Physiological processes and properties of the DENTITION.
Properties and processes of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM and DENTITION as a whole or of any of its parts.
Physiology of the human and animal body, male or female, in the processes and characteristics of REPRODUCTION and the URINARY TRACT.
Properties, and processes of the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM and the NERVOUS SYSTEM or their parts.
Functional processes and properties characteristic of the BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; and RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
The properties and relationships and biological processes that characterize the nature and function of the SKIN and its appendages.
Nutritional physiology related to EXERCISE or ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE.
Physiological processes, factors, properties and characteristics pertaining to REPRODUCTION.
The functions and properties of living organisms, including both the physical and chemical factors and processes, supporting life in single- or multi-cell organisms from their origin through the progression of life.
Nutritional physiology of adults aged 65 years of age and older.
Properties, functions, and processes of the URINARY TRACT as a whole or of any of its parts.
Processes and properties of the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.
Biological properties, processes, and activities of VIRUSES.
Properties and processes of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.
Physiological processes and properties of the BLOOD.
Nutritional physiology of children aged 13-18 years.
Processes and properties of the EYE as a whole or of any of its parts.
Characteristic properties and processes of the NERVOUS SYSTEM as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Cellular processes, properties, and characteristics.
Physiological processes and properties of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.
The functions of the skin in the human and animal body. It includes the pigmentation of the skin.
Nutrition of FEMALE during PREGNANCY.
The physiological processes, properties, and states characteristic of plants.
Physiological processes and properties of BACTERIA.
Processes and properties of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.
Nutrition of a mother which affects the health of the FETUS and INFANT as well as herself.
Nutritional physiology of children aged 2-12 years.
The processes and properties of living organisms by which they take in and balance the use of nutritive materials for energy, heat production, or building material for the growth, maintenance, or repair of tissues and the nutritive properties of FOOD.
Nutritional physiology of children from birth to 2 years of age.
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.
Nutritional physiology of animals.
Markedly reduced or absent REPERFUSION in an infarct zone following the removal of an obstruction or constriction of an artery.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The preanalytic phase. An important component of laboratory medicine. (1/33)

The preanalytic phase is an important component of total laboratory quality. A wide range of variables that affect the result for a patient from whom a specimen of blood or body fluid has been collected, including the procedure for collection, handling, and processing before analysis, constitute the preanalytic phase. Physiologic variables, such as lifestyle, age, and sex, and conditions such as pregnancy and menstruation, are some of the preanalytic phase factors. Endogenous variables such as drugs or circulating antibodies might interact with a specific method to yield spurious analytic results. The preanalytic phase variables affect a wide range of laboratory disciplines.  (+info)

Strategies for the physiome project. (2/33)

The physiome is the quantitative description of the functioning organism in normal and pathophysiological states. The human physiome can be regarded as the virtual human. It is built upon the morphome, the quantitative description of anatomical structure, chemical and biochemical composition, and material properties of an intact organism, including its genome, proteome, cell, tissue, and organ structures up to those of the whole intact being. The Physiome Project is a multicentric integrated program to design, develop, implement, test and document, archive and disseminate quantitative information, and integrative models of the functional behavior of molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and intact organisms from bacteria to man. A fundamental and major feature of the project is the databasing of experimental observations for retrieval and evaluation. Technologies allowing many groups to work together are being rapidly developed. Internet II will facilitate this immensely. When problems are huge and complex, a particular working group can be expert in only a small part of the overall project. The strategies to be worked out must therefore include how to pull models composed of many submodules together even when the expertise in each is scattered amongst diverse institutions. The technologies of bioinformatics will contribute greatly to this effort. Developing and implementing code for large-scale systems has many problems. Most of the submodules are complex, requiring consideration of spatial and temporal events and processes. Submodules have to be linked to one another in a way that preserves mass balance and gives an accurate representation of variables in nonlinear complex biochemical networks with many signaling and controlling pathways. Microcompartmentalization vitiates the use of simplified model structures. The stiffness of the systems of equations is computationally costly. Faster computation is needed when using models as thinking tools and for iterative data analysis. Perhaps the most serious problem is the current lack of definitive information on kinetics and dynamics of systems, due in part to the almost total lack of databased observations, but also because, though we are nearly drowning in new information being published each day, either the information required for the modeling cannot be found or has never been obtained. "Simple" things like tissue composition, material properties, and mechanical behavior of cells and tissues are not generally available. The development of comprehensive models of biological systems is a key to pharmaceutics and drug design, for the models will become gradually better predictors of the results of interventions, both genomic and pharmaceutic. Good models will be useful in predicting the side effects and long term effects of drugs and toxins, and when the models are really good, to predict where genomic intervention will be effective and where the multiple redundancies in our biological systems will render a proposed intervention useless. The Physiome Project will provide the integrating scientific basis for the Genes to Health initiative, and make physiological genomics a reality applicable to whole organisms, from bacteria to man.  (+info)

Ontology recapitulates physiology. (3/33)

High-content information experiments in the post-genomic era hold the promise of deciphering age-old questions in biology and new ones in the biomedical arena. In response, researchers are devising computationally intensive and novel strategies to extract answers from multidimensional data sets.  (+info)

Older individuals have increased oro-nasal breathing during sleep. (4/33)

Breathing route during sleep has been studied very little, however, it has potential importance in the pathophysiology of sleep disordered breathing. Using overnight polysomnography, with separate nasal and oral thermocouple probes, data were obtained from 41 subjects (snorers and nonsnorers; 25 male and 16 female; aged 20-66 yrs). Awake, upright, inspiratory nasal resistance (Rn) was measured using posterior rhinomanometry. Each 30-s sleep epoch (not affected by apnoeas/hypopnoeas) was scored for presence of nasal and/or oral breathing. Overnight, seven subjects breathed nasally, one subject oro-nasally and the remainder switched between nasal and oro-nasal breathing. Oral-only breathing rarely occurred. Nasal breathing epochs were 55.79 (69.78) per cent of total sleep epochs (%TSE; median (interquartile range)), a value not significantly different to that for oro-nasal (TSE: 44.21 (68.66)%). Oro-nasal breathing was not related to snoring, sleep stage, posture, body mass index, height, weight, Rn (2.19 (1.77) cm H2O x L(-1) x sec(-1)) or sex, but was positively associated with age. Subjects > or = 40 yrs were approximately six times more likely than younger subjects to spend >50% of sleep epochs utilising oro-nasal breathing. Ageing is associated with an increasing occurrence of oro-nasal breathing during sleep.  (+info)

Reactome: a knowledgebase of biological pathways. (5/33)

Reactome, located at http://www.reactome.org is a curated, peer-reviewed resource of human biological processes. Given the genetic makeup of an organism, the complete set of possible reactions constitutes its reactome. The basic unit of the Reactome database is a reaction; reactions are then grouped into causal chains to form pathways. The Reactome data model allows us to represent many diverse processes in the human system, including the pathways of intermediary metabolism, regulatory pathways, and signal transduction, and high-level processes, such as the cell cycle. Reactome provides a qualitative framework, on which quantitative data can be superimposed. Tools have been developed to facilitate custom data entry and annotation by expert biologists, and to allow visualization and exploration of the finished dataset as an interactive process map. Although our primary curational domain is pathways from Homo sapiens, we regularly create electronic projections of human pathways onto other organisms via putative orthologs, thus making Reactome relevant to model organism research communities. The database is publicly available under open source terms, which allows both its content and its software infrastructure to be freely used and redistributed.  (+info)

Ligand accumulation in autocrine cell cultures. (6/33)

Cell-culture assays are routinely used to analyze autocrine signaling systems, but quantitative experiments are rarely possible. To enable the quantitative design and analysis of experiments with autocrine cells, we develop a biophysical theory of ligand accumulation in cell-culture assays. Our theory predicts the ligand concentration as a function of time and measurable parameters of autocrine cells and cell-culture experiments. The key step of our analysis is the derivation of the survival probability of a single ligand released from the surface of an autocrine cell. An expression for this probability is derived using the boundary homogenization approach and tested by stochastic simulations. We use this expression in the integral balance equations, from which we find the Laplace transform of the ligand concentration. We demonstrate how the theory works by analyzing the autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor system and discuss the extension of our methods to other experiments with cultured autocrine cells.  (+info)

Assessing physiological complexity. (7/33)

