An antiseptic and disinfectant aromatic alcohol.
Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.
Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.
Phenols substituted with one or more chlorine atoms in any position.
A family of 3,3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)phthalides. They are used as CATHARTICS, indicators, and COLORING AGENTS.
A sulfotransferase that catalyzes the sulfation of a phenol in the presence of 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate as sulfate donor to yield an aryl sulfate and adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate. A number of aromatic compounds can act as acceptors; however, organic hydroxylamines are not substrates. Sulfate conjugation by this enzyme is a major pathway for the biotransformation of phenolic and catechol drugs as well as neurotransmitters. EC 2.8.2.1.
Cresols, also known as hydroxytoluene, are a group of phenolic compounds including ortho-cresol, meta-cresol, and para-cresol, which differ in the position of the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring.
A group of 1,2-benzenediols that contain the general formula R-C6H5O2.
Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.
Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)
Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon byproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide.
Widely distributed enzymes that carry out oxidation-reduction reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic substrate; the other oxygen atom is reduced and combined with hydrogen ions to form water. They are also known as monooxygenases or hydroxylases. These reactions require two substrates as reductants for each of the two oxygen atoms. There are different classes of monooxygenases depending on the type of hydrogen-providing cosubstrate (COENZYMES) required in the mixed-function oxidation.
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of catechol to muconic acid with the use of Fe3+ as a cofactor. This enzyme was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.1.1 and EC 1.99.2.2.
A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria able to anaerobically oxidize and degrade toluene.
Catalyzes the oxidation of catechol to 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde in the carbazole and BENZOATE degradation via HYDROXYLATION pathways. It also catalyzes the conversion of 3-methylcatechol to cis, cis-2-hydroxy-6-oxohept-2,4-dienoate in the TOLUENE and XYLENE degradation pathway. This enzyme was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.1.2.
Oxidases that specifically introduce DIOXYGEN-derived oxygen atoms into a variety of organic molecules.
An insecticide and herbicide that has also been used as a wood preservative. Pentachlorphenol is a widespread environmental pollutant. Both chronic and acute pentachlorophenol poisoning are medical concerns. The range of its biological actions is still being actively explored, but it is clearly a potent enzyme inhibitor and has been used as such as an experimental tool.
An enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of tyrosine to phenol, pyruvate, and ammonia. It is a pyridoxal phosphate protein. The enzyme also forms pyruvate from D-tyrosine, L-cysteine, S-methyl-L-cysteine, L-serine, and D-serine, although at a slower rate. EC 4.1.99.2.
A group of compounds that are derivatives of methoxybenzene and contain the general formula R-C7H7O.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.
A mitosporic fungal genus causing opportunistic infections, endocarditis, fungemia, a hypersensitivity pneumonitis (see TRICHOSPORONOSIS) and white PIEDRA.
Hydroquinones are chemical compounds that function as potent depigmenting agents, inhibiting the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to melanin, used topically in the treatment of various dermatological disorders such as melasma, freckles, and hyperpigmentation.
A class of chemicals that contain an anthracene ring with a naphthalene ring attached to it.
An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747)
Nitrophenols are organic compounds characterized by the presence of a nitro group (-NO2) attached to a phenol molecule, known for their potential use in chemical and pharmaceutical industries, but also recognized as environmental pollutants due to their toxicity and potential carcinogenicity.
A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.
An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction between L-tyrosine, L-dopa, and oxygen to yield L-dopa, dopaquinone, and water. It is a copper protein that acts also on catechols, catalyzing some of the same reactions as CATECHOL OXIDASE. EC 1.14.18.1.
Excessive lateral nail growth into the nail fold. Because the lateral margin of the nail acts as a foreign body, inflammation and granulation may result. It is caused by improperly fitting shoes and by improper trimming of the nail.

The direct spectrophotometric observation of benzo(a)pyrene phenol formation by liver microsomes. (1/4452)

Optical spectral repetitive scan analysis during the oxidative metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by liver microsomal suspensions reveals the time-dependent formation of an intermediate(s) of which the visible spectra resemble those of several benzo(a)pyrene phenols. Liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats showed a greater rate of formation of the phenols than did microsomes from control animals; the rate of formation catalyzed by liver microsomes from phenobarbital-pretreated rats was intermediate. When 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was used as a standard for comparison of activity, the rates of formation of phenols were compared when measured by fluorometric, spectrophotometric, or high-pressure liquid chromatographic analytical techniques. An epoxide hydrase inhibitor, 1,1,1-trichloropropene-2,3-oxide, enhanced phenol formation regardless of the source of liver microsomes, and 7,8-benzoflavone inhibited control and 3-methylcholanthrene-induced microsomal metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene, 7,8-Benzoflavone did not effect benzo(a)pyrene metabolism by liver microsomes from phenobarbital-pretreated rats. The effect of inhibitors on the spectrophotometric assay correlates well with the results obtained from benzo(a)pyrene metabolite analysis using high-pressure liquid chromatography.  (+info)

Hierarchical cluster analysis applied to workers' exposures in fiberglass insulation manufacturing. (2/4452)

The objectives of this study were to explore the application of cluster analysis to the characterization of multiple exposures in industrial hygiene practice and to compare exposure groupings based on the result from cluster analysis with that based on non-measurement-based approaches commonly used in epidemiology. Cluster analysis was performed for 37 workers simultaneously exposed to three agents (endotoxin, phenolic compounds and formaldehyde) in fiberglass insulation manufacturing. Different clustering algorithms, including complete-linkage (or farthest-neighbor), single-linkage (or nearest-neighbor), group-average and model-based clustering approaches, were used to construct the tree structures from which clusters can be formed. Differences were observed between the exposure clusters constructed by these different clustering algorithms. When contrasting the exposure classification based on tree structures with that based on non-measurement-based information, the results indicate that the exposure clusters identified from the tree structures had little in common with the classification results from either the traditional exposure zone or the work group classification approach. In terms of the defining homogeneous exposure groups or from the standpoint of health risk, some toxicological normalization in the components of the exposure vector appears to be required in order to form meaningful exposure groupings from cluster analysis. Finally, it remains important to see if the lack of correspondence between exposure groups based on epidemiological classification and measurement data is a peculiarity of the data or a more general problem in multivariate exposure analysis.  (+info)

Complete sequence of a 184-kilobase catabolic plasmid from Sphingomonas aromaticivorans F199. (3/4452)

The complete 184,457-bp sequence of the aromatic catabolic plasmid, pNL1, from Sphingomonas aromaticivorans F199 has been determined. A total of 186 open reading frames (ORFs) are predicted to encode proteins, of which 79 are likely directly associated with catabolism or transport of aromatic compounds. Genes that encode enzymes associated with the degradation of biphenyl, naphthalene, m-xylene, and p-cresol are predicted to be distributed among 15 gene clusters. The unusual coclustering of genes associated with different pathways appears to have evolved in response to similarities in biochemical mechanisms required for the degradation of intermediates in different pathways. A putative efflux pump and several hypothetical membrane-associated proteins were identified and predicted to be involved in the transport of aromatic compounds and/or intermediates in catabolism across the cell wall. Several genes associated with integration and recombination, including two group II intron-associated maturases, were identified in the replication region, suggesting that pNL1 is able to undergo integration and excision events with the chromosome and/or other portions of the plasmid. Conjugative transfer of pNL1 to another Sphingomonas sp. was demonstrated, and genes associated with this function were found in two large clusters. Approximately one-third of the ORFs (59 of them) have no obvious homology to known genes.  (+info)

Isolation from estuarine sediments of a Desulfovibrio strain which can grow on lactate coupled to the reductive dehalogenation of 2,4, 6-tribromophenol. (4/4452)

