian influenza viruses, meaning they naturally infect birds. However, they can occasionally infect other animals, including humans, and have caused sporadic human infections and outbreaks, mainly in people who have close contact with infected birds or their droppings.

H7N7 infections in humans can range from mild to severe respiratory illness, and some cases have resulted in death. However, human-to-human transmission of H7N7 viruses is rare. Public health authorities closely monitor H7N7 and other avian influenza viruses due to their potential to cause a pandemic if they acquire the ability to transmit efficiently between humans.

Newcastle Disease is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). It primarily affects birds and poultry, causing severe respiratory, neurological, and gastrointestinal symptoms. The virus can also infect mammals, including humans, but human cases are relatively rare and usually result in mild or asymptomatic infections.

In birds, the disease can cause significant mortality, especially in young chickens. Symptoms may include respiratory distress, depression, greenish diarrhea, muscle tremors, twisting of the neck (torticollis), paralysis, and decreased egg production. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected birds or their feces, as well as through contaminated food, water, and equipment.

In humans, Newcastle Disease typically results in conjunctivitis, mild respiratory symptoms, or influenza-like illness. It is not considered a significant public health concern, but proper biosecurity measures should be taken to prevent transmission between birds and humans. Vaccination programs are widely used to control the disease in poultry populations.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geese" is not a medical term. It refers to various waterbirds constituting the family Anatidae and the genus Branta, characterized by a long neck, wide wings, and a honking call. They are not related to human health or medicine. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I'd be happy to help you with those!

Medical definitions typically do not include terms like "meat products" as they are too broad and not specific to medical conditions or treatments. However, in a general food science or nutrition context, "meat products" could be defined as:

Processed or unprocessed foods that contain meat or meat derivatives as the primary ingredient. This can include various types of muscle tissue from mammals, birds, fish, and other animals, along with any accompanying fat, skin, blood vessels, and other tissues. Meat products may be fresh, cured, smoked, or cooked, and they may also contain additional ingredients like salt, sugar, preservatives, and flavorings. Examples of meat products include beef jerky, bacon, sausages, hot dogs, and canned meats.

Salmonella Enteritidis is a specific strain of the Salmonella bacterium that primarily infects the intestinal tract, leading to a type of foodborne illness known as salmonellosis. This organism can be found in a variety of animals and their feces, including poultry and cattle. It can contaminate various foods, particularly eggs, raw meat, and unpasteurized dairy products.

Infection with Salmonella Enteritidis typically occurs when an individual ingests contaminated food or water. The bacteria then multiply within the digestive system, causing symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting. In some cases, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems, Salmonella Enteritidis infection can lead to more severe complications, including bacteremia (bloodstream infection) and invasive diseases affecting other organs.

Preventing Salmonella Enteritidis infection involves proper food handling, cooking, and storage practices, as well as maintaining good hygiene and sanitation standards in both residential and commercial settings.

Influenza A virus is defined as a negative-sense, single-stranded, segmented RNA virus belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae. It is responsible for causing epidemic and pandemic influenza in humans and is also known to infect various animal species, such as birds, pigs, horses, and seals. The viral surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are the primary targets for antiviral drugs and vaccines. There are 18 different HA subtypes and 11 known NA subtypes, which contribute to the diversity and antigenic drift of Influenza A viruses. The zoonotic nature of this virus allows for genetic reassortment between human and animal strains, leading to the emergence of novel variants with pandemic potential.

'Campylobacter coli' is a species of bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal illness in humans. It is one of the several species within the genus Campylobacter, which are gram-negative, microaerophilic, spiral or curved rods. 'Campylobacter coli' is commonly found in the intestines of animals, particularly swine and cattle, and can be transmitted to humans through contaminated food or water.

The most common symptom of infection with 'Campylobacter coli' is diarrhea, which can range from mild to severe and may be accompanied by abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting. The illness, known as campylobacteriosis, typically lasts for about a week and resolves on its own without specific treatment in most cases. However, in some cases, the infection can lead to more serious complications, such as bacteremia (bacterial infection of the blood) or Guillain-Barré syndrome, a rare neurological disorder that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis.

Prevention measures include cooking food thoroughly, washing hands and surfaces frequently, and avoiding cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods. 'Campylobacter coli' infections are also reportable to public health authorities in many jurisdictions, as they are considered a significant cause of foodborne illness worldwide.

Influenza, also known as the flu, is a highly contagious viral infection that attacks the respiratory system of humans. It is caused by influenza viruses A, B, or C and is characterized by the sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, sore throat, cough, runny nose, and fatigue. Influenza can lead to complications such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and ear infections, and can be particularly dangerous for young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems or chronic medical conditions. The virus is spread through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and can also survive on surfaces for a period of time. Influenza viruses are constantly changing, which makes it necessary to get vaccinated annually to protect against the most recent and prevalent strains.

Food contamination is the presence of harmful microorganisms, chemicals, or foreign substances in food or water that can cause illness or injury to individuals who consume it. This can occur at any stage during production, processing, storage, or preparation of food, and can result from various sources such as:

1. Biological contamination: This includes the presence of harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can cause foodborne illnesses. Examples include Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and norovirus.

2. Chemical contamination: This involves the introduction of hazardous chemicals into food, which may occur due to poor handling practices, improper storage, or exposure to environmental pollutants. Common sources of chemical contamination include pesticides, cleaning solvents, heavy metals, and natural toxins produced by certain plants or fungi.

3. Physical contamination: This refers to the presence of foreign objects in food, such as glass, plastic, hair, or insects, which can pose a choking hazard or introduce harmful substances into the body.

Preventing food contamination is crucial for ensuring food safety and protecting public health. Proper hygiene practices, temperature control, separation of raw and cooked foods, and regular inspections are essential measures to minimize the risk of food contamination.

'Influenza A Virus, H7N3 Subtype' is a specific subtype of the Influenza A virus that is characterized by hemagglutinin protein 7 (H7) and neuraminidase protein 3 (N3) on its surface. This subtype has been known to cause outbreaks in poultry populations, and can occasionally infect humans who have close contact with infected birds. It has the potential to cause serious illness or even death, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. However, it is important to note that H7N3 influenza viruses are not currently circulating in humans and are not a direct threat to public health at this time.

Hemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins are surface proteins found on influenza viruses. They play a crucial role in the virus's ability to infect and spread within host organisms.

The HAs are responsible for binding to sialic acid receptors on the host cell's surface, allowing the virus to attach and enter the cell. After endocytosis, the viral and endosomal membranes fuse, releasing the viral genome into the host cell's cytoplasm.

There are several subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1-H18) identified so far, with H1, H2, and H3 being common in human infections. The significant antigenic differences among these subtypes make them important targets for the development of influenza vaccines. However, due to their high mutation rate, new vaccine formulations are often required to match the circulating virus strains.

In summary, hemagglutinin glycoproteins on influenza viruses are essential for host cell recognition and entry, making them important targets for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of influenza infections.

Wild animals are those species of animals that are not domesticated or tamed by humans and live in their natural habitats without regular human intervention. They can include a wide variety of species, ranging from mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, to insects and other invertebrates.

Wild animals are adapted to survive in specific environments and have behaviors, physical traits, and social structures that enable them to find food, shelter, and mates. They can be found in various habitats such as forests, grasslands, deserts, oceans, rivers, and mountains. Some wild animals may come into contact with human populations, particularly in urban areas where their natural habitats have been destroyed or fragmented.

It is important to note that the term "wild" does not necessarily mean that an animal is aggressive or dangerous. While some wild animals can be potentially harmful to humans if provoked or threatened, many are generally peaceful and prefer to avoid contact with people. However, it is essential to respect their natural behaviors and habitats and maintain a safe distance from them to prevent any potential conflicts or harm to either party.

"Food handling" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in the context of public health and food safety, it generally refers to the activities involved in the storage, preparation, and serving of food in a way that minimizes the risk of contamination and foodborne illnesses. This includes proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and wearing gloves, separating raw and cooked foods, cooking food to the correct temperature, and refrigerating or freezing food promptly. Proper food handling is essential for ensuring the safety and quality of food in various settings, including restaurants, hospitals, schools, and homes.

'Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype' is a specific subtype of Influenza A virus that is known to primarily infect birds, but has also caused sporadic human infections in China since 2013. The 'H' and 'N' in the name refer to the proteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), respectively, on the surface of the virus. In this subtype, the H7 and N9 proteins are found.

The H7N9 virus has caused serious illness in humans, with high fever, cough, and severe pneumonia being common symptoms. Some cases have resulted in death, particularly among those with underlying health conditions or weakened immune systems. The virus is not currently known to transmit efficiently from person to person, but there is concern that it could mutate and acquire the ability to spread more easily between humans, which could potentially lead to a pandemic.

It's important to note that seasonal flu vaccines do not provide protection against H7N9 virus, as it is antigenically distinct from seasonal influenza viruses. However, research and development efforts are ongoing to create a vaccine specifically for this subtype.

