Poliovirus
Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated
Poliovirus Vaccines
Poliomyelitis
HeLa Cells
Receptors, Virus
Enterovirus
Virus Replication
Enterovirus B, Human
Cysteine Endopeptidases
Protein Biosynthesis
RNA Replicase
Paralysis
Base Sequence
Rhinovirus
Molecular Sequence Data
Picornaviridae
Oman
Virus Shedding
Water Microbiology
Viral Plaque Assay
Immunization Programs
Muscle Hypotonia
Uridine Monophosphate
Viral Core Proteins
Micropore Filters
Replicon
Adsorption
Hepatovirus
Neutralization Tests
Immunization Schedule
Virion
Vaccination
Feces
Amino Acid Sequence
Encephalomyocarditis virus
Afghanistan
Enterovirus Infections
Low temperature and pressure stability of picornaviruses: implications for virus uncoating. (1/2233)
The family Picornaviridae includes several viruses of great economic and medical importance. Poliovirus replicates in the human digestive tract, causing disease that may range in severity from a mild infection to a fatal paralysis. The human rhinovirus is the most important etiologic agent of the common cold in adults and children. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes one of the most economically important diseases in cattle. These viruses have in common a capsid structure composed of 60 copies of four different proteins, VP1 to VP4, and their 3D structures show similar general features. In this study we describe the differences in stability against high pressure and cold denaturation of these viruses. Both poliovirus and rhinovirus are stable to high pressure at room temperature, because pressures up to 2.4 kbar are not enough to promote viral disassembly and inactivation. Within the same pressure range, FMDV particles are dramatically affected by pressure, with a loss of infectivity of more than 4 log units observed. The dissociation of polio and rhino viruses can be observed only under pressure (2.4 kbar) at low temperatures in the presence of subdenaturing concentrations of urea (1-2 M). The pressure and low temperature data reveal clear differences in stability among the three picornaviruses, FMDV being the most sensitive, polio being the most resistant, and rhino having intermediate stability. Whereas rhino and poliovirus differ little in stability (less than 10 kcal/mol at 0 degrees C), the difference in free energy between these two viruses and FMDV was remarkable (more than 200 kcal/mol of particle). These differences are crucial to understanding the different factors that control the assembly and disassembly of the virus particles during their life cycle. The inactivation of these viruses by pressure (combined or not with low temperature) has potential as a method for producing vaccines. (+info)unr, a cellular cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein with five cold-shock domains, is required for internal initiation of translation of human rhinovirus RNA. (2/2233)
Initiation of translation of the animal picornavirus RNAs occurs via a mechanism of direct ribosome entry, which requires a segment of the 5' UTR of the RNA, known as the internal ribosome entry site (IRES). In addition, translation of the enterovirus and rhinovirus (HRV) subgroups requires cellular trans-acting factors that are absent from, or limiting in rabbit reticulocytes, but are more abundant in HeLa cell extracts. It has been shown previously that HeLa cells contain two separable activities, each of which independently stimulates HRV IRES-dependent translation when used to supplement reticulocyte lysate; one of these activities was identified as polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB). Here, the purification of the second activity is achieved by use of an RNA-affinity column based on the HRV 5' UTR. It comprises two components: a 38-kD protein (p38), which is a novel member of the GH-WD repeat protein family and has no intrinsic RNA-binding activity; and a 96- to 97-kD protein doublet, which was identified as unr, an RNA-binding protein with five cold-shock domains. Coimmunoprecipitation with antibodies against either protein shows that the two proteins interact with each other, and thus p38 is named unrip (unr-interacting protein). Recombinant unr acts synergistically with recombinant PTB to stimulate translation dependent on the rhinovirus IRES. In contrast, unr did not significantly augment the PTB-dependent stimulation of poliovirus IRES activity. (+info)Characterization of the nucleoside triphosphatase activity of poliovirus protein 2C reveals a mechanism by which guanidine inhibits poliovirus replication. (3/2233)
The highly conserved non-structural protein 2C of picornaviruses is involved in viral genome replication and encapsidation and in the rearrangement of intracellular structures. 2C binds RNA, has nucleoside triphosphatase activity, and shares three motifs with superfamily III helicases. Motifs "A" and "B" are involved in nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) binding and hydrolysis, whereas a function for motif "C" has not yet been demonstrated. Poliovirus RNA replication is inhibited by millimolar concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl). Resistance and dependence to GdnHCl map to 2C. To characterize the nucleoside triphosphatase activity of 2C, we purified poliovirus recombinant 2C fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST-2C) from Escherichia coli. GST-2C hydrolyzed ATP with a Km of 0.7 mM. Other NTPs, including GTP, competed with ATP for binding to 2C but were poor substrates for hydrolysis. Mutation of conserved residues in motif A and B abolished ATPase activity, as did mutation of the conserved asparagine residue in motif C, an observation indicating the involvement of this motif in ATP hydrolysis. GdnHCl at millimolar concentrations inhibited ATP hydrolysis. Mutations in 2C that confer poliovirus resistant to or dependent on GdnHCl increased the tolerance to GdnHCl up to 100-fold. (+info)Poliomyelitis in intraspinally inoculated poliovirus receptor transgenic mice. (4/2233)
Mice transgenic with the human poliovirus receptor gene develop clinical signs and neuropathology similar to those of human poliomyelitis when neurovirulent polioviruses are inoculated into the central nervous system (CNS). Factors contributing to disease severity and the frequencies of paralysis and mortality include the poliovirus strain, dose, and gender of the mouse inoculated. The more neurovirulent the virus, as defined by monkey challenge results, the higher the rate of paralysis, mortality, and severity of disease. Also, the time to disease onset is shorter for more neurovirulent viruses. Male mice are more susceptible to polioviruses than females. TGM-PRG-3 mice have a 10-fold higher transgene copy number and produce 3-fold more receptor RNA and protein levels in the CNS than TGM-PRG-1 mice. CNS inoculations with type III polioviruses differing in relative neurovirulence show that these mouse lines are similar in disease frequency and severity, demonstrating that differences in receptor gene dosage and concomitant receptor abundance do not affect susceptibility to infection. However, there is a difference in the rate of accumulation of clinical signs. The time to onset of disease is shorter for TGM-PRG-3 than TGM-PRG-1 mice. Thus, receptor dosage affects the rate of appearance of poliomyelitis in these mice. (+info)Serum albumin inhibits echovirus 7 uncoating. (5/2233)
Echoviruses induce a wide spectrum of diseases in man, the most severe being meningitis. In neonates, however, a severe systemic infection can be observed, leading to death. Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in plasma and most interstitial fluids, and its functions include osmoregulation and transport and delivery of hydrophobic molecules such as fatty acids and steroids. The results of cold-synchronized one-step growth analysis of echovirus 7 infection and sucrose-gradient analysis of A-particles suggest that physiological concentrations of albumin block echovirus 7 infection by inhibiting uncoating. The blockage was reversible and was still effective when albumin was added 30 min after virus adsorption. Inhibition of uncoating was confirmed by using rhodanine, a known specific inhibitor of echovirus uncoating. After removal of the albumin blockage, addition of rhodanine perpetuated the inhibition. Serum and interstitial albumin concentrations may limit echovirus infection in vivo and thereby act as an extracellular determinant for echovirus tropism. (+info)Cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G by exogenously added hybrid proteins containing poliovirus 2Apro in HeLa cells: effects on gene expression. (6/2233)
