Plant Immunity
Pseudomonas syringae
Plants, Genetically Modified
Plant Proteins
Plant Leaves
Arabidopsis
Arabidopsis Proteins
Receptors, Pattern Recognition
Disease Resistance
Salicylic Acid
Immunity, Innate
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Botrytis
Plant Roots
Immunity
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Tobacco
Oomycetes
Lycopersicon esculentum
Oxylipins
Immunity, Cellular
Alternaria
Plant Extracts
Plant Growth Regulators
Phytophthora infestans
Plants
Plants, Medicinal
Plant Development
Mutation
Ethylenes
Signal Transduction
Plant Stems
Adaptive Immunity
Plants, Edible
Amino Acid Sequence
Immunity, Mucosal
Cell Death
Molecular Sequence Data
Immunity, Humoral
Protein Kinases
Protein Structure, Tertiary
Protein Binding
Plant Epidermis
Specific resistances against Pseudomonas syringae effectors AvrB and AvrRpm1 have evolved differently in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), soybean (Glycine max), and Arabidopsis thaliana. (1/364)
(+info)Ethylene signaling regulates accumulation of the FLS2 receptor and is required for the oxidative burst contributing to plant immunity. (2/364)
(+info)Plant immunity directly or indirectly restricts the injection of type III effectors by the Pseudomonas syringae type III secretion system. (3/364)
(+info)The glabra1 mutation affects cuticle formation and plant responses to microbes. (4/364)
(+info)Abscisic acid deficiency causes changes in cuticle permeability and pectin composition that influence tomato resistance to Botrytis cinerea. (5/364)
(+info)The B-3 ethylene response factor MtERF1-1 mediates resistance to a subset of root pathogens in Medicago truncatula without adversely affecting symbiosis with rhizobia. (6/364)
(+info)Roles of calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinases in innate immunity in rice. (7/364)
(+info)Arabidopsis histone methyltransferase SET DOMAIN GROUP8 mediates induction of the jasmonate/ethylene pathway genes in plant defense response to necrotrophic fungi. (8/364)
(+info)"Plant immunity" refers to the complex defense mechanisms that plants have evolved to protect themselves from pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and nematodes. Plants do not have an adaptive immune system like humans, so they rely on their innate immune responses to detect and respond to pathogen invasion.
Plant immunity can be broadly categorized into two types: PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity) and ETI (Effector-triggered immunity). PTI is activated when the plant recognizes conserved microbial patterns, known as PAMPs (Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns), through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) located on the cell surface. This recognition triggers a series of defense responses, such as the production of reactive oxygen species, the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and the expression of defense genes.
ETI is activated when the plant recognizes effector proteins produced by pathogens to suppress PTI. Effector recognition typically occurs through resistance (R) proteins that can directly or indirectly recognize effectors, leading to the activation of stronger defense responses, such as the hypersensitive response (HR), which involves localized programmed cell death to limit pathogen spread.
Overall, plant immunity is a complex and dynamic process involving multiple layers of defense mechanisms that help plants protect themselves from pathogens and maintain their health and productivity.
"Pseudomonas syringae" is a gram-negative, aerobic bacterium that is widely found in various environments, including water, soil, and plant surfaces. It is known to be a plant pathogen, causing diseases in a wide range of plants such as beans, peas, tomatoes, and other crops. The bacteria can infect plants through wounds or natural openings, leading to symptoms like spots on leaves, wilting, and dieback. Some strains of "P. syringae" are also associated with frost damage on plants, as they produce a protein that facilitates ice crystal formation at higher temperatures.
It's important to note that while "Pseudomonas syringae" can cause disease in plants, it is not typically considered a human pathogen and does not usually cause illness in humans.
Genetically modified plants (GMPs) are plants that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering techniques to exhibit desired traits. These modifications can be made to enhance certain characteristics such as increased resistance to pests, improved tolerance to environmental stresses like drought or salinity, or enhanced nutritional content. The process often involves introducing genes from other organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, into the plant's genome. Examples of GMPs include Bt cotton, which has a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that makes it resistant to certain pests, and golden rice, which is engineered to contain higher levels of beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. It's important to note that genetically modified plants are subject to rigorous testing and regulation to ensure their safety for human consumption and environmental impact before they are approved for commercial use.
A plant disease is a disorder that affects the normal growth and development of plants, caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or nematodes, as well as environmental factors like nutrient deficiencies, extreme temperatures, or physical damage. These diseases can cause various symptoms, including discoloration, wilting, stunted growth, necrosis, and reduced yield or productivity, which can have significant economic and ecological impacts.
"Plant proteins" refer to the proteins that are derived from plant sources. These can include proteins from legumes such as beans, lentils, and peas, as well as proteins from grains like wheat, rice, and corn. Other sources of plant proteins include nuts, seeds, and vegetables.
Plant proteins are made up of individual amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. While animal-based proteins typically contain all of the essential amino acids that the body needs to function properly, many plant-based proteins may be lacking in one or more of these essential amino acids. However, by consuming a variety of plant-based foods throughout the day, it is possible to get all of the essential amino acids that the body needs from plant sources alone.
Plant proteins are often lower in calories and saturated fat than animal proteins, making them a popular choice for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet, as well as those looking to maintain a healthy weight or reduce their risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Additionally, plant proteins have been shown to have a number of health benefits, including improving gut health, reducing inflammation, and supporting muscle growth and repair.
I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.
Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.
'Arabidopsis' is a genus of small flowering plants that are part of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The most commonly studied species within this genus is 'Arabidopsis thaliana', which is often used as a model organism in plant biology and genetics research. This plant is native to Eurasia and Africa, and it has a small genome that has been fully sequenced. It is known for its short life cycle, self-fertilization, and ease of growth, making it an ideal subject for studying various aspects of plant biology, including development, metabolism, and response to environmental stresses.
Arabidopsis proteins refer to the proteins that are encoded by the genes in the Arabidopsis thaliana plant, which is a model organism commonly used in plant biology research. This small flowering plant has a compact genome and a short life cycle, making it an ideal subject for studying various biological processes in plants.
Arabidopsis proteins play crucial roles in many cellular functions, such as metabolism, signaling, regulation of gene expression, response to environmental stresses, and developmental processes. Research on Arabidopsis proteins has contributed significantly to our understanding of plant biology and has provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying various agronomic traits.
Some examples of Arabidopsis proteins include transcription factors, kinases, phosphatases, receptors, enzymes, and structural proteins. These proteins can be studied using a variety of techniques, such as biochemical assays, protein-protein interaction studies, and genetic approaches, to understand their functions and regulatory mechanisms in plants.
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a type of receptor found on the surface of various immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. These receptors recognize specific patterns or motifs that are typically associated with pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
PRRs can be divided into several different classes based on their structure and function, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs).
When a PRR recognizes a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), it triggers a series of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to the activation of immune responses, such as the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of adaptive immunity.
Overall, PRRs play a critical role in the early detection and response to pathogens, helping to prevent or limit infection and disease.
Disease resistance, in a medical context, refers to the inherent or acquired ability of an organism to withstand or limit infection by a pathogen, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. This resistance can be due to various factors including the presence of physical barriers (e.g., intact skin), chemical barriers (e.g., stomach acid), and immune responses that recognize and eliminate the pathogen.
Inherited disease resistance is often determined by genetics, where certain genetic variations can make an individual more or less susceptible to a particular infection. For example, some people are naturally resistant to certain diseases due to genetic factors that prevent the pathogen from infecting their cells or replicating within them.
Acquired disease resistance can occur through exposure to a pathogen, which triggers an immune response that confers immunity or resistance to future infections by the same pathogen. This is the basis of vaccination, where a weakened or dead form of a pathogen is introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response without causing disease.
