A procedure for removal of the crystalline lens in cataract surgery in which an anterior capsulectomy is performed by means of a needle inserted through a small incision at the temporal limbus, allowing the lens contents to fall through the dilated pupil into the anterior chamber where they are broken up by the use of ultrasound and aspirated out of the eye through the incision. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed & In Focus 1993;1(1):1)
Insertion of an artificial lens to replace the natural CRYSTALLINE LENS after CATARACT EXTRACTION or to supplement the natural lens which is left in place.
The removal of a cataractous CRYSTALLINE LENS from the eye.
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Artificial implanted lenses.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Incomplete rupture of the zonule with the displaced lens remaining behind the pupil. In dislocation, or complete rupture, the lens is displaced forward into the anterior chamber or backward into the vitreous body. When congenital, this condition is known as ECTOPIA LENTIS.
The thin noncellular outer covering of the CRYSTALLINE LENS composed mainly of COLLAGEN TYPE IV and GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS. It is secreted by the embryonic anterior and posterior epithelium. The embryonic posterior epithelium later disappears.
Removal of the whole or part of the vitreous body in treating endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies, and some types of glaucoma.
Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.
The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)
A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.
A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases.
Loss of CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM usually following intraocular surgery (e.g., cataract surgery) or due to FUCHS' ENDOTHELIAL DYSTROPHY; ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA; IRITIS; or aging.
The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex.
Any surgical procedure for treatment of glaucoma by means of puncture or reshaping of the trabecular meshwork. It includes goniotomy, trabeculectomy, and laser perforation.
Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.
Single layer of large flattened cells covering the surface of the cornea.
The period following a surgical operation.
The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing water or solution for therapy or diagnosis.
The making of a continuous circular tear in the anterior capsule during cataract surgery in order to allow expression or phacoemulsification of the nucleus of the lens. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The selectively permeable barrier, in the EYE, formed by the nonpigmented layer of the EPITHELIUM of the CILIARY BODY, and the ENDOTHELIUM of the BLOOD VESSELS of the IRIS. TIGHT JUNCTIONS joining adjacent cells keep the barrier between cells continuous.
Viscoelastic solutions that are injected into JOINTS in order to alleviate symptoms of joint-related disorders such as OSTEOARTHRITIS.
The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM; BOWMAN MEMBRANE; CORNEAL STROMA; DESCEMET MEMBRANE; and mesenchymal CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A surgical procedure used in treatment of glaucoma in which an opening is created through which aqueous fluid may pass from the anterior chamber into a sac created beneath the conjunctiva, thus lowering the pressure within the eye. (Hoffman, Pocket Glossary of Ophthalmologic Terminology, 1989)
A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.
Organic siloxanes which are polymerized to the oily stage. The oils have low surface tension and density less than 1. They are used in industrial applications and in the treatment of retinal detachment, complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
Clouding or loss of transparency of the posterior lens capsule, usually following CATARACT extraction.
Diseases of the cornea.
The use of focused, high-frequency sound waves to produce local hyperthermia in certain diseased or injured parts of the body or to destroy the diseased tissue.
A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1017)
The posterior aspect of the casing that surrounds the natural CRYSTALLINE LENS.
Acrylic resins, also known as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), are a type of synthetic resin formed from polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers, used in various medical applications such as dental restorations, orthopedic implants, and ophthalmic lenses due to their biocompatibility, durability, and transparency.
Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A method of stopping internal bleeding or blood flow, or the closure of a wound or body cavity, achieved by applying pressure or introducing an absorbent liquid, gel, or tampon.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
The L-Isomer of bunolol.
A layer of the cornea. It is the basal lamina of the CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM (from which it is secreted) separating it from the CORNEAL STROMA. It is a homogeneous structure composed of fine collagenous filaments, and slowly increases in thickness with age.
Sterile solutions that are intended for instillation into the eye. It does not include solutions for cleaning eyeglasses or CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS.
The performance of surgical procedures with the aid of a microscope.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A pair of ophthalmic lenses in a frame or mounting which is supported by the nose and ears. The purpose is to aid or improve vision. It does not include goggles or nonprescription sun glasses for which EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES is available.
A breach in the continuity of the posterior chamber of the eyeball.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium.
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).
Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.
Infections in the inner or external eye caused by microorganisms belonging to several families of bacteria. Some of the more common genera found are Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia.
The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)
The back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical structures behind it: the VITREOUS HUMOR; RETINA; CHOROID; and OPTIC NERVE.
Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.
The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.
Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Refraction of LIGHT effected by the media of the EYE.
Partial or total replacement of all layers of a central portion of the cornea.
An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.
A transparent, biconvex structure of the EYE, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the IRIS and in front of the vitreous humor (VITREOUS BODY). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the CILIARY BODY is crucial for OCULAR ACCOMMODATION.
The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)
The use of photothermal effects of LASERS to coagulate, incise, vaporize, resect, dissect, or resurface tissue.
Lasers which use a solid, as opposed to a liquid or gas, as the lasing medium. Common materials used are crystals, such as YAG (YTTRIUM aluminum garnet); alexandrite; and CORUNDUM, doped with a rare earth element such as a NEODYMIUM; ERBIUM; or HOLMIUM. The output is sometimes additionally modified by addition of non-linear optical materials such as potassium titanyl phosphate crystal, which for example is used with neodymium YAG lasers to convert the output light to the visible range.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
The period of care beginning when the patient is removed from surgery and aimed at meeting the patient's psychological and physical needs directly after surgery. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Transducers that are activated by pressure changes, e.g., blood pressure.
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.
A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.
Patient care procedures performed during the operation that are ancillary to the actual surgery. It includes monitoring, fluid therapy, medication, transfusion, anesthesia, radiography, and laboratory tests.
Diseases affecting the eye.