Efficient cleavage of both forms of eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G-1 and eIF4G-2) has been achieved in HeLa cells by incubation with hybrid proteins containing poliovirus 2Apro. Entry of these proteins into cells is promoted by adenovirus particles. Substantial levels of ongoing translation on preexisting cellular mRNAs still continue for several hours after eIF4G degradation. Treatment of control HeLa cells with hypertonic medium causes an inhibition of translation that is reversed upon restoration of cells to normal medium. Protein synthesis is not restored in cells lacking intact eIF4G after hypertonic treatment. Notably, induction of synthesis of heat shock proteins still occurs in cells pretreated with poliovirus 2Apro, suggesting that transcription and translation of these mRNAs takes place even in the presence of cleaved eIF4G. Finally, the synthesis of luciferase was examined in a HeLa cell line bearing the luciferase gene under control of a tetracycline-regulated promoter. Transcription of the luciferase gene and transport of the mRNA to the cytoplasm occurs at control levels in eIF4G-deficient cells. However, luciferase synthesis is strongly inhibited in these cells. These findings indicate that intact eIF4G is necessary for the translation of mRNAs not engaged in translation with the exception of heat shock mRNAs but is not necessary for the translation of mRNAs that are being translated. (+info)Polypyrimidine-tract binding protein (PTB) is necessary, but not sufficient, for efficient internal initiation of translation of human rhinovirus-2 RNA. (7/2233)
Initiation of translation of the animal picornavirus RNAs is via a mechanism of direct internal ribosome entry, which requires a substantial segment of the viral 5'-untranslated region, generally known as the IRES (for "internal ribosome entry site"). Because, however, translation of the RNAs of members of the enterovirus, and more especially, the rhinovirus subgroups of the Picornaviridae is restricted in the reticulocyte lysate system, but is greatly stimulated by the addition of HeLa cell extracts, the implication is that, in these cases, internal initiation also requires cellular trans-acting factors that are more abundant in HeLa cell extracts than in rabbit reticulocytes. This was used as the basis of a functional assay for the purification of the HeLa cell factors required for translation dependent on the human rhinovirus-2 (HRV) IRES. There are two such HeLa cell factors separable by ion-exchange chromatography, each of which is individually active in the assay, although their combined effect is synergistic. One of these activities is shown to be polypyrimidine-tract binding protein (PTB) on the grounds that (1) the activity copurifies to homogeneity with PTB and (2) recombinant PTB expressed in Escherichia coli stimulates HRV IRES-dependent translation with a specific activity similar to that of the purified HeLa cell factor. Furthermore, it is shown that recombinant PTB also stimulates the translation of RNAs bearing the poliovirus type 1 (Mahoney) IRES. (+info)A double-selective tissue culture system for isolation of wild-type poliovirus from sewage applied in a long-term environmental surveillance. (8/2233)
We describe a simple, cost-efficient, double-selective method for isolation of wild-type poliovirus from sewage samples containing vaccine polioviruses and other enteroviruses, with a detection limit of 18 to 50 PFU per 1 to 2 liters of sewage. By this method we were able to process 1,700 sewage samples collected between 1991 and 1996, from which 10,472 plaques were isolated, 41 of them being identified as wild-type polioviruses. (+info)Poliovirus is a human enterovirus, specifically a type of picornavirus, that is the causative agent of poliomyelitis (polio). It is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. There are three serotypes of Poliovirus (types 1, 2 and 3) which can cause different degrees of severity in the disease. The virus primarily spreads through the fecal-oral route and infects the gastrointestinal tract, from where it can invade the nervous system and cause paralysis.
The Poliovirus has an icosahedral symmetry, with a diameter of about 30 nanometers. It contains a single stranded RNA genome which is encapsidated in a protein shell called capsid. The capsid is made up of 60 units of four different proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4).
Poliovirus has been eradicated from most countries of the world through widespread vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) or oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). However, it still remains endemic in a few countries and is considered a major public health concern.
Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral (OPV) is a vaccine used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). It contains live attenuated (weakened) polioviruses, which stimulate an immune response in the body and provide protection against all three types of wild, infectious polioviruses. OPV is given by mouth, usually in drops, and it replicates in the gastrointestinal tract, where it induces a strong immune response. This response not only protects the individual who receives the vaccine but also helps to stop the spread of poliovirus in the community, providing indirect protection (herd immunity) to those who are not vaccinated. OPV is safe, effective, and easy to administer, making it an important tool for global polio eradication efforts. However, due to the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP), inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is recommended for routine immunization in some countries.
Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated (IPV) is a vaccine used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio), a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. IPV contains inactivated (killed) polioviruses of all three poliovirus types. It works by stimulating an immune response in the body, but because the viruses are inactivated, they cannot cause polio. After vaccination, the immune system recognizes and responds to the inactivated viruses, producing antibodies that protect against future infection with wild, or naturally occurring, polioviruses. IPV is typically given as an injection in the leg or arm, and a series of doses are required for full protection. It is a safe and effective way to prevent polio and its complications.
Poliovirus vaccines are preparations used for active immunization against poliomyelitis, a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. The two types of poliovirus vaccines available are:
1. Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (IPV): This vaccine contains inactivated (killed) poliovirus strains of all three serotypes. IPV is typically administered through an injection, usually in combination with other vaccines. It provides a strong immune response and does not carry the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP), which is a rare but serious adverse event associated with the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV).
2. Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV): This vaccine contains live attenuated (weakened) poliovirus strains of all three serotypes. OPV is administered orally and induces both humoral and intestinal immunity, which helps prevent the spread of the virus in a community. However, there is a small risk of VAPP associated with this vaccine, especially after multiple doses. In rare cases, the weakened virus can revert to its virulent form and cause paralytic polio in the vaccinated individual or their close contacts.
Both IPV and OPV have been instrumental in global efforts to eradicate polio. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends using IPV in routine immunization programs, while using OPV during supplementary immunization activities in areas with a high risk of poliovirus transmission.
Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus that invades the body through the mouth, usually from contaminated water or food. The virus multiplies in the intestine and can invade the nervous system, causing paralysis.
The medical definition of Poliomyelitis includes:
1. An acute viral infection caused by the poliovirus.
2. Characterized by inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord (poliomyelitis), leading to muscle weakness, and in some cases, paralysis.
3. The disease primarily affects children under 5 years of age.
4. Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route or, less frequently, by respiratory droplets.