Overall, disease resistance is an important factor in maintaining health and preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
Salicylic Acid is a type of beta hydroxy acid (BHA) that is commonly used in dermatology due to its keratolytic and anti-inflammatory properties. It works by causing the cells of the epidermis to shed more easily, preventing the pores from becoming blocked and promoting the growth of new skin cells. Salicylic Acid is also a potent anti-inflammatory agent, which makes it useful in the treatment of inflammatory acne and other skin conditions associated with redness and irritation. It can be found in various over-the-counter skincare products, such as cleansers, creams, and peels, as well as in prescription-strength formulations.
Innate immunity, also known as non-specific immunity or natural immunity, is the inherent defense mechanism that provides immediate protection against potentially harmful pathogens (like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) without the need for prior exposure. This type of immunity is present from birth and does not adapt to specific threats over time.
Innate immune responses involve various mechanisms such as:
1. Physical barriers: Skin and mucous membranes prevent pathogens from entering the body.
2. Chemical barriers: Enzymes, stomach acid, and lysozyme in tears, saliva, and sweat help to destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
3. Cellular responses: Phagocytic cells (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages) recognize and engulf foreign particles and pathogens, while natural killer (NK) cells target and eliminate virus-infected or cancerous cells.
4. Inflammatory response: When an infection occurs, the innate immune system triggers inflammation to increase blood flow, recruit immune cells, and remove damaged tissue.
5. Complement system: A group of proteins that work together to recognize and destroy pathogens directly or enhance phagocytosis by coating them with complement components (opsonization).
Innate immunity plays a crucial role in initiating the adaptive immune response, which is specific to particular pathogens and provides long-term protection through memory cells. Both innate and adaptive immunity work together to maintain overall immune homeostasis and protect the body from infections and diseases.
A gene in plants, like in other organisms, is a hereditary unit that carries genetic information from one generation to the next. It is a segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains the instructions for the development and function of an organism. Genes in plants determine various traits such as flower color, plant height, resistance to diseases, and many others. They are responsible for encoding proteins and RNA molecules that play crucial roles in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants. Plant genes can be manipulated through traditional breeding methods or genetic engineering techniques to improve crop yield, enhance disease resistance, and increase nutritional value.
Gene expression regulation in plants refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and RNA from the genes present in the plant's DNA. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants. It can occur at various levels, including transcription (the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into RNA), RNA processing (such as alternative splicing, which generates different mRNA molecules from a single gene), translation (where the information in the mRNA is used to produce a protein), and post-translational modification (where proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized).
In plants, gene expression regulation can be influenced by various factors such as hormones, light, temperature, and stress. Plants use complex networks of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and small RNAs to regulate gene expression in response to these signals. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in plants is important for basic research, as well as for developing crops with improved traits such as increased yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.
'Botrytis' is a genus of saprophytic fungi that are commonly known as "gray mold" or "noble rot." The term is used to describe various species within the Botrytis genus, but the most well-known and economically significant species is Botrytis cinerea.
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that can infect and cause decay in a wide range of plant hosts, including fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants. The fungus typically enters the host through wounds, dead tissue, or natural openings such as stomata. Once inside, it produces enzymes that break down plant cells, allowing it to feed on the decaying matter.
In some cases, Botrytis cinerea can cause significant economic losses in agricultural crops, particularly when conditions are conducive to its growth and spread, such as high humidity and cool temperatures. However, the fungus is also responsible for the production of some highly valued wines, such as Sauternes and Tokaji Aszú, where it infects grapes and causes them to dehydrate and shrivel, concentrating their sugars and flavors. This process is known as "noble rot" and can result in complex, richly flavored wines with distinctive aromas and flavors.
A plant root is not a medical term per se, but it is a term from botany, which is the study of plants. However, I can certainly provide a definition for you.
Plant roots are the underground organs of a plant that typically grow downward into the soil. They serve several important functions, including:
1. Anchorage: Roots help to stabilize the plant and keep it upright in the ground.
2. Absorption: Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are essential for the plant's growth and development.
3. Conduction: Roots conduct water and nutrients up to the above-ground parts of the plant, such as the stem and leaves.
4. Vegetative reproduction: Some plants can reproduce vegetatively through their roots, producing new plants from root fragments or specialized structures called rhizomes or tubers.
Roots are composed of several different tissues, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and vascular tissue. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the root, which secretes a waxy substance called suberin that helps to prevent water loss. The cortex is the middle layer of the root, which contains cells that store carbohydrates and other nutrients. The endodermis is a thin layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue and regulates the movement of water and solutes into and out of the root. The vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Immunity, in medical terms, refers to the body's ability to resist or fight against harmful foreign substances or organisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. This resistance is achieved through various mechanisms, including the production of antibodies, the activation of immune cells like T-cells and B-cells, and the release of cytokines and other chemical messengers that help coordinate the immune response.
There are two main types of immunity: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against infection and involves nonspecific mechanisms such as physical barriers (e.g., skin and mucous membranes), chemical barriers (e.g., stomach acid and enzymes), and inflammatory responses. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is specific to particular pathogens and involves the activation of T-cells and B-cells, which recognize and remember specific antigens (foreign substances that trigger an immune response). This allows the body to mount a more rapid and effective response to subsequent exposures to the same pathogen.
Immunity can be acquired through natural means, such as when a person recovers from an infection and develops immunity to that particular pathogen, or artificially, through vaccination. Vaccines contain weakened or inactivated forms of a pathogen or its components, which stimulate the immune system to produce a response without causing the disease. This response provides protection against future infections with that same pathogen.
Host-pathogen interactions refer to the complex and dynamic relationship between a living organism (the host) and a disease-causing agent (the pathogen). This interaction can involve various molecular, cellular, and physiological processes that occur between the two entities. The outcome of this interaction can determine whether the host will develop an infection or not, as well as the severity and duration of the illness.
During host-pathogen interactions, the pathogen may release virulence factors that allow it to evade the host's immune system, colonize tissues, and obtain nutrients for its survival and replication. The host, in turn, may mount an immune response to recognize and eliminate the pathogen, which can involve various mechanisms such as inflammation, phagocytosis, and the production of antimicrobial agents.
Understanding the intricacies of host-pathogen interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat infectious diseases. This knowledge can help identify new targets for therapeutic interventions, inform vaccine design, and guide public health policies to control the spread of infectious agents.
Tobacco is not a medical term, but it refers to the leaves of the plant Nicotiana tabacum that are dried and fermented before being used in a variety of ways. Medically speaking, tobacco is often referred to in the context of its health effects. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "tobacco" can also refer to any product prepared from the leaf of the tobacco plant for smoking, sucking, chewing or snuffing.
Tobacco use is a major risk factor for a number of diseases, including cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, and various other medical conditions. The smoke produced by burning tobacco contains thousands of chemicals, many of which are toxic and can cause serious health problems. Nicotine, one of the primary active constituents in tobacco, is highly addictive and can lead to dependence.
Oomycetes, also known as water molds or downy mildews, are a group of primarily aquatic, filamentous microorganisms. They were once classified as fungi due to their similar morphology and ecological roles, but they are now known to be more closely related to brown algae and diatoms.
Oomycetes have cell walls made of cellulose and unique osmotically active compounds called cell wall glycoproteins. They reproduce both sexually and asexually, producing structures such as zoospores that can swim through water to find new hosts. Oomycetes are parasites or saprophytes, feeding on other organisms or dead organic matter.