Physiologists both admire and fear complexity, but we have made relatively few attempts to understand it. Inherently complex systems are more difficult to study and less predictable. However, a deeper understanding of physiological systems can be achieved by modifying experimental design and analysis to account for complexity. We begin this essay with a tour of some mathematical views of complexity. After briefly exploring chaotic systems, information theory and emergent behavior, we reluctantly conclude that, while a mathematical view of complexity provides useful perspectives and some narrowly focused tools, there are too few generally practical take-home messages for physiologists studying complex systems. Consequently, we attempt to provide guidelines as to how complex systems might be best approached by physiologists. After describing complexity based on the sum of a physiological system's structures and processes, we highlight increasingly refined approaches based on the pattern of interactions between structures and processes. We then provide a series of examples illustrating how appreciating physiological complexity can improve physiological research, including choosing experimental models, guiding data collection, improving data interpretations and constructing more rigorous system models. Finally, we conclude with an invitation for physiologists, applied mathematicians and physicists to collaborate on describing, studying and learning from studies of physiological complexity.  (+info)

Noise in gene expression: origins, consequences, and control. (8/33)

Genetically identical cells and organisms exhibit remarkable diversity even when they have identical histories of environmental exposure. Noise, or variation, in the process of gene expression may contribute to this phenotypic variability. Recent studies suggest that this noise has multiple sources, including the stochastic or inherently random nature of the biochemical reactions of gene expression. In this review, we summarize noise terminology and comment on recent investigations into the sources, consequences, and control of noise in gene expression.  (+info)

Dental physiological phenomena refer to the various natural and normal functions, processes, and responses that occur in the oral cavity, particularly in the teeth and their supporting structures. These phenomena are essential for maintaining good oral health and overall well-being. Some of the key dental physiological phenomena include:

1. Tooth formation (odontogenesis): The process by which teeth develop from embryonic cells into fully formed adult teeth, including the growth and mineralization of tooth enamel, dentin, and cementum.
2. Eruption: The natural movement of a tooth from its developmental position within the jawbone to its final functional position in the oral cavity, allowing it to come into contact with the opposing tooth for biting and chewing.
3. Tooth mobility: The normal slight movement or displacement of teeth within their sockets due to the action of masticatory forces and the elasticity of the periodontal ligament that connects the tooth root to the alveolar bone.
4. Salivary flow: The continuous production and secretion of saliva by the major and minor salivary glands, which helps maintain a moist oral environment, neutralize acids, and aid in food digestion, speech, and swallowing.
5. pH balance: The regulation of acidity and alkalinity within the oral cavity, primarily through the buffering capacity of saliva and the action of dental plaque bacteria that metabolize sugars and produce acids as a byproduct.
6. Tooth sensitivity: The normal response of teeth to various stimuli such as temperature changes, touch, or pressure, which is mediated by the activation of nerve fibers within the dentin layer of the tooth.
7. Oral mucosal immune response: The natural defense mechanisms of the oral mucosa, including the production of antimicrobial proteins and peptides, the recruitment of immune cells, and the formation of a physical barrier against pathogens.
8. Tooth wear and attrition: The normal gradual loss of tooth structure due to natural processes such as chewing, grinding, and erosion by acidic substances, which can be influenced by factors such as diet, occlusion, and bruxism.
9. Tooth development and eruption: The growth and emergence of teeth from the dental follicle through the alveolar bone and gingival tissues, which is regulated by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors.

The digestive system is a series of organs and glands that work together to break down food into nutrients, which the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and cell repair. The process begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin breaking down carbohydrates.

The oral physiological phenomena refer to the functions and processes that occur in the mouth during eating and digestion. These include:

1. Ingestion: The process of taking food into the mouth.
2. Mechanical digestion: The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces by chewing, which increases the surface area for enzymes to act on.
3. Chemical digestion: The chemical breakdown of food molecules into simpler substances that can be absorbed and utilized by the body. In the mouth, this is initiated by salivary amylase, an enzyme found in saliva that breaks down starches into simple sugars.
4. Taste perception: The ability to detect different flavors through specialized taste buds located on the tongue and other areas of the oral cavity.
5. Olfaction: The sense of smell, which contributes to the overall flavor experience by interacting with taste perception in the brain.
6. Salivation: The production of saliva, which helps moisten food, making it easier to swallow, and contains enzymes that begin the digestion process.
7. Protective mechanisms: The mouth has several defense mechanisms to protect against harmful bacteria and other pathogens, such as the flow of saliva, which helps wash away food particles, and the presence of antibacterial compounds in saliva.

Reproductive physiological phenomena refer to the functions and processes related to human reproduction, which include:

1. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis: The regulation of reproductive hormones through a feedback mechanism between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males).
2. Oogenesis/Spermatogenesis: The process of producing mature ova (eggs) or spermatozoa (sperm) capable of fertilization.
3. Menstrual Cycle: A series of events that occur in the female reproductive system over approximately 28 days, including follicular development, ovulation, and endometrial changes.
4. Pregnancy and Parturition: The process of carrying a developing fetus to term and giving birth.
5. Lactation: The production and secretion of milk by the mammary glands for nourishment of the newborn.

Urinary physiological phenomena refer to the functions and processes related to the urinary system, which include:

1. Renal Filtration: The process of filtering blood in the kidneys to form urine.
2. Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion: The active transport of solutes and water between the tubular lumen and peritubular capillaries, resulting in the formation of urine with a different composition than plasma.
3. Urine Concentration and Dilution: The ability to regulate the concentration of urine by adjusting the amount of water reabsorbed or excreted.
4. Micturition: The process of storing and intermittently releasing urine from the bladder through a coordinated contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the urethral sphincter.

Musculoskeletal physiological phenomena refer to the mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes and functions that occur within the musculoskeletal system. This system includes the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilages, and other tissues that provide support, shape, and movement to the body. Examples of musculoskeletal physiological phenomena include muscle contraction and relaxation, bone growth and remodeling, joint range of motion, and the maintenance and repair of connective tissues.

Neural physiological phenomena, on the other hand, refer to the electrical and chemical processes and functions that occur within the nervous system. This system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia that are responsible for processing information, controlling body movements, and maintaining homeostasis. Examples of neural physiological phenomena include action potential generation and propagation, neurotransmitter release and reception, sensory perception, and cognitive processes such as learning and memory.

Musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena are closely interrelated, as the nervous system controls the musculoskeletal system through motor neurons that innervate muscles, and sensory neurons that provide feedback to the brain about body position, movement, and pain. Understanding these physiological phenomena is essential for diagnosing and treating various medical conditions that affect the musculoskeletal and nervous systems.

Circulatory and respiratory physiological phenomena refer to the functions, processes, and mechanisms that occur in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to maintain homeostasis and support life.

The circulatory system, which includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood, is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. The respiratory system, which consists of the nose, throat, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm, enables the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.

Physiological phenomena in the circulatory system include heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, blood flow, and vascular resistance. These phenomena are regulated by various factors such as the autonomic nervous system, hormones, and metabolic demands.

Physiological phenomena in the respiratory system include ventilation, gas exchange, lung compliance, airway resistance, and respiratory muscle function. These phenomena are influenced by factors such as lung volume, airway diameter, surface area, and diffusion capacity.

Understanding circulatory and respiratory physiological phenomena is essential for diagnosing and managing various medical conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, and metabolic disorders. It also provides a foundation for developing interventions to improve health outcomes and prevent disease.

The integumentary system is the largest organ system in the human body, responsible for providing a protective barrier against the external environment. The physiological phenomena associated with the integumentary system encompass a range of functions and processes that occur within the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands. These phenomena include:

1. Barrier Function: The skin forms a physical barrier that protects the body from external threats such as pathogens, chemicals, and radiation. It also helps prevent water loss and regulates electrolyte balance.
2. Temperature Regulation: The integumentary system plays a crucial role in maintaining core body temperature through vasodilation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin, as well as through sweat production by eccrine glands.
3. Sensory Perception: The skin contains various sensory receptors that detect touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold. These receptors transmit information to the central nervous system for processing and response.
4. Vitamin D Synthesis: The skin is capable of synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight. This process involves the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin into previtamin D3, which then undergoes further transformation into vitamin D3.
5. Excretion: Sweat glands within the integumentary system help eliminate waste products and excess heat through the production and secretion of sweat. The two types of sweat glands are eccrine glands, which produce a watery, odorless sweat, and apocrine glands, which produce a milky, odorous sweat primarily in response to emotional stimuli.
6. Immunological Function: The skin serves as an essential component of the immune system by providing a physical barrier against pathogens and housing various immune cells such as Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, and T-cells. These cells help recognize and respond to potential threats, contributing to the body's overall defense mechanisms.
7. Wound Healing: The integumentary system has the remarkable ability to repair itself following injury through a complex process involving inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This process involves the coordinated efforts of various cell types, including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells, as well as the production and deposition of extracellular matrix components such as collagen and elastin.
8. Growth and Development: The integumentary system plays a crucial role in growth and development by producing hormones such as vitamin D and melatonin, which contribute to various physiological processes throughout the body. Additionally, the skin serves as an essential sensory organ, providing information about temperature, touch, pain, and pressure through specialized nerve endings called mechanoreceptors.
9. Social Communication: The integumentary system can convey important social signals through changes in coloration, texture, and odor. For example, blushing or sweating may indicate embarrassment or anxiety, while certain skin conditions such as psoriasis or eczema may signal underlying health issues. Additionally, the release of pheromones through sweat glands can influence social behavior and attraction.
10. Aesthetic Appeal: The integumentary system contributes significantly to an individual's appearance and self-esteem. Healthy skin, hair, and nails are often associated with youthfulness, attractiveness, and vitality, while skin conditions such as acne, wrinkles, or discoloration can negatively impact one's self-image and confidence. As a result, maintaining the health and appearance of the integumentary system is an essential aspect of overall well-being and quality of life.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. It seems to be a broad concept that combines elements from sports nutrition, physiology, and potentially some biochemical phenomena.