Profile of patients presenting for cataract surgery in the UK: national data collection. (1/410)

AIMS/METHODS: A national data collection exercise was carried out in more than 100 hospital eye service units within the UK to provide clinical and administrative information on patients undergoing cataract surgery. This included patient clinical data such as visual acuity at the time of wait listing and at the time of admission for surgery, presence of other eye disorders, other serious medical disorders, and data on waiting time and type of admission. RESULTS: The profiles of the 18 454 patients aged 50 years or older are reported. Findings of particular note were as follows. At the time of wait listing for cataract surgery 31% had visual acuity of 6/12 or better, 54% had visual acuity between 6/18 and 6/60, and 15% had less than 6/60 vision. Considering those who had visual acuity of 6/12 or better at the time of wait listing, by the time of admission for surgery, the vision deteriorated to 6/18-6/60 in 33% and in a further 3% the vision deteriorated to below 6/60. In patients with moderately poor visual acuity (<6/12-6/60) at the time of wait listing, 13% had less than 6/60 vision by the time of admission for surgery. CONCLUSION: This type of data collection and reporting exercise provides new material that can be used in the planning and provision of cataract surgery services in the UK.  (+info)

The triple procedure: in the bag placement versus ciliary sulcus placement of the intraocular lens. (2/410)

AIMS: To evaluate the influence of intraocular lens (IOL) placement on triple procedure clinical results and to investigate whether it is appropriate to use phacoemulsification in patients with large lens nucleus. METHODS: 40 consecutive penetrating keratoplasties combined with cataract extraction performed in a single institution were studied. Whenever possible a capsulorhexis was performed and the IOL was placed into the capsular bag. Phacoemulsification was used when the nucleus was too large to pass through the capsulorhexis. RESULTS: Out of 25 patients with an intact capsulorhexis phacoemulsification was used in 13 (52.0%) whereas the entire nucleus passed through the capsulorhexis in the remaining 12 patients (48%). The average 12 month visual acuity was 0.46 (SD 0.21) in patients with in the bag IOL (n = 23) and 0.29 (0.08) in patients with ciliary sulcus IOL (n = 13) (p = 0.04). Elevated intraocular pressure occurred in 26.1% (6/23) of patients with in the bag IOL and 61.5% (8/13) of patients with ciliary sulcus IOL (p = 0.08). The average postoperative graft thickness at 18 months was 552 (27) microns in the former group and 650 (29) microns in the latter group (p = 0.04). No significant difference in graft survival, postoperative endothelial cell density, astigmatism, and videokeratoscopic measurements was found between both groups. CONCLUSION: In the bag placement of the intraocular lens during the triple procedure results in better outcome of transplantation than ciliary sulcus placement of the IOL. Phacoemulsification allows removal of large nuclei through a 5 mm capsulorhexis without performing relaxing incisions out towards the periphery of the capsule.  (+info)

Visual outcome after phacoemulsification and IOL implantation in diabetic patients. (3/410)

AIMS: To follow visual acuity (VA) and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) after phacoemulsification in diabetic patients with different stages of DR and controls. METHODS: This prospective study included 27 diabetic patients with no or mild to moderate non-proliferative DR; 25 patients with moderate to severe non-proliferative, or proliferative DR; and 22 non-diabetic controls. All patients underwent uncomplicated, phacoemulsification surgery, with implantation of a heparin-surface modified (HSM) poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) intraocular lens (IOL) into the capsular bag. Colour fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms (FA) were taken at 1 week (baseline), 3 months, and 1 year postoperatively to determine stability or progression of DR. RESULTS: The VA of 46 diabetic eyes (88%), was improved 1 year after surgery and only six eyes (12%) were unchanged or worse. 41 diabetic eyes (79%) achieved a VA of 0.5 or better and 11 eyes (21%) had a final VA lower than 0.5. Significantly lower final corrected VA was found 1 year after surgery in eyes with advanced DR (median 0.5; range 0.1-1.0) compared with controls (1.0; 0.1-1.0) and eyes with no or mild to moderate DR (1.0; 0.1-1.0). Eyes with mild to moderate DR and clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO) 1 week postoperatively had a lower final VA than those without CSMO. Angiographic cystoid macular oedema (CMO) was detected with FA in 15% of all diabetic eyes 1 week postoperatively. 41 eyes (79%) showed no change or improvement of the retinal status 1 year after cataract surgery. Progression was found in 11 eyes (21%), mainly in eyes with mild to moderate DR and moderate to severe DR. Eyes with an indication for laser photocoagulation at baseline showed a significantly higher rate of progression of DR after surgery than those without indication for laser treatment. CONCLUSION: The final visual outcome was improved in the majority of diabetic eyes. Eyes with CSMO at the time of surgery had the worst prognosis regarding postoperative VA.  (+info)

Retained intravitreal lens fragments after phacoemulsification: a clinicopathological correlation. (4/410)

AIMS: To explore the relation between clinical course and timing of vitrectomy with the nature and intensity of intraocular inflammatory response in eyes with retained intravitreal lens fragments following complicated phacoemulsification. METHODS: Prospective evaluation of 22 eyes with retained lens fragments with emphasis on corneal clarity, uveitis, intraocular pressure (IOP), timing of vitrectomy, and visual outcome. Numbers of different types of inflammatory cells in vitreous washings were counted, masked to clinical details, in three non-overlapping adjacent high power fields. Relations between clinical and pathological findings were assessed. RESULTS: The IOP was raised in 19 eyes before vitrectomy and remained high in nine postoperatively. The latter had higher median total cell count (104 cells/mm(2)) than those with normal postoperative IOP (37 cells/mm(2)) but this difference was not statistically significantly different (p=0.17). Nine of 22 eyes underwent vitrectomy within 1 week of cataract surgery. Median total cell count in these eyes was 20 cells/mm(2) compared with 140 cells/mm(2) in eyes vitrectomised later-this difference was statistically significant (p <0.001). Final visual acuity was 6/12 or better in 13 eyes, these had fewer intravitreal inflammatory cells than the remaining six with poor visual outcome and no pre-existing cause for this (three patients excluded) (p=0.02). Macrophages were the predominant inflammatory cell type. CONCLUSION: There was significantly less inflammatory cell activity in eyes which had retained lens fragments removed early (within 1 week). Later removal was associated with persistently elevated IOP and poorer visual outcome.  (+info)