Some oomycetes are important plant pathogens, causing diseases such as potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) and sudden oak death (Phytophthora ramorum). They can cause significant damage to crops and natural ecosystems, making them a focus of study in plant pathology.
"Lycopersicon esculentum" is the scientific name for the common red tomato. It is a species of fruit from the nightshade family (Solanaceae) that is native to western South America and Central America. Tomatoes are widely grown and consumed in many parts of the world as a vegetable, although they are technically a fruit. They are rich in nutrients such as vitamin C, potassium, and lycopene, which has been studied for its potential health benefits.
Oxylipins are a class of bioactive lipid molecules derived from the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). They play crucial roles in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including inflammation, immunity, and cellular signaling. Oxylipins can be further categorized based on their precursor PUFAs, such as arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acid (LA). These oxylipins are involved in the regulation of vascular tone, platelet aggregation, neurotransmission, and pain perception. They exert their effects through various receptors and downstream signaling pathways, making them important targets for therapeutic interventions in several diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and neurological conditions.
Cellular immunity, also known as cell-mediated immunity, is a type of immune response that involves the activation of immune cells, such as T lymphocytes (T cells), to protect the body against infected or damaged cells. This form of immunity is important for fighting off infections caused by viruses and intracellular bacteria, as well as for recognizing and destroying cancer cells.
Cellular immunity involves a complex series of interactions between various immune cells and molecules. When a pathogen infects a cell, the infected cell displays pieces of the pathogen on its surface in a process called antigen presentation. This attracts T cells, which recognize the antigens and become activated. Activated T cells then release cytokines, chemicals that help coordinate the immune response, and can directly attack and kill infected cells or help activate other immune cells to do so.
Cellular immunity is an important component of the adaptive immune system, which is able to learn and remember specific pathogens in order to mount a faster and more effective response upon subsequent exposure. This form of immunity is also critical for the rejection of transplanted organs, as the immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue as foreign and attacks it.
'Alternaria' is a genus of widely distributed saprophytic fungi that are often found in soil, plant debris, and water. They produce darkly pigmented, septate hyphae and conidia (asexual spores) that are characterized by their distinctive beak-like projections.
Alternaria species can cause various types of plant diseases, including leaf spots, blights, and rots, which can result in significant crop losses. They also produce a variety of mycotoxins, which can have harmful effects on human and animal health.
In humans, Alternaria species can cause allergic reactions, such as hay fever and asthma, as well as skin and respiratory tract infections. Exposure to Alternaria spores is also a known risk factor for the development of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), a condition characterized by inflammation and scarring of the lungs.
It's important to note that medical definitions can vary depending on the context, so it may be helpful to consult a reliable medical or scientific source for more specific information about Alternaria and its potential health effects.
A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.
Cyclopentanes are a class of hydrocarbons that contain a cycloalkane ring of five carbon atoms. The chemical formula for cyclopentane is C5H10. It is a volatile, flammable liquid that is used as a solvent and in the production of polymers. Cyclopentanes are also found naturally in petroleum and coal tar.
Cyclopentanes have a unique structure in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a pentagonal shape, with each carbon atom bonded to two other carbon atoms and one or two hydrogen atoms. This structure gives cyclopentane its characteristic "bowl-shaped" geometry, which allows it to undergo various chemical reactions, such as ring-opening reactions, that can lead to the formation of other chemicals.
Cyclopentanes have a variety of industrial and commercial applications. For example, they are used in the production of plastics, resins, and synthetic rubbers. They also have potential uses in the development of new drugs and medical technologies, as their unique structure and reactivity make them useful building blocks for the synthesis of complex molecules.
A medical definition for "plant shoots" may not be readily available, as the term is primarily used in botany and horticulture. However, I can provide you with a general definition:
Plant shoots refer to the above-ground portion of a plant, which typically includes structures like stems, leaves, flowers, and buds. Shoots originate from the seed or the growing tip of the plant and are responsible for photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, and reproduction. In some contexts, "plant shoots" might also refer to new growth that emerges from an existing plant, such as when a leaf or stem sprouts a new branch or flower.
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are natural or synthetic chemical substances that, when present in low concentrations, can influence various physiological and biochemical processes in plants. These processes include cell division, elongation, and differentiation; flowering and fruiting; leaf senescence; and stress responses. PGRs can be classified into several categories based on their mode of action and chemical structure, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, and others. They are widely used in agriculture to improve crop yield and quality, regulate plant growth and development, and enhance stress tolerance.
"Phytophthora infestans" is a specific species of oomycete, which is a type of microorganism that resembles fungi but is actually more closely related to algae. It is a plant pathogen, meaning it causes disease in plants. This particular species is notorious for causing the potato late blight, which was responsible for the Great Famine in Ireland during the mid-19th century.
The term "Phytophthora infestans" can be broken down into its components: "Phytophthora" comes from the Greek words "phyton" (plant) and "phtheros" (destroyer), indicating its destructive nature towards plants. "Infestans" is a Latin word meaning 'inhabiting' or 'infesting'.
This pathogen thrives in cool, moist conditions and spreads rapidly through the air in the form of spores. It infects leaves, stems, and tubers of potato plants, leading to extensive damage and yield loss. The disease manifests as large, dark lesions on foliage that can quickly cover the entire plant, and a rotting, slimy decay in tubers.
Effective management strategies include use of resistant potato varieties, crop rotation, fungicide applications, and proper irrigation management to avoid prolonged leaf wetness.
I apologize for any confusion, but "plants" is not a term that has a medical definition. The term "plants" refers to a large and diverse group of organisms that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, which is the process of converting sunlight into chemical energy. Plants are typically characterized by having cells with cell walls containing cellulose, chloroplasts containing the pigment chlorophyll, and the ability to synthesize their own food through photosynthesis.
In a medical or biological context, you might be thinking of "plant-based" or "phytomedicine," which refer to the use of plants or plant extracts as a form of medicine or treatment. Phytomedicines have been used for thousands of years in many traditional systems of medicine, and some plant-derived compounds have been found to have therapeutic benefits in modern medicine as well. However, "plants" itself does not have a medical definition.
Medicinal plants are defined as those plants that contain naturally occurring chemical compounds which can be used for therapeutic purposes, either directly or indirectly. These plants have been used for centuries in various traditional systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, and Native American medicine, to prevent or treat various health conditions.
Medicinal plants contain a wide variety of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, and saponins, among others. These compounds have been found to possess various pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.
Medicinal plants can be used in various forms, including whole plant material, extracts, essential oils, and isolated compounds. They can be administered through different routes, such as oral, topical, or respiratory, depending on the desired therapeutic effect.
It is important to note that while medicinal plants have been used safely and effectively for centuries, they should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Some medicinal plants can interact with prescription medications or have adverse effects if used inappropriately.
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material present in the cells of all living organisms, including plants. In plants, DNA is located in the nucleus of a cell, as well as in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Plant DNA contains the instructions for the development, growth, and function of the plant, and is passed down from one generation to the next through the process of reproduction.
The structure of DNA is a double helix, formed by two strands of nucleotides that are linked together by hydrogen bonds. Each nucleotide contains a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine, forming the rungs of the ladder that make up the double helix.
The genetic information in DNA is encoded in the sequence of these nitrogenous bases. Large sequences of bases form genes, which provide the instructions for the production of proteins. The process of gene expression involves transcribing the DNA sequence into a complementary RNA molecule, which is then translated into a protein.
Plant DNA is similar to animal DNA in many ways, but there are also some differences. For example, plant DNA contains a higher proportion of repetitive sequences and transposable elements, which are mobile genetic elements that can move around the genome and cause mutations. Additionally, plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, which are not present in animal cells, and these structures contain their own DNA.