5. The virus enters the body via the mouth, multiplies in the intestines, and can invade the nervous system.
6. There are three types of poliovirus (types 1, 2, and 3), each capable of causing paralytic polio.
7. Infection with one type does not provide immunity to the other two types.
8. The disease has no cure, but vaccination can prevent it.
9. Two types of vaccines are available: inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV).
10. Rare complications of OPV include vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs).
HeLa cells are a type of immortalized cell line used in scientific research. They are derived from a cancer that developed in the cervical tissue of Henrietta Lacks, an African-American woman, in 1951. After her death, cells taken from her tumor were found to be capable of continuous division and growth in a laboratory setting, making them an invaluable resource for medical research.
HeLa cells have been used in a wide range of scientific studies, including research on cancer, viruses, genetics, and drug development. They were the first human cell line to be successfully cloned and are able to grow rapidly in culture, doubling their population every 20-24 hours. This has made them an essential tool for many areas of biomedical research.
It is important to note that while HeLa cells have been instrumental in numerous scientific breakthroughs, the story of their origin raises ethical questions about informed consent and the use of human tissue in research.
A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.
Virus receptors are specific molecules (commonly proteins) on the surface of host cells that viruses bind to in order to enter and infect those cells. This interaction between the virus and its receptor is a critical step in the infection process. Different types of viruses have different receptor requirements, and identifying these receptors can provide important insights into the biology of the virus and potential targets for antiviral therapies.
An enterovirus is a type of virus that primarily infects the gastrointestinal tract. There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. These viruses are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, or by consuming food or water contaminated with the virus.
While many people infected with enteroviruses may not experience any symptoms, some may develop mild to severe illnesses such as hand, foot and mouth disease, herpangina, meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and paralysis (in case of poliovirus). Infection can occur in people of all ages, but young children are more susceptible to infection and severe illness.
Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently with soap and water, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and not sharing food or drinks with someone who is ill. There are also vaccines available to prevent poliovirus infection.
A capsid is the protein shell that encloses and protects the genetic material of a virus. It is composed of multiple copies of one or more proteins that are arranged in a specific structure, which can vary in shape and symmetry depending on the type of virus. The capsid plays a crucial role in the viral life cycle, including protecting the viral genome from host cell defenses, mediating attachment to and entry into host cells, and assisting with the assembly of new virus particles during replication.
Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:
1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.
The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
Sewage is not typically considered a medical term, but it does have relevance to public health and medicine. Sewage is the wastewater that is produced by households and industries, which contains a variety of contaminants including human waste, chemicals, and other pollutants. It can contain various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can cause diseases in humans if they come into contact with it or consume contaminated food or water. Therefore, the proper treatment and disposal of sewage is essential to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and protect public health.
Enterovirus B, Human (HEVB) is a type of enterovirus that infects humans. Enteroviruses are small viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family and are named after the Greek word "pico" meaning small. They are further classified into several species, including Human Enterovirus B (HEV-B).
HEVB includes several serotypes, such as Coxsackievirus A9, A16, and B types, and Echoviruses. These viruses are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route or respiratory droplets and can cause a range of illnesses, from mild symptoms like fever, rash, and sore throat to more severe diseases such as meningitis, myocarditis, and paralysis.
HEVB infections are common worldwide, and people of all ages can be affected. However, young children and individuals with weakened immune systems are at higher risk for severe illness. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals. There is no specific treatment for HEVB infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, hospitalization may be necessary for severe cases.
Cysteine endopeptidases are a type of enzymes that cleave peptide bonds within proteins. They are also known as cysteine proteases or cysteine proteinases. These enzymes contain a catalytic triad consisting of three amino acids: cysteine, histidine, and aspartate. The thiol group (-SH) of the cysteine residue acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon of the peptide bond, leading to its cleavage.
Cysteine endopeptidases play important roles in various biological processes, including protein degradation, cell signaling, and inflammation. They are involved in many physiological and pathological conditions, such as apoptosis, immune response, and cancer. Some examples of cysteine endopeptidases include cathepsins, caspases, and calpains.
It is important to note that these enzymes require a reducing environment to maintain the reduced state of their active site cysteine residue. Therefore, they are sensitive to oxidizing agents and inhibitors that target the thiol group. Understanding the structure and function of cysteine endopeptidases is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies that target these enzymes in various diseases.
Protein biosynthesis is the process by which cells generate new proteins. It involves two major steps: transcription and translation. Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. This RNA copy, or messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the genetic information to the site of protein synthesis, the ribosome. During translation, the mRNA is read by transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which bring specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA. The ribosome then links these amino acids together in the correct order to form a polypeptide chain, which may then fold into a functional protein. Protein biosynthesis is essential for the growth and maintenance of all living organisms.
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, also known as RNA replicase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of RNA from an RNA template. It plays a crucial role in the replication of certain viruses, such as positive-strand RNA viruses and retroviruses, which use RNA as their genetic material. The enzyme uses the existing RNA strand as a template to create a new complementary RNA strand, effectively replicating the viral genome. This process is essential for the propagation of these viruses within host cells and is a target for antiviral therapies.
Paralysis is a loss of muscle function in part or all of your body. It can be localized, affecting only one specific area, or generalized, impacting multiple areas or even the entire body. Paralysis often occurs when something goes wrong with the way messages pass between your brain and muscles. In most cases, paralysis is caused by damage to the nervous system, especially the spinal cord. Other causes include stroke, trauma, infections, and various neurological disorders.
It's important to note that paralysis doesn't always mean a total loss of movement or feeling. Sometimes, it may just cause weakness or numbness in the affected area. The severity and extent of paralysis depend on the underlying cause and the location of the damage in the nervous system.
Capsid proteins are the structural proteins that make up the capsid, which is the protective shell of a virus. The capsid encloses the viral genome and helps to protect it from degradation and detection by the host's immune system. Capsid proteins are typically arranged in a symmetrical pattern and can self-assemble into the capsid structure when exposed to the viral genome.
The specific arrangement and composition of capsid proteins vary between different types of viruses, and they play important roles in the virus's life cycle, including recognition and binding to host cells, entry into the cell, and release of the viral genome into the host cytoplasm. Capsid proteins can also serve as targets for antiviral therapies and vaccines.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
Rhinovirus is a type of virus that belongs to the Picornaviridae family. It's one of the most common causes of the common cold in humans, responsible for around 10-40% of all adult cases and up to 80% of cases in children. The virus replicates in the upper respiratory tract, leading to symptoms such as nasal congestion, sneezing, sore throat, and cough.
Rhinovirus infections are typically mild and self-limiting, but they can be more severe or even life-threatening in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or who are undergoing cancer treatment. There is no vaccine available to prevent rhinovirus infections, and treatment is generally supportive, focusing on relieving symptoms rather than targeting the virus itself.