Visual experience during phacoemulsification cataract surgery under topical anaesthesia. (5/410)

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Visual awareness during phacoemulsification cataract surgery is an important determinant of patient satisfaction with any anaesthetic technique. Topical anaesthesia could be associated with significant visual awareness because it does not affect optic nerve function. METHODS: The visual experience during phacoemulsification cataract surgery under topical anaesthesia (without sedation) was assessed for 106 consecutive unselected patients. Patients were interviewed immediately after surgery using a standardised questionnaire that explored specific aspects of their visual experience. RESULTS: Four patients were excluded because they had poor recollection of their visual experience. The visual awareness of the remaining 102 patients comprised operating microscope light (99), colours (73), flashes of light (7), vague movements (19), surgical instruments or other objects (12), change in light brightness during surgery (49), change in colours during surgery (30), and transient visual alteration during corneal irrigation (25). No patient found their visual experience during surgery unpleasant, though the operating microscope light was uncomfortably bright for two patients. Six patients lost light perception for a short interval during surgery. There was no association between the various visual phenomena reported and patients' age, sex, preoperative visual acuity, cataract morphology, coexisting ocular pathology, or previous experience of cataract surgery under local anaesthesia (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients experience a wide variety of visual sensations during phacoemulsification cataract surgery under topical anaesthesia. Topical anaesthesia does not, however, appear to result in greater visual awareness than regional anaesthesia. Preoperative patient counselling should include information about the visual experience during surgery.  (+info)

Pain relief with intracameral mepivacaine during phacoemulsification. (6/410)

AIM: To assess the efficacy and safety of an intraoperative intracameral injection of mepivacaine, administered when patients experienced pain during the course of cataract surgery under topical anaesthesia. METHODS: This is a prospective placebo controlled double masked randomised clinical trial. 50 eyes were included; 25 receiving the active compound and 25 receiving placebo. Mepivacaine (2%, 0.4 ml) or placebo was administered intraoperatively under the iris of the patients who experienced pain during the course of phacoemulsification in spite of previous topical anaesthesia. Efficacy was evaluated by the patients themselves using a five point subjective pain rating scale, the Keele verbal pain chart. Safety was measured by assessing intraocular inflammation (clinical evaluation and laser flare meter), intraocular pressure, and endothelial cell count. RESULTS: The pain rating score significantly diminished after intracameral injection in the mepivacaine group (mean 3.0 (95% CI 2.6-3.4) v 0.8 (0.3-1.3), p<10(-4))) while remaining unchanged in the placebo group (2.9 (2.6-3.2) v 2.9 (2.5-3. 3)), the mean reduction in pain score being significantly different between the two groups (p<10(-4)). There was no indication of increased postoperative ocular inflammation, intraocular pressure change, or endothelial cell loss. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that it may not be necessary to systematically add intracameral anaesthesia with topical anaesthesia for cataract surgery. An intraoperative intracameral injection, performed only in patients who happen to suffer during surgery, is safe and effective.  (+info)

Two clinical trials of an intraocular steroid delivery system for cataract surgery. (7/410)

PURPOSE: To determine the safety and efficacy of an intraocular dexamethasone drug delivery system (Surodex) in the treatment of inflammation following cataract surgery. METHODS: Surodex is a biodegradable polymer that releases dexamethasone for 7 to 10 days after placement in the anterior segment. Study 1 was a prospective, randomized, double-masked Phase II clinical trial of 90 cataract surgical patients that compared treatment with Surodex to treatment with a placebo drug delivery system and to no anti-inflammatory drug treatment at all. Study 2 was a separate prospective, randomized, double-masked study of 60 cataract surgical patients that compared treatment with Surodex to topical dexamethasone (eye drop) therapy. RESULTS: In the first study, Surodex was superior to placebo in suppressing postsurgical inflammation throughout the 60-day postoperative period, as judged by masked-evaluator, slit-lamp grading of cell and flare. The differences were statistically significant from postoperative day 3 through postoperative week 3. The majority of Surodex patients did not require topical steroid by 2 weeks after surgery (93%) or by 2 months after surgery (88%). In the second study, Kowa laser flare meter readings were lower in Surodex patients throughout the 90-day postoperative period. The results were statistically significant at 4, 8, and 15 days following surgery. There were no significant adverse complications of Surodex in either study. CONCLUSION: Surodex was safe and effective in suppressing postcataract surgery inflammation and appears to be a promising alternative to topical steroids.  (+info)

Visual outcomes after anterior vitrectomy: comparison of ECCE and phacoemulsification. (8/410)

PURPOSE: To determine whether vitrectomy instrumentation improved outcomes when vitreous loss occurred during either extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) or phacoemulsification (PE) with posterior chamber lens implantation (PCIOL). METHODS: A consecutive series of ECCE + PCIOL (group 1: 1985-1989) and PE + PCIOL (group 2: 1993-1997) surgeries by a single surgeon was reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: In group 1, 14 of 647 patients (2.2%) and in group 2, 9 of 665 patients (1.4%) experienced vitreous loss. In group 1, final visual acuity averaged 20/83; in group 2, 20/25 (P = .005). Average follow-up was 5.7 years (group 1) and 3.2 years (group 2). Uveitis, glaucoma, corneal problems, and retinal problems were assessed. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior vitrectomy reduced complications from vitreous loss. Fewer vitreous losses occurred with PE than ECCE. Patients with vitreous loss after PE attained better vision.  (+info)

Phacoemulsification is a surgical procedure used in cataract removal. It involves using an ultrasonic device to emulsify (break up) the cloudy lens (cataract) into small pieces, which are then aspirated or sucked out through a small incision. This procedure allows for smaller incisions and faster recovery times compared to traditional cataract surgery methods. After the cataract is removed, an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is typically implanted to replace the natural lens and restore vision.

Intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is a surgical procedure that involves placing a small artificial lens inside the eye to replace the natural lens that has been removed. This procedure is typically performed during cataract surgery, where the cloudy natural lens is removed and replaced with an IOL to restore clear vision.

During the procedure, a small incision is made in the eye, and the cloudy lens is broken up and removed using ultrasound waves or laser energy. Then, the folded IOL is inserted through the same incision and positioned in the correct place inside the eye. Once in place, the IOL unfolds and is secured into position.

There are several types of IOLs available, including monofocal, multifocal, toric, and accommodating lenses. Monofocal lenses provide clear vision at one distance, while multifocal lenses offer clear vision at multiple distances. Toric lenses correct astigmatism, and accommodating lenses can change shape to focus on objects at different distances.

Overall, intraocular lens implantation is a safe and effective procedure that can help restore clear vision in patients with cataracts or other eye conditions that require the removal of the natural lens.

Cataract extraction is a surgical procedure that involves removing the cloudy lens (cataract) from the eye. This procedure is typically performed to restore vision impairment caused by cataracts and improve overall quality of life. There are two primary methods for cataract extraction:

1. Phacoemulsification: This is the most common method used today. It involves making a small incision in the front part of the eye (cornea), inserting an ultrasonic probe to break up the cloudy lens into tiny pieces, and then removing those pieces with suction. After removing the cataract, an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is inserted to replace the natural lens and help focus light onto the retina.

2. Extracapsular Cataract Extraction: In this method, a larger incision is made on the side of the cornea, allowing the surgeon to remove the cloudy lens in one piece without breaking it up. The back part of the lens capsule is left intact to support the IOL. This technique is less common and typically reserved for more advanced cataracts or when phacoemulsification cannot be performed.

Recovery from cataract extraction usually involves using eye drops to prevent infection and inflammation, as well as protecting the eye with a shield or glasses during sleep for a few weeks after surgery. Most people experience improved vision within a few days to a week following the procedure.

A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens in the eye that affects vision. This clouding can cause vision to become blurry, faded, or dim, making it difficult to see clearly. Cataracts are a common age-related condition, but they can also be caused by injury, disease, or medication use. In most cases, cataracts develop gradually over time and can be treated with surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial one.

Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are artificial lens implants that are placed inside the eye during ophthalmic surgery, such as cataract removal. These lenses are designed to replace the natural lens of the eye that has become clouded or damaged, thereby restoring vision impairment caused by cataracts or other conditions.

There are several types of intraocular lenses available, including monofocal, multifocal, toric, and accommodative lenses. Monofocal IOLs provide clear vision at a single fixed distance, while multifocal IOLs offer clear vision at multiple distances. Toric IOLs are designed to correct astigmatism, and accommodative IOLs can change shape and position within the eye to allow for a range of vision.

The selection of the appropriate type of intraocular lens depends on various factors, including the patient's individual visual needs, lifestyle, and ocular health. The implantation procedure is typically performed on an outpatient basis and involves minimal discomfort or recovery time. Overall, intraocular lenses have become a safe and effective treatment option for patients with vision impairment due to cataracts or other eye conditions.

Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.

Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.

It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.

Lens subluxation, also known as lens dislocation or ectopia lentis, is a condition where the lens of the eye becomes partially or completely displaced from its normal position. The lens is held in place by tiny fibers called zonules, which can become weakened or broken due to various reasons such as genetic disorders (like Marfan syndrome, homocystinuria, and Weill-Marchesani syndrome), trauma, inflammation, or cataract surgery complications. This displacement can lead to symptoms like blurry vision, double vision, sensitivity to light, or the appearance of a shadow in the peripheral vision. In some cases, lens subluxation may not cause any noticeable symptoms and can be discovered during routine eye examinations. Treatment options depend on the severity and underlying cause of the subluxation and may include eyeglasses, contact lenses, or surgical intervention to remove and replace the displaced lens with an intraocular lens (IOL).

The crystalline lens of the eye is covered by a transparent, elastic capsule known as the lens capsule. This capsule is made up of collagen and forms the continuous outer layer of the lens. It is highly resistant to both physical and chemical insults, which allows it to protect the lens fibers within. The lens capsule is important for maintaining the shape and transparency of the lens, which are essential for proper focusing of light onto the retina.

A vitrectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of some or all of the vitreous humor, which is the clear gel-like substance filling the center of the eye. This surgery is often performed to treat various retinal disorders such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, macular hole, and vitreous hemorrhage.

During a vitrectomy, the ophthalmologist makes small incisions in the sclera (the white part of the eye) to access the vitreous cavity. The surgeon then uses specialized instruments to remove the cloudy or damaged vitreous and may also repair any damage to the retina or surrounding tissues. Afterward, a clear saline solution is injected into the eye to maintain its shape and help facilitate healing.

In some cases, a gas bubble or silicone oil may be placed in the eye after the vitrectomy to help hold the retina in place while it heals. These substances will gradually be absorbed or removed during follow-up appointments. The body naturally produces a new, clear vitreous to replace the removed material over time.

Vitrectomy is typically performed under local anesthesia and may require hospitalization or outpatient care depending on the individual case. Potential risks and complications include infection, bleeding, cataract formation, retinal detachment, and increased eye pressure. However, with proper care and follow-up, most patients experience improved vision after a successful vitrectomy procedure.

Intraoperative complications refer to any unforeseen problems or events that occur during the course of a surgical procedure, once it has begun and before it is completed. These complications can range from minor issues, such as bleeding or an adverse reaction to anesthesia, to major complications that can significantly impact the patient's health and prognosis.