'Plant development' is not a term typically used in medical definitions, as it is more commonly used in the field of botany to describe the growth and differentiation of plant cells, tissues, and organs over time. However, in a broader context, plant development can be defined as the series of changes and processes that occur from the fertilization of a plant seed to the formation of a mature plant, including germination, emergence, organ formation, growth, and reproduction.
In medicine, terms related to plant development may include "phytotherapy" or "herbal medicine," which refer to the use of plants or plant extracts as medicinal treatments for various health conditions. The study of how these plants develop and produce their active compounds is an important area of research in pharmacology and natural products chemistry.
'Toxic plants' refer to those species of plants that contain toxic substances capable of causing harmful effects or adverse health reactions in humans and animals when ingested, touched, or inhaled. These toxins can cause a range of symptoms from mild irritation to serious conditions such as organ failure, paralysis, or even death depending on the plant, the amount consumed, and the individual's sensitivity to the toxin.
Toxic plants may contain various types of toxins, including alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, resinous substances, and essential oils. Some common examples of toxic plants include poison ivy, poison oak, nightshade, hemlock, oleander, castor bean, and foxglove. It is important to note that some parts of a plant may be toxic while others are not, and the toxicity can also vary depending on the stage of growth or environmental conditions.
If you suspect exposure to a toxic plant, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately and, if possible, bring a sample of the plant for identification.
A plant cell is defined as a type of eukaryotic cell that makes up the structural basis of plants and other forms of multicellular plant-like organisms, such as algae and mosses. These cells are typically characterized by their rigid cell walls, which provide support and protection, and their large vacuoles, which store nutrients and help maintain turgor pressure within the cell.
Plant cells also contain chloroplasts, organelles that carry out photosynthesis and give plants their green color. Other distinctive features of plant cells include a large central vacuole, a complex system of membranes called the endoplasmic reticulum, and numerous mitochondria, which provide energy to the cell through cellular respiration.
Plant cells are genetically distinct from animal cells, and they have unique structures and functions that allow them to carry out photosynthesis, grow and divide, and respond to their environment. Understanding the structure and function of plant cells is essential for understanding how plants grow, develop, and interact with their surroundings.
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.
I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Ethylenes" is not a medical term or a medical condition. Ethylene is actually a colorless gas with a sweet and musky odor, which belongs to the class of hydrocarbons called alkenes. It is used widely in industry, including the production of polyethylene, antifreeze, and other chemicals.
However, if you meant something else or need information on a specific medical topic related to ethylene or its derivatives, please provide more context or clarify your question, and I would be happy to help.
Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.
The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.
Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.
A plant stem is not typically defined in a medical context, but rather in the field of botany. However, I can certainly provide a general biological definition for you.
In plants, stems are organs that serve primarily as support structures, holding leaves, flowers, and fruits aloft where they can receive sunlight and exchange gases. They also act as conduits, transporting water, nutrients, and sugars made during photosynthesis between the roots and shoots of a plant.
The stem is usually composed of three main tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground. The dermal tissue system forms the outermost layer(s) of the stem, providing protection and sometimes participating in gas exchange. The vascular tissue system contains the xylem (which transports water and nutrients upward) and phloem (which transports sugars and other organic compounds downward). The ground tissue system, located between the dermal and vascular tissues, is responsible for food storage and support.
While not a direct medical definition, understanding the structure and function of plant stems can be relevant in fields such as nutrition, agriculture, and environmental science, which have implications for human health.
A plant genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in the cells of a plant. It contains all the hereditary information necessary for the development and functioning of the plant, including its structural and functional characteristics. The plant genome includes both coding regions that contain instructions for producing proteins and non-coding regions that have various regulatory functions.
The plant genome is composed of several types of DNA molecules, including chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus of the cell. Each chromosome contains one or more genes, which are segments of DNA that code for specific proteins or RNA molecules. Plants typically have multiple sets of chromosomes, with each set containing a complete copy of the genome.
The study of plant genomes is an active area of research in modern biology, with important applications in areas such as crop improvement, evolutionary biology, and medical research. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies have made it possible to determine the complete sequences of many plant genomes, providing valuable insights into their structure, function, and evolution.
Adaptive immunity is a specific type of immune response that involves the activation of immune cells, such as T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes, to recognize and respond to specific antigens. This type of immunity is called "adaptive" because it can change over time to better recognize and respond to particular threats.
Adaptive immunity has several key features that distinguish it from innate immunity, which is the other main type of immune response. One of the most important features of adaptive immunity is its ability to specifically recognize and target individual antigens. This is made possible by the presence of special receptors on T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes that can bind to specific proteins or other molecules on the surface of invading pathogens.
Another key feature of adaptive immunity is its ability to "remember" previous encounters with antigens. This allows the immune system to mount a more rapid and effective response when it encounters the same antigen again in the future. This is known as immunological memory, and it is the basis for vaccination, which exposes the immune system to a harmless form of an antigen in order to stimulate the production of immunological memory and protect against future infection.
Overall, adaptive immunity plays a crucial role in protecting the body against infection and disease, and it is an essential component of the overall immune response.
Edible plants are those that can be safely consumed by humans and other animals as a source of nutrition. They have various parts (such as fruits, vegetables, seeds, roots, stems, and leaves) that can be used for food after being harvested and prepared properly. Some edible plants have been cultivated and domesticated for agricultural purposes, while others are gathered from the wild. It is important to note that not all plants are safe to eat, and some may even be toxic or deadly if consumed. Proper identification and knowledge of preparation methods are crucial before consuming any plant material.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Plant Structures" is not a medical term. It is a term used in the field of botany to refer to the different parts of a plant, such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Each of these structures has specific functions that contribute to the overall growth, reproduction, and survival of the plant. If you have any questions related to biology or botany, I'd be happy to try and help answer them!
Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.
Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:
1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.
Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.
Mucosal immunity refers to the immune system's defense mechanisms that are specifically adapted to protect the mucous membranes, which line various body openings such as the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts. These membranes are constantly exposed to foreign substances, including potential pathogens, and therefore require a specialized immune response to maintain homeostasis and prevent infection.
Mucosal immunity is primarily mediated by secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies, which are produced by B cells in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). These antibodies can neutralize pathogens and prevent them from adhering to and invading the epithelial cells that line the mucous membranes.
In addition to SIgA, other components of the mucosal immune system include innate immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, which can recognize and respond to pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). T cells also play a role in mucosal immunity, particularly in the induction of cell-mediated immunity against viruses and other intracellular pathogens.
Overall, mucosal immunity is an essential component of the body's defense system, providing protection against a wide range of potential pathogens while maintaining tolerance to harmless antigens present in the environment.
Cell death is the process by which cells cease to function and eventually die. There are several ways that cells can die, but the two most well-known and well-studied forms of cell death are apoptosis and necrosis.
Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death that occurs as a normal and necessary process in the development and maintenance of healthy tissues. During apoptosis, the cell's DNA is broken down into small fragments, the cell shrinks, and the membrane around the cell becomes fragmented, allowing the cell to be easily removed by phagocytic cells without causing an inflammatory response.
Necrosis, on the other hand, is a form of cell death that occurs as a result of acute tissue injury or overwhelming stress. During necrosis, the cell's membrane becomes damaged and the contents of the cell are released into the surrounding tissue, causing an inflammatory response.
There are also other forms of cell death, such as autophagy, which is a process by which cells break down their own organelles and proteins to recycle nutrients and maintain energy homeostasis, and pyroptosis, which is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in response to infection and involves the activation of inflammatory caspases.