The virus can be transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with contaminated surfaces, and it's highly contagious. It can survive on surfaces for several hours, making hand hygiene and environmental disinfection important measures to prevent its spread.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Picornaviridae is a family of small, single-stranded RNA viruses that are non-enveloped and have an icosahedral symmetry. The name "picornavirus" is derived from "pico," meaning small, and "RNA." These viruses are responsible for a variety of human and animal diseases, including the common cold, poliomyelitis, hepatitis A, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and myocarditis. The genome of picornaviruses is around 7.5 to 8.5 kilobases in length and encodes a single polyprotein that is processed into structural and nonstructural proteins by viral proteases. Picornaviridae includes several important genera, such as Enterovirus, Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus, Cardiovirus, Aphthovirus, and Erbovirus.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oman" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country, which is located on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!
Virus shedding refers to the release of virus particles by an infected individual, who can then transmit the virus to others through various means such as respiratory droplets, fecal matter, or bodily fluids. This occurs when the virus replicates inside the host's cells and is released into the surrounding environment, where it can infect other individuals. The duration of virus shedding varies depending on the specific virus and the individual's immune response. It's important to note that some individuals may shed viruses even before they show symptoms, making infection control measures such as hand hygiene, mask-wearing, and social distancing crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.
In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.
Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.
Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.
A viral plaque assay is a laboratory technique used to measure the infectivity and concentration of viruses in a sample. This method involves infecting a monolayer of cells (usually in a petri dish or multi-well plate) with a known volume of a virus-containing sample, followed by overlaying the cells with a nutrient-agar medium to restrict viral spread and enable individual plaques to form.
After an incubation period that allows for viral replication and cell death, the cells are stained, and clear areas or "plaques" become visible in the monolayer. Each plaque represents a localized region of infected and lysed cells, caused by the progeny of a single infectious virus particle. The number of plaques is then counted, and the viral titer (infectious units per milliliter or PFU/mL) is calculated based on the dilution factor and volume of the original inoculum.
Viral plaque assays are essential for determining viral titers, assessing virus-host interactions, evaluating antiviral agents, and studying viral pathogenesis.
Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.
Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.
There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.
In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.
Immunization programs, also known as vaccination programs, are organized efforts to administer vaccines to populations or communities in order to protect individuals from vaccine-preventable diseases. These programs are typically implemented by public health agencies and involve the planning, coordination, and delivery of immunizations to ensure that a high percentage of people are protected against specific infectious diseases.
Immunization programs may target specific age groups, such as infants and young children, or populations at higher risk of certain diseases, such as travelers, healthcare workers, or individuals with weakened immune systems. The goals of immunization programs include controlling and eliminating vaccine-preventable diseases, reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases, and protecting vulnerable populations from outbreaks and epidemics.
Immunization programs may be delivered through a variety of settings, including healthcare facilities, schools, community centers, and mobile clinics. They often involve partnerships between government agencies, healthcare providers, non-governmental organizations, and communities to ensure that vaccines are accessible, affordable, and acceptable to the populations they serve. Effective immunization programs require strong leadership, adequate funding, robust data systems, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation to assess their impact and identify areas for improvement.
Muscle hypotonia, also known as decreased muscle tone, refers to a condition where the muscles appear to be flaccid or lacking in tension and stiffness. This results in reduced resistance to passive movements, making the limbs feel "floppy" or "like a rag doll." It can affect any muscle group in the body and can be caused by various medical conditions, including neurological disorders, genetic diseases, and injuries to the nervous system. Hypotonia should not be confused with muscle weakness, which refers to the inability to generate normal muscle strength.
Uridine Monophosphate (UMP) is a nucleotide that is a constituent of RNA (Ribonucleic Acid). It consists of a nitrogenous base called Uridine, linked to a sugar molecule (ribose) and a phosphate group. UMP plays a crucial role in various biochemical reactions within the body, including energy transfer and cellular metabolism. It is also involved in the synthesis of other nucleotides and serves as an important precursor in the production of genetic material during cell division.
A viral genome is the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that is present in a virus. It contains all the genetic information that a virus needs to replicate itself and infect its host. The size and complexity of viral genomes can vary greatly, ranging from a few thousand bases to hundreds of thousands of bases. Some viruses have linear genomes, while others have circular genomes. The genome of a virus also contains the information necessary for the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery and use it to produce new copies of the virus. Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is important for developing vaccines and antiviral treatments.
Viral core proteins are the structural proteins that make up the viral capsid or protein shell, enclosing and protecting the viral genome. These proteins play a crucial role in the assembly of the virion, assist in the infection process by helping to deliver the viral genome into the host cell, and may also have functions in regulating viral replication. The specific composition and structure of viral core proteins vary among different types of viruses.
Micropore filters are medical devices used to filter or sterilize fluids and gases. They are made of materials like cellulose, mixed cellulose ester, or polyvinylidene fluoride with precise pore sizes, typically ranging from 0.1 to 10 micrometers in diameter. These filters are used to remove bacteria, fungi, and other particles from solutions in laboratory and medical settings, such as during the preparation of injectable drugs, tissue culture media, or sterile fluids for medical procedures. They come in various forms, including syringe filters, vacuum filters, and bottle-top filters, and are often used with the assistance of a vacuum or positive pressure to force the fluid through the filter material.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "replicon" is not a term that has a widely accepted or specific medical definition. It is a term that is used in the field of molecular biology, where it refers to a segment of DNA that contains an origin of replication. The origin of replication is the site on the DNA molecule where the process of DNA replication is initiated. This concept is important in the fields of genetics and virology, but it is not a term that is commonly used in clinical medicine.
If you have any questions related to the medical field, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!
Adsorption is a process in which atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid accumulate on the surface of a material. This occurs because the particles in the adsorbate (the substance being adsorbed) have forces that attract them to the surface of the adsorbent (the material that the adsorbate is adhering to).
In medical terms, adsorption can refer to the use of materials with adsorptive properties to remove harmful substances from the body. For example, activated charcoal is sometimes used in the treatment of poisoning because it can adsorb a variety of toxic substances and prevent them from being absorbed into the bloodstream.
It's important to note that adsorption is different from absorption, which refers to the process by which a substance is taken up and distributed throughout a material or tissue.
Hepatovirus is a genus of viruses in the Picornaviridae family, and it's most notably represented by the Human Hepatitis A Virus (HAV). These viruses are non-enveloped, with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. They primarily infect hepatocytes, causing liver inflammation and disease, such as hepatitis. Transmission of hepatoviruses typically occurs through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water. The virus causes an acute infection that does not usually become chronic, and recovery is usually complete within a few weeks. Immunity after infection is solid and lifelong.
Neutralization tests are a type of laboratory assay used in microbiology and immunology to measure the ability of a substance, such as an antibody or antitoxin, to neutralize the activity of a toxin or infectious agent. In these tests, the substance to be tested is mixed with a known quantity of the toxin or infectious agent, and the mixture is then incubated under controlled conditions. After incubation, the mixture is tested for residual toxicity or infectivity using a variety of methods, such as cell culture assays, animal models, or biochemical assays.
The neutralization titer is then calculated based on the highest dilution of the test substance that completely neutralizes the toxin or infectious agent. Neutralization tests are commonly used in the diagnosis and evaluation of immune responses to vaccines, as well as in the detection and quantification of toxins and other harmful substances.