Examples of intraoperative complications include:

1. Bleeding (hemorrhage) - This can occur due to various reasons such as injury to blood vessels or organs during surgery.
2. Infection - Surgical site infections can develop if the surgical area becomes contaminated during the procedure.
3. Anesthesia-related complications - These include adverse reactions to anesthesia, difficulty maintaining the patient's airway, or cardiovascular instability.
4. Organ injury - Accidental damage to surrounding organs can occur during surgery, leading to potential long-term consequences.
5. Equipment failure - Malfunctioning surgical equipment can lead to complications and compromise the safety of the procedure.
6. Allergic reactions - Patients may have allergies to certain medications or materials used during surgery, causing an adverse reaction.
7. Prolonged operative time - Complications may arise if a surgical procedure takes longer than expected, leading to increased risk of infection and other issues.

Intraoperative complications require prompt identification and management by the surgical team to minimize their impact on the patient's health and recovery.

The anterior chamber is the front portion of the eye, located between the cornea (the clear front "window" of the eye) and the iris (the colored part of the eye). It is filled with a clear fluid called aqueous humor that provides nutrients to the structures inside the eye and helps maintain its shape. The anterior chamber plays an important role in maintaining the overall health and function of the eye.

Local anesthesia is a type of anesthesia that numbs a specific area of the body, blocking pain signals from that particular region while allowing the person to remain conscious and alert. It is typically achieved through the injection or application of a local anesthetic drug, which works by temporarily inhibiting the function of nerve fibers carrying pain sensations. Common examples of local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine, and bupivacaine.

Local anesthesia is commonly used for minor surgical procedures, dental work, or other medical interventions where only a small area needs to be numbed. It can also be employed as part of a combined anesthetic technique, such as in conjunction with sedation or regional anesthesia, to provide additional pain relief and increase patient comfort during more extensive surgeries.

The duration of local anesthesia varies depending on the type and dosage of the anesthetic agent used; some last for just a few hours, while others may provide numbness for up to several days. Overall, local anesthesia is considered a safe and effective method for managing pain during various medical procedures.

Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and disorders of the eye and visual system. It is a surgical specialty, and ophthalmologists are medical doctors who complete additional years of training to become experts in eye care. They are qualified to perform eye exams, diagnose and treat eye diseases, prescribe glasses and contact lenses, and perform eye surgery. Some subspecialties within ophthalmology include cornea and external disease, glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, retina and vitreous, and oculoplastics.

Corneal endothelial cell loss refers to the decrease in the number of corneal endothelial cells, which is a layer of cells that line the inner surface of the cornea. These cells are essential for maintaining the clarity and health of the cornea, as they help to pump fluids out of the cornea and maintain its transparency.

Corneal endothelial cell loss can occur due to various reasons such as aging, eye trauma, surgery (such as cataract surgery), diseases (such as Fuchs' dystrophy), or inherited conditions. When the number of endothelial cells decreases below a certain threshold, it can lead to corneal swelling, cloudiness, and vision loss.

The rate of corneal endothelial cell loss varies from person to person, but on average, people lose about 0.6% of their endothelial cells per year. Factors such as age, certain medical conditions, and previous eye surgery can increase the rate of cell loss. In some cases, corneal transplantation may be necessary to replace damaged or lost endothelial cells and restore vision.

The lens nucleus, also known as the crystalline lens nucleus, is the central part of the crystalline lens in the eye. The crystalline lens is a biconvex structure located behind the iris and pupil, which helps to refract (bend) light rays and focus them onto the retina.

The lens nucleus is composed of densely packed lens fibers that have lost their nuclei and cytoplasm during differentiation. It is surrounded by the lens cortex, which consists of younger lens fiber cells that are still metabolically active. The lens nucleus is relatively avascular and receives its nutrients through diffusion from the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye.

The lens nucleus plays an important role in the accommodation process, which allows the eye to focus on objects at different distances. During accommodation, the ciliary muscles contract and release tension on the lens zonules, allowing the lens to become thicker and increase its curvature. This results in a decrease in the focal length of the lens and enables the eye to focus on nearby objects. The lens nucleus is more rigid than the cortex and helps maintain the shape of the lens during accommodation.

Changes in the lens nucleus are associated with several age-related eye conditions, including cataracts and presbyopia. Cataracts occur when the lens becomes cloudy or opaque, leading to a decrease in vision clarity. Presbyopia is a condition that affects the ability to focus on near objects and is caused by a hardening of the lens nucleus and a loss of elasticity in the lens fibers.

A trabeculectomy is a surgical procedure performed on the eye to treat glaucoma, an eye condition characterized by increased pressure within the eye that can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss. The main goal of this operation is to create a new channel for the aqueous humor (the clear fluid inside the eye) to drain out, thus reducing the intraocular pressure (IOP).

During the trabeculectomy procedure, a small flap is made in the sclera (the white part of the eye), and a piece of the trabecular meshwork (a structure inside the eye that helps regulate the flow of aqueous humor) is removed. This opening allows the aqueous humor to bypass the obstructed drainage system and form a bleb, a small blister-like sac on the surface of the eye, which absorbs the fluid and reduces IOP.

The success of trabeculectomy depends on various factors, including the patient's age, type and severity of glaucoma, previous treatments, and overall health. Potential complications may include infection, bleeding, cataract formation, hypotony (abnormally low IOP), or failure to control IOP. Regular follow-up appointments with an ophthalmologist are necessary to monitor the eye's response to the surgery and manage any potential issues that may arise.

Pseudophakia is a medical term that refers to the condition where a person's natural lens in the eye has been replaced with an artificial one. This procedure is typically performed during cataract surgery, where the cloudy, natural lens is removed and replaced with a clear, artificial lens to improve vision. The prefix "pseudo" means false or fake, and "phakia" refers to the natural lens of the eye, hence the term "Pseudophakia" implies a false or artificial lens.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure within the eye, specifically within the anterior chamber, which is the space between the cornea and the iris. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The aqueous humor, a clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber, is constantly produced and drained, maintaining a balance that determines the IOP. Normal IOP ranges from 10-21 mmHg, with average values around 15-16 mmHg. Elevated IOP is a key risk factor for glaucoma, a group of eye conditions that can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss if not treated promptly and effectively. Regular monitoring of IOP is essential in diagnosing and managing glaucoma and other ocular health issues.