Cell death is an important process in many physiological and pathological processes, including development, tissue homeostasis, and disease. Dysregulation of cell death can contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune diseases.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Humoral immunity is a type of immune response in which the body produces proteins called antibodies that circulate in bodily fluids such as blood and help to protect against infection. This form of immunity involves the interaction between antigens (foreign substances that trigger an immune response) and soluble factors, including antibodies, complement proteins, and cytokines.
When a pathogen enters the body, it is recognized as foreign by the immune system, which triggers the production of specific antibodies to bind to and neutralize or destroy the pathogen. These antibodies are produced by B cells, a type of white blood cell that is part of the adaptive immune system.
Humoral immunity provides protection against extracellular pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, that exist outside of host cells. It is an important component of the body's defense mechanisms and plays a critical role in preventing and fighting off infections.
Protein kinases are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in many cellular processes by adding phosphate groups to other proteins, a process known as phosphorylation. This modification can activate or deactivate the target protein's function, thereby regulating various signaling pathways within the cell. Protein kinases are essential for numerous biological functions, including metabolism, signal transduction, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Abnormal regulation of protein kinases has been implicated in several diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.
Tertiary protein structure refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of all the elements (polypeptide chains) of a single protein molecule. It is the highest level of structural organization and results from interactions between various side chains (R groups) of the amino acids that make up the protein. These interactions, which include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals forces, and disulfide bridges, give the protein its unique shape and stability, which in turn determines its function. The tertiary structure of a protein can be stabilized by various factors such as temperature, pH, and the presence of certain ions. Any changes in these factors can lead to denaturation, where the protein loses its tertiary structure and thus its function.
Protein binding, in the context of medical and biological sciences, refers to the interaction between a protein and another molecule (known as the ligand) that results in a stable complex. This process is often reversible and can be influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration of the involved molecules.
In clinical chemistry, protein binding is particularly important when it comes to drugs, as many of them bind to proteins (especially albumin) in the bloodstream. The degree of protein binding can affect a drug's distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which in turn influence its therapeutic effectiveness and potential side effects.
Protein-bound drugs may be less available for interaction with their target tissues, as only the unbound or "free" fraction of the drug is active. Therefore, understanding protein binding can help optimize dosing regimens and minimize adverse reactions.
I apologize for the confusion, but "Plant Epidermis" is not a medical term. Instead, it is a term used in botany to describe the outermost layer of cells in plant tissues. The epidermis serves as a protective barrier for the plant, regulating gas exchange and water loss through stomata, and producing cutin, a waxy substance that helps prevent water loss.
In summary, "Plant Epidermis" is a term related to plant biology and not medicine.
Stomata are microscopic pores found in the epidermis of plant leaves, stems, and other organs. They are essential for gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere, allowing the uptake of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and the release of oxygen. Plant stomata consist of two guard cells that surround and regulate the size of the pore. The opening and closing of the stomatal pore are influenced by environmental factors such as light, humidity, and temperature, as well as internal signals within the plant.
Effector-triggered immunity
Social immunity
Innate Immunity (journal)
Drosomycin
Immune system
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State
Penicillium oxalicum
Karl Maramorosch
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella
Defensin
Plant disease resistance
Reactive oxygen species
Transposon mutagenesis
Plant hormone
Xinnian Dong
Erysimum crepidifolium
Dicarboxylic acid
Phytobiome
Biotic stress
Biological functions of nitric oxide
Erysimum
Azelaic acid
Oryza sativa
Humoral immunity
Plant virus
DCL2
Animal vaccination
Insert (molecular biology)
Endosphere
New Study Shows Suppression of Plant Immunity by Fungal Small RNAs | GenomeWeb
Increasing Plant Biomass Production with High Immunity (2010.8.20) » POSTECH
Frontiers | Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Promotes Oxidative Burst, Stomatal Closure and Plant Immunity in Bacterial Invasion
PAMP Signals in Plant Innate Immunity | Ebook | Ellibs Ebookstore
Protein function in plant immunity | ANU Research School of Biology
Medicinal Plant Leaf Extract From Sage and Lemon Verbena Promotes Intestinal Immunity and Barrier Function in Gilthead Seabream...
Regulation of calcium signal and signaling in plant immunity by BON1 associated proteins in Arabidopsis | National Agricultural...
"MODULATION OF PLANT IMMUNITY DURING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NITROGEN-" by Miriam Hernandez-Romero
Structure of Plant Immunity Protein Revealed 25 Years After Discovery- Crop Biotech Update (May 18, 2022) | Crop Biotech Update...
Demystifying the Herbal Formulas of Chinese, Ayurvedic and Western Plant Medicine for Enhanced Healing, Immunity and Resilience...
Rhizosphere immunity: targeting the underground for sustainable plant health management
Rapid Detection and Quantification of Plant Innate Immunity Response Using Raman Spectroscopy
Can Oklahoma actually reach herd immunity? Oklahoma physicians think so | KFOR.com Oklahoma City
Effector-triggered immunity - Wikipedia
Underground Immunity | The Scientist Magazine®
immunity - Wonderfest - Bay Area Beacon of Science
Looking underneath a multilayer's strategy in plant immunity: grapevine downy mildew as a case study | Faculdade de Ciências...
MAMP (microbe-associated molecular pattern) triggered immunity in plants - Result
Plant Based Protein + Immunity Powder - 14 Servings | Tone It Up
Appeals panel questions why 'presidential immunity' argument wasn't pursued years ago in Trump case - WJBF
An MD's Coconut Golden Latte Recipe To Support Immunity | mindbodygreen
Plant Immunity | Encyclopedia MDPI
Plant Immunity | UBC Botany
Category: Immunity - Vitae Plant
So Good So You Immunity Ginger With Cayenne Organic Probiotic Shot - 1.7 Fl Oz : Target
A Phytophthora sojae effector suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated immunity by stabilizing plant Binding...