1. Sports Nutrition: This involves the study of how diet can impact physical performance during sporting activities. It includes understanding the role of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) in athletic performance and recovery.

2. Physiological Phenomena: This refers to the functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, including all physical and chemical processes. In the context of sports, this could include how the body responds to exercise, such as increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and metabolism.

If you're looking for a definition that encompasses these areas, it might be something like: "The study of how nutritional intake and physiological responses interact during sporting activities, including the impact on performance, recovery, and overall health." However, this is not a standard medical definition. If you could provide more context or clarify what specific aspects you're interested in, I might be able to give a more precise answer.

Reproductive physiological phenomena refer to the various functional processes and changes that occur in the reproductive system, enabling the production, development, and reproduction of offspring in living organisms. These phenomena encompass a wide range of events, including:

1. Hormonal regulation: The release and circulation of hormones that control and coordinate reproductive functions, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and inhibin.
2. Ovarian and testicular function: The development and maturation of ova (eggs) in females and sperm in males, including folliculogenesis, ovulation, spermatogenesis, and the maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics.
3. Menstrual cycle: The series of events that occur in the female reproductive system over a 28-day period, consisting of the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase, resulting in the shedding of the uterine lining if fertilization does not occur.
4. Fertilization: The process by which a sperm penetrates and fuses with an egg to form a zygote, initiating embryonic development.
5. Implantation: The attachment and embedding of the developing blastocyst (early-stage embryo) into the uterine lining, leading to pregnancy.
6. Pregnancy: The physiological state of carrying a developing offspring within the female reproductive system, characterized by hormonal changes, growth and development of the fetus, and preparation for childbirth.
7. Lactation: The production and secretion of milk from the mammary glands to provide nutrition for newborn offspring.
8. Menopause: The permanent cessation of menstrual cycles and reproductive function in females, typically occurring in the fourth or fifth decade of life, characterized by a decline in hormone production and various physical and emotional symptoms.

These reproductive physiological phenomena are complex and highly regulated processes that ensure the continuation of species and the maintenance of genetic diversity.

Physiological phenomena refer to the functional and mechanical activities that occur within a living organism or in any of its parts. These phenomena are associated with the normal functioning of the body and its organs, including biological processes such as digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, metabolism, and nerve impulse transmission. They can be studied at different levels, from molecular and cellular to organ system and whole-body levels, and are essential for maintaining homeostasis and promoting the survival and health of the organism.

I cannot provide a medical definition for the term "Elder Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" as it is not a widely recognized or established term in the field of medicine or nutrition. It seems to be a very specific and narrow term that may refer to certain age-related changes in nutritional status and physiological functions among older adults. However, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional or geriatric specialist for a more accurate and detailed explanation based on the context and specific phenomena being referred to.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. However, I can provide information about the physiology of the urinary tract, which may be what you are looking for.

The urinary tract is a system responsible for producing, storing, and eliminating urine from the body. It includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. The physiological phenomena associated with the urinary tract include:

1. Glomerular filtration: In the kidneys, blood is filtered through structures called glomeruli, which remove waste products and excess fluids from the bloodstream to form urine.
2. Tubular reabsorption: As urine moves through the tubules of the nephron in the kidney, essential substances like water, glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes are actively reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
3. Hormonal regulation: The urinary system plays a role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance through hormonal mechanisms, such as the release of erythropoietin (regulates red blood cell production), renin (activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance), and calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).
4. Urine storage: The bladder serves as a reservoir for urine, expanding as it fills and contracting during urination.
5. Micturition (urination): Once the bladder reaches a certain volume or pressure, nerve signals are sent to the brain, leading to the conscious decision to urinate. The sphincters of the urethra relax, allowing urine to flow out of the body through the urethral opening.

If you could provide more context about what specific information you're looking for, I would be happy to help further!

Musculoskeletal physiological phenomena refer to the various functions, processes, and responses that occur in the musculoskeletal system. This system includes the muscles, bones, joints, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues that work together to support the body's structure, enable movement, and protect vital organs.

Musculoskeletal physiological phenomena can be categorized into several areas:

1. Muscle contraction and relaxation: This involves the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy through the sliding of actin and myosin filaments in muscle fibers, leading to muscle shortening or lengthening.
2. Bone homeostasis: This includes the maintenance of bone mass, density, and strength through a balance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts.
3. Joint movement and stability: The movement of joints is enabled by the interaction between muscles, tendons, ligaments, and articular cartilage, while stability is maintained through the passive tension provided by ligaments and the active contraction of muscles.
4. Connective tissue repair and regeneration: This involves the response of tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and muscles to injury or damage, including inflammation, cell proliferation, and matrix remodeling.
5. Neuromuscular control: The coordination of muscle activity through the integration of sensory information from proprioceptors (e.g., muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs) and motor commands from the central nervous system.
6. Skeletal development and growth: This includes the processes of bone formation, mineralization, and modeling during fetal development and childhood, as well as the maintenance of bone mass and strength throughout adulthood.
7. Aging and degeneration: The progressive decline in musculoskeletal function and structure with age, including sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass), osteoporosis (brittle bones), and joint degeneration (osteoarthritis).

Understanding these physiological phenomena is essential for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders and injuries.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Virus Physiological Phenomena" is not a widely recognized or established medical term or concept. It seems to be a combination of two concepts: "virus" and "physiological phenomena."

1. A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses can cause many different types of illnesses, from the common cold to more serious diseases like HIV/AIDS or hepatitis.

2. Physiological phenomena refer to the functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, including cells, tissues, and organs.

If you're looking for information about how viruses affect physiological processes in the body, I would be happy to help provide some general information on that topic! However, it would be best to consult a specific medical text or expert for more detailed or specialized knowledge.

The digestive system is a complex network of organs and glands that work together to break down food into nutrients, which are then absorbed and utilized by the body for energy, growth, and cell repair. The physiological phenomena associated with the digestive system include:

1. Ingestion: This is the process of taking in food through the mouth.
2. Mechanical digestion: This involves the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces through processes such as chewing, churning, and segmentation.
3. Chemical digestion: This involves the chemical breakdown of food molecules into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body. This is achieved through the action of enzymes produced by the mouth, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.
4. Motility: This refers to the movement of food through the digestive tract, which is achieved through a series of coordinated muscle contractions called peristalsis.
5. Secretion: This involves the production and release of various digestive juices and enzymes by glands such as the salivary glands, gastric glands, pancreas, and liver.
6. Absorption: This is the process of absorbing nutrients from the digested food into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.
7. Defecation: This is the final process of eliminating undigested food and waste products from the body through the rectum and anus.

Overall, the coordinated functioning of these physiological phenomena ensures the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients, maintaining the health and well-being of the individual.