I apologize for any confusion, but "agriculture" is not a term that has a medical definition. Agriculture refers to the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants, and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. It is an important industry and practice that has been developed over thousands of years and continues to play a critical role in global food production and security.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

'Bird diseases' is a broad term that refers to the various medical conditions and infections that can affect avian species. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or toxic substances and can affect pet birds, wild birds, and poultry. Some common bird diseases include:

1. Avian influenza (bird flu) - a viral infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, decreased appetite, and sudden death in birds.
2. Psittacosis (parrot fever) - a bacterial infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, fever, and lethargy in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
3. Aspergillosis - a fungal infection that can cause respiratory symptoms and weight loss in birds.
4. Candidiasis (thrush) - a fungal infection that can affect the mouth, crop, and other parts of the digestive system in birds.
5. Newcastle disease - a viral infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, neurological signs, and decreased egg production in birds.
6. Salmonellosis - a bacterial infection that can cause diarrhea, lethargy, and decreased appetite in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
7. Trichomoniasis - a parasitic infection that can affect the mouth, crop, and digestive system in birds.
8. Chlamydiosis (psittacosis) - a bacterial infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, lethargy, and decreased appetite in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
9. Coccidiosis - a parasitic infection that can affect the digestive system in birds.
10. Mycobacteriosis (avian tuberculosis) - a bacterial infection that can cause chronic weight loss, respiratory symptoms, and skin lesions in birds.

It is important to note that some bird diseases can be transmitted to humans and other animals, so it is essential to practice good hygiene when handling birds or their droppings. If you suspect your bird may be sick, it is best to consult with a veterinarian who specializes in avian medicine.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Housing, Animal" is not a standard term in medical terminology. Medical terminology typically relates to the human body, diseases, treatments, and healthcare practices. "Housing, Animal" would be more related to veterinary medicine or animal care fields, which pertain to the accommodation and environment provided for animals. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'd be happy to help!

A "Food Inspection" is not a medical term per se, but rather it falls under the purview of public health and food safety. It refers to the process of examining, testing, and evaluating food products, production processes, and establishments to ensure they comply with regulatory standards, guidelines, and laws established to protect consumers from foodborne illnesses, allergens, chemical contaminants, and other potential hazards.

The inspection can be carried out by governmental agencies, such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), or local health departments, at various stages of food production, processing, distribution, and retail sale. The primary goal is to minimize the risk of contamination, ensure proper labeling, and maintain the overall safety and integrity of the food supply chain.

While not a medical definition, it's important to note that food inspections play a crucial role in preventing foodborne illnesses, which can lead to significant health complications for vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

"Manure" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, it is commonly referred to in agriculture and horticulture. Manure is defined as organic matter, such as animal feces and urine, that is used as a fertilizer to enrich and amend the soil. It is often rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are essential for plant growth. While manure can be beneficial for agriculture and gardening, it can also pose risks to human health if not handled properly due to the potential presence of pathogens and other harmful substances.

I apologize for any confusion, but "livestock" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is an agricultural term that refers to animals that are kept or raised on a farm or ranch for commercial purposes, such as the production of food, fiber, or labor. Examples of livestock include cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry, and horses. I hope this clarifies any confusion. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I would be happy to help.

Domestic animals, also known as domestic animals or pets, are species that have been tamed and kept by humans for various purposes. These purposes can include companionship, work, protection, or food production. Some common examples of domestic animals include dogs, cats, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and chickens.

Domestic animals are distinguished from wild animals in that they are dependent on humans for their survival and are able to live in close proximity to people. They have often been selectively bred over generations to possess certain traits or characteristics that make them more suitable for their intended uses. For example, dogs may be bred for their size, strength, agility, or temperament, while cats may be bred for their coat patterns or behaviors.

It is important to note that the term "domestic animal" does not necessarily mean that an animal is tame or safe to handle. Some domestic animals, such as certain breeds of dogs, can be aggressive or dangerous if not properly trained and managed. It is always important to approach and handle any animal, domestic or wild, with caution and respect.

Fowlpox is a viral disease that primarily affects birds, particularly poultry such as chickens and turkeys. It is caused by the Avipoxvirus and is characterized by the development of wart-like lesions on the skin and mucous membranes of infected birds. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected bird or via contaminated feed, water, and equipment.

In chickens, fowlpox typically presents as a cutaneous form, characterized by the development of scabby, raised lesions on the unfeathered skin of the bird's face, wattles, and comb. In more severe cases, the virus can also cause a diphtheritic form, which affects the respiratory system and results in the formation of caseous lesions in the trachea and lungs.

Fowlpox is not generally considered a significant threat to human health, but it can have serious economic consequences for poultry farmers due to reduced egg production, decreased growth rates, and increased mortality in infected birds. Vaccination is available for controlling fowlpox in commercial poultry operations.

'Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype' is a type of influenza virus that primarily infects birds, but has caused sporadic infections in humans who have had close contact with infected poultry or contaminated environments. The 'H5N2' refers to the specific subtype of the hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) proteins found on the surface of the virus.

The H5N2 subtype has caused significant outbreaks in poultry populations, leading to substantial economic losses for the farming industry. While human infections with this subtype are rare, they can cause severe respiratory illness and have the potential to cause a pandemic if the virus were to acquire the ability to transmit efficiently from person to person.

It is important to note that seasonal influenza vaccines do not provide protection against H5N2 or other non-seasonal influenza viruses, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance and research into new vaccine candidates.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus that belongs to the genus Avulavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. It is the causative agent of Newcastle disease, a highly contagious and often fatal viral infection affecting birds and poultry worldwide. The virus can cause various clinical signs, including respiratory distress, neurological disorders, and decreased egg production, depending on the strain's virulence. NDV has zoonotic potential, but human infections are rare and typically result in mild, flu-like symptoms.

Animal feed refers to any substance or mixture of substances, whether processed, unprocessed, or partially processed, which is intended to be used as food for animals, including fish, without further processing. It includes ingredients such as grains, hay, straw, oilseed meals, and by-products from the milling, processing, and manufacturing industries. Animal feed can be in the form of pellets, crumbles, mash, or other forms, and is used to provide nutrients such as energy, protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals to support the growth, reproduction, and maintenance of animals. It's important to note that animal feed must be safe, nutritious, and properly labeled to ensure the health and well-being of the animals that consume it.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

Reassortant viruses are formed when two or more different strains of a virus infect the same cell and exchange genetic material, creating a new strain. This phenomenon is most commonly observed in segmented RNA viruses, such as influenza A and B viruses, where each strain may have a different combination of gene segments. When these reassortant viruses emerge, they can sometimes have altered properties, such as increased transmissibility or virulence, which can pose significant public health concerns. For example, pandemic influenza viruses often arise through the process of reassortment between human and animal strains.

Salmonella food poisoning, also known as salmonellosis, is an infection caused by the Salmonella enterica bacterium. It's typically contracted through the consumption of contaminated food or water, or by coming into contact with infected animals or their feces. The bacteria can cause gastrointestinal distress, including diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever, within 12 to 72 hours after exposure. Symptoms usually last for four to seven days, and most people recover without treatment. However, in severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage dehydration caused by excessive diarrhea. In rare instances, Salmonella can spread from the intestines to the bloodstream and cause life-threatening infections.

I believe there may be a slight confusion in your question. The "meat-packing industry" is not a term that has a medical definition, as it pertains to the industrial process and business practice of slaughtering animals, processing their carcasses into edible meats, and packaging them for distribution and sale to consumers.

However, if you are interested in occupational health or workplace safety aspects related to this industry, there are numerous medical and epidemiological studies that discuss the potential health risks and hazards faced by workers in meat-packing plants, such as exposure to infectious diseases, musculoskeletal injuries, and chemical hazards.

"Agricultural Workers' Diseases" is a term used to describe a variety of health conditions and illnesses that are associated with agricultural work. These can include both acute and chronic conditions, and can be caused by a range of factors including exposure to chemicals, dusts, allergens, physical injuries, and biological agents such as bacteria and viruses.

Some common examples of Agricultural Workers' Diseases include:

1. Pesticide poisoning: This can occur when agricultural workers are exposed to high levels of pesticides or other chemicals used in farming. Symptoms can range from mild skin irritation to severe neurological damage, depending on the type and amount of chemical exposure.
2. Respiratory diseases: Agricultural workers can be exposed to a variety of dusts and allergens that can cause respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and farmer's lung. These conditions are often caused by prolonged exposure to moldy hay, grain dust, or other organic materials.
3. Musculoskeletal injuries: Agricultural workers are at risk of developing musculoskeletal injuries due to the physical demands of their job. This can include back pain, repetitive strain injuries, and sprains and strains from lifting heavy objects.
4. Zoonotic diseases: Agricultural workers who come into contact with animals are at risk of contracting zoonotic diseases, which are illnesses that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Examples include Q fever, brucellosis, and leptospirosis.
5. Heat-related illnesses: Agricultural workers who work outside in hot weather are at risk of heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Prevention of Agricultural Workers' Diseases involves a combination of engineering controls, personal protective equipment, and training to help workers understand the risks associated with their job and how to minimize exposure to hazards.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a type of electrophoresis technique used in molecular biology to separate DNA molecules based on their size and conformation. In this method, the electric field is applied in varying directions, which allows for the separation of large DNA fragments that are difficult to separate using traditional gel electrophoresis methods.