Examples of neutralization tests include the serum neutralization test for measles antibodies, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for dengue virus antibodies, and the cytotoxicity neutralization assay for botulinum neurotoxins.
An immunization schedule is a series of planned dates when a person, usually a child, should receive specific vaccines in order to be fully protected against certain preventable diseases. The schedule is developed based on scientific research and recommendations from health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
The immunization schedule outlines which vaccines are recommended, the number of doses required, the age at which each dose should be given, and the minimum amount of time that must pass between doses. The schedule may vary depending on factors such as the individual's age, health status, and travel plans.
Immunization schedules are important for ensuring that individuals receive timely protection against vaccine-preventable diseases, and for maintaining high levels of immunity in populations, which helps to prevent the spread of disease. It is important to follow the recommended immunization schedule as closely as possible to ensure optimal protection.
A virion is the complete, infectious form of a virus outside its host cell. It consists of the viral genome (DNA or RNA) enclosed within a protein coat called the capsid, which is often surrounded by a lipid membrane called the envelope. The envelope may contain viral proteins and glycoproteins that aid in attachment to and entry into host cells during infection. The term "virion" emphasizes the infectious nature of the virus particle, as opposed to non-infectious components like individual capsid proteins or naked viral genome.
Virus cultivation, also known as virus isolation or viral culture, is a laboratory method used to propagate and detect viruses by introducing them to host cells and allowing them to replicate. This process helps in identifying the specific virus causing an infection and studying its characteristics, such as morphology, growth pattern, and sensitivity to antiviral agents.
The steps involved in virus cultivation typically include:
1. Collection of a clinical sample (e.g., throat swab, blood, sputum) from the patient.
2. Preparation of the sample by centrifugation or filtration to remove cellular debris and other contaminants.
3. Inoculation of the prepared sample into susceptible host cells, which can be primary cell cultures, continuous cell lines, or embryonated eggs, depending on the type of virus.
4. Incubation of the inoculated cells under appropriate conditions to allow viral replication.
5. Observation for cytopathic effects (CPE), which are changes in the host cells caused by viral replication, such as cell rounding, shrinkage, or lysis.
6. Confirmation of viral presence through additional tests, like immunofluorescence assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or electron microscopy.
Virus cultivation is a valuable tool in diagnostic virology, vaccine development, and research on viral pathogenesis and host-virus interactions. However, it requires specialized equipment, trained personnel, and biosafety measures due to the potential infectivity of the viruses being cultured.
Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build protection to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.
A vaccination usually contains a small, harmless piece of a virus or bacteria (or toxins produced by these germs) that has been made inactive or weakened so it won't cause the disease itself. This piece of the germ is known as an antigen. When the vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and produces antibodies to fight it.
If a person then comes into contact with the actual disease-causing germ, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce antibodies to destroy it. The person is therefore protected against that disease. This is known as active immunity.
Vaccinations are important for both individual and public health. They prevent the spread of contagious diseases and protect vulnerable members of the population, such as young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated or for whom vaccination is not effective.
Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae and the genus Cardiovirus. It is a pathogen that can infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, causing encephalomyocarditis, a disease characterized by inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and heart (myocarditis).
EMCV infection typically occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. The virus primarily targets organs with high cell turnover rates, such as the brain and heart. Infection can lead to a variety of symptoms, including fever, muscle weakness, neurological disorders, and cardiac dysfunction.
While human cases of EMCV infection are relatively rare, outbreaks have been reported in certain parts of the world, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene. In addition, EMCV has been identified as a potential bioterrorism agent due to its high virulence and ability to cause severe disease in humans.
Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene and food safety habits, such as washing hands frequently, cooking meat thoroughly, and avoiding contact with potentially contaminated water sources. There is currently no specific treatment for EMCV infection, and management typically involves supportive care to address symptoms and prevent complications.
'Afghanistan' is a country and not a medical term or condition. It is located in Central Asia and is bordered by Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, China, and the Arabian Sea. The country has a complex history with ongoing political and security challenges. If you are looking for information related to medical tourism or healthcare in Afghanistan, I can provide some general insights. However, please note that the medical facilities and services in Afghanistan may not be comparable to those in developed countries due to various factors such as infrastructure, resources, and expertise.
Enterovirus infections are viral illnesses caused by enteroviruses, which are a type of picornavirus. These viruses commonly infect the gastrointestinal tract and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the specific type of enterovirus and the age and overall health of the infected individual.
There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. Some enterovirus infections may be asymptomatic or cause only mild symptoms, while others can lead to more severe illnesses.
Common symptoms of enterovirus infections include fever, sore throat, runny nose, cough, muscle aches, and skin rashes. In some cases, enteroviruses can cause more serious complications such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), and paralysis.
Enterovirus infections are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission. They can also be spread through contaminated surfaces or objects. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.
There are no specific antiviral treatments for enterovirus infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as fluids and medication to manage symptoms. Prevention efforts include vaccination against poliovirus and surveillance for emerging enteroviruses.
Poliovirus
Poliovirus receptor-related 1
Poliovirus receptor-related 2
Global Polio Eradication Initiative
Eradication of infectious diseases
Global Certification Commission
2020
Vaccine hesitancy
Elizabeth Acuei Yor
1916 New York City polio epidemic
John Franklin Enders
Vaccination and religion
List of disasters in New York City by death toll
Synthetic biology
History of polio
Polio
Defective interfering particle
Vaccine shedding
Social distancing
Microfold cell
2002
Eckard Wimmer
CRISPR gene editing
Polioencephalitis
Deaths in July 2007
Coxsackievirus
Duke Cancer Institute
Synthetic virology
Picornavirus
Coinfection
Poliovirus Diagnostic Methods | CDC
Limited Supplies of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine -- United States
Poliovirus - Wikipedia
Disease Outbreak News: Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2, Syrian Arab Republic | PAGNet
The polio virus fights back - Los Angeles Times
IPOL, IPV (poliovirus vaccine inactivated) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more
Researchers use poliovirus to destroy neurobl | EurekAlert!