Endophthalmitis is a serious inflammatory eye condition that occurs when an infection develops inside the eyeball, specifically within the vitreous humor (the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina). This condition can be caused by bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms that enter the eye through various means, such as trauma, surgery, or spread from another infected part of the body.

Endophthalmitis is often characterized by symptoms like sudden onset of pain, redness, decreased vision, and increased sensitivity to light (photophobia). If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications, including blindness. Treatment typically involves administering antibiotics or antifungal medications, either systemically or directly into the eye, and sometimes even requiring surgical intervention to remove infected tissues and relieve intraocular pressure.

The endothelium of the cornea is the thin, innermost layer of cells that lines the inner surface of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped structure at the front of the eye. This single layer of specialized cells is essential for maintaining the transparency and proper hydration of the cornea, allowing light to pass through it and focus on the retina.

The endothelial cells are hexagonal in shape and have tight junctions between them, creating a semi-permeable barrier that controls the movement of water and solutes between the corneal stroma (the middle layer of the cornea) and the anterior chamber (the space between the cornea and the iris). The endothelial cells actively pump excess fluid out of the cornea, maintaining a delicate balance of hydration that is critical for corneal clarity.

Damage to or dysfunction of the corneal endothelium can result in corneal edema (swelling), cloudiness, and loss of vision. Factors contributing to endothelial damage include aging, eye trauma, intraocular surgery, and certain diseases such as Fuchs' dystrophy and glaucoma.

The postoperative period is the time following a surgical procedure during which the patient's response to the surgery and anesthesia is monitored, and any complications or adverse effects are managed. This period can vary in length depending on the type of surgery and the individual patient's needs, but it typically includes the immediate recovery phase in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) or recovery room, as well as any additional time spent in the hospital for monitoring and management of pain, wound healing, and other aspects of postoperative care.

The goals of postoperative care are to ensure the patient's safety and comfort, promote optimal healing and rehabilitation, and minimize the risk of complications such as infection, bleeding, or other postoperative issues. The specific interventions and treatments provided during this period will depend on a variety of factors, including the type and extent of surgery performed, the patient's overall health and medical history, and any individualized care plans developed in consultation with the patient and their healthcare team.

Therapeutic irrigation, also known as lavage, is a medical procedure that involves the introduction of fluids or other agents into a body cavity or natural passageway for therapeutic purposes. This technique is used to cleanse, flush out, or introduce medication into various parts of the body, such as the bladder, lungs, stomach, or colon.

The fluid used in therapeutic irrigation can be sterile saline solution, distilled water, or a medicated solution, depending on the specific purpose of the procedure. The flow and pressure of the fluid are carefully controlled to ensure that it reaches the desired area without causing damage to surrounding tissues.

Therapeutic irrigation is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including infections, inflammation, obstructions, and toxic exposures. It can also be used as a diagnostic tool to help identify abnormalities or lesions within body cavities.

Overall, therapeutic irrigation is a valuable technique in modern medicine that allows healthcare providers to deliver targeted treatment directly to specific areas of the body, improving patient outcomes and quality of life.

Capsulorhexis is a surgical procedure that is commonly performed during cataract surgery. It involves creating a circular opening in the front part of the lens capsule, which is a clear membrane that surrounds and holds the lens in place inside the eye. This opening allows the cloudy lens material (cataract) to be removed and replaced with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL).

The procedure is typically performed using a specialized instrument called a cystotome or a femtosecond laser, which creates a small tear in the capsule that can be carefully enlarged to the desired size. The capsulorhexis is crucial for the successful removal of the cataract and the proper placement of the IOL. If the capsulorhexis is not performed correctly, it can lead to complications such as posterior capsular opacification (PCO), which is a thickening and clouding of the back part of the lens capsule that can cause visual symptoms similar to those of a cataract.

The blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) is a specialized structure in the eye that helps regulate the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the bloodstream and the anterior chamber of the eye. It is composed of two main components: the nonpigmented epithelial cells of the ciliary body and the endothelial cells of the iris vasculature.

The nonpigmented epithelial cells of the ciliary body form a tight junction that separates the anterior chamber from the ciliary blood vessels, while the endothelial cells lining the iris blood vessels also have tight junctions that restrict the movement of molecules between the blood and the anterior chamber.

The BAB helps maintain the homeostasis of the anterior chamber by controlling the entry of immune cells and preventing the passage of large molecules, toxins, and pathogens from the bloodstream into the eye. Dysfunction of the BAB can lead to various ocular diseases such as uveitis, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration.

Viscosupplements are a type of medication that contain a gel-like substance called hyaluronic acid, which is naturally found in the synovial fluid of joints. This fluid acts as a lubricant and shock absorber for the joints, allowing smooth movement and protecting them from wear and tear.

In osteoarthritis, the synovial fluid may become less viscous and contain lower levels of hyaluronic acid, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility in the affected joint. Viscosupplementation involves injecting a preparation of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid into the joint space to restore its normal viscoelastic properties and provide symptomatic relief from osteoarthritis.

Viscosupplements are typically administered through a series of injections, usually given once a week for 3-5 weeks, depending on the specific product used. They may help reduce pain, improve joint function, and increase mobility in people with osteoarthritis, particularly in the knee joint. However, their effectiveness varies from person to person, and they are not recommended for everyone with osteoarthritis. It is important to consult a healthcare provider to determine if viscosupplementation is appropriate for an individual's specific condition.

The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. It plays a crucial role in focusing vision. The cornea protects the eye from harmful particles and microorganisms, and it also serves as a barrier against UV light. Its transparency allows light to pass through and get focused onto the retina. The cornea does not contain blood vessels, so it relies on tears and the fluid inside the eye (aqueous humor) for nutrition and oxygen. Any damage or disease that affects its clarity and shape can significantly impact vision and potentially lead to blindness if left untreated.