The DNA sample is prepared by embedding it in a semi-solid matrix, such as agarose or polyacrylamide, and then subjected to an electric field that periodically changes direction. This causes the DNA molecules to reorient themselves in response to the changing electric field, which results in the separation of the DNA fragments based on their size and shape.

PFGE is a powerful tool for molecular biology research and has many applications, including the identification and characterization of bacterial pathogens, the analysis of genomic DNA, and the study of gene organization and regulation. It is also used in forensic science to analyze DNA evidence in criminal investigations.

Carbon-oxygen ligases are a category of enzymes that catalyze the joining of a carbon atom and an oxygen atom, typically through the formation of a carbon-oxygen bond. These enzymes play important roles in various metabolic processes, such as the synthesis of carbohydrates, lignin, and other organic compounds.

In biochemistry, ligases are enzymes that catalyze the formation of covalent bonds between two molecules, often requiring energy in the form of ATP or another high-energy molecule to drive the reaction. Carbon-oxygen ligases specifically facilitate the formation of carbon-oxygen bonds, which can be found in a wide range of organic compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters.

Examples of carbon-oxygen ligases include:

1. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH): This enzyme catalyzes the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones by transferring a hydride ion from the alcohol to a cofactor, such as NAD+ or NADP+, resulting in the formation of a carbon-oxygen bond.
2. Aldolase: This enzyme catalyzes the reversible reaction between an aldehyde and a ketone to form a new carbon-carbon bond and a carbon-oxygen bond, creating a new molecule called an aldol.
3. Carboxylases: These enzymes facilitate the addition of a carboxyl group (-COOH) to various substrates, resulting in the formation of a carbon-oxygen bond between the carboxyl group and the substrate. Examples include acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which catalyzes the formation of malonyl-CoA, an essential intermediate in fatty acid synthesis.
4. Transketolases: These enzymes are involved in the pentose phosphate pathway and facilitate the transfer of a two-carbon ketol group between sugars, resulting in the formation of new carbon-oxygen bonds.
5. Esterases: These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis or synthesis of esters by breaking or forming carbon-oxygen bonds between an alcohol and an acid.
6. Peroxidases: These enzymes use a reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), to oxidize various substrates, resulting in the formation of new carbon-oxygen bonds.
7. Dehydrogenases: These enzymes catalyze the transfer of electrons from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule, often involving the formation or breaking of carbon-oxygen bonds. Examples include lactate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase.
8. Oxidoreductases: This broad class of enzymes catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions, which can involve the formation or breaking of carbon-oxygen bonds.

Anseriformes is a taxonomic order that includes approximately 150 species of waterfowl, such as ducks, geese, and swans. These birds are characterized by their short, stout bills, which often have serrated edges or a nail-like structure at the tip, and are adapted for filter-feeding or grazing on aquatic vegetation. Anseriformes species are found worldwide, with the exception of Antarctica, and they inhabit a wide range of wetland habitats, including freshwater lakes, rivers, marshes, and coastal estuaries. Many Anseriformes species are migratory and travel long distances between their breeding and wintering grounds. The order is divided into two families: Anatidae, which includes ducks, geese, and swans, and Anhimidae, which includes screamers, a group of large, terrestrial birds found in South America.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Vietnam" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Southeast Asia. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Salmonella infections, also known as salmonellosis, are a type of foodborne illness caused by the Salmonella bacterium. These bacteria can be found in the intestinal tracts of humans, animals, and birds, especially poultry. People typically get salmonella infections from consuming contaminated foods or water, or through contact with infected animals or their feces. Common sources of Salmonella include raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs, and milk products; contaminated fruits and vegetables; and improperly prepared or stored food.

Symptoms of salmonella infections usually begin within 12 to 72 hours after exposure and can include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, and headache. Most people recover from salmonella infections without treatment within four to seven days, although some cases may be severe or even life-threatening, especially in young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems. In rare cases, Salmonella can spread from the intestines to the bloodstream and cause serious complications such as meningitis, endocarditis, and arthritis.

Prevention measures include proper food handling, cooking, and storage practices; washing hands thoroughly after using the bathroom, changing diapers, or touching animals; avoiding cross-contamination of foods during preparation; and using pasteurized dairy products and eggs. If you suspect that you have a Salmonella infection, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to prevent complications and reduce the risk of spreading the infection to others.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Enterococcus faecium is a species of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. It is a member of the family Enterococcaceae and is known for its ability to survive in a wide range of environments, including those with high salt concentrations, low pH levels, and the presence of antibiotics.

E. faecium is a leading cause of nosocomial infections, particularly in healthcare settings such as hospitals and long-term care facilities. It can cause a variety of infections, including urinary tract infections, bacteremia, endocarditis, and intra-abdominal infections. E. faecium is resistant to many antibiotics, making it difficult to treat infections caused by this organism.

E. faecium is also a potential threat as a bioterrorism agent due to its ability to survive outside the host and cause disease. However, it is not considered a high-risk agent because it is not easily transmitted from person to person and is not highly virulent. Nonetheless, appropriate infection control measures are important to prevent the spread of E. faecium in healthcare settings.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "China." Generally, it is used to refer to:

1. The People's Republic of China (PRC), which is a country in East Asia. It is the most populous country in the world and the fourth largest by geographical area. Its capital city is Beijing.
2. In a historical context, "China" was used to refer to various dynasties and empires that existed in East Asia over thousands of years. The term "Middle Kingdom" or "Zhongguo" (中国) has been used by the Chinese people to refer to their country for centuries.
3. In a more general sense, "China" can also be used to describe products or goods that originate from or are associated with the People's Republic of China.

If you have a specific context in which you encountered the term "China" related to medicine, please provide it so I can give a more accurate response.