"Blood physiological phenomena" is a broad term that refers to various functions, processes, and characteristics related to the blood in the body. Here are some definitions of specific blood-related physiological phenomena:

1. Hematopoiesis: The process of producing blood cells in the bone marrow. This includes the production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis), white blood cells (leukopoiesis), and platelets (thrombopoiesis).
2. Hemostasis: The body's response to stop bleeding or prevent excessive blood loss after injury. It involves a complex interplay between blood vessels, platelets, and clotting factors that work together to form a clot.
3. Osmoregulation: The regulation of water and electrolyte balance in the blood. This is achieved through various mechanisms such as thirst, urine concentration, and hormonal control.
4. Acid-base balance: The maintenance of a stable pH level in the blood. This involves the balance between acidic and basic components in the blood, which can be affected by factors such as respiration, metabolism, and kidney function.
5. Hemoglobin function: The ability of hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells to bind and transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body.
6. Blood viscosity: The thickness or flowability of blood, which can affect its ability to circulate through the body. Factors that can influence blood viscosity include hematocrit (the percentage of red blood cells in the blood), plasma proteins, and temperature.
7. Immunological function: The role of white blood cells and other components of the immune system in protecting the body against infection and disease. This includes the production of antibodies, phagocytosis (the engulfing and destruction of foreign particles), and inflammation.

I cannot provide a specific medical definition for the term "Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" as it is quite broad and can encompass various aspects related to nutrition and physiological changes that occur during adolescence. However, I can provide some insight into the nutritional and physiological changes that typically occur during adolescence.

Adolescence is a critical period of growth and development, and proper nutrition is essential to support these changes. During this time, adolescents experience significant increases in height, weight, and muscle mass, as well as sexual maturation and reproductive development. As a result, their nutrient needs are higher than those of children or adults.

Some key nutritional physiological phenomena that occur during adolescence include:

1. Increased energy needs: Adolescents require more calories to support their rapid growth and development. The estimated daily calorie needs for boys aged 14-18 years are 2,500-3,000 calories, while for girls aged 14-18 years, the estimated daily calorie needs are 2,200-2,400 calories.
2. Increased protein needs: Protein is essential for building and repairing tissues, including muscle mass. Adolescents require more protein to support their growth and development, with an estimated daily need of 46 grams for girls aged 14-18 years and 52 grams for boys aged 14-18 years.
3. Increased calcium needs: Calcium is essential for building and maintaining strong bones and teeth. Adolescents undergo significant bone growth during this time, making it crucial to meet their increased calcium needs. The recommended daily intake of calcium for adolescents is 1,300 milligrams.
4. Increased iron needs: Iron is essential for the production of red blood cells and the transport of oxygen throughout the body. Adolescent girls, in particular, have increased iron needs due to menstruation. The recommended daily intake of iron for adolescents is 8 mg for boys aged 14-18 years and 15 mg for girls aged 14-18 years.
5. Increased nutrient needs: Adolescents require a variety of vitamins and minerals to support their growth and development, including vitamin D, vitamin B12, folate, and magnesium. A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and dairy products can help meet these needs.

In summary, adolescents have increased nutrient needs to support their growth and development. Meeting these needs requires a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods from all food groups. It is essential to ensure adequate intake of protein, calcium, iron, and other vitamins and minerals during this critical period of growth and development.

"Ocular physiological phenomena" is not a standardized medical term with a specific definition. However, I can provide some examples of ocular physiological phenomena, which refer to various normal functions and processes that occur in the eye. Here are a few examples:

1. Accommodation: The ability of the eye to change optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies. This is primarily achieved by changing the curvature of the lens through the action of the ciliary muscles.
2. Pupillary reflex: The automatic adjustment of the pupil's size in response to changes in light intensity. In bright light, the pupil constricts (miosis), while in dim light, it dilates (mydriasis). This reflex helps regulate the amount of light that enters the eye.
3. Tear production: The continuous secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands to keep the eyes moist and protected from dust, microorganisms, and other foreign particles.
4. Extraocular muscle function: The coordinated movement of the six extraocular muscles that control eyeball rotation and enable various gaze directions.
5. Color vision: The ability to perceive and distinguish different colors based on the sensitivity of photoreceptor cells (cones) in the retina to specific wavelengths of light.
6. Dark adaptation: The process by which the eyes adjust to low-light conditions, improving visual sensitivity primarily through changes in the rod photoreceptors' sensitivity and pupil dilation.
7. Light adaptation: The ability of the eye to adjust to different levels of illumination, mainly through alterations in pupil size and photoreceptor cell response.

These are just a few examples of ocular physiological phenomena. There are many more processes and functions that occur within the eye, contributing to our visual perception and overall eye health.

'Nervous system physiological phenomena' refer to the functions, activities, and processes that occur within the nervous system in a healthy or normal state. This includes:

1. Neuronal Activity: The transmission of electrical signals (action potentials) along neurons, which allows for communication between different cells and parts of the nervous system.

2. Neurotransmission: The release and binding of neurotransmitters to receptors on neighboring cells, enabling the transfer of information across the synapse or junction between two neurons.

3. Sensory Processing: The conversion of external stimuli into electrical signals by sensory receptors, followed by the transmission and interpretation of these signals within the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).

4. Motor Function: The generation and execution of motor commands, allowing for voluntary movement and control of muscles and glands.

5. Autonomic Function: The regulation of internal organs and glands through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, maintaining homeostasis within the body.

6. Cognitive Processes: Higher brain functions such as perception, attention, memory, language, learning, and emotion, which are supported by complex neural networks and interactions.

7. Sleep-Wake Cycle: The regulation of sleep and wakefulness through interactions between the brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain, ensuring proper rest and recovery.

8. Development and Plasticity: The growth, maturation, and adaptation of the nervous system throughout life, including processes such as neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, and neural plasticity.

9. Endocrine Regulation: The interaction between the nervous system and endocrine system, with the hypothalamus playing a key role in controlling hormone release and maintaining homeostasis.

10. Immune Function: The communication between the nervous system and immune system, allowing for the coordination of responses to infection, injury, or stress.

Cell physiological phenomena refer to the functional activities and processes that occur within individual cells, which are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and normal physiology. These phenomena include various dynamic and interrelated processes such as:

1. Cell membrane transport: The movement of ions, molecules, and nutrients across the cell membrane through various mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis.
2. Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within cells to maintain life, including catabolic (breaking down) and anabolic (building up) processes for energy production, biosynthesis, and waste elimination.
3. Signal transduction: The process by which cells receive, transmit, and respond to external or internal signals through complex signaling cascades involving various second messengers, enzymes, and transcription factors.
4. Gene expression: The conversion of genetic information encoded in DNA into functional proteins and RNA molecules, including transcription, RNA processing, translation, and post-translational modifications.
5. Cell cycle regulation: The intricate mechanisms that control the progression of cells through various stages of the cell cycle (G0, G1, S, G2, M) to ensure proper cell division and prevent uncontrolled growth or cancer development.
6. Apoptosis: Programmed cell death, a physiological process by which damaged, infected, or unwanted cells are eliminated in a controlled manner without causing inflammation or harm to surrounding tissues.
7. Cell motility: The ability of cells to move and change their position within tissues, which is critical for various biological processes like embryonic development, wound healing, and immune responses.
8. Cytoskeleton dynamics: The dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton (microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments) that provides structural support, enables cell shape changes, and facilitates intracellular transport and organelle positioning.
9. Ion homeostasis: The regulation of ion concentrations within cells to maintain proper membrane potentials and ensure normal physiological functions like neurotransmission, muscle contraction, and enzyme activity.
10. Cell-cell communication: The exchange of signals between neighboring or distant cells through various mechanisms like gap junctions, synapses, and paracrine/autocrine signaling to coordinate cellular responses and maintain tissue homeostasis.

Respiratory physiological phenomena refer to the various mechanical, chemical, and biological processes and functions that occur in the respiratory system during breathing and gas exchange. These phenomena include:

1. Ventilation: The movement of air into and out of the lungs, which is achieved through the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
2. Gas Exchange: The diffusion of oxygen (O2) from the alveoli into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream into the alveoli.
3. Respiratory Mechanics: The physical properties and forces that affect the movement of air in and out of the lungs, such as lung compliance, airway resistance, and chest wall elasticity.
4. Control of Breathing: The regulation of ventilation by the central nervous system through the integration of sensory information from chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the respiratory system.
5. Acid-Base Balance: The maintenance of a stable pH level in the blood through the regulation of CO2 elimination and bicarbonate balance by the respiratory and renal systems.
6. Oxygen Transport: The binding of O2 to hemoglobin in the red blood cells and its delivery to the tissues for metabolic processes.
7. Defense Mechanisms: The various protective mechanisms that prevent the entry and colonization of pathogens and foreign particles into the respiratory system, such as mucociliary clearance, cough reflex, and immune responses.

"Skin physiological phenomena" is not a standard medical term with a specific definition. However, I can provide some information about the general concepts that might be encompassed by this term.