SARS-CoV-2 RBD-Tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine induces a strong neutralizing immunity in preclinical studies | bioRxiv
Immunity Boosters | WholeFoods Magazine
Innate immunity in plants - Boyce Thompson Institute
9 Benefits of Quercetin: Immunity, Performance & More | Gaia Herbs: Gaia Herbs®
Support immunity3
- Created by women just for you, each serving of Tone It Up's Protein + Immunity delivers 550% daily recommend value of Vitamin C plus 15 right-sized grams of plant-based protein to help you support immunity†, stay satisfied and reach your goals. (toneitup.com)
- Supplementation to improve vitamin D status and support immunity is recommended by experts in nutrition and immunity.However, optimization of vitamin D status can take months with the currently available forms of vitamin D. (creighton.edu)
- It well understood that nutrition is important to support immunity, and that adequate intake of both macronutrients and micronutrients helps ensure an optimal immune response to infection. (creighton.edu)
Arabidopsis7
- Next, the scientists evaluated the impact the B. cinerea sRNAs had on plant immunity, generating transgenic Arabidopsis plants that ectopically expressed the three sRNAs under investigation. (genomeweb.com)
- In order to confirm that the sRNAs suppressed their targets using their host's RNAi pathways, the investigators immunoprecipitated Argonaute 1 - the primary component of the RNA-induced silencing complex that enables RNAi - from Arabidopsis and identified the three sRNAs they have been studying in Ago1-associated fraction pulled from B. cinerea -infected plant samples but not controls. (genomeweb.com)
- Further, the scientists observed a reduced disease susceptibility in Arabidopsis plants in which Ago1 was mutated following B. cinerea inoculation versus wild-type plants, while a B. cinerea mutant that cannot produce the sRNAs under investigation showed reduced pathogenicity on both Arabidopsis and tomato. (genomeweb.com)
- In a collaborative effort between the Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP) Interdisciplinary Research Group (IRG) at Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), MIT's research enterprise in Singapore, and the Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, the team has developed a rapid Raman spectroscopy-based method for the detection and quantification of early innate immunity responses in Arabidopsis and Choy Sum plants. (spectroscopyonline.com)
- Your recent paper (1) describes a rapid Raman spectroscopy-based method for the detection and quantification of early innate immunity responses in Arabidopsis and Choy Sum plants. (spectroscopyonline.com)
- Studies in the solanaceous plant N. benthamiana suggest that in this plant EDS1 works slightly differently that the one in Arabidopsis. (plantae.org)
- Their results suggest that, as for its Arabidopsis counterpart, EDS1 in N. benthamiana is required for TNL signaling, although an intact catalytic triad is dispensable in both plants. (plantae.org)
Pathogen15
- University of California, Riverside researchers this month reported the discovery that a fungal pathogen known to infect a wide variety of vegetable and fruit crops is capable of hijacking a plant's RNA interference pathway to suppress host immunity, thereby enhancing its virulence. (genomeweb.com)
- Although the plants showed normal morphology and development in the absence of pathogen challenge, even though the target genes were suppressed, all three displayed "enhanced susceptibility" to infection upon introduction of B. cinerea . (genomeweb.com)
- The sorts of proteins we are interested are pathogen receptors, components of signal transduction pathways that elaborate the immune response, and pathogen virulence molecules called effectors that seek to destroy immunity. (edu.au)
- Plants utilize induced responses in addition to existing physical barriers to deter pathogen invasion. (usda.gov)
- The project will investigate the function of several proteins that are important to generate calcium signals in a model plant-pathogen interaction system. (usda.gov)
- These interactions can potentially extend the innate plant immune system to a point where the rhizosphere immunity can fulfil all four core functions of a full immune system: pathogen prevention, recognition, response and homeostasis. (uu.nl)
- We suggest that considering plant health from a meta-organism perspective will help in developing multidisciplinary pathogen management strategies that focus on steering the whole plant-microbe-soil networks instead of individual components. (uu.nl)
- Alternatively, effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS) can occur if an effector protein is able to block the immune response triggered by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) and evade immunity, allowing the pathogen to propagate in the host. (wikipedia.org)
- Flor proposed that plants may express resistance (R) proteins that recognise avirulence (Avr) proteins from pathogens, thus making them resistant to pathogen invasion. (wikipedia.org)
- According to the zigzag model of plant-pathogen interactions, the plant innate immune system is broadly divided into two different layers: pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- On the other hand, to counteract ETS, plants have evolved intracellular resistance (R) proteins that directly or indirectly recognize pathogen effectors or Avr factors to activate ETI and trigger the second layer of defense. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Phytophthora pathogens secrete an array of specific effector proteins to manipulate host innate immunity to promote pathogen colonization. (uea.ac.uk)
- Here we report that the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae uses an essential effector PsAvh262 to stabilize endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-luminal binding immunoglobulin proteins (BiPs), which act as negative regulators of plant resistance to Phytophthora. (uea.ac.uk)
- Just like us, plants must survive against pathogen threats, while recognising beneficial microbes. (jic.ac.uk)
- RALFs in turn suppress complex formation of pathogen-associated molecular pattern ( PAMP )-triggered immunity (PTI) receptor through FERONIA, a previously-identified PTI modulator that increases resistance to certain detrimental microorganisms. (bvsalud.org)
20231
- Plant Immunity" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/10410 (accessed December 07, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
Infection11
- Notably, the sRNA that silenced MPK1 and MPK2 was also enriched in tomato plant leaves following B. cinerea infection, and inhibited expression of MAPKKK4, another member of the MAPK signaling cascade in the tomato plant. (genomeweb.com)
- Enhancing plant innate immunity against various pathogens is one of the most effective ways to defend plants against infection and prevent epidemics in crops. (usda.gov)
- Hence, there is an urgent need for a tool that can accurately detect early-stage infection in plants in the field. (spectroscopyonline.com)
- It is, therefore, imperative that any effect, positive or negative, of pre-existing H-CoV-elicited immunity on the natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection is fully delineated. (theblaze.com)
- In this study, we showed that BA.4.6, BA.4.7, and BA.5.9 displayed higher humoral immunity evasion capability than BA.4/BA.5, causing 1.5 to 1.9-fold decrease in NT50 of the plasma from BA.1 and BA.2 breakthrough-infection convalescents compared to BA.4/BA.5. (biorxiv.org)
- Plants support the body against infection in three key ways: improving respiratory health (via air filtration and humidification), speeding up recovery times and increasing NK (natural killer cells) in the body. (bloomboxclub.com)
- The lungs are one of the body's principle defences against disease and infection - strong lungs = high immunity. (bloomboxclub.com)
- A total of twenty genes functioning in different aspects of plant defense that were monitored over a time course during the changing infection phases showed a coordinated response. (nature.com)
- Hemibiotrophic fungi represent the most interesting group of pathogens since they use sequential biotrophic and necrotrophic infection strategies to invade and colonize host plants 1 . (nature.com)
- On the counter side plants adopt timely activation of suitable phytohormone signaling depending on the pathogen's lifestyle so as to restrict the infection process 12 . (nature.com)
- It has been described as an opportunistic infection, frequently involved with oral microbiota alteration, systemic diseases, and reduction of the host immunity 1,6 . (bvsalud.org)
Proteins6
- We constantly try to identify new proteins that are involved in plant immunity, and use molecular techniques to understand their interaction partners and how they work together. (edu.au)
- It is a fascinating area because the pathogens always seek to evolve new proteins to overcome host immunity, and the plants must change their receptors and use innovative mechanisms to trap the pathogens. (edu.au)
- We then determined that rhizobial EPS-I provided protection against MAMP-triggered immune defenses activated by host pattern recognition receptors of the plant family of LysM domain-containing proteins, called LYM1 and LYM2. (umass.edu)
- Other Avr proteins, called effectors, act to modify host proteins and those modifications that are sensed by R proteins on the host plant side to initiate effector-triggered immunity. (wikipedia.org)