Look up poultry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. "Consider These 6 Types Of Poultry For Your Farm". Hobby Farms. August 14, ... "History of poultry". Poultry Club of Great Britain. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved February 23, ... "USDA Livestock & Poultry: World Markets & Trade". The Poultry Site. April 30, 2013. Archived from the original on February 27, ... "Global Poultry Trends: World Egg Production Sets a Record Despite Slower Growth". The Poultry Site. January 16, 2013. Retrieved ...
The Poultry Bowl was an American college football bowl game played in 1973 and 1974 in Gainesville, Georgia and Greensboro, ... 1973 was the first and only Poultry Bowl played in Gainesville. The game was played the following year at the historic World ...
... (also known as Poultry Counter) was a small prison that stood at Poultry, part of Cheapside in the City of ... The Poultry Compter was demolished in 1817. The Poultry Compter was linked to the early struggles to abolish slavery and end ... While Strong was imprisoned in the Poultry, Lisle sold him for £30 to John Kerr, a planter in the American Colonies. But Sharp ... However, when Lisle discovered that Strong was alive and healthy, he got the keeper of the Poultry, John Ross, and William ...
In some farms, the manure from free range poultry can be used to benefit crops. The benefits of free range poultry farming for ... Changes in commodity prices for poultry feed have a direct effect on the cost of doing business in the poultry industry. For ... "Poultry Industry Frequently Asked Questions". U.S. Poultry & Egg Association. Retrieved June 21, 2012. "Compassion in World ... "Poultry Dipslides Tests". Retrieved March 10, 2016. Yashroy, Rakesh. "Poultry production under Salmonella stress: Infection ...
"Poultry Litter amendments" (PDF). Retrieved September 14, 2012. "Poultry Industry Frequently Asked Questions". U.S Poultry & ... Agriculture and Agronomy portal Environmental issues with agriculture Poultry Poultry farming Poultry farming in the United ... poultry growers may decide to use the new litter material. Bedding material must not be toxic to poultry or to poultry growers ... The use of poultry litter as food for beef cattle is legal in the United States. Prior to 1967, the use of poultry litter as ...
Blinders, also known as peepers, are devices fitted to, or through, the beaks of poultry to block their forward vision and ... British Poultry Science, 24: 371-381 Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (July 2002). "Mutilations" (PDF). Codes of ... British Poultry Science, 20: 345-356. doi:10.1080/00071667908416592 1947 Paramount Newsreel about blinders Pathe News reel ... Agriculture and Agronomy portal Abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity Blinkers (horse tack) Cannibalism in poultry Chicken ...
... is a privately owned company that produces poultry products throughout Australia. Its operations include broiler ... Baiada is one of Australia's largest poultry processing companies with a market share of more than 20%, producing the Lilydale ... On 30 October 2013 the Federal Court of Australia ordered Baiada Poultry and Bartter Enterprises, the processors and suppliers ... the Australian Office of the Fair Work Ombudsman commenced an investigation into allegations that Adelaide Poultry - part of ...
A poultry was the office in a medieval household responsible for the purchase and preparation of poultry, as well as the room ... It was headed by a poulter or poulterer (though this last term is more often for a merchant who deals in poultry). The office ... ISBN 0-300-07687-8. v t e v t e v t e (Medieval cuisine, All stub articles, European history stubs, Cuisine stubs, Poultry ...
... is a British poultry producer, based in Attleborough, Norfolk, with an annual turnover of £100 million. Its ... The company was bought by Chesterfield Poultry in October 2018. In late October, 2021, Banham Poultry was bought by the Boparan ... "Workers die in suspected gas leak at Banham Poultry". BBC News. Retrieved 4 October 2018. "Banham Poultry: 1,000 Attleborough ... "Boparan Private Office buys Banham Poultry". Poultry.Network. 20 October 2021. v t e (Articles with short description, Short ...
The American Pastured Poultry Producers' Association (APPPA) was formed to promote pastured poultry. Its membership consists ... In the United States, "pastured poultry" or "pasture-raised" claims for poultry are not defined by the United States Department ... eggs poultryOne's Guide to Raising Pastured Poultry American Pastured Poultry Producer's Association Alternative Poultry ... Pastured poultry is not limited to chickens and turkeys. It includes a variety of other birds, including ducks, geese, and ...
... Festival began as a single day event held on a Thursday and referred to as Poultry Day. This first festival was ... Poultry Days has donated in excess of $700,000 over the past 10 years. Though Versailles has only 2,687 residents, Poultry Days ... Poultry Days is a festival in Versailles, Ohio that celebrates the heritage of the poultry producing industry of Versailles, ... The event was originally named the Poultry Days Ultimate Tournament but in 1990 it was changed to the Jeff Warrick Poultry Days ...
The name of Poultry emerged about 1800. The Hen Cross stood just within the top of the Poultry, close by the junction of ... Poultry is a row of buildings in Nottingham City Centre between Flying Horse Inn and Victoria Street. It is the name of the ... It was the cross of the Poultry Market and is first mentioned in local records in 1416. 1 Flying Horse Walk 6 by William ... Historic England, "4 Bridlesmith Gate, 13 Poultry (1271448)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 21 March 2017 (CS1 ...
"Organisations , Poultry Hub , Poultry Research, Commercial & Scientific Poultry Information". Poultry Hub. 13 August 2013. ... the Poultry CRC won the World's Poultry Science Association (WPSA) Industry/Organisation Award at the World's Poultry Congress ... The Poultry Co-operative Research Center, or Poultry CRC, was a joint venture established and supported under the Australian ... In addition, the Poultry CRC received an Australian Collaborative Innovation Award in May 2012. The Poultry CRC was an ...
Poultry meat allergy is a rare food allergy in humans caused by consumption of poultry meat (commonly chicken and turkey) ... It can co-occur with egg allergy but more often occurs without allergy to poultry eggs. One study found that not chicken, just ... A research study in 2016 found only 16 cases of previously published poultry meat allergy, plus an additional 28 cases that ... Hemmer, W.; Klug, C.; Swoboda, I. (2016). "Update on the bird-egg syndrome and genuine poultry meat allergy". Allergo Journal ...
... the Poultry has since 1850 been entirely changed in character and aspect." The street gave its name to a prison, Poultry ... Poultry takes its name, like other roads nearby such as Milk Street and Bread Street, from the various produce once sold at ... No 1 Poultry is a postmodern office and retail building which is home to the Coq d'Argent restaurant, which includes a rooftop ... Poultry (formerly also Poultrey) is a short street in the City of London, which is the historic nucleus and modern financial ...
World's Poultry Science Journal, 56: 127-138. doi:10.1079/WPS20000010 Fairfull, R.W., Crober, D.C. and Gowe, R.S., (1985). ... Poultry Science, 64: 434-439. doi:10.3382/ps.0640434 "FAWC report on broiler breeds". Archived from the original on 17 June ... "Dubbing Poultry on freewebs". Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2011. "Report in The Nelson ... The comb is also used in mate-assessment in some poultry species. Dubbing would interfere with both these functions of the comb ...
Look up poultry or Poultry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Poultry refers to domesticated birds kept by humans for their ... Poultry may also refer to: Poultry farming Poultry (office), the office in a medieval household responsible for the purchase ... and preparation of poultry Poultry, London, a street in the City of London, United Kingdom Poultry Compter, a former prison ... located on the street This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Poultry. If an internal link led you ...
... is food for farm poultry, including chickens, ducks, geese and other domestic birds. Before the twentieth century ... Mash refers to a nutritionally complete poultry in a ground form. This is the earliest complete poultry ration.: 94 Pellets ... and the poultry eat the pellets whole. Pellets are often too large for newly hatched poultry.: 303 Crumbles are pellets that ... and nutritionally complete poultry feed was developed. Modern feeds for poultry consists largely of grain, protein supplements ...
"Poultry World". SWPP. Retrieved 2 February 2016. "Poultry Magazines UK". Poultry Keeper. Retrieved 2 February 2016. "Poultry ... Poultry World is a monthly UK magazine covering the egg and poultry farming sectors. Formerly a sister magazine to Farmers ... It changed its name to Poultry World in 1909, and incorporated sister magazine Poultry Farmer in 1968. In January 2019, RELX ... Poultry farming, Poultry farming in the United Kingdom, 1874 establishments in the United Kingdom, Magazines established in ...
... and any such small poultry came to be known as a bantam.[citation needed] List of chicken breeds American Bantam Association ...
... s occur in poultry, which are domesticated birds kept for their meat, eggs or feathers. Poultry species include ... Riemerella anatipestifer Salmonellosis in poultry Staphylococcal infection in poultry Streptococcal infection in poultry ... the red poultry mite Infestation by Echidnophaga gallinacea, the sticktight flea Colibacillosis in poultry Infectious coryza in ... "Poultry species". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 21 August 2021. de Wit, J.J. Sjaak; Cook, ...
The first poultry standard in the world was produced in 1865, the British Poultry Standard. The height of the poultry showing ... creating the first poultry standard in North America. Poultry shows are generally organised by a poultry club. Many of these ... such as the American Poultry Association or the Poultry Club of Great Britain while others, such as Australian poultry clubs ... The first poultry show in the United Kingdom was in 1845 in London. The exhibition of poultry was promoted as an alternative to ...
The American Poultry Association (APA) is the oldest poultry organization in the North America. It was founded in 1873, and ... American Poultry World. Retrieved 7 December 2022. Podgwaite, Mark. "The American Poultry Association: Then and Now". Chicken ... Breed registry Chicken breeds recognized by the American Poultry Association Poultry Club of Great Britain "Welcome to the APA ... Poultry farming in the United States, Poultry fancy organizations, 1873 establishments in the United States). ...