Strain TBP-1, an anaerobic bacterium capable of reductively dehalogenating 2,4,6-tribromophenol to phenol, was isolated from estuarine sediments of the Arthur Kill in the New York/New Jersey harbor. It is a gram-negative, motile, vibrio-shaped, obligate anaerobe which grows on lactate, pyruvate, hydrogen, and fumarate when provided sulfate as an electron acceptor. The organism accumulates acetate when grown on lactate and sulfate, contains desulfoviridin, and will not grow in the absence of NaCl. It will not utilize acetate, succinate, propionate, or butyrate for growth via sulfate reduction. When supplied with lactate as an electron donor, strain TBP-1 will utilize sulfate, sulfite, sulfur, and thiosulfate for growth but not nitrate, fumarate, or acrylate. This organism debrominates 2-, 4-, 2,4-, 2,6-, and 2,4,6-bromophenol but not 3- or 2,3-bromophenol or monobrominated benzoates. It will not dehalogenate monochlorinated, fluorinated, or iodinated phenols or chlorinated benzoates. Together with its physiological characteristics, its 16S rRNA gene sequence places it in the genus Desulfovibrio. The average growth yield of strain TBP-1 grown on a defined medium supplemented with lactate and 2,4,6-bromophenol is 3.71 mg of protein/mmol of phenol produced, and the yield was 1.42 mg of protein/mmol of phenol produced when 4-bromophenol was the electron acceptor. Average growth yields (milligrams of protein per millimole of electrons utilized) for Desulfovibrio sp. strain TBP-1 grown with 2,4,6-bromophenol, 4-bromophenol, or sulfate are 0.62, 0.71, and 1.07, respectively. Growth did not occur when either lactate or 2,4,6-bromophenol was omitted from the growth medium. These results indicate that Desulfovibrio sp. strain TBP-1 is capable of growth via halorespiration.  (+info)

In vivo demonstration of H3-histaminergic inhibition of cardiac sympathetic stimulation by R-alpha-methyl-histamine and its prodrug BP 2.94 in the dog. (5/4452)

1. The aim of this study was to investigate whether histamine H3-receptor agonists could inhibit the effects of cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation in the dog. 2. Catecholamine release by the heart and the associated variation of haemodynamic parameters were measured after electrical stimulation of the right cardiac sympathetic nerves (1-4 Hz, 10 V, 10 ms) in the anaesthetized dog treated with R-alpha-methyl-histamine (R-HA) and its prodrug BP 2.94 (BP). 3. Cardiac sympathetic stimulation induced a noradrenaline release into the coronary sinus along with a tachycardia and an increase in left ventricular pressure and contractility without changes in mean arterial pressure. Intravenous administration of H3-receptor agonists significantly decreased noradrenaline release by the heart (R-HA at 2 micromol kg(-1) h(-1): +77 +/- 25 vs +405 +/- 82; BP 2.94 at 1 mg kg(-1): +12 +/- 11 vs +330 +/- 100 pg ml(-1) in control conditions, P < or = 0.05), and increases in heart rate (R-HA at 2 micromol kg(-1) h(-1): +26 +/- 8 vs +65 +/- 10 and BP 2.94 at 1 mg kg(-1): +30 +/- 8 vs 75 +/- 6 beats min(-1), in control conditions P < or = 0.05), left ventricular pressure, and contractility. Treatment with SC 359 (1 mg kg(-1)) a selective H3-antagonist, reversed the effects of H3-receptor agonists. Treatment with R-HA at 2 micromol kg(-1) h(-1) and BP 2.94 at 1 mg kg(-1) tended to decrease, while that with SC 359 significantly increased basal heart rate (from 111 +/- 3 to 130 +/- 5 beats min(-1), P < or = 0.001). 4. Functional H3-receptors are present on sympathetic nerve endings in the dog heart. Their stimulation by R-alpha-methyl-histamine or BP 2.94 can inhibit noradrenaline release by the heart and its associated haemodynamic effects.  (+info)

Antioxidative and chelating activities of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Pedicularis striata. (6/4452)

AIM: To study the antioxidative and iron chelating activities of phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPG) isolated from a Chinese herb Pedicularis striata. METHODS: Antioxidative effects of PPG on lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO4-edetic acid in linoleic acid were measured by thiobarbituric acid method. Chelating activities of PPG for Fe2+ were tested by differential spectrum method. RESULTS: The reaction rates (A532.min-1) of lipid peroxidation were 0.0046 in the control, 0.0021 in verbascoside group, and 0.0008 in isoverbascoside group. The chelating activity of isoverbascoside was 2-fold stronger than that of verbascoside. Permethyl verbascoside showed neither antioxidative nor chelating activities. CONCLUSION: The inhibitory effects of PPG with phenolic hydroxy groups on lipid peroxidation are owing to their chelating properties. Under physiological condition PPG-Fe2+ chelates are sufficiently stable. Thus PPG are able to inhibit the Fe(2+)-dependent lipid peroxidation in vivo through chelating Fe2+ and exhibit their therapeutic potential by the same mechanism in vitro.  (+info)

Developing hypothalamic dopaminergic neurones as potential targets for environmental estrogens. (7/4452)

Environmental chemicals which mimic the actions of estrogen have the potential to affect any estrogen responsive tissue. The aim of the present study was to investigate their potential to mimic the effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on developing primary rat hypothalamic dopaminergic (DA) neurones maintained in a chemically defined medium. We now show that both E2 and octylphenol (OP), but not the non-aromatizable androgen, dihydrotestosterone, enhanced the uptake of [3H]DA by the cultured cells, whereas they had no effect on the uptake of [14C]GABA. Although the sensitivity of responses may change with the age of the developing cultures, the dose response curves for E2 and OP were typically 'bell-shaped', with a rise in response followed by a decline to control levels with increasing concentrations. Effects were seen as low as 10(-14) M for E2 and 10(-11) M for OP. Responses to E2 (10(-12) M) and OP (10(-9) M) were reversed in the presence of the antiestrogen, ZM 182780 (10(-5) M). This study thus provides direct evidence, using a mechanistic rather than toxicological end-point, in support of the hypothesis that inappropriate exposure to environmental estrogens at critically sensitive stages of development, could potentially perturb the organisational activities of estrogen on selected neuronal populations in the CNS.  (+info)

Characterization of the pyoluteorin biosynthetic gene cluster of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5. (8/4452)

Ten genes (plt) required for the biosynthesis of pyoluteorin, an antifungal compound composed of a bichlorinated pyrrole linked to a resorcinol moiety, were identified within a 24-kb genomic region of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5. The deduced amino acid sequences of eight plt genes were similar to the amino acid sequences of genes with known biosynthetic functions, including type I polyketide synthases (pltB, pltC), an acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) dehydrogenase (pltE), an acyl-CoA synthetase (pltF), a thioesterase (pltG), and three halogenases (pltA, pltD, and pltM). Insertions of the transposon Tn5 or Tn3-nice or a kanamycin resistance gene in each of these genes abolished pyoluteorin production by Pf-5. The presumed functions of the eight plt products are consistent with biochemical transformations involved in pyoluteorin biosynthesis from proline and acetate precursors. Isotope labeling studies demonstrated that proline is the primary precursor to the dichloropyrrole moiety of pyoluteorin. The deduced amino acid sequence of the product of another plt gene, pltR, is similar to those of members of the LysR family of transcriptional activators. pltR and pltM are transcribed divergently from the pltLABCDEFG gene cluster, and a sequence with the characteristics of a LysR binding site was identified within the 486-bp intergenic region separating pltRM from pltLABCDEFG. Transcription of the pyoluteorin biosynthesis genes pltB, pltE, and pltF, assessed with transcriptional fusions to an ice nucleation reporter gene, was significantly greater in Pf-5 than in a pltR mutant of Pf-5. Therefore, PltR is proposed to be a transcriptional activator of linked pyoluteorin biosynthesis genes.  (+info)

Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. It is a white crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water and has a melting point of 40-42°C. Phenol is a weak acid, but it is quite reactive and can be converted into a variety of other chemicals.

In a medical context, phenol is most commonly used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. It has a characteristic odor that is often described as "tarry" or " medicinal." Phenol is also used in some over-the-counter products, such as mouthwashes and throat lozenges, to help kill bacteria and freshen breath.

However, phenol is also a toxic substance that can cause serious harm if it is swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. It can cause irritation and burns to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, and it can damage the liver and kidneys if ingested. Long-term exposure to phenol has been linked to an increased risk of cancer.

Because of its potential for harm, phenol is regulated as a hazardous substance in many countries, and it must be handled with care when used in medical or industrial settings.

Phenols, also known as phenolic acids or phenol derivatives, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring. In the context of medicine and biology, phenols are often referred to as a type of antioxidant that can be found in various foods and plants.

Phenols have the ability to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause damage to cells and contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Some common examples of phenolic compounds include gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and ellagic acid, among many others.