- However, in some plant species or varieties, virus-encoded proteins can sometimes act as determinants in plant defense responses and as host-controlled pawns to elicit extreme resistance (ER). (encyclopedia.pub)
- Since the first viral Avr factor and antiviral R genes were identified in 1984 [ 22 ] and 1994 [ 23 ] , increasingly diverse Avr factors and R proteins have been characterized in different virus-plant combinations. (encyclopedia.pub)
Herd immunity10
- Can Oklahoma actually reach herd immunity? (kfor.com)
- OKLAHOMA CITY ( KFOR ) - Even though Oklahoma communities are now taking a more relaxed stance against COVID-19, physicians in the state remain hopeful that we are able to achieve herd immunity. (kfor.com)
- Theoretically, we could get herd immunity with our vaccines by the summer. (kfor.com)
- Dr. Clarke said it may not be enough to get herd immunity. (kfor.com)
- So as it stands, the only way we're going to have really good, long-term herd immunity is with a vaccine. (kfor.com)
- They said it will help close the gap to herd immunity. (kfor.com)
- This is the broader problem with the panicked response and how it will get more people killed by forestalling herd immunity. (theblaze.com)
- By doing so, they will turn the healthy into the sick, destroy their immune systems in the long run, delay herd immunity to this virus, and expose vulnerable people to a lurking epidemic for longer than it needs to be around - not to mention the risk of atrophy in having so many seniors locked down indefinitely. (theblaze.com)
- As the authors of this study conclude, "Public health measures intended to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 will also prevent the spread of and, consequently, maintenance of herd immunity to HCoVs [common cold coronaviruses], particularly in children. (theblaze.com)
- Not only will endless distancing of children playing together harm kids, but it forecloses on the best shot of achieving herd immunity with the lowest-risk population, thereby shielding the more vulnerable. (theblaze.com)
Pattern recogniti2
- PTI is activated by specific recognition between PAMPs, such as bacterial flagellin and fungal chitin, and the corresponding membrane-anchored pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of plants, which serve as the first layer of defense against invading pathogens. (encyclopedia.pub)
- However, recent findings using this model plant have shown that signaling from membrane-bound pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cytoplasmic TIR-domain containing NLR-type receptors (TNLs) is linked through the function of the lipase-like protein EDS1. (plantae.org)
Allergic contact de3
- The five most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis in the United States have been reported to be plant resins, nickel (7440020), p-phenylenediamine (106503), rubber chemicals, and ethylenediamine (107153). (cdc.gov)
- Langerhans cells are thought to be an important component of the skin immune system as they process antigens in the skin that induce humoral immunoglobulin-A, cutaneous cell mediated immunity, or allergic contact dermatitis. (cdc.gov)
- To cite this article: Martin SF, Esser PR, Weber FC, Jakob T, Freudenberg MA, Schmidt M, Goebeler M. Mechanisms of chemical-induced innate immunity in allergic contact dermatitis. (cdc.gov)
Defense5
- Meanwhile, two plant defense marker genes, which do not contain target sites for the fungal sRNAs, were highly upregulated, leading the researchers to conclude that suppression of some but not all genes is a result of sequence-specific sRNA interaction and not cell death within infected lesions. (genomeweb.com)
- Plant defense involves two overlapping tiers of responses, PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) ( Jones and Dangl, 2006 ). (frontiersin.org)
- WIKIMEDIA, ALBERTO SALGUERO Scientists are finally getting a glimpse into how defense hormones shape plant health both above and below the soil, thanks to a study published today (July 16) in Science . (the-scientist.com)
- In an August written opinion, Judge Lewis A. Kaplan rejected absolute presidential immunity as a defense not only on grounds that it was forfeited when lawyers waited so long to assert it, but also because it would not be appropriate even if had been asserted in a timely fashion. (wjbf.com)
- The BNS and modulation of plant defense in response to BNS is not well understood 4 . (nature.com)
Responses3
- In A. thaliana shoots and leaves, the production of salicylic acid helps the plant ward off pathogenic bacteria by triggering a broad range of immune responses, including the increased production of antimicrobial agents. (the-scientist.com)
- In this plant, receptor activation triggers immune responses that are distinct for each subgroup of receptors. (plantae.org)
- This comparative study highlights the diversity of plant immune responses. (plantae.org)
Genes5
- The team discovered that 73 of the B. cinerea sRNAs could target host genes in both of the plants studied "under stringent target prediction criteria," the scientists noted. (genomeweb.com)
- Thus, the sRNAs "evidently hijacked host RNAi machinery by loading into Ago1," with the resulting complex suppressing host immunity genes, the researchers wrote. (genomeweb.com)
- At the tip of the "wings", NPR1 binds to molecules in the cell's nucleus to turn on plant immune genes . (isaaa.org)
- The microbiome plays an important role in shaping plant growth and immunity , but few plant genes and pathways impacting plant microbiome composition have been reported. (bvsalud.org)
- Suppression of immunity via the PHR1-RALF-FERONIA axis allows colonization by specialized root microbiota that help to alleviate phosphate starvation by upregulating the expression of PSR genes . (bvsalud.org)
Salicylic acid3
- Moreover, it was generally accepted that hormones like salicylic acid, which heightens the immunity of plants restrains growth. (postech.ac.kr)
- We found that salicylic acid and the ability to produce it is one of the cornerstone features that plants require to control the [bacterial] community," Lebeis added. (the-scientist.com)
- This implies that in the wild type plant, salicylic acid is actually required to recruit those microbes. (the-scientist.com)
Mechanisms2
Pathway1
- Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is one of the pathways, along with the Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) pathway, by which the innate immune system recognises pathogenic organisms and elicits a protective immune response. (wikipedia.org)
Signaling2
- Actually, phosphoinositide signaling plays a vital role in plant immunity. (frontiersin.org)
- The investigation will reveal how calcium signal and signaling contribute to plant innate immune response. (usda.gov)
Formulas2
- David will explore highly effective plant medicine formulas and how they serve different functions when they are consumed. (wakeup-world.com)
- I sat with Scott Ohlgren and we discussed his company Synaptic Scientific whos product line includes potent blends of cognitive and immunity focused formulas. (meetjames.com)
Microorganisms1
- We are renowned for our broad range of world-leading and internationally excellent research on animals, plants and microorganisms. (bath.ac.uk)
Avirulence1
- In the plant immune system, according to the 'gene-for-gene' model, a resistance (R) gene product in the plant specifically surveils a corresponding effector protein functioning as an avirulence (Avr) gene product. (encyclopedia.pub)
Protein6
- The inclusion of a medicinal plant leaf extract (MPLE) from sage ( Salvia officinalis ) and lemon verbena ( Lippia citriodora ), rich in verbascoside and triterpenic compounds like ursolic acid, was evaluated in gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata ) fed a low fishmeal-based diet (48% crude protein, 17% crude fat, 21.7 MJ kg -1 , 7% fishmeal, 15% fish oil) for 92 days. (nih.gov)
- NPR1 is a plant protein that plays a key role in protecting flowering plants against numerous pathogens. (isaaa.org)
- Discovered 25 years ago, scientists have finally gathered its structural data that is crucial in explaining how the protein works to govern plant protection on a molecular level. (isaaa.org)
- Understanding how the protein works and interacts with other molecules encourages more research opportunities for enhancing disease resistance in plants. (isaaa.org)
- Enjoy your favorite plant-based protein with a deliciously smooth strawberry banana immunity boost. (toneitup.com)
- Our work mapped the taxonomic distribution of protein sequences in the AA7 family and revealed a striking high proportion of sequences encoded by major plant pathogenic fungi and Oomycetes," said Maher Abou Hachem, Professor of Biotechnology and Biomedicine at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). (lu.se)
Coronavirus2
- God's intelligent design gave them an even greater degree of cross-immunity through common coronavirus colds than many adults have. (theblaze.com)
- We're not saying plants should be used in place of any other preventative measures against coronavirus. (bloomboxclub.com)
Boost3
- Vitae Plant Immune products are specially formulated to support and boost your body's immune response. (vitaeplant.com)
- How do plants boost your immune system? (bloomboxclub.com)
- Rainforest plants, and those that thrive on high levels of humidity, such as Areca Palms , Philodendrons and Elephant Ears , also perspire and boost humidity in indoor environments in a natural way. (bloomboxclub.com)
Resistance4
- Understanding plant innate immunity at the molecular level is the key to enable and accelerate breeding and production of plants with enhanced disease resistance. (usda.gov)