The Poultry Cross is the only one remaining of four market crosses that once stood in Salisbury. The others were the Cheese ... The Poultry Cross is a market cross in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, marking the site of former markets. Constructed in the ... "The Poultry Cross, Salisbury (1243148)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 February 2015. Turner, J.M.W. " ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Poultry Cross, Salisbury. 51°04′08″N 1°47′46″W / 51.06876°N 1.79616°W / 51.06876; - ...
The Poultry Science Association (PSA) is an American non-profit professional organization for the advancement of poultry ... Its two journals are Poultry Science and Journal of Applied Poultry Research. Its youngest ever President was Prof Frederick ... Poultry farming in the United States, Poultry organizations, Research institutes in the United Nations System, Research ... Kent, O. B.; Branion, H. D. (1958). A Brief History of the Poultry Science Association and its Journal 1908-1958 (PDF). ...
The Norwegian Poultry Association was founded on 27 June 1884 as the Norwegian Poultry Breeding Association (Norwegian: Norsk ... The Norwegian Poultry Association (Norwegian: Norsk Fjørfelag) is the largest Norwegian professional association for poultry ... In May 2020, the association called for economic support from the Minister of Agriculture and Food for poultry farmers in ...
Minimizing losses in poultry breeding and production: how breeding companies contribute to poultry welfare. World's Poultry ... "Feather Pecking and Cannibalism in Small and Backyard Poultry Flocks - Small and backyard poultry". poultry.extension.org. ... Cannibalism in poultry is the act of one individual of a poultry species consuming all or part of another individual of the ... This is due to the social order created by poultry, as well as their attraction to blood. Poultry are attracted to the colour ...
The church stood on the north side of Poultry at its junction with Mansion House Street. The first church can be traced back to ... St Mildred in the Poultry was the burial place of the writer Thomas Tusser. Some description of the church and its monuments is ... History of the church of St Mildred the Virgin in Poultry in the City of London: John Russell Smith, London, 1872 Hibbert, C.; ... 51°30′49″N 0°5′24″W / 51.51361°N 0.09000°W / 51.51361; -0.09000 St Mildred, Poultry, was a parish church in the Cheap ward ...
The Rare Poultry Society, established in 1969, is a British breed club devoted to the protection and promotion of rare poultry ... ISBN 0-7478-0396-X. Feltwell, Ray (1992). Small-Scale Poultry Keeping: A Guide to Free-Range Poultry Production. London: Faber ... ISBN 978-0-571-26539-8. Scrivener, David (2006). Rare Poultry Breeds. Cambridge: The Crowood Press. ISBN 1-86126-889-0. Poultry ... Hams, Fred (1999). Old Poultry Breeds. Third edition. Buckinghamshire: Shire Books. ...
The British Poultry Council is the United Kingdom's national trade group for the poultry meat industry, representing them in ... Poultry farming in the United Kingdom, Poultry organizations). ... Gyton, G (27 March 2015). "Europe gains new poultry association ... "North Yorkshire students receive poultry industry scholarships". The Northern Echo. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2015 ...
Look up poultry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. "Consider These 6 Types Of Poultry For Your Farm". Hobby Farms. August 14, ... "History of poultry". Poultry Club of Great Britain. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved February 23, ... "USDA Livestock & Poultry: World Markets & Trade". The Poultry Site. April 30, 2013. Archived from the original on February 27, ... "Global Poultry Trends: World Egg Production Sets a Record Despite Slower Growth". The Poultry Site. January 16, 2013. Retrieved ...
Meat and Poultry Processing. Types of Inspection and List of Indianas Establishments ...
The FDA has announced its intent to ban an antibiotic used by poultry farmers because of concerns that continued use of the ... The Food and Drug Administration is about to prohibit poultry farmers from treating chickens and turkeys with the antibiotic ... Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter has been turning up in supermarket poultry, noted Crawford. The ban on the drugs use ... Farmers use the antibiotic in poultry to control other bacteria, but most birds have asymptomatic Campylobacter infections. ...
Harpak-ULMA announces the North American availability of ULMAs Tight-Bag machines for poultry products. ... "Until now, packaging fresh poultry required two separate systems - one to open the premade bag to insert product and one to ... Harpak-ULMAs Tight-Bag machine for poultry is now available in North America. The Tight-Bag technology combines vertical ... Harpak-ULMAs Tight-Bag machines for poultry products is now available in North America.Image courtesy of Harpak-ULMA ...
USDA regulates the importation of poultry and poultry hatching eggs. USDA restricts the importation of poultry and poultry ... Children and backyard poultry. *Should schools keep poultry?. Poultry should not be kept in schools, childcare centers, and ... Signs in poultry: Poultry usually dont show signs of Salmonella infection. Even if they look healthy and clean, poultry can ... Signs in poultry: Poultry usually dont show signs of Campylobacter infection. Even if they look healthy and clean, poultry can ...
They are here to help you with all your Poultry equipment needs, give them a call. ... the agency announced during an April 13 roundtable discussion with poultry industry stakeholders. ...
... was 97915 Thousand Units (Heads). Discover more data with NationMaster! ... Ghana - Poultry Meat Slaughtering Thousand Units (Heads) - 1961 to 2019. Since 2014, Ghana Poultry Meat Slaughtering increased ... How does Ghana rank in Poultry Meat Slaughtering?. #. 204 Countries. Thousand Units (Heads). Last. YoY. 5‑years CAGR. ... In 2019, the country was ranked number 68 comparing other countries in Poultry Meat Slaughtering with 97,915 Thousand Heads. ...
OpenStreetMap is the free wiki world map.
... aves and poultry, genetics and breeding, management and hygiene, nutrition and feed & physiology and reproduction. ... Japan Poultry Science Association, Japan Manuscripts accepted in. English. LCC subjects Look up the Library of Congress ... anatomy and histology aves and poultry genetics and breeding management and hygiene nutrition and feed physiology and ...
2023 American Culinary Federation, All Rights Reserved ...
This is a guest post from Juli Bauer of PaleOMG.. Well hello you beautiful person, you. Juli Bauer here from PaleOMG. Im a girl who loves the simple things in life: food, fashion and fitness. I cant get enough of any of those things. So every week Im sharing my Weekly Workouts, my many paleo recipes AND my Fashion Fridays all in hopes of getting you inspired in and outside of the kitchen.. Ive been doing this paleo thing for about 5 years now and cant get enough of it. But I know that sometimes meals can get a little boring and even daunting at times. Thats where I come in to help your kitchen come alive. Since Ive become so comfortable with paleo and I have really found a paleo lifestyle that works for me, Im passing that knowledge onto you in my new cookbook Juli Bauers Paleo Cookbook. My third and best cookbook yet is all about figuring out a paleo that works for you and your lifestyle. Whether you eat paleo, primal or maybe just use the 80/20 rule, I want to help you find a way of ...
Finagle spots a plane on the runway and aims the poultry launcher squarely at the windshield. He dials in the settings from ...
Here we review alternative poultry production Our key areas of focus are: The facts and figures you need when considering ... seasonal poultry production Prevailing market conditions for those looking to tap into the Christmas market How organic, free- ... POULTRY. How to manage staff exposure to poultry dust. Respiratory disease is a major health risk for UK poultry farmworkers, ... POULTRY. A step-by-step guide to cleaning your poultry shed. Cleaning sheds and equipment between flocks is critical to reduce ...
Inspection of Poultry Products * Reducing Salmonella in Poultry * Pilot Projects: Salmonella Control Strategies ... Microbiological Testing Program for RTE Meat and Poultry Products * Tables & Results Microbiological Testing Program for RTE ... National Advisory Committee on Meat and Poultry Inspection (NACMPI) * National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria ... Aggregate Salmonella Categorization of Raw Chicken Parts, NRTE Comminuted Poultry, Young Chicken Carcass and Young Turkey ...
Online shopping for Poultry Medications and other Pet Supplies. Same-day order processing and shipping. Compare our prices. ... Poultry Medications 2 items Orders placed by 2:30 PM Pacific Time on business weekdays are shipped the same day. Inventory is ... Vet RX Poultry Remedy Your Price Today:. $ 19.69 Click here for more about this item ...
U.S. poultry producers are on high alert after cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have cropped up in multiple ... Bird flu outbreaks put US poultry farms on high alert. USDA says highly pathogenic avian flu cases have hit multiple states, ... The spokesperson said that bird owners (whether its commercial or backyard poultry, or pet or hobby birds), should take some ... in poultry is a concern and the industry remains on high alert, the U.S. has the most robust monitoring and surveillance ...
Frozen poultry will be safe indefinitely. For best quality, use frozen, raw whole poultry within 1 year, poultry parts within 9 ... What are the labeling requirements for frozen, raw poultry?. Raw poultry held at a temperature of 0 °F or below must be labeled ... Poultry may be frozen in its original packaging or repackaged. If you are freezing poultry longer than 2 months, you should ... Inspection of Poultry Products * Reducing Salmonella in Poultry * Pilot Projects: Salmonella Control Strategies ...
Poultry. 1/14. We get it: Raw chicken is slimy when it comes out of the package, and you want to wash it off. But according to ... Fish is in the same category as poultry and red meat: If you wash it, you will spread bacteria around your kitchen. Cook it off ... A recent study looked at people who washed raw poultry for a meal. Sixty percent had bacteria in their sink afterward, and 26% ... U.S. Department of Agriculture: "Washing Raw Poultry: Our Science, Your Choice," "Shell Eggs from Farm to Table," "Washing Food ...
Savage published Poultry Production Systems Behaviour, Management and Welfare , Find, read and cite all the research you need ... This paper discusses the various meanings of the term pastured poultry and defines the different pasture-based poultry ... Pasture-based systems for poultry production: Implications and perspectives. March 2011 · Worlds Poultry Science Journal ... Poultry Production Systems: Behaviour, Management and Welfare, by M. C. Appleby, B. O. Hughes & H. A.... June 1993 · The ...
Uccello Poultry (Rez Date: 18 June 2006) is an extension of a very real person outside the Second Life® world. Formerly the ... Retrieved from "https://wiki.secondlife.com/w/index.php?title=User:Uccello_Poultry&oldid=1174812" ...