Phenols can also have various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic effects. However, some phenolic compounds can also be toxic or irritating to the body in high concentrations, so their use as therapeutic agents must be carefully monitored and controlled.

Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) is a chemical compound that has been historically used in medicine as a diagnostic test for kidney function. It's an acid-base indicator, which means it changes color depending on the pH of the solution it's in. In its colored form, PSP is pink, and in its uncolored form, it's colorless.

In the context of renal function testing, PSP is given to a patient orally or intravenously, and then its clearance from the body is measured through urine and blood samples. The rate at which PSP is cleared from the body can provide information about the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is an important indicator of kidney function. However, this test has largely been replaced by more modern and accurate methods for measuring GFR.

It's worth noting that phenolsulfonphthalein is not a medication or therapeutic agent, but rather a diagnostic tool that has been used in the past to assess kidney function.

Chlorophenols are a group of chemical compounds that consist of a phenol ring substituted with one or more chlorine atoms. They are widely used as pesticides, disinfectants, and preservatives. Some common examples of chlorophenols include pentachlorophenol, trichlorophenol, and dichlorophenol.

Chlorophenols can be harmful to human health and the environment. They have been linked to a variety of adverse health effects, including skin and eye irritation, respiratory problems, damage to the liver and kidneys, and an increased risk of cancer. Exposure to chlorophenols can occur through contact with contaminated soil, water, or air, as well as through ingestion or absorption through the skin.

It is important to handle chlorophenols with care and to follow proper safety precautions when using them. If you are concerned about exposure to chlorophenols, it is recommended that you speak with a healthcare professional for further guidance.

Phenolphthalein is not strictly a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that has been used in medical contexts. It's primarily known for its use as an acid-base indicator in chemistry and medical laboratory tests. Here's the general definition:

Phenolphthalein is a crystalline compound, commonly available as a colorless powder or clear liquid. It is used as a pH indicator, turning pink to purple in basic solutions (pH above 8.2) and colorless in acidic solutions (pH below 8.2). This property makes it useful in various applications, such as titrations and monitoring the pH of chemical reactions or solutions.

In a medical context, phenolphthalein has historically been used as an active ingredient in certain over-the-counter laxatives. However, due to concerns about potential carcinogenicity and other side effects, its use in pharmaceuticals has been largely discontinued or restricted in many countries, including the United States.

Arylsulfotransferases (ASTs) are a group of enzymes that play a role in the detoxification of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds by catalyzing the transfer of a sulfuryl group from a donor, such as 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), to an acceptor aromatic molecule. This results in the formation of a sulfate ester, which can then be excreted from the body. ASTs are found in various tissues, including the liver, kidney, and intestine, and are involved in the metabolism of numerous drugs, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Defects in ASTs have been associated with certain genetic disorders, such as aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency and disorders of steroid sulfation.

Cresols are a group of chemical compounds that are phenolic derivatives of benzene, consisting of methyl substituted cresidines. They have the formula C6H4(OH)(\_3CH3). There are three isomers of cresol, depending on the position of the methyl group: ortho-cresol (m-cresol), meta-cresol (p-cresol), and para-cresol (o-cresol). Cresols are used as disinfectants, antiseptics, and preservatives in various industrial and commercial applications. They have a characteristic odor and are soluble in alcohol and ether. In medical terms, cresols may be used as topical antiseptic agents, but they can also cause skin irritation and sensitization.

Catechols are a type of chemical compound that contain a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to it in the ortho position. The term "catechol" is often used interchangeably with "ortho-dihydroxybenzene." Catechols are important in biology because they are produced through the metabolism of certain amino acids, such as phenylalanine and tyrosine, and are involved in the synthesis of various neurotransmitters and hormones. They also have antioxidant properties and can act as reducing agents. In chemistry, catechols can undergo various reactions, such as oxidation and polymerization, to form other classes of compounds.

Environmental biodegradation is the breakdown of materials, especially man-made substances such as plastics and industrial chemicals, by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi in order to use them as a source of energy or nutrients. This process occurs naturally in the environment and helps to break down organic matter into simpler compounds that can be more easily absorbed and assimilated by living organisms.

Biodegradation in the environment is influenced by various factors, including the chemical composition of the substance being degraded, the environmental conditions (such as temperature, moisture, and pH), and the type and abundance of microorganisms present. Some substances are more easily biodegraded than others, and some may even be resistant to biodegradation altogether.

Biodegradation is an important process for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, as it helps to prevent the accumulation of harmful substances in the environment. However, some man-made substances, such as certain types of plastics and industrial chemicals, may persist in the environment for long periods of time due to their resistance to biodegradation, leading to negative impacts on wildlife and ecosystems.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in developing biodegradable materials that can break down more easily in the environment as a way to reduce waste and minimize environmental harm. These efforts have led to the development of various biodegradable plastics, coatings, and other materials that are designed to degrade under specific environmental conditions.

Parabens are a group of synthetic preservatives that have been widely used in the cosmetics and personal care product industry since the 1920s. They are effective at inhibiting the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds, which helps to prolong the shelf life of these products. Parabens are commonly found in shampoos, conditioners, lotions, creams, deodorants, and other personal care items.

The most commonly used parabens include methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. These compounds are often used in combination to provide broad-spectrum protection against microbial growth. Parabens work by penetrating the cell wall of microorganisms and disrupting their metabolism, which prevents them from multiplying.

Parabens have been approved for use as preservatives in cosmetics and personal care products by regulatory agencies around the world, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). However, there has been some controversy surrounding their safety, with concerns raised about their potential to mimic the hormone estrogen in the body and disrupt normal endocrine function.

While some studies have suggested that parabens may be associated with health problems such as breast cancer and reproductive toxicity, the evidence is not conclusive, and more research is needed to fully understand their potential risks. In response to these concerns, many manufacturers have begun to remove parabens from their products or offer paraben-free alternatives. It's important to note that while avoiding parabens may be a personal preference for some individuals, there is currently no scientific consensus on the need to avoid them entirely.

Benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid with a sweet odor. It has the molecular formula C6H6 and is composed of six carbon atoms arranged in a ring, bonded to six hydrogen atoms. Benzene is an important industrial solvent and is used as a starting material in the production of various chemicals, including plastics, rubber, resins, and dyes. It is also a natural component of crude oil and gasoline.

In terms of medical relevance, benzene is classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene can cause various health effects, including anemia, leukemia, and other blood disorders. Occupational exposure to benzene is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to protect workers from potential health hazards.

It's important to note that while benzene has legitimate uses in industry, it should be handled with care due to its known health risks. Exposure to benzene can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or accidental ingestion, so appropriate safety measures must be taken when handling this chemical.

Mixed Function Oxygenases (MFOs) are a type of enzyme that catalyze the addition of one atom each from molecular oxygen (O2) to a substrate, while reducing the other oxygen atom to water. These enzymes play a crucial role in the metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous compounds, including drugs, carcinogens, and environmental pollutants.

MFOs are primarily located in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells and consist of two subunits: a flavoprotein component that contains FAD or FMN as a cofactor, and an iron-containing heme protein. The most well-known example of MFO is cytochrome P450, which is involved in the oxidation of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds such as steroids, fatty acids, and vitamins.

MFOs can catalyze a variety of reactions, including hydroxylation, epoxidation, dealkylation, and deamination, among others. These reactions often lead to the activation or detoxification of xenobiotics, making MFOs an important component of the body's defense system against foreign substances. However, in some cases, these reactions can also produce reactive intermediates that may cause toxicity or contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer.

Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of catechols to muconic acids as part of the meta-cleavage pathway in the breakdown of aromatic compounds in bacteria. The enzyme requires iron as a cofactor and functions by cleaving the aromatic ring between the two hydroxyl groups in the catechol molecule. This reaction is an important step in the degradation of various environmental pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and lignin, by certain bacterial species.

"Thauera" is a genus of bacteria that belongs to the family of Comamonadaceae. These bacteria are commonly found in various environments such as soil, water, and wastewater treatment systems. They have the ability to degrade various organic compounds, including aromatic hydrocarbons and ammonia, making them important players in bioremediation processes.

The name "Thauera" is derived from the Greek word "thauema," which means "wonder" or "marvel." This name reflects the remarkable abilities of these bacteria to break down complex organic compounds.