Physiological phenomena refer to the functions and processes that occur in living organisms. When it comes to the skin, there are many different physiological phenomena that take place, including:

1. Barrier function: The skin acts as a barrier to protect the body from external elements such as bacteria, viruses, chemicals, and UV radiation.
2. Temperature regulation: The skin helps regulate body temperature through sweat production and blood flow.
3. Sensation: The skin contains nerve endings that allow us to feel touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
4. Vitamin D synthesis: The skin can produce vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.
5. Moisture regulation: The skin helps maintain the body's moisture balance by producing sweat and preventing water loss.
6. Immunological function: The skin plays a role in the immune system by providing a physical barrier and containing immune cells that help fight off infections.
7. Excretion: The skin eliminates waste products through sweat.
8. Wound healing: The skin has the ability to repair itself after injury, through a complex process involving inflammation, tissue regeneration, and remodeling.

Therefore, "skin physiological phenomena" could refer to any or all of these functions and processes that take place in the skin.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is not a standard or widely recognized medical term. It seems to be a rather broad and vague phrase that combines several concepts: prenatal (occurring before birth), nutritional (relating to nutrition), physiological (relating to the functioning of living organisms and their parts), and phenomena (observable events or occurrences).

If you're interested in a specific aspect of maternal and fetal nutrition, physiology, or related processes during pregnancy, I would be happy to help further if you could provide a more precise term or question. For example, prenatal nutritional physiological phenomena could refer to the process of how certain nutrients are transported across the placenta, how maternal nutrition affects fetal growth and development, or how various hormonal and metabolic changes occur during pregnancy.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Plant Physiological Phenomena" is not a standard medical term. It falls more within the domain of botany, which is a branch of biology focused on the study of plants.

However, I can provide a general explanation: Plant physiological phenomena refer to the functional processes and activities that occur within plants. This includes various aspects such as photosynthesis (the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy to fuel their growth), respiration, plant nutrition (the uptake and assimilation of nutrients from the soil), water relations (how plants absorb, transport, and use water), plant hormone functions, and many other processes.

If you have a term that is used in a medical context which you would like defined, I'd be happy to help with that!

Bacterial physiological phenomena refer to the various functional processes and activities that occur within bacteria, which are necessary for their survival, growth, and reproduction. These phenomena include:

1. Metabolism: This is the process by which bacteria convert nutrients into energy and cellular components. It involves a series of chemical reactions that break down organic compounds such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
2. Respiration: This is the process by which bacteria use oxygen to convert organic compounds into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy in the form of ATP. Some bacteria can also perform anaerobic respiration, using alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate or sulfate instead of oxygen.
3. Fermentation: This is a type of anaerobic metabolism in which bacteria convert organic compounds into simpler molecules, releasing energy in the form of ATP. Unlike respiration, fermentation does not require an external electron acceptor.
4. Motility: Many bacteria are capable of moving independently, using various mechanisms such as flagella or twitching motility. This allows them to move towards favorable environments and away from harmful ones.
5. Chemotaxis: Bacteria can sense and respond to chemical gradients in their environment, allowing them to move towards attractants and away from repellents.
6. Quorum sensing: Bacteria can communicate with each other using signaling molecules called autoinducers. When the concentration of autoinducers reaches a certain threshold, the bacteria can coordinate their behavior, such as initiating biofilm formation or producing virulence factors.
7. Sporulation: Some bacteria can form spores, which are highly resistant to heat, radiation, and chemicals. Spores can remain dormant for long periods of time and germinate when conditions are favorable.
8. Biofilm formation: Bacteria can form complex communities called biofilms, which are composed of cells embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Biofilms can provide protection from environmental stressors and host immune responses.
9. Cell division: Bacteria reproduce by binary fission, where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This process is regulated by various cell cycle checkpoints and can be influenced by environmental factors such as nutrient availability.

Cardiovascular physiological phenomena refer to the various functions and processes that occur within the cardiovascular system, which includes the heart and blood vessels. These phenomena are responsible for the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and other essential molecules to tissues throughout the body, as well as the removal of waste products and carbon dioxide.

Some examples of cardiovascular physiological phenomena include:

1. Heart rate and rhythm: The heart's ability to contract regularly and coordinate its contractions with the body's needs for oxygen and nutrients.
2. Blood pressure: The force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels, which is determined by the amount of blood pumped by the heart and the resistance of the blood vessels.
3. Cardiac output: The volume of blood that the heart pumps in one minute, calculated as the product of stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped per beat) and heart rate.
4. Blood flow: The movement of blood through the circulatory system, which is influenced by factors such as blood pressure, vessel diameter, and blood viscosity.
5. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation: The narrowing or widening of blood vessels in response to various stimuli, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and changes in temperature or oxygen levels.
6. Autoregulation: The ability of blood vessels to maintain a constant blood flow to tissues despite changes in perfusion pressure.
7. Blood clotting: The process by which the body forms a clot to stop bleeding after an injury, which involves the activation of platelets and the coagulation cascade.
8. Endothelial function: The ability of the endothelium (the lining of blood vessels) to regulate vascular tone, inflammation, and thrombosis.
9. Myocardial contractility: The strength of heart muscle contractions, which is influenced by factors such as calcium levels, neurotransmitters, and hormones.
10. Electrophysiology: The study of the electrical properties of the heart, including the conduction system that allows for the coordinated contraction of heart muscle.

Maternal nutritional physiological phenomena refer to the various changes and processes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy, lactation, and postpartum periods to meet the increased nutritional demands and support the growth and development of the fetus or infant. These phenomena involve complex interactions between maternal nutrition, hormonal regulation, metabolism, and physiological functions to ensure optimal pregnancy outcomes and offspring health.

Examples of maternal nutritional physiological phenomena include:

1. Adaptations in maternal nutrient metabolism: During pregnancy, the mother's body undergoes various adaptations to increase the availability of essential nutrients for fetal growth and development. For instance, there are increased absorption and utilization of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, as well as enhanced storage of glycogen and lipids in maternal tissues.
2. Placental transfer of nutrients: The placenta plays a crucial role in facilitating the exchange of nutrients between the mother and fetus. It selectively transports essential nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals from the maternal circulation to the fetal compartment while removing waste products.
3. Maternal weight gain: Pregnant women typically experience an increase in body weight due to the growth of the fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid, and maternal tissues such as the uterus and breasts. Adequate gestational weight gain is essential for ensuring optimal pregnancy outcomes and reducing the risk of adverse perinatal complications.
4. Changes in maternal hormonal regulation: Pregnancy is associated with significant changes in hormonal profiles, including increased levels of estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and other hormones that regulate various physiological functions such as glucose metabolism, appetite regulation, and maternal-fetal immune tolerance.
5. Lactation: Following childbirth, the mother's body undergoes further adaptations to support lactation and breastfeeding. This involves the production and secretion of milk, which contains essential nutrients and bioactive components that promote infant growth, development, and immunity.
6. Nutrient requirements: Pregnancy and lactation increase women's nutritional demands for various micronutrients such as iron, calcium, folate, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids. Meeting these increased nutritional needs is crucial for ensuring optimal pregnancy outcomes and supporting maternal health during the postpartum period.

Understanding these physiological adaptations and their implications for maternal and fetal health is essential for developing evidence-based interventions to promote positive pregnancy outcomes, reduce the risk of adverse perinatal complications, and support women's health throughout the reproductive lifespan.

"Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is a broad term that refers to various physical and biological processes related to nutrition in children. While I couldn't find a precise medical definition for this specific phrase, I can provide you with some key physiological phenomena associated with child nutrition. These include:

1. Growth and Development: Proper nutrition is crucial for normal growth and development in children. Adequate intake of essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals supports physical growth, brain development, and overall well-being.
2. Digestion and Absorption: The gastrointestinal tract undergoes significant changes during childhood, affecting the ability to digest and absorb various nutrients. For example, lactase production decreases in some children after weaning, leading to lactose intolerance.
3. Energy Metabolism: Children have higher energy requirements per unit of body weight compared to adults due to their rapid growth and development. Proper nutrition ensures efficient energy metabolism and prevents issues like obesity or undernutrition.
4. Immune Function: Nutrition plays a vital role in supporting the immune system. Adequate intake of nutrients like vitamin C, vitamin D, iron, zinc, and protein helps maintain immune function and resistance to infections.
5. Micronutrient Deficiencies: Inadequate nutrition can lead to micronutrient deficiencies, which may impair children's growth, cognitive development, and overall health. Examples include iron deficiency anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency disorders.
6. Overnutrition and Obesity: Excessive energy intake, coupled with reduced physical activity, can lead to overweight and obesity in children. This increases the risk of developing non-communicable diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer later in life.
7. Food Allergies and Intolerances: Children are more prone to food allergies and intolerances than adults. These can manifest as various symptoms, such as skin rashes, digestive issues, or respiratory problems, and may require dietary modifications.
8. Eating Behaviors and Preferences: Childhood is a critical period for shaping eating behaviors and food preferences. Exposure to a variety of healthy foods during this stage can help establish lifelong healthy eating habits.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. It seems to be a very specific phrase that may refer to the physiological processes and phenomena related to nutrition.