With six countries placing import bans on UK poultry due to the outbreak of avian influenza, one of the countrys largest ... At the retail level the poultry industry is worth around £3.4bn to the UK economy every year,with over 30 per cent of poultry ... The UK exported 271,000 tonnes of poultry meat worth £220.4m in the 12 months to October 2006,according to the British Poultry ... Six countries ban UK poultry exports. By Ahmed ElAmin 06-Feb-2007. - Last updated on 19-Jul-2008 at 21:07. GMT ...
Largest poultry meat producers in Central America & the Caribbean 2019. *Major poultry meat producers in China 2017, by annual ... Premium Statistic Largest poultry meat producers in Europe 2019. * Premium Statistic Largest poultry meat producers in South ... Premium Statistic Volume of poultry slaughtered in Norway 2012-2021. * Premium Statistic Number of poultry slaughtered in ... Premium Statistic Poultry meat import volume in China 2014-2022. * Premium Statistic Live domestic bird export volume in China ...
... steamed poultry & pork offal product in inedible casing. ... Cured & steamed poultry & pork offal product in inedible casing ... Poultry 41% (Chicken and Turkey Rinds, Chicken Liver, mechanically separated Chicken Meat), Water, Pork 20% (Pork Fat, Pork ...
Rehang poultry carcasses on an automatic poultry cutting machine This standard has expired and is no longer available. Version ... People credited with this unit standard are able to: prepare to produce stuffed poultry rolled roasts; produce stuffed poultry ... People credited with this unit standard are able to rehang poultry carcasses on an automatic poultry cutting machine. ... Manufacturing , Food and Related Products Processing , Food Production - Poultry Products , Domain - Food Production - Poultry ...
Poultry can be enjoyed in a variety of ways - but it can also cause food poisoning if it has not been stored, prepared or ... Thawing poultry in the microwave. If you use your microwave to defrost your poultry, it can defrost unevenly. The poultry will ... never use a microwave to cook poultry, including raw breaded poultry products *poultry heats unevenly ... Thawing poultry in cold water. If you choose to thaw your poultry in water, it can be done in 2 ways:. *Under cold running ...
... was formed in 2001. F10 meets twice each year, in April and ... Committee F10 on Livestock, Meat, and Poultry Evaluation Systems Staff Manager: Kelly Paul ...
All Categories Home --Poultry Supplies ---Feed ---Feeders & Waterers ---Health & Supplements ---Predator Protection ---Coops & ... Poultry ---Hobby Farming ---Animal Care ---Gardening --Farm Supplies ---Predator Controls ---Fencing & Gates ---Livestock ...
... , Fans of Katherine Applegate and Erin Entrada Kelly will love this quirky ... " : "Unusual Chickens for the Exceptional Poultry Farmer", "item_author" : [" Kelly Jones", "Katie Kath "], "item_description ...
Poultry Beef Bees Dairy Goats Lamb Ostrich & Emu Pork Poultry Rabbits Worms Nuts Almonds Chestnuts Walnuts Hazelnuts Macadamia ... Organic Poultry Gaining in Specialty Market Competition, Amber Waves, ERS, USDA, 2007 - Explains why poultry is among the ... The largest volume of organic meat sales is for poultry. Chicken is the most widely available organic meat; it is found in a ... Organic Livestock and Poultry on Certified and Exempt Organic Farms: 2016, 2016 Organic Production Survey, NASS, USDA, 2017.. ...
  • Global meat consumption is expected to increase 7 percent by 2023, according to OECD and FAO projections, and more than 70 percent of that growth could come from poultry. (cargill.com)
  • The work of F10 has been determined to be of the highest priority to the US Department of Agriculture and is supported by a wide range of stakeholders to achieve fair and competitive markets for the livestock, meat, and poultry industry. (astm.org)
  • Organic Livestock and Poultry Products Sold on Certified and Exempt Organic Farms: 2016, 2016 Organic Production Survey, National Ag Statistics Service (NASS), USDA, 2017. (agmrc.org)
  • The Livestock, Dairy, & Poultry Outlook for August 2016 analyzes economic impacts of month-to-month changes in USDA's World Agricultural Supply and Use Estimates report on domestic and international markets for beef, pork, lamb, poultry, eggs, and dairy products. (usda.gov)
  • Poultry production accounts for 45% of the total annual livestock production in Papua New Guinea, and poultry consumption is second only to pigs. (who.int)
  • 6 The short turn-around time, ease in rearing, market demand and high income from poultry production makes it more profitable than most other livestock rearing in Papua New Guinea. (who.int)
  • Even if they look healthy and clean, poultry can still spread the bacteria to people. (cdc.gov)
  • Farmers use the antibiotic in poultry to control other bacteria, but most birds have asymptomatic Campylobacter infections. (sciencenews.org)
  • Fresh, raw poultry is kept cold during distribution to retail stores to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and to increase its shelf life. (usda.gov)
  • Fish is in the same category as poultry and red meat: If you wash it, you will spread bacteria around your kitchen. (webmd.com)
  • Handling your poultry properly will stop bacteria from spreading to your fridge, counters or utensils. (canada.ca)
  • It's not unusual for raw poultry to be contaminated with Salmonella or Campylobacter bacteria. (canada.ca)
  • Always cook your poultry to a safe internal temperature to kill bacteria. (canada.ca)
  • When you are preparing poultry, bacteria can spread to other foods, surfaces or people. (canada.ca)
  • Thawing your poultry at room temperature can allow bacteria to grow. (canada.ca)
  • We've known for a long time that resistant bacteria can be found on retail poultry products, but our study is one of the first to show an association between human carriage of antibiotic resistance genes and eating poultry or handling raw poultry. (sciencedaily.com)
  • These results indicate that virginiamycin use in poultry leads to transfer of antibiotic resistance genes to human gut bacteria through the food supply and they provide additional evidence that use of growth promoters in animals may have long-term consequences for human health. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The study published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives suggests that the antimicrobial use for spurring growth in birds promoted the development of reservoirs of drug-resistant bacteria on the studied poultry farms. (livemint.com)
  • Random tests on 18 poultry farms raising about 50,000 birds each in Punjab found that two-thirds of fowl harboured bacteria that produce special enzymes, known as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, or ESBL, that destroy most penicillin- and cephalosporin-based antibiotics. (livemint.com)
  • Out of 100 poultry excreta samples tested, 93 showed the presence disaggregated by the WHO AWaRe* classification for E.coli isolated from of E.coli and 8 showed salmonella bacteria. (who.int)
  • Poultry (/ˈpoÊŠltri/) are domesticated birds kept by humans for the purpose of harvesting useful animal products such as meat, eggs or feathers, and the practice of raising poultry is known as poultry farming. (wikipedia.org)
  • Poultry" can be defined as domestic fowls, including chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks, raised for the production of meat or eggs and the word is also used for the flesh of these birds used as food. (wikipedia.org)
  • Poultry can be distinguished from "game", defined as wild birds or mammals hunted for food or sport, a word also used to describe the meat of these when eaten. (wikipedia.org)
  • A spokesperson from the USDA told FOX Business that the agency recently expanded its wild bird surveillance after the first detection of HPAI in a wild bird in the U.S., and that the surveillance of wild birds ensures that both the agency and the poultry industry 'are able to enhance biosecurity measures and rapidly respond to reduce the risk of disease spread. (foxbusiness.com)
  • The spokesperson said that 'bird owners (whether it's commercial or backyard poultry, or pet or hobby birds), should take some simple steps to protect their birds from the virus: In addition to practicing good biosecurity, all bird owners should prevent contact between their birds and wild birds and report sick birds or unusual bird deaths to state or federal officials. (foxbusiness.com)
  • The viruses can infect a wide range of animals, including people and pigs, but the natural reservoir lies in populations of wild aquatic birds such as ducks and gulls, according to an announcement from The Pirbright Institute in the U.K., which is conducting research to better understand avian influenza viruses to help prevent the disease in poultry. (feedstuffs.com)
  • Avian influenza can be carried vast distances by wild migratory birds and can infect domesticated poultry through direct contact or through contaminated droppings and bodily fluids, Pirbright said. (feedstuffs.com)
  • According to Pirbright, good biosecurity is essential in preventing poultry from being exposed to the disease and can be practiced on a commercial farm, with game birds or even with just a few backyard hens. (feedstuffs.com)
  • Its re-emergence in 2003 resulted in the death of more than 62 million birds in Thailand alone, almost half of which were backyard poultry. (who.int)
  • 5 The transmission of these viruses over long distances by migrating birds is a concern for countries such as Papua New Guinea that have large poultry populations with few biosecurity precautions. (who.int)
  • As fresh untreated poultry excreta are widely used as manure, there could be a potential risk of passing antimicrobial resistance from these birds to humans. (who.int)
  • John Kirkpatrick, Tesco's agricultural manager for poultry meat, eggs and feed, highlighted the need to act collectively, the importance of meaningful data as evidence of where we are, the progress we're making and where we need to go next and that the sector needs to be bold to collectively make interventions to improve action, whilst still ensuring profitability. (nfuonline.com)
  • GHG calculations should be looked at on a nutritional basis to demonstrate the benefits of eating poultry meat and eggs as part of a balanced, healthy and sustainable diet. (nfuonline.com)
  • The ban, which remains in place for all 29 other Chinese provinces, currently covers poultry meat, meat preparations, pet food and eggs. (politico.eu)
  • Cured & steamed poultry & pork offal product in inedible casing. (tesco.com)
  • The implementation of a proper veterinary control strategy will require strengthening the response capacity, public-private partnerships, vaccination strategies and biosecurity in most poultry production sectors. (who.int)
  • However, avian influenza remains a significant risk to Papua New Guinea due to the close proximity of countries having previously reported highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and the low biosecurity precautions associated with the rearing of most poultry populations in the country. (who.int)