It's worth noting that "Thauera" is a taxonomic category, and individual species within this genus may have additional characteristics or properties that are not shared by all members of the group.

Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of catechols to muconic acids as part of the meta-cleavage pathway in the breakdown of aromatic compounds. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the degradation of various aromatic hydrocarbons, including lignin and environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase requires Fe(II) as a cofactor for its activity. The gene that encodes this enzyme is often used as a bioremediation marker to monitor the degradation of aromatic pollutants in the environment.

Oxygenases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of molecular oxygen (O2) into their substrates. They play crucial roles in various biological processes, including the biosynthesis of many natural products, as well as the detoxification and degradation of xenobiotics (foreign substances).

There are two main types of oxygenases: monooxygenases and dioxygenases. Monooxygenases introduce one atom of molecular oxygen into a substrate while reducing the other to water. An example of this type of enzyme is cytochrome P450, which is involved in drug metabolism and steroid hormone synthesis. Dioxygenases, on the other hand, incorporate both atoms of molecular oxygen into their substrates, often leading to the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds or the cleavage of existing ones.

It's important to note that while oxygenases are essential for many life-sustaining processes, they can also contribute to the production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) during normal cellular metabolism. An imbalance in ROS levels can lead to oxidative stress and damage to cells and tissues, which has been linked to various diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular disease.

Pentachlorophenol is not primarily a medical term, but rather a chemical compound with some uses and applications in the medical field. Medically, it's important to understand what pentachlorophenol is due to its potential health implications.

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an organochlorine compound that has been widely used as a pesticide, wood preservative, and disinfectant. Its chemical formula is C6HCl5O. It is a white crystalline solid with a distinct, somewhat unpleasant odor. In the environment, pentachlorophenol can be found in soil, water, and air as well as in various organisms, including humans.

Pentachlorophenol has been associated with several potential health risks. It is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and as a possible human carcinogen by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Exposure to pentachlorophenol can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Potential health effects include irritation of the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract; damage to the liver and kidneys; neurological issues; and reproductive problems.

In a medical context, pentachlorophenol might be relevant in cases where individuals have been exposed to this compound through occupational or environmental sources. Medical professionals may need to assess potential health risks, diagnose related health issues, and provide appropriate treatment.

Tyrosine Phenol-Lyase (TyrP or TAL) is not typically defined as a medical term, but rather a biochemical one. It is an enzyme found in bacteria that catalyzes the breakdown of the amino acid L-tyrosine into p-coumaric acid and ammonia. This reaction is part of the tyrosine degradation pathway, which is a series of biochemical reactions that break down L-tyrosine into smaller molecules for energy production or biosynthesis of other compounds.

Medically, understanding the function of Tyrosine Phenol-Lyase can be important in fields such as microbiology and infectious disease, as inhibiting this enzyme may offer a way to control certain bacterial infections. However, it is not a term commonly used in medical diagnosis or treatment.

Anisoles are organic compounds that consist of a phenyl ring (a benzene ring with a hydroxyl group replaced by a hydrogen atom) attached to a methoxy group (-O-CH3). The molecular formula for anisole is C6H5OCH3. Anisoles are aromatic ethers and can be found in various natural sources, including anise plants and some essential oils. They have a wide range of applications, including as solvents, flavoring agents, and intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals.

"Pseudomonas" is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely found in soil, water, and plants. Some species of Pseudomonas can cause disease in animals and humans, with P. aeruginosa being the most clinically relevant as it's an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing various types of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

P. aeruginosa is known for its remarkable ability to resist many antibiotics and disinfectants, making infections caused by this bacterium difficult to treat. It can cause a range of healthcare-associated infections, such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and surgical site infections. In addition, it can also cause external ear infections and eye infections.

Prompt identification and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are crucial for managing Pseudomonas infections, although the increasing antibiotic resistance poses a significant challenge in treatment.

Trichosporon is a genus of fungi that are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil, water, and air. They are also part of the normal flora of the human skin and mucous membranes. Some species of Trichosporon can cause various types of infections, mainly in people with weakened immune systems. These infections can range from superficial (e.g., skin and nail) to systemic and invasive, affecting internal organs. The most common Trichosporon-related infection is white piedra, a superficial mycosis that affects the hair shafts.

In a medical context, Trichosporon refers specifically to these fungi with potential pathogenic properties. It's essential to distinguish between the general term "trichosporon" (referring to the genus) and "Trichosporon" as a medically relevant entity causing infections.

Hydroquinones are a type of chemical compound that belong to the group of phenols. In a medical context, hydroquinones are often used as topical agents for skin lightening and the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders such as melasma, age spots, and freckles. They work by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, which is necessary for the production of melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color.

It's important to note that hydroquinones can have side effects, including skin irritation, redness, and contact dermatitis. Prolonged use or high concentrations may also cause ochronosis, a condition characterized by blue-black discoloration of the skin. Therefore, they should be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider and for limited periods of time.

Benzopyrene is a chemical compound that belongs to the class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It is formed from the incomplete combustion of organic materials, such as tobacco, coal, and gasoline. Benzopyrene is a potent carcinogen, meaning it has the ability to cause cancer in living tissue.

Benzopyrene is able to induce genetic mutations by interacting with DNA and forming bulky adducts that interfere with normal DNA replication. This can lead to the development of various types of cancer, including lung, skin, and bladder cancer. Benzopyrene has also been linked to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

In the medical field, benzopyrene is often used as a model compound for studying the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. It is also used in research to investigate the effects of PAHs on human health and to develop strategies for reducing exposure to these harmful substances.

Guaiacol is not a medical term per se, but it is a chemical compound with potential applications in the medical field. Here's a general definition:

Guaiacol (also known as 2-methoxyphenol) is an organic compound that belongs to the class of phenols. It is a colorless or slightly yellow oily liquid with a characteristic smoky odor, and it is soluble in alcohol and ether but only sparingly soluble in water. Guaiacol occurs naturally in the smoke of wood fires and is also found in certain plants, such as guaiacum and creosote bush. It has antimicrobial properties and is used in some medical and industrial applications, including as a precursor for the synthesis of other chemicals.

Nitrophenols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a phenyl ring (aromatic hydrocarbon) and one or more nitro groups (-NO2). They have the general structure R-C6H4-NO2, where R represents the hydroxyl group.

Nitrophenols are known for their distinctive yellow to brown color and can be found in various natural sources such as plants and microorganisms. Some common nitrophenols include:

* p-Nitrophenol (4-nitrophenol)
* o-Nitrophenol (2-nitrophenol)
* m-Nitrophenol (3-nitrophenol)

These compounds are used in various industrial applications, including dyes, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. However, they can also be harmful to human health and the environment, as some nitrophenols have been identified as potential environmental pollutants and may pose risks to human health upon exposure.

Benzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H5COOH. It is a colorless crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents. Benzoic acid occurs naturally in various plants and serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemical compounds.

In medical terms, benzoic acid and its salts (sodium benzoate, potassium benzoate) are used as preservatives in food, beverages, and cosmetics to prevent bacterial growth. They work by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, particularly gram-positive bacteria, through the disruption of their energy production processes.

Additionally, sodium benzoate is sometimes used as a treatment for hyperammonemia, a condition characterized by high levels of ammonia in the blood. In this case, sodium benzoate acts as a detoxifying agent by binding to excess ammonia and converting it into a more easily excreted compound called hippuric acid.

It is important to note that benzoic acid and its salts can cause allergic reactions or skin irritation in some individuals, particularly those with pre-existing sensitivities or conditions. As with any medication or chemical substance, it should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Tyrosinase, also known as monophenol monooxygenase, is an enzyme (EC 1.14.18.1) that catalyzes the ortho-hydroxylation of monophenols (like tyrosine) to o-diphenols (like L-DOPA) and the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinones. This enzyme plays a crucial role in melanin synthesis, which is responsible for the color of skin, hair, and eyes in humans and animals. Tyrosinase is found in various organisms, including plants, fungi, and animals. In humans, tyrosinase is primarily located in melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin. The enzyme's activity is regulated by several factors, such as pH, temperature, and metal ions like copper, which are essential for its catalytic function.