Progress Toward Interruption of Wild Poliovirus Transmission --- Worldwide, 2008
Poliovirus Discovered in New York Wastewater - MedicineNet Health News
Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus - GPEI
Poliovirus found in Karachi's sewage - Pakistan - DAWN.COM
Type 1 poliovirus detected in five cities
100 years poliovirus: from discovery to eradication. A meeting report | SpringerLink
vaccine-derived poliovirus | Virology Blog
Vaccine unease: From the poliovirus to COVID-19
Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral - Medical Dictionary online-medical-dictionary.org
Safety of diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis and inactivated poliovirus (DTaP-IPV) vaccine
Poliovirus transmission: 4 common points of spread that encourage the virus to multiply - Poliovirus - DAWN.COM
Wild poliovirus detected in Lahore's sewer system - Daily Times
Study Shows Long-Term Immunity of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine
Poliovirus detected in more wastewater near New York City
Tenth poliovirus sample collected from Bannu, total 32 cases - Daily Times
Dreaded poliovirus now used to fight deadly brain tumors | Inquirer Technology
What is the definition of Poliovirus vaccine? | Dictionary.net
It's Official: Africa Has Just Been Declared Free of Wild Poliovirus : ScienceAlert
Oral poliovirus vaccine
Less is more: Modified poliovirus therapy for glioblastoma | Technology Networks
Inactivated poliovirus vaccine9
- Pakistan began using inactivated poliovirus vaccine alongside oral vaccine in mass campaigns to accelerate eradication of This research was supported by the Research Program on wild-type poliovirus in 2014. (cdc.gov)
- There is a shortage of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- Countries face different poliovirus risks, which imply different benefits associated with continued and future use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and/or inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). (nih.gov)
- According to the CDC, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), which is the only polio immunization that has been given in the United States since 2000, protects 99% of children who get all the recommended doses. (abc7chicago.com)
- Although oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is still widely used in most countries, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) replaced OPV in the United States in 2000. (cdc.gov)
- These strains, when inactivated, have the potential to be as effective and as safe as the current inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). (stonybrook.edu)
- Our vaccine candidates for IPV have the potential to be as good as the current inactivated poliovirus vaccine but without the dangers of the wild-type virus. (stonybrook.edu)
- The poliovirus seed strains created by Dr. Wimmer and Dr. Cello have the potential to lead to a safer and more effective inactivated poliovirus vaccine. (stonybrook.edu)
- Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is the one polio vaccine that has been given in the US since 2000, in line with the U.S. Facilities for Illness Regulate and Prevention. (dead-samurai.com)
Vaccine-derived polioviruses6
- Parts of Borno and Yobe are also problematic areas for transmission of serotype 2 circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses, and they continue to face challenges associated with conflict and inadequate health services in security-compromised areas that limit both immunization and surveillance activities. (nih.gov)
- Several African nations, however, are still reporting cases of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses. (umn.edu)
- Vaccine-derived polioviruses and the endgame strategy for global polio eradication. (cdc.gov)
- 16 ] presented a model to examine the transmission of virulent circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses. (techscience.com)
- However, there are obstacles to the global eradication which involve among others, vaccine derived polioviruses (VDPVs) in areas with low oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) coverage. (academicjournals.org)
- In addition, long term excretion of neurovirulent immunodeficiency-associated vaccine derived polioviruses (iVDPVs) can lead to poliovirus spread to contacts. (academicjournals.org)
Poliomyelitis11
- Sequential inactivated (IPV) and live oral (OPV) poliovirus vaccines for preventing poliomyelitis. (nih.gov)
- Poliovirus, the causative agent of polio (also known as poliomyelitis), is a serotype of the species Enterovirus C, in the family of Picornaviridae. (wikipedia.org)
- Notably, the strategy of phased OPV cessation of all three serotypes to stop all future incidence of poliomyelitis depends on successfully stopping the transmission of all wild polioviruses. (nih.gov)
- This is a significant achievement that should reinvigorate the eradication process and provides motivation for the final step-the eradication of wild poliovirus type 1 [WPV1], " said David Salisbury, MD, the chair of the independent Global Commission for the Certification of Poliomyelitis Eradication. (umn.edu)
- Poliovirus infections occasionally cause aseptic meningitis and one out of 200 infections from poliovirus type 1 results in paralytic poliomyelitis, characterized by acute onset of flaccid paralysis that is typically asymmetric and associated with a prodromal fever. (cdc.gov)
- Isolation of polioviruses from persons with acute paralytic poliomyelitis should continue to be reported as "paralytic poliomyelitis. (cdc.gov)
- 3 Contacts between persons in communities with low polio vaccination coverage pose the potential for transmission of polioviruses and outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis. (cdc.gov)
- This review reports the role of vaccine derived poliovirus (VDPV) in the global eradication of poliomyelitis. (academicjournals.org)
- Recommendations have therefore being presented on ways of evaluating vaccine administration to boost its output in checkmating the increasing waves of paralytic poliomyelitis (including vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis-VPP) and prevalence of wild poliovirus in the country. (academicjournals.org)
- Poliomyelitis, in short polio, is a crippling, potentially fatal and highly contagious illness caused by poliovirus with no cure. (stonybrook.edu)
- Poliovirus (PV) is the causal agent of paralytic poliomyelitis. (pasteur.fr)
Found in sewage samples1
- Natural News) The U.K. Heath Security Agency (UKHSA) revealed Wednesday, June 22, that several closely-related polioviruses were found in sewage samples from Beckton Sewage Treatment Works, which serves around four million people in north and east London. (naturalnews.com)
WPV15
- Wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) was isolated from sewage samples collected on 2 and 6 December 2012 in two areas of greater Cairo according to the WHO. (theglobaldispatch.com)
- by 2006, indigenous transmission of wild poliovirus (WPV) type 2 infection had been interrupted globally, and indigenous transmission of type 1 and 3 (WPV1 and WPV3) infection had been interrupted in all but four countries worldwide (Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan). (qxmd.com)
- Wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) genetically linked to virus currently circulating in Pakistan has been isolated in China . (blogspot.com)
- Pakistan is affected by nationwide transmission of WPV1, and is the location of the only wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3) case in Asia in 2011 (a strain on the verge of elimination on the continent). (blogspot.com)
- According to sources at Pakistan's National Polio Laboratory at the National Institute of Health (NIH), the lab has confirmed the detection of Type-1 Wild Poliovirus (WPV1) in four environmental (sewage) samples from Karachi and Peshawar. (articlesoftheweek.com)
Free of wild poliovirus3
- In August 2019, the African Region became eligible to be certified free of wild poliovirus, after Nigeria, the last wild poliovirus endemic country, recorded no new cases three years - the requisite period - since it last reported cases of wild poliovirus. (africanews.com)
- The certification that the African region is free of wild poliovirus comes after the independent Africa Regional Certification Commission (ARCC) conducted thorough field verifications that confirmed no new cases and analyzed documentation of polio surveillance, immunization, and laboratory capacity by Cameroon, Central African Republic, Nigeria, and South Sudan. (endpolio.org)