  • Relatively few poultry farms are commercialized and therefore do not have high biosecurity settings to reduce potential introduction of influenza viruses into the poultry population. (who.int)
  • In his 1848 classic book on poultry, Ornamental and Domestic Poultry: Their History, and Management, Edmund Dixon included chapters on the peafowl, guinea fowl, mute swan, turkey, various types of geese, the muscovy duck, other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams. (wikipedia.org)
  • death in domestic poultry (like chickens, ducks, and turkeys). (cdc.gov)
  • Numerous coronaviruses, first discovered in domestic poultry. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Recent genomic studies involving the four extant junglefowl species reveals that the domestication of chicken, the most populous poultry species, occurred around 8,000 years ago in Southeast Asia. (wikipedia.org)
  • The company's solution for poultry, Tight-Chicken, combines automated product loading and vertical bagging to take the place of manual processes associated with fresh poultry bagging. (packagingdigest.com)
  • Tom Super, senior vice president of the National Chicken Council, told FOX Business that while any detection of bird flu 'in poultry is a concern and the industry remains on high alert,' the U.S. 'has the most robust monitoring and surveillance program in the world - and detailed plans are in place to control spreading among flocks and eliminate the virus completely. (foxbusiness.com)
  • Poultry (turkey, chicken, frozen breaded chicken products , duck and goose) can be a great addition to your family's meals. (canada.ca)
  • Meanwhile the Financial Times today reported that Tesco had said shoppers at its stores are shunning poultry in favour of beef. (foodnavigator.com)
  • As a result of the first case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United States in December 2003, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) temporarily banned the feeding of poultry litter to beef cattle. (missouri.edu)
  • As a result, the practical possibility of transmitting BSE to beef cattle via poultry litter was deemed to be zero by FDA. (missouri.edu)
  • Poultry litter was again approved as a feedstuff for beef cattle in October 2005. (missouri.edu)
  • One such feedstuff is poultry litter, which provides opportunities for both the poultry producer and the beef cattle producer. (missouri.edu)
  • Feeding poultry litter is a means of disposing of a waste product while concurrently supplying a low-cost protein feed to beef cattle. (missouri.edu)
  • Poultry litter should not be fed to dairy cattle or beef cattle less than 21 days before slaughter. (missouri.edu)
  • To control pathogens that could be present in raw poultry litter, litter should be processed before it is fed to beef cattle. (missouri.edu)
  • The Food and Drug Administration is about to prohibit poultry farmers from treating chickens and turkeys with the antibiotic enrofloxacin. (sciencenews.org)
  • What are the labeling requirements for frozen, raw poultry? (usda.gov)
  • How should consumers handle fresh or frozen raw poultry products? (usda.gov)
  • Fresh or frozen raw poultry will remain safe with proper handling and storage. (usda.gov)
  • The safest way to thaw frozen raw poultry is in the fridge. (canada.ca)
  • The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) began avian influenza vaccination trials earlier this month, the agency announced during an April 13 roundtable discussion with poultry industry stakeholders. (constantcontact.com)
  • The outbreak of high pathogen avian influenza at a duck breeder farm in Nafferton rocked the poultry industry. (fwi.co.uk)
  • U.S. poultry producers are on high alert after cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have cropped up in multiple states, sparking fears that further outbreaks could cause significant losses. (foxbusiness.com)
  • With six countries placing import bans on UK poultry due to the outbreak of avian influenza, one of the country's largest processors is fighting a rearguard action to retain its markets. (foodnavigator.com)
  • The EU has eased a four-year ban on Chinese poultry imposed because of concerns about the possible spread of avian flu. (politico.eu)
  • The European Commission's decision, which covers "meat products consisting of, or containing meat of poultry", is the first watering down of a ban applied in February 2004 to protect Europeans from avian flu, especially the deadly H5N1 strain. (politico.eu)
  • 15 May 2015 - The recent increase in the number of people affected by the avian influenza virus H5N1 in Egypt is not related to virus mutations but rather to more people becoming exposed to infected poultry, according to a recent mission of six organizations assessing the H5N1 situation in the country. (who.int)
  • We investigated the circulation of avian influenza viruses in poultry populations throughout Papua New Guinea to assess the risk to the poultry industry and human health. (who.int)
  • This study demonstrated that avian influenza viruses were not circulating at detectable levels in poultry populations in Papua New Guinea during the sampling period. (who.int)
  • The interspecies transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus to poultry populations often results in devastating disease outbreaks. (who.int)
  • In this paper we report a cross-sectional study to determine the presence of circulating avian influenza viruses and the seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies to avian influenza viruses in poultry populations across Papua New Guinea. (who.int)
  • Effect of Live Poultry Market Closure on Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Activity in Guangzhou, China, 2014. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pirbright Institute research teams studying characteristics of influenza virus that may alter disease outcomes in poultry. (feedstuffs.com)
  • The mission stressed that the way the influenza H5N1 virus is transmitted in Egypt appears to have remained stable despite the recent upsurge in numbers of human and poultry infections. (who.int)
  • 4 The recent emergence of a novel H7N9 virus in China (March 2013) has increased fears about the spread of influenza viruses with pandemic potential from poultry populations. (who.int)
  • We assessed the effect of closing live poultry markets in China on influenza A(H7N9) virus detection and viability. (bvsalud.org)
  • In conclusion, there is widespread presence of E. coli (93%) in poultry excreta, with some excreta showing Salmonella as well. (who.int)
  • Bird flu A(H5) or A(H7) virus outbreaks in poultry, where and quarantine of exposed flocks with culling if disease is detected, are depopulation (or culling, also called "stamping out") of infected flocks is the preferred control and eradication methods. (cdc.gov)
  • Harpak-ULMA's Tight-Bag machines for poultry products is now available in North America. (packagingdigest.com)
  • Harpak-ULMA's Tight-Bag machine for poultry is now available in North America. (packagingdigest.com)
  • Cargill has poultry operations in Asia, Latin America, Europe and North America. (cargill.com)
  • Indian poultry farms aren't just rearing chickens-they're also breeding germs capable of thwarting all but the most potent antibiotics, researchers found. (livemint.com)
  • Farms supplying India's biggest poultry-meat companies routinely use medicines classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "critically important" as a way of staving off disease, an investigation by Bloomberg News showed in 2016. (livemint.com)
  • Policies should be developed to engage the large number of unlicensed commercial and semi-commercial poultry farms in developing new means of implementing and assuring effective disease prevention and control. (who.int)
  • After an introduction to net zero from Andrea Graham, the NFU's head of land use and innovation, participants heard from different poultry producers on the actions they have been taking within their businesses to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. (nfuonline.com)
  • EU authorities are now satisfied that the several thousand poultry producers in Shandong are treating poultry meat at the heat required to ensure the virus does not spread. (politico.eu)
  • Keeping animals healthy is the main priority for poultry producers worldwide. (cargill.com)
  • In 2016 Kazakhstan is set to produce 186,000 tonnes (t) of poultry, significantly increasing this figure compared to 2015, when it produced 146,000t, according to the Ruslav Shapirov, president of the country's Poultry Producers Union. (foodnavigator.com)
  • El-masreya Industrial Group is offering poultry slaughterhouse 500 bph of good quality at affordable price. (tradekey.com)
  • This paper informs the results of a research which aimed to analysed the meanings of work for women in a small poultry slaughterhouse, in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. (bvsalud.org)
  • Consumers increasingly want to know more about how and where their food is produced, and we are helping our customers evaluate and plan for transitions to alternative poultry housing systems. (cargill.com)
  • Results of search for 'su:{Poultry diseases. (who.int)
  • and his colleagues examined poultry exposure as a risk factor for antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus faecium, a gut bacterium that is increasingly the cause of infections in hospitals. (sciencedaily.com)
  • is to communicate, in simple o Establish and expand the routine AMR surveillance to monitor language, the results of antibiotic resistance in poultry. (who.int)
  • Establish and expand the routine surveillance to monitor antibiotic resistance in poultry. (who.int)
  • In 2019, the country was ranked number 68 comparing other countries in Poultry Meat Slaughtering with 97,915 Thousand Heads. (nationmaster.com)
  • At $581,648 in 2019, the country was number 30 comparing other countries in Export of Pig and Poultry Fat. (nationmaster.com)
  • We only deliver poultry that has never been given antibiotics or hormones and have many organic , pasture-raised, non-GMO, and air-chilled options. (freshdirect.com)
  • antibiotics from · E coli strains had complete resistance to some of the critically fresh poultry important antibiotics such as erythromycin, cefoxitin and excreta in Sierra streptomycin. (who.int)
  • Monitor and regulate the use of antibiotics for mass prophylaxis and growth promotion in poultry. (who.int)
  • Regular use of poultry feeds containing antibiotics. (who.int)
  • Many small farmers have turned to raising poultry for food and income in an unmonitored and uncontrolled farming sector. (who.int)
  • and use knives for poultry processing. (nzqa.govt.nz)
  • Drivers of increasing poultry consumption include population growth, higher incomes, prices relative to other types of meat (poultry are highly efficient at processing feed, making them less expensive to raise) and dietary preferences. (cargill.com)