Nutrition, in a medical context, refers to the process of providing or obtaining food necessary for health and growth. Physiological phenomena, on the other hand, refer to the functional manifestations of living organisms and their parts.

So, "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" could hypothetically refer to the various physiological processes that occur in the body in relation to nutrition, such as digestion, absorption, metabolism, transportation, and storage of nutrients. However, I would recommend consulting the specific source or context where this term was used for a more accurate definition.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is not a standard or widely recognized medical term. It seems to be a very specific phrase that may relate to various physiological processes and phenomena related to infant nutrition.

To try and provide some clarity, I can offer a brief explanation of the individual terms:

1. Infant: A young child, typically under one year of age.
2. Nutritional: Relating to food or nourishment, particularly in relation to energy and the balance of essential nutrients required for growth, repair, and maintenance of bodily functions.
3. Physiological: Describing processes and functions that occur within a living organism as part of normal bodily function, including biochemical reactions, organ function, and responses to environmental stimuli.
4. Phenomena: Observable events or occurrences.

So, "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" could refer to observable events or processes related to an infant's nutrition and physiology. However, without further context, it is difficult to provide a more precise definition. Examples of such phenomena might include the development of feeding skills, growth patterns, or changes in metabolism related to dietary intake.

Raynaud's disease, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon or syndrome, is a condition that affects the blood vessels, particularly in the fingers and toes. It is characterized by episodes of vasospasm (constriction) of the small digital arteries and arterioles, which can be triggered by cold temperatures or emotional stress. This results in reduced blood flow to the affected areas, causing them to become pale or white and then cyanotic (blue) due to the accumulation of deoxygenated blood. As the episode resolves, the affected areas may turn red as blood flow returns, sometimes accompanied by pain, numbness, or tingling sensations.

Raynaud's disease can be primary, meaning it occurs without an underlying medical condition, or secondary, which is associated with connective tissue disorders, autoimmune diseases, or other health issues such as carpal tunnel syndrome, vibration tool usage, or smoking. Primary Raynaud's is more common and tends to be less severe than secondary Raynaud's.

Treatment for Raynaud's disease typically involves avoiding triggers, keeping the body warm, and using medications to help dilate blood vessels and improve circulation. In some cases, lifestyle modifications and smoking cessation may also be recommended to manage symptoms and prevent progression of the condition.

"Animal nutritional physiological phenomena" is not a standardized medical or scientific term. However, it seems to refer to the processes and functions related to nutrition and physiology in animals. Here's a breakdown of the possible components:

1. Animal: This term refers to non-human living organisms that are multicellular, heterotrophic, and have a distinct nervous system.
2. Nutritional: This term pertains to the nourishment and energy requirements of an animal, including the ingestion, digestion, absorption, transportation, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients.
3. Physiological: This term refers to the functions and processes that occur within a living organism, including the interactions between different organs and systems.
4. Phenomena: This term generally means an observable fact or event.

Therefore, "animal nutritional physiological phenomena" could refer to the observable events and processes related to nutrition and physiology in animals. Examples of such phenomena include digestion, absorption, metabolism, energy production, growth, reproduction, and waste elimination.

The "no-reflow" phenomenon is a term used in the medical field, particularly in interventional cardiology and neurology. It refers to the inability to restore blood flow to an organ or tissue despite successful removal of the obstruction in the blood vessel that supplies it. This can occur during procedures such as angioplasty and stenting, where the opening of a narrowed or blocked artery is attempted.

The no-reflow phenomenon is thought to be caused by several factors, including damage to the blood vessel walls, formation of microthrombi (small blood clots), and spasm of the blood vessels. This can lead to further tissue damage and poor clinical outcomes, such as reduced organ function or even death of the tissue in extreme cases.

In the context of cardiology, the no-reflow phenomenon is often seen during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures, where the goal is to open up a blocked artery in the heart (coronary artery) to improve blood flow to the heart muscle. Despite successful restoration of blood flow through the use of balloons and stents, some areas of the heart muscle may not receive adequate blood flow due to the no-reflow phenomenon.

In neurology, the no-reflow phenomenon can occur during procedures aimed at restoring blood flow to the brain, such as mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke. The presence of the no-reflow phenomenon in this context has been associated with worse clinical outcomes and increased risk of disability or death.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