- Now that the African region is free of wild poliovirus, five of WHO's six regions, representing more than 90 percent of the world's population, are now free of the disease. (endpolio.org)
Exposed to wild poliovirus1
- Unvaccinated adults who may be exposed to wild poliovirus during travel to polio-endemic areas and cannot obtain IPV should consider vaccination with OPV but should be informed that the risk for vaccine-associated paralytic polio is slightly higher in adults than in children (1,2). (cdc.gov)
World Health Organ3
- The independent Africa Regional Certification Commission (ARCC), responsible for certifying the eradication of wild poliovirus in the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region, is set to make its final decision about the region's wild poliovirus status in August 2020. (africanews.com)
- According to the World Health Organization, approximately eighteen million people have been infected with poliovirus in the last two decades. (techscience.com)
- The World Health Organization (WHO) on 25 August announced that transmission of the wild poliovirus has officially been stopped in all 47 countries of its African region . (endpolio.org)
Centers for Diseas3
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American Academy of Pediatrics state that vaccines given to a nursing mother do not affect the safety of breastfeeding for mothers or infants and that breastfeeding is not a contraindication to poliovirus vaccine. (nih.gov)
- WHO, UNICEF, Rotary International, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance continue to support governments in their efforts to stop the ongoing circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks, including by implementing a new response strategy. (africanews.com)
- This survey is supported by the U.S. Poliovirus National Authority for Containment (NAC), at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Preparedness and Response (formerly the Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response). (cdc.gov)
20193
- To date, there have been 94 wild poliovirus cases reported in 2019, compared to 33 in all of 2018. (umn.edu)
- The model shows the poliovirus transmission for 2019 to 2023 with a strategic eradication plan [ 3 ]. (techscience.com)
- Abuja, 21 August, 2019 - Today marks a major milestone in the history of Nigeria's Polio Eradication Programme as the country reaches 3 years without reporting a case of wild poliovirus. (who.int)
Eradication7
- The Ministry of Public Health of Afghanistan, with country partners in polio, has developed a national emergency action plan to stop poliovirus transmission, in response to the announcement of the 65th World Health Assembly in May 2012, which declared the completion of polio eradication a national public health emergency. (who.int)
- With the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) continuing to extend its timeline for ending the transmission of all wild polioviruses and to introduce new poliovirus vaccines, the polio vaccine supply chain continues to expand in complexity. (nih.gov)
- Delays in achieving polio eradication combined with increasing costs of poliovirus vaccines continue to increase financial risks for the GPEI. (nih.gov)
- We are reviewing updated reports from the other 43 countries in the WHO African Region and we anticipate that by August 2020, we will deliver our final decision on the region's certification status of wild poliovirus eradication," said Professor Rose Leke, ARCC Chairperson. (africanews.com)
- This achievement by Cameroon, Central African Republic, Nigeria and South Sudan is a major step towards the eradication of wild poliovirus in the African region," said Dr Matshidiso Moeti, WHO Regional Director for Africa. (africanews.com)
- Efforts are underway to urgently address the circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks, also within the context of polio eradication being a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. (africanews.com)
- Minor studied the types of polioviruses, vaccination, and eradication of the virus worldwide [ 4 ]. (techscience.com)
Sewage1
- The invention of poliovirus in sewage samples suggests there may be already neighborhood transmission of the virus that can result in everlasting paralysis of the legs and arms, in addition to loss of life in some circumstances. (dead-samurai.com)
Genetically3
- Survival was better than expected for patients in a small study who were given genetically modified poliovirus, which helped their bodies attack the cancer, doctors report. (fox17online.com)
- With the help of the National Cancer Institute, they genetically modified poliovirus so it would not harm nerves but still infect tumor cells. (fox17online.com)
- Distinguished Professor Dr. Eckard Wimmer and Research Assistant Professor Dr. Jeronimo Cello, from the Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology at Stony Brook University, both with extensive backgrounds in studying the poliovirus, developed the new seed strains for inactivated vaccine by genetically modifying the RNA of the wild-type poliovirus. (stonybrook.edu)
Wild poliovirus cases1
- Unfortunately, for the first time since 2007, wild poliovirus cases are again being reported in Somalia. (azdhs.gov)
Infection4
- Unusual properties of monoclonal antibodies: one that that binds the receptor attachment site and blocks infection with all three poliovirus serotypes, and others that inhibit Ebolavirus spread from cell to cell. (asm.org)
- To help to elucidate the mechanism of infection, we have used single-particle cryoelectron microscopy and tomography to reconstruct conformationally altered intermediates that are formed by the poliovirion at various stages of the poliovirus infection process. (harvard.edu)
- Infection with the poliovirus can lead to a life-threatening muscular paralysis of the body. (sa.gov.au)
- There is no cure for poliovirus infection. (sa.gov.au)
20231
- He noted that Karachi's first detection of wild poliovirus in 2023 was confirmed in June this year in an environmental sample from Sohrab Goth. (articlesoftheweek.com)
Serotypes3
- There are three poliovirus serotypes: types 1, 2, and 3. (wikipedia.org)
- We model poliovirus transmission of all three serotypes for Borno and Yobe using a deterministic differential equation-based model that includes four subpopulations to account for limitations in access to immunization services and dynamic restrictions in population mixing. (nih.gov)
- Poliovirus (PV)-like particles from all three PV serotypes, containing either the wt coat protein or coat proteins with stabilising mutations, were successfully expressed in plants. (uea.ac.uk)
Strains4
- Even though they are not wild polioviruses, such rare strains - which can emerge in areas of low population immunity - also paralyse children. (africanews.com)
- The news comes today-World Polio Day-and means two of the three wild poliovirus strains are now eradicated. (umn.edu)
- We remain fully committed to ensuring that all necessary resources are made available to eradicate all poliovirus strains. (umn.edu)
- The six MAbs neutralized vaccine strains and virulent strains of poliovirus. (nih.gov)
Presence of poliovirus1
- Interim health minister says presence of poliovirus remains constant threat to all children. (dawn.com)
Susceptible to Poliovirus2
- Also, in order to isolate other viruses of interest, PIM cultured in some common cell lines ( see Survey Guidance Document: Appendix C: Common Cell Lines and Animals Susceptible to Poliovirus* ) may have amplified poliovirus unintentionally. (cdc.gov)
- The administration of a serotype 1-specific MAb to transgenic mice susceptible to poliovirus at a dose of 5 µg/mouse completely protected them from paralysis after challenge with a lethal dose of wild-type poliovirus. (nih.gov)
Africa4
- Northeast Nigeria represents the last known reservoir country of wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission in Africa, with detection of paralytic cases caused by serotype 1 WPV in 2016 in Borno and serotype 3 WPV in late 2012. (nih.gov)
- The aim is to ensure that no child anywhere in Africa will ever again be paralysed by any poliovirus - wild or vaccine-derived. (africanews.com)
- Not detecting any wild poliovirus in Africa is in stark contrast to the situation in 1996, when 75,000 children there were paralyzed by the disease. (endpolio.org)
- Wild poliovirus type 1 and type 3 importations--15 countries, Africa, 2008-2009. (qxmd.com)
Importations1
- Reflecting the global concern for poliovirus importations into previously polio-free countries, the World Health Assembly (WHO) has added circulating poliovirus to the notifiable events in the International Health Regulations (IHR). (cdc.gov)