  • No human bird flu infections have been reported from proper handling of Bird Flu in Poultry poultry meat or from eating properly cooked poultry or poultry products. (cdc.gov)
  • However, consumer concerns about "rock" frozen poultry being sold as "fresh" led USDA to reconsider the term "fresh" as it applies to raw whole poultry and cuts of poultry. (usda.gov)
  • Organic Poultry Gaining in Specialty Market Competition , Amber Waves , ERS, USDA, 2007 - Explains why poultry is among the fastest growing organic food products in the United States, despite high feed costs and other challenges in production and marketing. (agmrc.org)
  • Wholesale Organic Poultry Prices , ERS, USDA. (agmrc.org)
  • Poultry usually don't show signs of Campylobacter infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter has been turning up in supermarket poultry, noted Crawford. (sciencenews.org)
  • How does Ghana perform in the Poultry Meat industry? (nationmaster.com)
  • At the retail level the poultry industry is worth around £3.4bn to the UK economy every year,with over 30 per cent of poultry products on the market falls in the ready meals and ready to cook productssegments. (foodnavigator.com)
  • Poultry meat was the second largest segment in the meat production industry in China that year. (statista.com)
  • In the run-up to COP26 in November, the NFU poultry team invited stakeholders from across the poultry industry to come together on 28 October for a net zero event. (nfuonline.com)
  • With COP26 (the UN Climate Change Conference) beginning on 31 October, the NFU poultry team invited stakeholders from across the poultry industry to come together for a discussion on the sector's ambitions for net zero. (nfuonline.com)
  • We collaborate with others across the poultry industry to promote best practices, improve sustainability and advance food safety. (cargill.com)
  • The upsurge of infections in poultry and the cases in people has likely been caused by changes in the economy and the poultry industry. (who.int)
  • and seal whole-bird poultry products. (nzqa.govt.nz)
  • People credited with this unit standard are able to produce coated fresh poultry products. (nzqa.govt.nz)
  • People credited with this unit standard are able to demonstrate knowledge of the production of secondary poultry products. (nzqa.govt.nz)
  • Below 26 °F, raw poultry products become firm to the touch because much of the free water is changing to ice. (usda.gov)
  • In a statement Bernard Matthews said none of the affected poultry had entered the food chain, therefore making it unnecessary to recall or withdraw any products or to issue refunds. (foodnavigator.com)
  • We also work to keep people safe, both the workers who handle poultry and the consumers who eat our products. (cargill.com)
  • Kazakhstan has doubled poultry production in the period from 2010 to 2015, rising from 80,000t in 2010, and has a good chance of repeating this achievement, as the recent devaluation of the tenge has undermined the attractiveness of imported products. (foodnavigator.com)
  • The UK exported 271,000 tonnes of poultry meat worth £220.4m in the 12 months to October 2006,according to the British Poultry Council. (foodnavigator.com)
  • Guelph, Ontario, Canada (R. crobial drug resistance is rapidly ris- sons resulting from third-generation Irwin);andOntarioVeterinaryCollege/Uni- ing, with resultant increased illness cephalosporin use in poultry, detailed versityofGuelph,Guelph(S.McEwen) and death. (cdc.gov)
  • Some of the resistance was attributed to a specific gene and both the gene and resistance were associated with touching raw poultry meat and frequent poultry consumption. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Signs that poultry may be infected range from decreased egg production to extremely high death rates. (cdc.gov)
  • Organic Poultry Production in the United States, Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA), NCAT, 2008. (agmrc.org)
  • Meanwhile, the state is aiming for almost a twofold rise in poultry production, in order to fully meet domestic demand. (foodnavigator.com)
  • The reason for this prohibition is that the residues of certain pharmaceuticals used in poultry production may be present in poultry litter. (missouri.edu)
  • There are indications that H5N1 is circulating in all sectors of poultry production and in all parts of Egypt. (who.int)
  • Ensuring compliance with intergovernmental standards on animal health and regulatory statutes at national level, both in poultry production enterprises or households will be critical for limiting the spread of the H5N1 virus. (who.int)
  • Poultry production. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although keeping backyard poultry can be fun and educational, owners should be aware that poultry can sometimes carry harmful germs that make people sick. (cdc.gov)
  • Because rodents, reptiles, amphibians, and poultry are more likely than other animals to spread germs, don't kiss, snuggle, or hold these animals close to your face. (medscape.com)
  • When LPAI viruses circulate in high-density poultry areas, the viruses can mutate into highly pathogenic strains. (feedstuffs.com)
  • item_title" : "Unusual Chickens for the Exceptional Poultry Farmer", "item_author" : [" Kelly Jones", "Katie Kath "], "item_description" : "Fans of Katherine Applegate and Erin Entrada Kelly will love this quirky story of a determined girl, and some extraordinary chickens. (booksamillion.com)
  • An increasing number of people around the country are choosing to keep live poultry, such as chickens or ducks. (cdc.gov)
  • Oropharyngeal swabs, cloacal swabs and serum were obtained from 536 poultry (466 chickens and 70 ducks) from 82 sub-sites within 14 selected provinces from June 2011 to April 2012 ( Table 1 and Figure 1 ). (who.int)
  • In the U.K., we worked with Oxford University to develop video motion equipment for our poultry business that enables early detection of certain potential health problems in flocks. (cargill.com)
  • Cephalosporin use tal admissions would be counted as a Aarestrup);WorldHealthOrganizationCol- result of cephalosporin and other anti- in Poultry, Europe laborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resis- microbial drug use in poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • Microbial processes will cause the poultry litter to heat to temperatures of 140 degrees Fahrenheit or more. (missouri.edu)
  • Consistent greenhouse gas (GHG) calculations and figures are needed for poultry businesses to benchmark themselves in a pre-competitive space. (nfuonline.com)
  • The term for an immature poultry, pullet, like its doublet poult, comes from Middle English pulet and Old French polet, both from the Latin word pullus, meaning a young fowl or young animal. (wikipedia.org)
  • EU allows in exports from region that is China's largest producer of poultry meat. (politico.eu)
  • After exposure to virginiamycin, E. faecium from conventional poultry and from patients who consumed poultry became resistant to Synercid more often than E. faecium from vegetarians or from antibiotic-free poultry. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Respiratory disease is a major health risk for UK poultry farmworkers, with incidence of occupational asthma double the national average. (fwi.co.uk)
  • People also can get infected through contact with virus-contaminated surfaces, poultry coops, pig pens, and supplies. (cdc.gov)
  • Coupled with insufficient awareness, behavioural patterns and inadequate precautions taken by humans when interacting with poultry this explains what we are seeing. (who.int)
  • The machine can accommodate various packaging films, including the breathable film used in some fresh, crust-chilled poultry applications. (packagingdigest.com)
  • Until now, packaging fresh poultry required two separate systems - one to open the premade bag to insert product and one to extract air and seal the bag. (packagingdigest.com)
  • Today the definition of "fresh" is intended to meet the expectations of consumers buying poultry. (usda.gov)
  • Why is 26 °F the lowest temperature at which poultry remains fresh? (usda.gov)
  • For consumers, "fresh" means whole poultry and cuts have never been below 26 °F. This is consistent with consumer expectations of "fresh" poultry, i.e., not hard to the touch or frozen solid. (usda.gov)
  • Fresh poultry should always bear a "keep refrigerated" statement. (usda.gov)
  • It should be selected from a refrigerated cooler which maintains a temperature of below 40 °F and above 26 °F. Select fresh poultry just before checking out at the store register. (usda.gov)
  • At home, immediately place fresh raw poultry in a refrigerator that maintains 40 °F or below and use it within 1 to 2 days, or freeze the poultry at 0 °F or below. (usda.gov)
  • What is the difference in quality between fresh and frozen poultry? (usda.gov)
  • Both fresh and frozen poultry are inspected by USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service. (usda.gov)
  • It is personal preference that determines whether you purchase fresh or frozen poultry. (usda.gov)
  • 8%) in fresh poultry excreta. (who.int)
  • Fresh Poultry Excreta Used for · Vegetable Farming in Freetown, Poultry excreta being cheaper and widely used manure, carries the Sierra Leone. (who.int)
  • In this study fresh poultry excreta was collected from four poultries they are not responding to three located in Freetown, Sierra Leone. (who.int)
  • During June to September 2021, 100 fresh poultry excreta samples were collected. (who.int)
  • poultry provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat. (wikipedia.org)
  • All poultry meat should be properly handled and sufficiently cooked in order to reduce the risk of food poisoning. (wikipedia.org)
  • Choose Sheba Fine Flakes cat food with Poultry in Jelly, available in 12 x 85g handy Sheba pouches. (waitrose.com)
  • Available in convenient 85g cat food pouches, Sheba Fine Flakes wet cat food with Poultry in jelly is gently prepared, with an exquisite flavour that cats love, time and again. (waitrose.com)
  • At the same time, according to consulting agency KazDATA, the overall volume of Kazakhstan's poultry market is estimated at 300,000t per year, with almost 150,000t over recent years accounted for by imports. (foodnavigator.com)
  • One of the best ways to protect yourself from getting sick is to wash your hands thoroughly right after touching poultry or anything in the area where they live and roam. (cdc.gov)
  • Follow the Healthy People and Healthy Poultry tips to keep yourself and your flock healthy. (cdc.gov)
  • In R. D. Crawford's Poultry breeding and genetics, squabs are omitted but Japanese quail and common pheasant are added to the list, the latter frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infection can occur without touching poultry. (cdc.gov)
  • Speakers discussed how they were supporting net zero initiatives across the poultry sector. (nfuonline.com)
  • Ruminant protein was permitted to be fed to poultry at the time the temporary ban was put in place. (missouri.edu)