This physiological phenomenon can also be mistaken for myoclonic seizure, but it can also be distinguished by different ... Hypnic jerks are common physiological phenomena. Around 70% of people experience them at least once in their lives with 10% ... But some phenomena can help to distinguish hypnic jerk from these other conditions. For example, the occurrence of hypnic jerk ... This phenomenon can therefore be distinguished from other more serious conditions. Scientists do not know exactly why this ...
Doetsch, H. (May 1950). "Anisocoria as a physiological phenomenon". Art Wochensch. 5. 26 (20): 331-3.[needs update] Corbett, J ... The prevalence of physiological anisocoria has not been found to be influenced by the sex, age, or iris color of the subject. ... Physiological anisocoria is when human pupils differ in size. It is generally considered to be benign, though it must be ... The main characteristic that distinguishes physiological anisocoria is an increase of pupil size with lower light or reduced ...
"Hearing is a physiological phenomenon; listening is a psychological act." People are always hearing, most of the time ...
Niedermeyer E (June 1997). "Alpha rhythms as physiological and abnormal phenomena". International Journal of Psychophysiology. ... Yao D (November 2001). "A method to standardize a reference of scalp EEG recordings to a point at infinity". Physiological ... ISBN 978-0-7167-0110-1. Creutzfeldt OD, Watanabe S, Lux HD (January 1966). "Relations between EEG phenomena and potentials of ... Therefore, current usage in electroencephalography refers to the phenomenon as an eyelid fluttering artifact, rather than a ...
These fluxes reveal information about physiological phenomena. Each NMT flux sensor is selective or specific for a particular ... Combining two particular flux measurements simultaneously can be a strong indicator of physiological phenomena. For example, ... Sanchez, B.C.; Ochao-Acuña, H.; Porterfield, D.M.; Sepúlveda, M.S. (2008). "Oxygen Flux As an Indicator of Physiological Stress ... Chen, P.; Yan, K.; Shao, H.; Zhao, S. (2013). "Physiological Mechanisms for High Salt Tolerance in Wild Soybean (Glycine soja) ...
Niedermeyer E (1997). "Alpha rhythms as physiological and abnormal phenomena". International Journal of Psychophysiology. 26 (1 ... Physiological Review 97:737-867, 2017 Brazier, M. A. B. (1970), "The Electrical Activity of the Nervous System", Science, ...
The integration of physiological phenomena characterized his research activities. Sircar and his students and assisted by his ... He was one of the pioneers of plant physiological research in India. His work was centered around the indica cultivars f rice ...
The physiological phenomena of rising kundalini then naturally manifest. In his book, Building a Noble World, Shiv R. Jhawar ...
Color vision in honey bees: Phenomena and physiological mechanisms. In D. Stavenga and R. Hardie (eds): Facets of vision. ... Honey bees are adept at associative learning, and many of the phenomena of operant and classical conditioning take the same ...
Fry, G.A (1983). "The Bezold-Brücke phenomena at the Two Ends of the Spectrum". American Journal of Optometry and Physiological ... The stepping feet illusion is a motion perception phenomenon involving two "buses," one blue and one yellow, moving ...
Physiological phenomena could thus be explained in terms of physics. Richard Mead subsequently applied Newton's gravitational ...
Crozier spent most of his time studying different physiological phenomena. However, he influenced the field of experimental ...
It is a physiological phenomenon that requires no treatment. Marshall-White syndrome List of cutaneous conditions Freedberg, et ...
However, the physiological implications of this phenomenon remain unclear. Allosteric regulation Haldane effect Root effect ... Though there is some evidence to support this, retroactively changing the name of a well-known phenomenon would be extremely ... The Bohr effect is a phenomenon first described in 1904 by the Danish physiologist Christian Bohr. Hemoglobin's oxygen binding ...
Physiological phenomenon can explain several aspects of art appreciation. Different extrastriate areas of the visual cortex may ... This psychological phenomenon is typically known for its application in animal discrimination learning. In the peak shift ... An artist can make use of this phenomenon by teasing the system. This allows for temporary binding to be communicated by a ...
... "discovered the phenomenon of physiological colours on which the whole of my theory is based...." The theory was based on ... The physiological colors are subjective and literally exist in the eye of the beholder. The physical colors are seen through ... The more that we know about the effect (color as physiological fact), the more we can know a priori about its external cause. ( ... Buffon's physiological phenomena and Goethe's data. Schopenhauer, Parerga and Paralipomena, Chapter VII, § 104. This was also ...
The Physiological Basis of Decompression. 38th Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society Workshop. UHMS Publication Number 75 ( ... While not strictly speaking a phenomenon of decompression, it is a complication that can occur during decompression, and that ... Decompression is a stressor, and decompression stress is the effect on the organism of the physical and physiological factors ... Saturation decompression in diving is a physiological process of transition from a steady state of full saturation with inert ...
"Low glycemic index: lente carbohydrates and physiological effects of altered food frequency." The American journal of clinical ... This facilitated disposal of a glucose load is known as the Staub-Traugott phenomenon." This phenomenon drew considerable ... The Staub-Traugott Phenomenon (or Staub-Traugott Effect) is the premise that a normal subject fed glucose will rapidly return ... H. Staub in 1921 and K. Traugott in 1922 subsequently confirmed the improved reaction in healthy subjects and the phenomenon ...
Variation in the beat-to-beat interval is a physiological phenomenon. The SA node receives several different inputs and the ... Heart rate variability (HRV) is the physiological phenomenon of variation in the time interval between heartbeats. It is ... Less is known about the physiological inputs of the low frequency (LF) activity (0.04 to 0.15 Hz). Though previously thought to ... Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use". European Heart Journal. 17 (3): 354-381. doi:10.1093 ...
With a Physiological Explanation of the Phenomena Produced. Edinburgh: Sutherland and Knox. Cage, W. (9 October 1875). "The ... and a vice-president of the Anatomical and Physiological Society. During the next two years he studied in Paris (where he ... he is considered the father of physiological education in medical schools.[citation needed] He was also the first to teach the ...
Reversal theory has supporting research connecting psychological and physiological phenomena to these states. Purposeful ... Along with its physiological use, there is evidence that deep breathing can increase a sense of relaxation and reduce anxiety. ... Arousal is the physiological and psychological activation of the body in response to an event. Trait anxiety exists in an ... The psycho-physiological approach focuses on the processes of the brain and their influence on physical activity, and the ...
Most doctors consider this a normal physiological phenomenon and advise against treatment. Fordyce spots are completely benign ...
Dimitrescu-Iași considered that people were machines in motion, mere complexes of physiological phenomena. An adherent of a ... The artist was seen as a superior being in terms of physiological development, giving rise to the notion of "dynasties of ...
This physiological phenomenon is concomitant with the occurrence of melasma and darkened nipples. Individuals with lighter skin ... The prevalence of this phenomenon in both genders drops below 10% following the age of 30. Furthermore, its appearance may ... pigmentation tend to exhibit this phenomenon less frequently in comparison to those possessing darker pigmentation. It is ...
It is generally a physiological phenomenon, which is occasionally found in most subjects. Pathologically, it can occur ...
"Towards a physical understanding of physiological excitation as a cooperative specific adsorption phenomenon.", Bulletin of ... Karreman was also a member of several prestigious scientific societies, including the American Physiological Society, the New ... "Mathematical Biology of Physiological Excitation", Synthese 9, no. 3-5 (1953): 248. George Karreman. " ... threshold phenomena in biomembranes, adsorption mechanisms at membrane surfaces and ion binding to biomembranes. After ...
A physiological change in the cells must have occurred to allow this phenomenon. Low salinity is desirable for survival, as ...
Skinner argued that behavioral explanations of psychological phenomena are "just as true" as physiological explanations. In ... According to him, conditioning is implemented in the body as a physiological process and is subject to the current state, ... and argued that these phenomena were valid scientific subject matters. The term radical behaviorism refers to just this: that ...
... signs associated with twitching of various parts of the body and other physiological phenomena); "Snosudets" ("Snovidets", "Sо ...
Lossius is considered a materialist philosopher, as he engaged in physiological explanations of mental phenomena. In his early ...
Physiological Phenomena 4. The family physician Publication: [United States : s.n., 18--] Subject(s): Physiological Phenomena. ... Physiological Phenomena. Plant Physiological Phenomena 44. Syllabus of a course of lectures on the institutes of medicine and ... Physiological Phenomena. Nervous System Physiological Phenomena 68. First book on anatomy, physiology, and hygiene: for grammar ... Start Over You searched for: Subjects Physiological Phenomena ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Physiological Phenomena Languages ...
"Cell Physiological Phenomena" by people in this website by year, and whether "Cell Physiological Phenomena" was a major or ... "Cell Physiological Phenomena" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Cell Physiological Phenomena" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Cell Physiological Phenomena". ...
"Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" by people in this website by year, and whether "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" was a ... "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena". ...
"Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena" by people in this website by year, and whether "Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena" ... "Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena". ...
Physiological Phenomena - Skin Pigmentation PubMed MeSh Term *Overview. Overview. subject area of * Adaptive social and ...
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Ocular Physiological Phenomena - Eye Color PubMed MeSh Term *Overview. Overview. broader concept * Ocular Physiological ...
Nervous System Physiological Phenomena PubMed MeSh Term narrower concept * Nervous System Physiological Phenomena - Recruitment ... Nervous System Physiological Phenomena - Neural Conduction PubMed MeSh Term *Overview. Overview. subject area of * Activation ...
Submit your research to Nervous System and Physiological Phenomena. Explore the neural control of peripheral function and gain ... Journal of Nervous System and Physiological Phenomena Coming Soon supports online publication of original research papers, ...
This physiological phenomenon can also be mistaken for myoclonic seizure, but it can also be distinguished by different ... Hypnic jerks are common physiological phenomena. Around 70% of people experience them at least once in their lives with 10% ... But some phenomena can help to distinguish hypnic jerk from these other conditions. For example, the occurrence of hypnic jerk ... This phenomenon can therefore be distinguished from other more serious conditions. Scientists do not know exactly why this ...
In this study we evaluated the physiological and biomechanical responses of elite-national class (i.e., group 1; N = 9) and ... Physiological and biomechanical factors associated with elite endurance cycling performance Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991 Jan;23(1 ... In this study we evaluated the physiological and biomechanical responses of "elite-national class" (i.e., group 1; N = 9) and " ...