An ingrown nail, also known as onychocryptosis, is a common condition where the edge of the nail grows into the surrounding skin fold, causing pain, redness, swelling, and sometimes infection. This condition most commonly affects the toenails, particularly the big toe, but can also occur in fingernails. Ingrown nails can be caused by various factors such as improper nail trimming, tight-fitting shoes, trauma, or genetic predisposition. In severe cases, ingrown nails may require medical treatment, including partial nail removal or antibiotics to treat any infection present.

... undergo esterification. Phenol esters are active esters, being prone to hydrolysis. Phenols are reactive species toward ... Phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units in the molecule. Phenols ... Phenols are more acidic than typical alcohols. The acidity of the hydroxyl group in phenols is commonly intermediate between ... Many phenols of commercial interest are prepared by elaboration of phenol or cresols. They are typically produced by the ...
Unfiltered olive oil has the higher levels of phenols, or polar phenols that form a complex phenol-protein complex. Phenolic ... Natural sources of phenols on www.britannica.com Phenol-Explorer (phenol-explorer.eu), a database dedicated to phenolics found ... Some phenols are sold as dietary supplements. Phenols have been investigated as drugs. For instance, Crofelemer (USAN trade ... Phenol extraction is a processing technology used to prepare phenols as raw materials, compounds or additives for industrial ...
Phenol radical reacts directly with another equivalent of phenol, followed by hydrogen atom abstraction and tautomerization. ... Though a mechanistic possibility when phenols oxidized, methodologies for selective C-O coupling of phenols are limited and ... Two-electron oxidation of phenol followed by reaction with another equivalent of phenol and tautomerization affords the product ... Oxidative phenol couplings often suffer from over-oxidation as a potential side product. This is a common occurrence if the ...
... spray, usually at 1.4% phenol as an active ingredient, is used medically to treat sore throat. It is the active ... Aqueous solutions of phenol are weakly acidic and turn blue litmus slightly to red. Phenol is neutralized by sodium hydroxide ... Look up phenol in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to Phenol. Wikisource has the text of the ... "How can phenol affect my health?" (PDF). Toxicological Profile for Phenol: 24. Hanscha, Corwin; McKarns, Susan C; Smith, Carr J ...
... is a former Haitian international football player. He is best known for scoring a hat-trick in the 1957 CCCF ... in French) "Charles, Phenol". Soccer DB. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2013. "This Week ...
... may refer to: SULT1A1, a human gene encoding a sulfotransferase SULT1A2, a human gene encoding a ...
... s can be synthesized through an acid-catalyzed condensation of phenols and an alcohol. Phenols include phenol ... Due to the increased hydrophobicity of phenol ethers compared to traditional phenols, phenol ethers are often present in the ... Phenol ethers follow the same nomenclature of regular ethers; ethers have the structure R-O-R', but phenol ethers require that ... In chemistry, a phenol ether (or aromatic ether) is an organic compound derived from phenol (C6H5OH), where the hydroxyl (-OH) ...
... is a comprehensive database on natural phenols and polyphenols including food composition, food processing, and ... PMID 20428313 Phenol-Explorer v t e (Articles with topics of unclear notability from May 2018, All articles with topics of ... "Phenol-Explorer: an online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods", Database, 2010: bap024, doi:10.1093/ ... Natural phenols, Food databases, Biological databases, All stub articles, Biological database stubs). ...
... is a laboratory technique that purifies nucleic acid samples using a phenol solution. Phenol is common ... Chloroform and phenol are miscible and create a denser solution than phenol alone, aiding the separation of the organic and ... Phenol is often used in combination with chloroform. Adding an equal volume of chloroform and phenol ensures a distinct ... "Phenol". Sigma-Aldrich. Retrieved 9 Jul 2022. Oswald, Nick (18 Oct 2021) [12 Feb 2008]. "The Basics: How Phenol Extraction of ...
Guardex Solution 2 - Phenol Red Material Safety Data Sheet Effect of Bromine on Phenol Red in pH Tests Video of phenol red ... Phenol red (also known as phenolsulfonphthalein or PSP) is a pH indicator frequently used in cell biology laboratories. Phenol ... Phenol red solution is administered intravenously; the urine produced is collected. By measuring the amount of phenol red ... many types of tissue culture media are also available without phenol red. Phenol red is a weak estrogen mimic, and in cell ...
To calculate phenol coefficient, the concentration of phenol at which the compound kills the test organism in 10 minutes, but ... The Phenol coefficient, is now largely of historical interest, although the principles upon which it is based are still used. ... It is a measure of the bactericidal activity of a chemical compound in relation to phenol. When listed numerically, the figure ... The Chick-Martin test was then widely used until replaced by more suitable tests not reliant on phenol and reflecting the ...
... may refer to: UGT1A3, a human gene UGT1A4, a human gene UGT1A5, a human gene UGT1A6, a human ...
... is a stain used in clinical microbiology and histology to identify tuberculosis mycobacteria. There are ... Smears are prepared just like that for ZN staining Stain with Auramine-Phenol for 20 mins Rinse with water Decolourise in acid ... two types of auramine phenol stains, 1 and 2 to stain mycobacterium species and cryptosporidium respectively. Both are ...
The enzyme tyrosine phenol-lyase (EC 4.1.99.2) catalyzes the chemical reaction L-tyrosine + H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \ ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-tyrosine phenol-lyase (deaminating; pyruvate-forming). Other names in common use ... Kumagai H, Yamada H, Matsui H, Ohkishi H, Ogata K (1970). "Tyrosine phenol lyase. II. Cofactor requirements". J. Biol. Chem. ... Kumagai H, Yamada H, Matsui H, Ohkishi H, Ogata K (1970). "Tyrosine phenol lyase. I. Purification, crystallization, and ...
Polychloro phenoxy phenols (polychlorinated phenoxy phenols, PCPPs) are a group of organic polyhalogenated compounds. Among ... doi:10.1016/0045-6535(90)90067-4. v t e (Chloroarenes, Incineration, Phenols, Ethers, All stub articles, Organohalide stubs). ...
... is a compound used as a disinfectant. It is the sodium salt of 2-phenylphenol. As a food additive, it ... Phenols, Organic sodium salts, All stub articles, Aromatic compound stubs). ...
... s have been implicated in assisting with colony spreading. PSMα 1-4 have been shown to help S. aureus ... Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) are a family of small proteins, that carry out a variety of functions, including acting as ... doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12057 Li S, Huang H, Rao X, Chen W, Wang Z, Hu X. Phenol-soluble modulins: novel virulence-associated ... PSMs were first discovered in S. epidermidis by Seymour Klebanoff and via hot-phenol extraction and were described as a pro- ...
Because the phenol:chloroform mixture is immiscible with water, the centrifuge will cause two distinct phases to form: an upper ... Phenol-chloroform extraction is a liquid-liquid extraction technique in molecular biology used to separate nucleic acids from ... This difference in density is why phenol, which only has a slightly higher density than water, must be mixed with chloroform to ... The aqueous phase rises to the top because it is less dense than the organic phase containing the phenol:chloroform. ...
Apart from acid catalysis, the dienone-phenol rearrangement is also possible in presence of base. The dienone-phenol ... The dienone-phenol rearrangement is a reaction in organic chemistry first reported in 1921 by Karl von Auwers and Karl Ziegler ... "Dienone-Phenol Rearrangement of 2-Phenyl-o-quinolacetate". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71 (5): 1781. May 1, 1949. doi:10.1021/jo01090a603 ... Arnold, Richard T.; Buckley, Jay S.; Dodson, R. M. (1950). "The Dienone-Phenol Rearrangement. III. Rearrangement of 1-Keto-4,4- ...
In enzymology, a phenol 2-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction phenol + NADPH + H+ + ... Neujahr HY, Gaal A (1975). "Phenol hydroxylase from yeast. Sulfhydryl groups in phenol hydroxylase from Trichosporon cutaneum ... Other names in common use include phenol hydroxylase, and phenol o-hydroxylase. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic ... Neujahr HY, Gaal A (1973). "Phenol hydroxylase from yeast. Purification and properties of the enzyme from Trichosporon cutaneum ...
... are phenol-formaldehyde resins with a formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio of less than one. In place of phenol itself, they are ... Base-catalysed phenol-formaldehyde resins are made with a formaldehyde to phenol ratio of greater than one (usually around 1.5 ... Phenol formaldehyde resins (PF) (phenolic resins or phenoplasts) are synthetic polymers obtained by the reaction of phenol or ... When the molar ratio of formaldehyde:phenol reaches one, in theory every phenol is linked together via methylene bridges, ...