Immunization1
- Gut-homing (alpha(4)beta(7)(+)) Th1 memory responses after inactivated poliovirus immunization in poliovirus orally pre-immunized donors. (musc.edu)
Declared eradicated1
- If WPV3 is declared eradicated, poliovirus type 3 containment would begin with a focus on WPV3 and VDPV type 3. (medscape.com)
Karachi and Peshawar1
- ISLAMABAD: As many as four environmental samples, collected from Karachi and Peshawar, have tested positive for the poliovirus. (articlesoftheweek.com)
Containment4
- GAPIII outlined a phased approach to poliovirus containment, beginning with PV2 materials. (medscape.com)
- and Phase III includes the final containment of all types of WPV, VDPV, and OPV/Sabin polioviruses. (medscape.com)
- Welcome and thank you for participating in the U.S. National Inventory for Poliovirus Containment! (cdc.gov)
- Information provided on this record may be provided to WHO poliovirus containment oversight bodies for reporting purposes in compliance with GAPIII. (cdc.gov)
20171
- A circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) case from Ankoro district, Tanganyika province, with onset of paralysis on 20 November 2017. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Type7
- Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP17fk0108304) found that these campaigns reduced wild-type poliovirus de- and Keio Gijuku Academic Development Funds. (cdc.gov)
- Of the doses administered, approximately 33% were trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV), 23% were monovalent OPV type 1 (mOPV1), 4% were monovalent OPV type 3, and 40% were bivalent OPV types 1 and 3 (bOPV). (cdc.gov)
- Wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3) has been eradicated worldwide, according to an independent commission of experts. (umn.edu)
- In 2005, a vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) type 1 was identified in a stool specimen obtained from an immunodeficient Amish infant and, subsequently, from 4 other children in 2 other families in the infant's central Minnesota community. (cdc.gov)
- In 2012, there were 222 confirmed cases of wild type poliovirus, said Dr. Wimmer. (stonybrook.edu)
- Synthesizing and generating wild-type poliovirus from its basic chemical components. (stonybrook.edu)
- Type 2 was eliminated in the wild roundabout five years prior but the vaccine engendered a persisting issue a vaccine acquired a mutant virus that proliferates like a wild kind of poliovirus and can also paralyze contaminated people. (allgonews.com)
Nigeria2
- By 2006, transmission of indigenous wild poliovirus (WPV) was interrupted in all but four countries (Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Nigeria) ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- Thompson [ 5 ] investigated the transmission dynamics of the poliovirus in Nigeria. (techscience.com)
Eradicate2
- 13 ] in 2007, examined the effects of the poliovirus on human life and the steps taken to eradicate the virus and discussed what steps we could take in the future to get rid of it. (techscience.com)
- The GPEI's challenge now is to eradicate wild poliovirus in the two countries where the disease has never been stopped: Afghanistan and Pakistan. (endpolio.org)
CVDPV2
- PIM includes human respiratory secretion and fecal specimens, or environmental samples collected for non-polio related work in a time and geographic area where wild poliovirus (WPV) or vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) was circulating or where oral polio vaccine (OPV) was used. (cdc.gov)
- The questions seek to distinguish between PIM containing wild poliovirus (WPV), circulating vaccine derived poliovirus (cVDPV), and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). (cdc.gov)
Wastewater samples4
- The detection of poliovirus in wastewater samples in New York City is alarming, but not surprising. (abc7chicago.com)
- The findings follow the identification of a case of paralytic polio among a Rockland County resident on July 21, and the detection of poliovirus in wastewater samples collected in May, June and July from neighboring New York City counties, Rockland and Orange County. (abc7chicago.com)
- The detection of poliovirus in wastewater samples in New York Town is alarming, however now not unexpected. (dead-samurai.com)
- Poliovirus was once additionally present in wastewater samples from each Rockland and Orange counties in Would possibly, June and July. (dead-samurai.com)
Transmission8
- ENDORSES the orientations contained in the information document AFR/RC54/INF/DOC.5 addressing the resurgence of wild poliovirus transmission in the African Region. (who.int)
- According to officials, the transmission of wild poliovirus has been restricted to seven districts in the south of KP. (dawn.com)
- in 2020 represent a differential equation-based stochastic model for poliovirus transmission. (techscience.com)
- in 2020 presented a mathematical model in which they discovered the dynamics of poliovirus transmission using standard methods with vaccination [ 12 ]. (techscience.com)
- Transmission is possible as long as the poliovirus is shed. (sa.gov.au)
- A vaccinated person transmits the weakened virus to others, who also develop antibodies to polio, ultimately stopping transmission of poliovirus in a community. (academicjournals.org)
- To urgently address the widespread transmission of wild poliovirus affecting the country, the Government of Pakistan has this year launched a National Polio Emergency Action Plan, under the auspices His Excellency the President. (blogspot.com)
- It is worth mentioning that Karachi, among the most populous cities in the world and home to communities from across Pakistan, is a historic polio reservoir and remains among the areas categorised by the programme at high risk for wild poliovirus transmission. (articlesoftheweek.com)
20182
- To aid countries in identifying facilities retaining potentially infectious materials, WHO published Guidance to Minimize Risks for Facilities Collecting, Handling or Storing Materials Potentially Infectious for Polioviruses in 2018. (medscape.com)
- Unlike previous surveys, the 2018 survey focuses on institutions that may have poliovirus potentially infectious materials (PIM). (cdc.gov)
Prophylaxis2
Pakistan1
- The Pakistan Polio Programme is already testing for the poliovirus at 114 fixed environmental sites in the country every month. (articlesoftheweek.com)
Viruses2
- Poliovirus is one of the most well-characterized viruses, and has become a useful model system for understanding the biology of RNA viruses. (wikipedia.org)
- After recognizing and binding to its host cell, poliovirus (like other nonenveloped viruses) faces the challenge of translocating its genome across a cellular membrane and into the cytoplasm. (harvard.edu)
Immunity2
- introduced a model to identify poliovirus and opportunities to increase population immunity [ 15 ]. (techscience.com)
- The current state of immunity to polioviruses in New South Wales. (musc.edu)
Neurovirulent1
- Dr. Wimmer notes that currently, IPV is being produced from highly neurovirulent polioviruses. (stonybrook.edu)
Laboratory2
- Poliovirus isolate identified in an appropriate clinical specimen (e.g., stool, cerebrospinal fluid, oropharyngeal secretions), with confirmatory typing and sequencing performed by the CDC Poliovirus Laboratory, as needed. (cdc.gov)
- and also by a laboratory test for the poliovirus on a person's throat secretions, faeces or CSF (cerebrospinal fluid: the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord). (sa.gov.au)
Surveillance1
- Federal Health Minister Dr Nadeem Jan calls development "concerning" but says poliovirus surveillance system has been vastly expanded. (dawn.com)
Acute1
- Less than 1% of people infected with poliovirus develop severe muscle weakness (acute flaccid paralysis) affecting the limbs, diaphragm muscle (essential for breathing), and the head and neck muscles. (sa.gov.au)
Infectious2
- Laboratories with a high probability of handling or storing potentially infectious poliovirus materials include those working with enteric or respiratory disease agents and facilities engaged in nutrition research or environmental studies. (medscape.com)
- Polio is a highly infectious and incurable disease caused by the poliovirus, which primarily affects children under the age of five. (articlesoftheweek.com)
Potentially2
Vaccines1
- Information about the costs and benefits of future poliovirus vaccines, and discussion of the complex situation that currently exists, should prove useful to national, regional, and global decisionmakers and support health economic modeling. (nih.gov)