Ashman phenomenon is an aberrant ventricular conduction due to a change in QRS cycle length. In 1947, Gouaux and Ashman ... Ashman phenomenon: a physiological aberration. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 May 24. 2013:[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text]. ... Ashman Phenomenon. Ashman phenomenon illustrated on electrocardiograpm by the 12th and 15th beats, which follow a premature ... encoded search term (Ashman Phenomenon) and Ashman Phenomenon What to Read Next on Medscape ...
... IUBMB Life. 2014 Jan;66(1):19-26. doi: 10.1002/iub.1242. Epub ... Cell Physiological Phenomena* * Chemokines / metabolism* * Humans * Inflammation / metabolism* * Inflammation / pathology* * ... Here, the current understanding of chemerin processing, signaling and physiological function has been summarized, focusing on ...
ClinicalTrials.gov: Nutritional Physiological Phenomena (National Institutes of Health) Journal Articles References and ...
Figure 1. Lactoferrin in human physiological states and pathology-lifespan correlation. Illustration was created in BioRender. ... One common phenomenon that occurs as a result of an imbalance between the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen ... Figure 1. Lactoferrin in human physiological states and pathology-lifespan correlation. Illustration was created in BioRender. ... Kowalczyk P, Kaczyńska K, Kleczkowska P, Bukowska-Ośko I, Kramkowski K, Sulejczak D. The Lactoferrin Phenomenon-A Miracle ...
CHEE 452 Transport Phenomena in Physiological Systems Units: 3.50 This course applies the principles of mass, momentum and heat ... CHEE 412 Transport Phenomena Units: 3.50 The transport phenomena approach is followed to study and analyze transport of ... CHEE 224 Transport Phenomena Fundamentals Units: 3.00 The theory and mathematical framework of transport phenomena are ... transfer in physiological systems. The students will examine the role of transport phenomena in the function of organs and ...
This mental phenomenon has a physiological basis.. The same study that showed the effects of noise on concentration also found ...
Virus Physiological Phenomena [G06.920]. *Drug Resistance, Viral [G06.920.225]. *Physiological Phenomena [G07] ...
We encourage users to add relevant models or phenomena. For example, physiological heterogeneity of cells is not represented. ... Physiological heterogeneity is missing from the growth term (term n3) but could be added into this framework. ... What is missing is knowledge of phenomenon-specific microbial community activities characterized in situ and across scales. ... What are the key processes (abiotic or biotic) driving a particular phenomenon and which organisms are responsible for driving ...
221a) Dynamic Surface Tensions (DSTs) of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) Dispersions at Physiological Conditions ...
Acid-Base Imbalance; Cell Membrane Permeability; Hyperoxaluria; Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena; Water-Electrolyte ... Chapter 4 Molecular Properties and Physiological Roles of the Renal Na+-H+ ExchangerAronson P, Igarashi P. Chapter 4 Molecular ... A complementary approach uses mice with targeted gene disruption to elucidate the physiological roles of ion exchangers and ... The plasma membrane sodium-hydrogen exchanger and its role in physiological and pathophysiological processes.Mahnensmith RL, ...
Heretofore unknown phsycological/physiological phenomena; interdimensional/time travellers, heretofore unknown natural ... I love this website, I have been watching all the programs on UFO or supernatural phenomenon. The real reason for this is to ... phenomena; heretofore unknown sentient species from THIS planet... etc... all more fascinating to me than aliens... ...
But this phenomenon may be caused by simple physiological shock; in any case it is different from the ability to "imagine and ...
Explain what burnout is as a chronic personal psychological phenomenon with physical/physiological elements. ...
Religion, considered solely as a physiological fact, is the revelation and satisfaction of a necessity of souls. Its existence ... paragraph continues] Universal Synthesis, ought to explain all the phenomena of Being. ...
A growing body of research now indicates that early physiological injury responses are also required to initiate a regenerative ... A growing body of research now indicates that early physiological injury responses are also required to initiate a regenerative ... Figure 3. Comparison of physiological phenomena during healing between regenerative and non-regenerative organisms. (A) Color ... Summarization of physiological phenomena either known to be associated with regenerative healing, known to be associated with ...
Physiological ischemia/reperfusion phenomena and their relation to endogenous melatonin production: a hypothesis. Endocrine ...
  • Cell Physiological Phenomena" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (childrensmercy.org)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Cell Physiological Phenomena" by people in this website by year, and whether "Cell Physiological Phenomena" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Cell Physiological Phenomena" by people in Profiles. (childrensmercy.org)
  • The response could not be related to any of the clinical or other physiological variables examined. (portlandpress.com)
  • Explain what burnout is as a chronic personal psychological phenomenon with physical/physiological elements. (cdc.gov)
  • In fact, our inability to notice changes has become an increasingly studied set of physiological and psychological phenomena. (css-tricks.com)
  • and whether neurobehavioral disorders caused by neurotoxicants, which may manifest as psychological disorders, are ever a public health phenomenon near hazardous waste sites. (cdc.gov)
  • Skin conductance / galvanic skin response (GSR) is another physiological method we use to investigate the relationship between cognitive mechanisms and physical phenomena. (uni-potsdam.de)
  • Ashman phenomenon is an aberrant ventricular conduction due to a change in QRS cycle length, and it can be seen in any supraventricular arrhythmia. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] Ashman phenomenon is related to the underlying pathology of the cardiac conduction system and is a common electrocardiographic (ECG) finding in clinical practice. (medscape.com)
  • Ashman phenomenon is an intraventricular conduction abnormality caused by a change in the heart rate. (medscape.com)
  • A growing body of research now indicates that early physiological injury responses are also required to initiate a regenerative program, and that these differ in regenerative and non-regenerative contexts. (frontiersin.org)
  • Some of the physiological stresses from the cyclic transition between deep torpor and euthermy are similar to the ones experienced by the ageing body (for example, oxidative stress), and promote responses in cellular signalling pathways that are essential for both longevity and torpor survival 36 , 46 . (nature.com)
  • We use bimanual grip force recording, mouse tracking and touch screen technology in order to investigate a wide range of cognitive phenomena from basic ones, such as perception-action coupling, to the higher-level cognition - numerical and mathematical cognition, language processing, including abstract and idiomatic language, conceptual understanding of time, and processing of emotional information. (uni-potsdam.de)
  • We defined work-related hypervigilance as an extreme attentiveness to and assessment of the environment for potential danger that goes along with cognitive and physiological arousal. (cdc.gov)
  • The growing importance of research on bilingualism in psychology and neuroscience motivates the need for a psychometric model that can be used to understand and quantify this phenomenon. (mpi.nl)
  • Therefore, we next must investigate the entire activity of the thyroid, now that we can interpret its various phases of activity in terms of simple physiological theory. (price-pottenger.org)
  • As a result, most of our understanding of microbial ecology is patchwork, synthesized from model microbes that often do not represent the full set of capabilities of the microbial communities associated with real-world phenomena. (frontiersin.org)
  • But some phenomena can help to distinguish hypnic jerk from these other conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • This phenomenon can therefore be distinguished from other more serious conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conditions causing an altered duration of the refractory period of the bundle branch or the ventricular tissue cause Ashman phenomenon. (medscape.com)
  • A complementary approach uses mice with targeted gene disruption to elucidate the physiological roles of ion exchangers and associated proteins under in vivo conditions. (yale.edu)
  • This response was a relatively constant phenomenon in the same subject. (portlandpress.com)
  • Ripening is a genetically programmed highly coordinated irreversible phenomenon which includes many biochemical changes including tissue softening, pigment changes, aroma and flavour volatile production, reduction in astringency, and many others. (hindawi.com)
  • A study by Sardar et al indicated that dofetilide, a delayed rectifier potassium current (I Kr ) blocker used to treat atrial fibrillation, can promote the development of Ashman phenomenon, possibly through a reverse use-dependence effect associated with prolongation of the ventricular refractory period. (medscape.com)
  • We conceptualized work-related hypervigilance as a distinct experienced stressor that is related to, but separate from, phenomena around perceptions of danger or traumatic stress. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, the current understanding of chemerin processing, signaling and physiological function has been summarized, focusing on the regulation of its activity, its different receptors and its controversially discussed role in diseases. (nih.gov)
  • Phenomena that produce alterations in physiologic function and the resulting human response are examined. (annamaria.edu)
  • For easy understanding, we try to record the physiological phenomena and explain by figures. (qigonginstitute.org)
  • This mental phenomenon has a physiological basis. (healthline.com)
  • Schwartz and Lefebvre (1973) noted that frequent transitory arousals were common during REM sleep and proposed these 'micro-awakenings' as the physiological basis for lucid dream reports. (lucidity.com)
  • To find out the characteristics of the physiological effect when doing the Great and Small Zhoutian Gong and improve the testing methods and technology. (qigonginstitute.org)
  • Dr. Napper's early research was in mathematical modeling of physiological systems but later research was in engineering education and in exploring applications of artificial intelligence in biomedical engineering. (hc.edu)
  • Embryo, during which cell division is the major activity, encouraged by placental hormones, without which the normal control influences would inhibit such phenomena. (price-pottenger.org)
  • The different physiological phenomena responsive to overt muscle injury versus adaptation will be distinguished. (cdc.gov)
  • Scientists do not know exactly why this phenomenon occurs and are still trying to understand it. (wikipedia.org)
  • As Ashman phenomenon is simply an ECG manifestation of the underlying condition, not a disease process itself, morbidity and mortality is related to the underlying condition (often, atrial fibrillation). (medscape.com)
  • Stage 2 is stopped by gonadal hormones at adolescence which act to inhibit thymus as a part of their physiological job, unless the thymus is simply robbed of anything to do by the dispatching of cytotrophins to the gonad, with the end result of atrophy by disuse. (price-pottenger.org)
  • In 1996, though, George McConkie and Christopher Currie, a couple of professors at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, conducted a set of studies that is credited with sparking significant interest into the phenomena of change blindness. (css-tricks.com)
  • One phenomenon that I feel is particularly relevant to the conversation is change blindness. (css-tricks.com)
  • What was needed to unambiguously establish the physiological status of lucid dreams was some sort of behavioral response signaling to the experimenter the exact time the lucid dream was taking place. (lucidity.com)
  • In our labs, we measure physiological correlates of cognition, such as heart rate variability, respiratory rate, and skin conductance. (uni-potsdam.de)
  • This implies that bilingualism should be conceptualized as an emergent phenomenon arising from direct and idiosyncratic dependencies among the history of language acquisition, diverse language skills, and language-use practices. (mpi.nl)