In enzymology, a phenol O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.25) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction S-adenosyl-L- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:phenol O-methyltransferase. This enzyme is also called PMT ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 2.1.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, O-methylated natural phenols metabolism, All stub articles, EC ... Axelrod J, Daly J (1968). "Phenol-O-methyltransferase". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 159 (3): 472-8. doi:10.1016/0005-2744(68)90131- ...
In enzymology, a phenol beta-glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.35) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction UDP-glucose + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-glucose:phenol beta-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include ... a phenol ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } UDP + an aryl beta-D-glucoside Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP- ... glucose and phenol, whereas its two products are UDP and aryl beta-D-glucoside. This enzyme belongs to the family of ...
... of phenol per day. Edison's excess phenol seemed destined for American trinitrophenol production, which would be used to ... The Great Phenol Plot was a clandestine effort by the German Government during the early years of World War I to divert ... This allowed the phenol transfers to continue for a short while longer. By the time the plan was discontinued, it had succeeded ... Much of the phenol would go to the German-owned Chemische Fabrik von Heyden's American subsidiary; Heyden was the supplier of ...
A polyphenol antioxidant is a hypothetized type of antioxidant, in which each instance would contain a polyphenolic substructure; such instances which have been studied in vitro. Numbering over 4,000 distinct chemical structures (mostly from plants), such polyphenols may[vague] have antioxidant activity {{{1}}} in vitro[vague] (although they are unlikely to be antioxidants in vivo). Hypothetically, they may affect cell-to-cell signaling, receptor sensitivity, inflammatory enzyme activity or gene regulation, although high-quality clinical research has not confirmed any of these possible effects in humans as of 2020[update]. The main source of polyphenols is dietary, since they are found in a wide array of phytochemical-bearing foods. For example, honey; most legumes; fruits such as apples, blackberries, blueberries, cantaloupe, pomegranate, cherries, cranberries, grapes, pears, plums, raspberries, aronia berries, and strawberries (berries in general have high polyphenol content) and vegetables ...
In enzymology, a 3-(hydroxyamino)phenol mutase (EC 5.4.4.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 3- ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3-(hydroxyamino)phenol hydroxymutase. Other names in common use include 3- ...
... is an organic compound consisting of a n-nonyl group attached to the 4-position of phenol. The related ...
... , in short PST deficiency, is the lack or the reduced activity of the functional enzyme ... Phenol sulfur transferase, in short PST or SULT1, is a subfamily of the enzyme cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) consisting ... Dooley TP, Obermoeller RD, Leiter EH, Chapman HD, Falany CN, Deng Z, Siciliano MJ (November 1993). "Mapping of the phenol ... Duffel MW, Marshal AD, McPhie P, Sharma V, Jakoby WB (2001). "Enzymatic aspects of the phenol (aryl) sulfotransferases". Drug ...
"Phenol", Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 15th Edition. ISBN 978-0471768654 (Articles needing cleanup from February 2015 ...
... (abbreviated AGPC) is a liquid-liquid extraction technique in ...
Phenols undergo esterification. Phenol esters are active esters, being prone to hydrolysis. Phenols are reactive species toward ... Phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units in the molecule. Phenols ... Phenols are more acidic than typical alcohols. The acidity of the hydroxyl group in phenols is commonly intermediate between ... Many phenols of commercial interest are prepared by elaboration of phenol or cresols. They are typically produced by the ...
Skin exposure to high levels of phenol has resulted in liver damage, diarrhea, dark urine, and hemolytic anemia. Phenol has ... Phenol is a manufactured substance found in a number of consumer products. ... normal concentration of phenol in the urine may suggest recent exposure to phenol or to substances that are converted to phenol ... Phenol can remain in water for a week or more.. *Larger or repeated releases of phenol can remain in the air, water, and soil ...
Note: Phenol liquefies by mixing with about 8% water.] ...
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database ...
PRNewswire/ --Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/l6gcnt/phenol_2015) has announced the addition ... World Phenol Capacity 3.2. World Phenol Production 3.3. Phenol Consumption 3.4. Phenol Global Trade 3.5. Phenol Prices In The ... Phenol Market Prices Forecast Up To 2019 6. Key Companies In The Phenol Market Worldwide 7. Phenol Feedstock Market 8. Phenol ... Phenol Latin American Market Analysis 4.5. Phenol Africa & Middle East Market Analysis 5. Phenol Market Prospects 5.1. Phenol ...
Other names: o-Dinitrophenol; Phenol, β-dinitro-; 2,6-Dinitrophenol; β-Dinitrophenol; 2,6-Dinitrofenol; Dinitro-2,6-phenol ... Phenol, 2,6-dinitro-. *Formula: C6H4N2O5 ...
... J Biol Chem. 1951 Nov;193(1):265-75. ...
... Arch Toxicol. 2015 Nov;89(11):2129-39. doi: ... Altogether, the data on VOCs, phenols and elements presented in this study clearly point to the health hazards associated with ... Furthermore, we found that waterpipe mainstream smoke contains considerable amounts of catechol, hydroquinone and phenol, each ...
... *Download PDF Copy ... The smaller phenols such as quercetin, luteolin and rutin - which are present in many plant foods - played key roles in ... Anthocyanins are one class of phenols, and studies have associated the consumption of anthocyanin-rich foods with reduced risks ...
Phenol for molecular biology; CAS Number: 108-95-2; EC Number: 203-632-7; Synonyms: Hydroxybenzene; Linear Formula: C6H5OH; ... Phenol is majorly used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.. Phenol pollutes water bodies and inhibits the γ-aminobutyric acid ...
Four phenols were slurry spiked onto a well characterised soil and extracted at time intervals over a period of 187 days. The ... Extraction and Fate of Phenols in Soil P. Hancock and J. R. Dean, Anal. Commun., 1997, 34, 377 DOI: 10.1039/A707009H ... Four phenols were slurry spiked onto a well characterised soil and extracted at time intervals over a period of 187 days. The ...
... is formed as an intermediate product during Phenol and Acetone production. ... Alphamethylstyrene (AMS) is formed as an intermediate product during Phenol and Acetone production. ...
Risk Management Scope for Phenol, Methylstyrenated Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS RN): 68512-30-1 Environment ... Phenol, 4-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)- Monomethylstyrenated phenol. 2772-45-4. Phenol, 2,4-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)- ... Phenol, methylstyrenated. MSP; Methylstyrenated Phenol; Isopropenylbenzene; Phenol, methylstyrolisiert; OAPP; Oligomerisation ... Phenol, styrenated is currently undergoing a screening assessment as part of the Substituted Phenols Group in the third phase ...
In this study, phenol degradation was achieved using ozone treatment. The main parameter affecting the phenol degradation, i. e ... For instance, the complete degradation can be achieved at six hours reaction time, 0.03 H 2 O 2 /phenol molar ratio, and 10 g/m ... The results of the statistical design indicated that the ozone oxidation can be used for phenol degradation reaching high ... ozone concentration, H 2 O 2 /phenol molar ratio and reaction time, were studied using statistical design of experiments to ...
Phenols Benzyl Alcohols Henrys Law Constant (25 deg C) [HENRYWIN v3.10]: Bond Method : 1.49E-014 atm-m3/mole Group Method: ...
... Molecular Formula: C7H8ClNO ...
Introducing the Phenol Every once in a while, a very cool synth passes our way and we just really want to show you how it works ... Meet the Kickstarter success, Kilpatrick Phenol patchable synth, and watch Rishabh Rajan show you what its all about. ...
by Brenda Watson , May 27, 2010 , General. One of the best non-profit resource groups Ive found, Environmental Working Group does a great job providing information to the public about the dangerous chemicals that we come into contact with every day. In fact, their website is loaded with helpful information ...
CIL) offers product CLM-216-PK Phenol (¹³C₆, 99%) ...
This page contains information on the chemical Phenol, 4-(2,3-epoxypropyl)-2-methoxy- including: 9 synonyms/identifiers. ... Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(oxiranylmethyl)-*Phenol, 4-(2,3-epoxypropyl)-2-methoxy-. Properties. *Boiling Point: K °C °F*Flammability: ... Phenol, 4-(2,3-epoxypropyl)-2-methoxy- (EnvironmentalChemistry.com),/a,- This page contains information on the chemical Phenol ... Phenol, 4-(2,3-epoxypropyl)-2-methoxy-. Identifications. *CAS Number: 53940-49-1*Synonyms/Related:*2-Methoxy-4-(oxiranylmethyl ...