Filtering surgery is a type of ophthalmic procedure, specifically a glaucoma surgery, that involves creating a new pathway for the aqueous humor (the clear fluid inside the eye) to drain from the anterior chamber to the exterior through a synthetic implant. This surgery is aimed at reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open-angle or closed-angle glaucoma who have not responded well to medication or laser treatments. The most common type of filtering surgery is trabeculectomy.

In a trabeculectomy, a small opening is made in the sclera (the white part of the eye), and a thin piece of the sclera along with the underlying trabecular meshwork is removed to create a filtering bleb. This bleb is a raised area on the surface of the eye that allows the aqueous humor to drain out, forming a fluid-filled space under the conjunctiva. The fluid then gradually reabsorbs into the bloodstream, lowering the IOP and relieving pressure on the optic nerve, which can help prevent further vision loss due to glaucoma.

It is important to note that filtering surgery carries risks such as infection, bleeding, cataract formation, and potential loss of vision. Proper postoperative care and follow-up with an ophthalmologist are crucial for successful outcomes.

Angle-closure glaucoma is a type of glaucoma that is characterized by the sudden or gradually increasing pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure) due to the closure or narrowing of the angle between the iris and cornea. This angle is where the drainage system of the eye, called the trabecular meshwork, is located. When the angle becomes too narrow or closes completely, fluid cannot properly drain from the eye, leading to a buildup of pressure that can damage the optic nerve and cause permanent vision loss.

Angle-closure glaucoma can be either acute or chronic. Acute angle-closure glaucoma is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment to prevent permanent vision loss. It is characterized by sudden symptoms such as severe eye pain, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, halos around lights, and redness of the eye.

Chronic angle-closure glaucoma, on the other hand, develops more slowly over time and may not have any noticeable symptoms until significant damage has already occurred. It is important to diagnose and treat angle-closure glaucoma as early as possible to prevent vision loss. Treatment options include medications to lower eye pressure, laser treatment to create a new opening for fluid drainage, or surgery to improve the flow of fluid out of the eye.

Silicone oils are synthetic, polymerized forms of siloxane, which is a type of silicon-based compound. These oils are known for their stability, durability, and resistance to heat, chemicals, and aging. In the medical field, silicone oils are often used in various medical devices and procedures, such as:

1. Intraocular lenses: Silicone oils can be used as a temporary replacement for the vitreous humor (the gel-like substance that fills the eye) during vitreoretinal surgery, particularly when there is a retinal detachment or other serious eye conditions. The oil helps to reattach the retina and maintain its position until a permanent solution can be found.

2. Breast implants: Silicone oils are used as a filling material for breast implants due to their ability to mimic the feel of natural breast tissue. However, the use of silicone breast implants has been controversial due to concerns about potential health risks, including immune system disorders and cancer.

3. Drug delivery systems: Silicone oils can be used as a component in drug-eluting devices, which are designed to deliver medication slowly and consistently over an extended period. These devices can be used in various medical applications, such as wound healing or the treatment of chronic pain.

4. Medical adhesives: Silicone oils can be incorporated into medical adhesives to improve their flexibility, biocompatibility, and resistance to moisture and heat. These adhesives are often used in the manufacturing of medical devices and for securing bandages or dressings to the skin.

It is important to note that while silicone oils have many medical applications, they can also pose potential risks, such as migration, inflammation, or other complications. Therefore, their use should be carefully considered and monitored by healthcare professionals.

Capsule opacification, also known as posterior capsular opacification (PCO) or "after-cataract," is a condition that can occur after cataract surgery. During cataract surgery, the cloudy natural lens of the eye is removed and replaced with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL). However, over time, the remaining capsule that holds the IOL in place can become cloudy, leading to blurry or distorted vision. This clouding of the capsule is called capsule opacification. It is not a true reformation of the cataract but a separate condition that can occur after cataract surgery.

Capsule opacification can be treated with a simple laser procedure called YAG capsulotomy, which creates an opening in the cloudy capsule to restore clear vision. This procedure is typically quick, painless, and performed on an outpatient basis.

Corneal diseases are a group of disorders that affect the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. The cornea plays an important role in focusing vision, and any damage or disease can cause significant visual impairment or loss. Some common types of corneal diseases include:

1. Keratoconus: A progressive disorder in which the cornea thins and bulges outward into a cone shape, causing distorted vision.
2. Fuchs' dystrophy: A genetic disorder that affects the inner layer of the cornea called the endothelium, leading to swelling, cloudiness, and decreased vision.
3. Dry eye syndrome: A condition in which the eyes do not produce enough tears or the tears evaporate too quickly, causing discomfort, redness, and blurred vision.
4. Corneal ulcers: Open sores on the cornea that can be caused by infection, trauma, or other factors.
5. Herpes simplex keratitis: A viral infection of the cornea that can cause recurrent episodes of inflammation, scarring, and vision loss.
6. Corneal dystrophies: Inherited disorders that affect the structure and clarity of the cornea, leading to visual impairment or blindness.
7. Bullous keratopathy: A condition in which the endothelium fails to pump fluid out of the cornea, causing it to swell and form blisters.
8. Corneal trauma: Injury to the cornea caused by foreign objects, chemicals, or other factors that can lead to scarring, infection, and vision loss.

Treatment for corneal diseases varies depending on the specific condition and severity of the disease. Options may include eyedrops, medications, laser surgery, corneal transplantation, or other treatments.

Ultrasonic therapy, also known as therapeutic ultrasound, is a treatment method used in physical therapy and rehabilitation that utilizes sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper limit of human hearing. In most cases, the frequency ranges from 800,000 to 2,000,000 Hz (cycles per second).