- Exploring the impacts of insecticide and host plant resistance for soybean aphid management. (iastate.edu)
- Impact of host-plant health and host-plant resistance on soybean aphid. (iastate.edu)
- The skin has been characterized as a secondary immune organ in terms of innate resistance to infections and acquired specific immunity to foreign antigens. (cdc.gov)
Host5
- On the other hand, as obligate intracellular parasites, plant viruses absolutely depend on the host cell machinery to multiply, move throughout the plant and spread to susceptible hosts. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Sir Anthony Brenton, a former British ambassador to Russia, told the BBC that a British breach of diplomatic immunity would, quote, "make the world a very different place," with diplomats everywhere vulnerable to punitive action by host governments. (truthout.org)
- Thus, host immunity can protect against TB and immunomodulation is therefore an attractive therapeutic option. (frontiersin.org)
- These findings provide a new paradigm for coordination of host-microbe homeostasis through modulating plant innate immunity after environmental perturbations. (bvsalud.org)
- Fungal plant pathogens can be classified as biotrophs, necrotrophs or hemibiotrophs based on their life-style and interaction with the host. (nature.com)
Interactions between plants2
- networks of interactions between plants, microbiota and the surrounding soil matrix. (uu.nl)
- Plant immunity: unraveling the complex interactions between plants and phloem-feeding aphids. (iastate.edu)
Understanding2
- UC Berkeley plant biologist Chandler Sutherland on It's Not Easy Staying Green: Understanding Plant Immune Systems - Every day, plants resist an onslaught of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and herbivores. (wonderfest.org)
- Understanding plant immune systems teaches us about how human immunity evolved, and is helping us learn how to protect our agricultural crops against disease. (wonderfest.org)
Fungal3
- The team selected three fungal sRNAs for further examination, noting that they were among the most abundant that were 21 nucleotides in length and had potential plant targets deemed likely to be involved in immunity. (genomeweb.com)
- Meanwhile, tomato plants in which MAPKKK4 was suppressed using a virus-induced gene silencing approach showed enhanced disease susceptibility in response to B. cinerea and contained over 15 times more fungal biomass than control plants. (genomeweb.com)
- Fungal enzymes play an important role in the breakdown of plant cell walls during plant degradation. (lu.se)
Potent2
- Buy Soaring Free Superfoods Potent Plants Immunity Blend Online! (anadea.co.za)
- This synergistic blend of immunity mushrooms combines these 6 potent, broad spectrum medicinal mushrooms and is enhanced with the botanical longevity herb gynostemma, known as "the herb of immortality. (anadea.co.za)
Microbiome2
- James Kremer , a PhD student studying the plant microbiome at Michigan State University who was not affiliated with the research, cautioned that identifying bacterial populations through DNA sequencing does not capture the fully complexity of plant-microbe interactions. (the-scientist.com)
- Plant immunity suppression via PHR1-RALF-FERONIA shapes the root microbiome to alleviate phosphate starvation. (bvsalud.org)
Crops1
- Hence, we started developing analytical tools for these particular plants, but the technology is currently also being applied and developed for other commercial crops both in urban farms and open fields. (spectroscopyonline.com)
Plant's2
- Commensal root microbes can confer numerous benefits to a plant, including increased tolerance to environmental stressors like heat, drought, and acidity, and aid in the plant's acquisition of nutrients. (the-scientist.com)
- However, little is known about how plants might influence their underground microbial communities, or how a plant's immune system. (the-scientist.com)
Diversity1
- The products featured in this gallery represent a wide range of categories and ingredients, showcasing the diversity of immunity-boosting foods and beverages that consumers are adding to their shopping carts. (newhope.com)
Microbial1
- In plants, microbial invasion is sensed by membrane-bound and cytoplasmic receptors. (plantae.org)
Researchers1
- The new images can help researchers develop plants with high NPR1 levels that are better immune to pathogens without limiting plant growth rate, a common consequence of high NPR1 levels. (isaaa.org)
Content1
- David will share his knowledge about how certain plant preparations promote healing through their mineral and vitamin content. (wakeup-world.com)
Diseases3
- Plant diseases caused by diverse pathogens severely reduce crop yields and threaten global food security. (usda.gov)
- As global food supplies and security have been challenged by water scarcity and climate variations, the expected increase in food demand will require a corresponding increase in crop productivity and disruptive improvements in agricultural production systems, including implementing strategies to mitigate the degradation of crop yield caused by plant diseases. (spectroscopyonline.com)
- As defined by the World Health Organization, work-related diseases may have multiple causes, in which the work environment and other risk factors can play a role ( https://www.who.int/occupational_health/activities/occupational_work_diseases/en ). (cdc.gov)
Mushrooms2
- Mushrooms also provide nutrients and plant compounds which can help keep cells from sticking to the walls of your blood vessels and creating plaque accumulation. (meetjames.com)
- Vitamin D2 (also called ergocalciferol) is found primarily in mushrooms, plants, and yeast [3]. (creighton.edu)
Health4
- If you prefer a holistic form of healing that allows you to take control of your health - with prevention and the treatment of symptoms in mind - then look no further than plants in the great outdoors. (wakeup-world.com)
- Managing plant health is a great challenge for modern food production and is further complicated by the lack of common ground between the many disciplines involved in disease control. (uu.nl)
- VOCs negatively impact our respiratory health, nose, mouth eyes and throat, and are strongly associated with asthma and repressed immunity in children. (bloomboxclub.com)
- In addition to overall immunity and general health, these include digestive/gut health, stress, sleep and inflammation-all contributing factors to a strong immune system. (newhope.com)
Biological2
- We performed extensive experiments where spectra were acquired from tens of locations of a plant leaf and also from tens of different plant biological replicates. (spectroscopyonline.com)
- Data processing revealed that prediction accuracy is not compromised if at least three locations on a plant leaf and at least three biological replicates are selected. (spectroscopyonline.com)
Biomass5
- When solar energy is absorbed by any plant, photosynthesis stores the energy in chemical form, and biomass can be extracted from the plant. (postech.ac.kr)
- Recently, Ph.D. candidate Jaemyung Choi and Professor Ildoo Hwang at the Department of Life Sciences of POSTECH, in collaboration with Professor Kyung Hee Paek at Korea University, has devised a way to increase the plant biomass production by investigation of an important plant growth hormone called cytokinin. (postech.ac.kr)
- In other words, the activation of immune functions by a growth hormone, cytokinin, may lead to a great increase of plant biomass together. (postech.ac.kr)
- By and large, if the above can be applied to the cultivation of biomass plants such as poplar trees, pampas grass and rapes, production is expected to increase at lower costs in various farming conditions, which may eventually guarantee a stable supply of eco-friendly energy. (postech.ac.kr)
- Plant bio-energy may come to the spotlight as a futuristic resource that can substitute for fossil fuels such as petroleum, but we must devise a way to increase the tolerance of biomass plants from environmental stress or viruses," said Professor Hwang. (postech.ac.kr)
Overcome2
- Many legumes overcome this limitation by entering a symbiotic association with soil microbes, called rhizobia, which provide nitrogen to the plant while rhizobia receive fixed carbon. (umass.edu)
- As sessile organisms, plants have developed multilayered strategies to overcome environmental constraints, particularly to cope with pathogens. (ulisboa.pt)
Menu1
- On his way out, the patient stops at the clinic's cafeteria for lunch, where he can choose from a wide array of healthy, plant-based menu items. (deloitte.com)
High1
- Conventionally, it has been known that plants with high immunity and productivity tend to be underdeveloped because they use up too much energy to build up immune barriers. (postech.ac.kr)
Molecules1
- This study aims to identify calcium signal generating molecules and their regulation by BON1 and CPK3 in plant immunity. (usda.gov)
Cell1
- The Plant Cell. (wikipedia.org)
Role4
- Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) plays a vital role in plant response to abiotic stress. (frontiersin.org)
- Given its evolutionarily conserved family of signal transducing enzymes, it is worth revealing the role of PI3K/VPS34 in plant immunity. (frontiersin.org)
- It is interesting that there is this contrasting role of the plant hormone in the shoot and in the root," said Dong. (the-scientist.com)
- The lymphatic system, the spleen, the bone marrow, and the white blood cells all play an integral role in immunity. (delgadoprotocol.com)