This page contains information on the chemical Phenol, 4,4\-(2-pyridylmethylene)di-, diacetate (ester) including: 60 synonyms/ ... Phenol, 4,4-(2-pyridinylmethylene) bis-, diacetate (ester) *Phenol, 4,4-(2-pyridylmethylene) di-, diacetate (ester) *Pyrilax* ... Phenol, 4,4-(2-pyridylmethylene) di-, diacetate (ester) Identifications. *CAS Number: 603-50-9*Synonyms/Related:*(4,4- ... Chemical Database - Phenol, 4,4\-(2-pyridylmethylene)di-, diacetate (ester). EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995 - 2023. Accessed ...
The present work reports for the first time the HPLC analysis and in vitro antioxidant evaluation of mango peel phenols (MPPs) ... Gallic acid possess a stronger antioxidant capacity than other phenols. In vitro cytotoxic tests suggested that mango peel ... The afforded phenol-enriched extract was dissolved in methanol with a final concentration of 20 mg·mL−1 and preserved at 4 °C ... In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Phenols and Oleanolic Acid from Mango Peel and Their Cytotoxic Effect on A549 Cell Line by ...
Delivery information: Includes 30 ml phenol red, 0.02%; 2 test tube; 2 pipettes; 1 phenol red pH color chart.. ... Test water pH within 6.8 to 8.2 range with this phenol red pH testing kit.. ...
December 2023. In This Edition STA Annual Guide - Read it Here Water/Wastewater - Continuous remote water quality monitoring networks Environmental Laboratory - The Important Role of ICP-MS in Unde.... ...
Phenols Henrys Law Constant (25 deg C) [HENRYWIN v3.10]: Bond Method : 2.26E-005 atm-m3/mole Group Method: 2.87E-005 atm-m3/ ... Phenol, 2,6-bis(1,1. -dimethylbutyl)-4-(. 1-methylethyl)- [ACD/Index Name] ...
... phenol + precipitated sulfur including side effects, age restrictions, food interactions, whether the medicine is available at ... Active ingredient: coal tar solution + phenol + precipitated sulfur. The medicines below all contain the following active ... ingredient(s): coal tar solution + phenol + precipitated sulfur. You can select a medicine from this list to find out more - ...
812 2,5-Dimethyl phenol (Previous) (Back) (Next) Geometry predicted using PM7. # Species Formula ... PM7 2,5-Dimethyl phenol H=-38.7 HR=NIST C 0.00000000 +0 0.0000000 +0 0.0000000 +0 0 0 0 C 1.39944298 +1 0.0000000 +0 0.0000000 ...
phenol-containing compound metabolic process + The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing ... phenol-containing compound metabolic process (GO:0018958). Annotations: Rat: (132) Mouse: (139) Human: (140) Chinchilla: (110) ...
  • Ingestion of high concentrations of phenol has resulted in internal burns and death. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to high concentrations of phenol in the air for several weeks caused paralysis and severe injury to the heart, liver, kidneys, and lungs, and in some cases, death. (cdc.gov)
  • Some animals that drank water with very high concentrations of phenol suffered muscle tremors and loss of coordination. (cdc.gov)
  • High concentrations of phenol in the odor. (cdc.gov)
  • Constraints and possible physiological feedbacks are considered for successful and sustainable application of agricultural techniques with respect to management of plant phenol profiles and concentrations. (mdpi.com)
  • For example, phenol itself is used(in low concentrations) as a disinfectant in household cleaners and in mouthwash.Phenol may have been the first surgical antiseptic. (polymerupdate.com)
  • The objectives of this study were to: (i) evaluate the growth of low-strength phenol-acclimated activated sludge, (ii) investigate the degradation pathways and (iii) model the growth and biodegradation kinetics, all under the condition of increasingly higher phenol concentrations (step-up shock loading). (scielo.org.za)
  • At low initial phenol concentrations, the experimental results were indicative of the meta-cleavage pathway for phenol degradation. (scielo.org.za)
  • Phenol (108952) concentrations were below 0.01ppm. (cdc.gov)
  • The use of higher concentrations of phenol may predispose to a higher incidence of vascular injury. (medscape.com)
  • With the use of activated sludge acclimated to phenol concentration of 140 mg.ℓ -1 (low-strength phenol-acclimated activated sludge), complete degradation of phenol with a COD removal efficiency of more than 95% was achieved up to 1 050 mg.ℓ -1 of initial phenol concentration. (scielo.org.za)
  • You may be exposed to phenol if you live near landfills or hazardous waste sites that contain phenol or near facilities manufacturing phenol. (cdc.gov)
  • Once absorbed, phenol is widely specific biomarkers of exposure to products that contain phenol such as distributed throughout the body and the phenol. (cdc.gov)
  • products that contain phenol. (cdc.gov)
  • Phenol has a distinct odor that is sickeningly sweet and tarry. (cdc.gov)
  • Phenol has a sickeningly sweet and tarry for workers that manufacture phenol. (cdc.gov)
  • They are typically produced by the alkylation of benzene/toluene with propylene to form cumene then O 2 is added with H 2SO 4 to form phenol (Hock process). (wikipedia.org)
  • Range of 2-56 ppb in waterways in and Environmental Medicine not exposed to phenol or benzene. (cdc.gov)
  • Phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units in the molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2 More than 371 drugs approved by the FDA between the years of 1951 and 2020 contain either a phenol or a phenolic ether (a phenol with an alkyl), with nearly every class of small molecule drugs being represented, and natural products making up a large portion of this list. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phenol is used primarily in the production of phenolic resins and in the manufacture of nylon and other synthetic fibers. (cdc.gov)
  • Phenol is primarily used in the duration inhalation MRLs were derived cause dermal inflammation and production of phenolic resins and in the Dermal - Use of ointments and cleaners for phenol. (cdc.gov)
  • They observed that the phenolic compounds in the extracts altered the cells' development, reducing the adipocytes' fat content from 8%-56%, depending on the differing phenols used. (news-medical.net)
  • Phenol is a crystalline solid white in colour.It is also known as phenolic acid.If a compound is consisting of a six-membered aromatic ring and bonded to a hydroxyl group directly, then it can be referred to as phenol.Phenols are widely used in household products and as intermediates for industrial synthesis. (polymerupdate.com)
  • Short-term exposure to phenol in the air can cause respiratory irritation, headaches, and burning eyes. (cdc.gov)
  • Phenol solution can be used for a wide variety of molecular biology applications, including nucleic acid extractions using standard phenol-chloroform protocols. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Phenol-chloroform extraction is a broadly used method for the extraction of nucleic acids. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Despite phenol′s incomplete inhibition of RNase activity, it possesses characteristics that make it useful for isolating nucleic acids when combined with chloroform and alcohol. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • 10, phenol chloroform. (cdc.gov)
  • Comparison of Modified Manual Acid-Phenol Chloroform Method and Commercial RNA Extraction Kits for Resource Limited Laboratories. (medscape.com)
  • MPA is mainly metabolized by glucuronyl transferase (isoform UGT1A9) to the inactive phenol glucuronide of MPA (MPAG). (janusinfo.se)
  • The addition reactions of phenols to bromoalkynes generated (Z)-2-bromovinyl phenyl ethers in high yields with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of one or more hydroxyl groups (−OH) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. (wikipedia.org)
  • The acidity of the hydroxyl group in phenols is commonly intermediate between that of aliphatic alcohols and carboxylic acids (their pKa is usually between 10 and 12). (wikipedia.org)
  • The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. (mcw.edu)
  • Phenols are organic compounds that feature a hydroxyl group directly bonded to an aromatic carbocyclic ring. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Alphamethylstyrene (AMS) is formed as an intermediate product during Phenol and Acetone production. (ineos.com)
  • Phenol evaporates more slowly than water, and a moderate amount can form a solution with water. (cdc.gov)
  • Phenol is used as a disinfectant and is found in a number of consumer products. (cdc.gov)
  • Significant exposure route for Phenol is also used as a general can cause cardiac arrhythmias and may workers in contact with phenol vapors or for acute-duration oral exposure disinfectant and antiseptic in various produce tremors and seizures. (cdc.gov)
  • Ingestion of concentrated phenol can produce internal burns. (cdc.gov)
  • it predominant route of exposure at or near Inhalation phenol can produce internal burns. (cdc.gov)
  • We aimed to assess the associations of use of personal care products with urine biomarkers levels of phenols and paraben exposure, and whether urine levels (reflecting body burden of this chemical exposures) are associated with eczema, rhinitis, asthma, specific IgE and body mass index. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Anthocyanins are one class of phenols, and studies have associated the consumption of anthocyanin-rich foods with reduced risks of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer. (news-medical.net)
  • Combined ultrasound and low temperature pretreatment improve the content of anthocyanins, phenols and volatile substance of Merlot red wine. (bvsalud.org)
  • The results showed that ultrasound combined with low temperature pretreatment increased the total and monomer contents of anthocyanins and phenols , affected the color of the wine , and significantly increased its antioxidant capacity. (bvsalud.org)
  • People who had skin exposure to high amounts of phenol had skin burns, liver damage, dark urine, irregular heart beat, and some died. (cdc.gov)
  • Phenol has caused minor birth defects and low birth weight in animals generally at exposure levels that also were toxic to the pregnant mothers. (cdc.gov)
  • for Exposure may occur by inhalation of low Phenol is wel absorbed by the inhalation, No studies were located regarding levels levels in air or ingestion of low levels in oral, and dermal routes of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Phenol is both a manufactured chemical and a natural substance. (cdc.gov)
  • The substance phenol, methylstyrenated, Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS RN) Footnote 3 68512-30-1, referred to throughout this document as MSP Footnote 4 , was one of the 145 substances included in the screening assessment. (canada.ca)
  • Phenol is the harmful substance in carbolic acid. (medlineplus.gov)
  • MCDB 131 Medium, Without L-Glutamin, Without Glucose and No Phenol Red - 500ml - 1 kit is backordered and will ship as soon as it is back in stock. (dnamethsoc.com)
  • When the initial phenol concentration was above 630 mg.ℓ -1 , the degradation results were indicative of both meta- and ortho-cleavage pathways. (scielo.org.za)
  • This application note investigates the thermal decomposition of Bakelite, which is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, using EGA and multi-step pyrolysis GC-MS techniques. (cdsanalytical.com)
  • Phenols undergo esterification. (wikipedia.org)
  • You may be exposed to phenol if you undergo "chemical peels" to remove skin lesions with phenol-containing products or are treated for chronic pain or spasticity with injections of phenol. (cdc.gov)
  • Ingestion of high amounts of phenol or fibers. (cdc.gov)
  • The present work reports for the first time the HPLC analysis and in vitro antioxidant evaluation of mango peel phenols (MPPs) and their cytotoxic effect on the A549 lung cancer cell line. (mdpi.com)
  • Phenols are reactive species toward oxidation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phenols are oxidized to hydroquinones in the Elbs persulfate oxidation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reported frequency of use of personal care products correlated very well with urine biomarker levels of paraben and phenols. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phenol has been found in at least 595 of the 1,678 National Priority List (NPL) sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (cdc.gov)
  • Phenol is a major environmental contaminant produced by various industries. (degruyter.com)
  • metabolism of phenol is saturable. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, we found that waterpipe mainstream smoke contains considerable amounts of catechol, hydroquinone and phenol, each of which causing some health concern at least. (nih.gov)
  • Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) kinetics of phenol over Ag/TiO 2 catalyst was investigated at 415-600 K and 1 atm. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • The toxicity of thirty para-substituted phenols on Tetrahymena pyriformis was modelled using an original methodology that uses the complex structural information of the compounds. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • The values of the Haldane kinetic parameters indicated a low degree of inhibition exerted by the presence of increasing phenol concentration. (scielo.org.za)
  • Thus, the activated sludge acclimated to only 140 mg.ℓ -1 of phenol could successfully treat up to 1 050 mg.ℓ -1 of phenol without experiencing complete inhibition during the degradation process. (scielo.org.za)
  • Phenol can have beneficial effects when used medically as an antiseptic or anesthetic. (cdc.gov)
  • Phenol causes nerve destruction by inducing protein precipitation. (medscape.com)
  • AU - Wang,Shihua, AU - Li,Pinhua, AU - Yu,Lin, AU - Wang,Lei, Y1 - 2011/10/18/ PY - 2011/10/20/entrez PY - 2011/10/20/pubmed PY - 2012/2/22/medline SP - 5968 EP - 71 JF - Organic letters JO - Org Lett VL - 13 IS - 22 N2 - Benzo[b]furans were prepared in one pot based on the addition/palladium-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization of phenols with bromoalkynes. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The changes in the vegetation cover in the catchment considerably modified the composition of terrestrial organic matter deposited in the lake sediments, which is reflected by the composition of lignin phenols. (lu.se)
  • This study demonstrates that the combination of lignin phenols analysis and pollen-based quantitative land cover reconstruction is a useful approach for investigating long-term changes in terrestrial organic matter delivery to lake ecosystems. (lu.se)
  • Phenol is a white, salt-like compound that can make the salicylic acid in aspirin. (gizmodo.com)
  • Altogether, the data on VOCs, phenols and elements presented in this study clearly point to the health hazards associated with the consumption of tobacco using waterpipes. (nih.gov)
  • Phenol generally remains in the soil only about 2 to 5 days. (cdc.gov)
  • Larger or repeated releases of phenol can remain in the air, water, and soil for much longer periods of time. (cdc.gov)
  • Four phenols were slurry spiked onto a well characterised soil and extracted at time intervals over a period of 187 days. (rsc.org)
  • Vomiting and lethargy were the most frequent signs of toxicity observed in children who accidentally ingested phenol and were treated at a poison control center. (cdc.gov)
  • The partial charge distribution by bonds (molecular topology) and space (molecular geometry) interaction proved to be related with the toxicity of para-substituted phenols on Tetrahymena pyriformis . (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • The toxicity of para-substituted phenols on Tetrahymena Pyriformis (a non-pathogenic unicellular protozoan) was studied by many researchers. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • The main objective of the present study was to characterize the toxicity caused by para-substituted phenols on Tetrahymena pyriformis by using the molecular descriptors family on the structure-activity relationships approach. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • Currently there are no citations for VH 101 phenol-alkylC6-amine. (tocris.com)
  • Following small, single releases, phenol is rapidly removed from the air (generally, half is removed in less than a day). (cdc.gov)
  • You can taste and smell phenol at levels lower than those that are associated with harmful effects. (cdc.gov)
  • This document outlines the risk management options under consideration for phenol, methylstyrenated (MSP) (CAS RN 68512-30-1), which has been proposed to be harmful to the environment. (canada.ca)
  • He has a significant experience in the photocatalytic degradation of cyanides and phenol from waste streams using mixed oxides photocatalysts and ozone. (degruyter.com)
  • A significant decrease in the contents of phenols and alkaloids was observed in leaves inoculated with PVX (X-I). However, there was an increase in the percentage of phenols in leaves rubbed with phosphate buffer (C1-I) and in leaves from the nodes immediately above, possibly induced by mechanical injury. (scielo.br)
  • Smoking or inhaling second hand smoke will expose you to phenol. (cdc.gov)
  • Waterpipe smoke: source of toxic and carcinogenic VOCs, phenols and heavy metals? (nih.gov)
  • Phenols are susceptible to Electrophilic aromatic substitutions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phenol is majorly used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Many phenols and parabens are applied in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food, to prevent growth of bacteria and fungi. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Aspirin was in short supply in Germany during World War I. Bayer, it's producer, was an international company with headquarters in Germany, one of its major processing plants in America, and its supplier of a chemical called phenol in the United Kingdom. (gizmodo.com)
  • The main parameter affecting the phenol degradation, i. e., ozone concentration, H 2 O 2 /phenol molar ratio and reaction time, were studied using statistical design of experiments to optimize the phenol degradation in terms of studied parameters. (degruyter.com)
  • Since war generally uses a lot of explosives, the availability of phenol went down and the price went up. (gizmodo.com)