During ultrasonic therapy, a small device called a transducer is placed in direct contact with the patient's skin. The transducer emits ultrasonic waves that are primarily absorbed by soft tissues directly beneath the skin's surface, including muscles, tendons, and ligaments. These sound waves cause microscopic vibrations in the tissue molecules, which can produce various therapeutic effects:

1. Deep heating: The vibration of tissue molecules generates heat within the treated area, increasing local blood flow, reducing muscle tension, and promoting healing. This effect is particularly beneficial for treating chronic pain, muscle spasms, joint stiffness, and soft tissue injuries.
2. Cavitation: High-intensity ultrasonic waves can create tiny gas bubbles in the fluid surrounding the tissue cells. When these bubbles collapse (a process called cavitation), they generate intense localized pressure that may help break down scar tissue, reduce adhesions, and improve tissue mobility.
3. Non-thermal effects: Low-intensity ultrasonic waves can stimulate cellular processes without causing significant heating. These non-thermal effects include enhanced metabolism, increased collagen production, and improved nutrient exchange in the treated tissues, which may contribute to faster healing and tissue regeneration.

Ultrasonic therapy is generally considered safe when performed by a trained healthcare professional. However, it should be avoided in certain situations, such as over areas with malignant tumors, infected tissues, or near metal implants (due to the risk of heating). Pregnant women should also avoid therapeutic ultrasound, especially during the first trimester, due to potential risks to fetal development.

Propoxycaine is a local anesthetic that was previously used in medical and dental procedures for its numbing effect. It works by blocking the nerve impulses in the area where it is administered, thus reducing the sensation of pain. However, its use has become less common due to the development of safer and more effective alternatives.

The chemical name for Propoxycaine is 2-diethylamino-N-(1-methoxyprop-2-yl)butanamide. It is a derivative of procaine, another local anesthetic, with an added methoxy group to the propanolamine side chain. This modification was intended to increase its potency and duration of action compared to procaine.

Propoxycaine can be administered through various routes, including topical application, injection, or as a suppository. Its effects typically begin within a few minutes after administration and last for up to an hour. Common side effects may include localized pain, redness, or swelling at the site of injection, as well as more systemic effects such as dizziness, headache, or heart palpitations.

It is important to note that Propoxycaine is no longer widely used in clinical practice due to its association with rare but serious side effects, including allergic reactions, seizures, and cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, its use is generally restricted to specific indications and under the close supervision of a healthcare professional.

The posterior capsule of the lens is a thin, transparent layer of tissue that lies behind the lens cortex in the eye. It surrounds and helps to maintain the shape of the lens, which is necessary for focusing light onto the retina. The posterior capsule is one of the five layers that make up the adult human lens, along with the anterior capsule, lens epithelium, lens cortex, and lens nucleus.

Damage or opacification of the posterior capsule can result in a clouding of vision known as a posterior capsular opacity (PCO) or "secondary cataract." This is a common complication following cataract surgery, where the cloudy lens has been removed but the posterior capsule remains. In such cases, a laser procedure called a YAG capsulotomy may be performed to create an opening in the posterior capsule and restore clear vision.

Acrylic resins are a type of synthetic polymer made from methacrylate monomers. They are widely used in various industrial, commercial, and medical applications due to their unique properties such as transparency, durability, resistance to breakage, and ease of coloring or molding. In the medical field, acrylic resins are often used to make dental restorations like false teeth and fillings, medical devices like intraocular lenses, and surgical instruments. They can also be found in orthopedic implants, bone cement, and other medical-grade plastics. Acrylic resins are biocompatible, meaning they do not typically cause adverse reactions when in contact with living tissue. However, they may release small amounts of potentially toxic chemicals over time, so their long-term safety in certain applications is still a subject of ongoing research.

Astigmatism is a common eye condition that occurs when the cornea or lens has an irregular shape, causing blurred or distorted vision. The cornea and lens are typically smooth and curved uniformly in all directions, allowing light to focus clearly on the retina. However, if the cornea or lens is not smoothly curved and has a steeper curve in one direction than the other, it causes light to focus unevenly on the retina, leading to astigmatism.

Astigmatism can cause blurred vision at all distances, as well as eye strain, headaches, and fatigue. It is often present from birth and can be hereditary, but it can also develop later in life due to eye injuries or surgery. Astigmatism can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK.

Endotamponade is a medical term that refers to the use of an internal tamponade in ophthalmology, specifically in the treatment of certain eye conditions such as retinal detachment or severe ocular trauma.

In this procedure, a gas or liquid material is injected into the vitreous cavity (the space inside the eye between the lens and the retina) to help reattach the retina to the wall of the eye or to control bleeding inside the eye. The tamponading agent presses against the retina, holding it in place and preventing further fluid from accumulating under it, which can help promote healing and prevent further damage.

The choice of tamponade material depends on the specific condition being treated. For example, a gas bubble may be used for retinal detachment, while silicone oil may be used for more complex cases or where a longer-lasting tamponade is required. The gas or liquid is usually injected through a small incision in the eye and may be left in place for several weeks or months, depending on the individual case.

Overall, endotamponade is an important technique in the management of various retinal disorders and can help preserve vision and prevent blindness in certain cases.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Levobunolol is a non-selective beta blocker used in the treatment of glaucoma and high blood pressure. It works by reducing the production of aqueous humor within the eye, thereby decreasing intraocular pressure (IOP). Levobunolol is available as an ophthalmic solution for topical application.

The medical definition of Levobunolol is:

A synthetic, non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with membrane-stabilizing activity and a vasodilating effect. It is used in the form of its hydrochloride salt as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of glaucoma, reducing intraocular pressure by decreasing aqueous humor production. The drug has a prolonged action due to its poor solubility and slow absorption through the cornea.

The Descemet membrane is the thin, transparent basement membrane that is produced by the corneal endothelial cells. It is located between the corneal stroma and the corneal endothelium, which is the innermost layer of the cornea. The Descemet membrane provides structural support for the corneal endothelium and helps to maintain the proper hydration and clarity of the cornea. It is named after the French physician Jean Descemet, who first described it in 1752.

Ophthalmic solutions are sterile, single-use or multi-dose preparations in a liquid form that are intended for topical administration to the eye. These solutions can contain various types of medications, such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, antihistamines, or lubricants, which are used to treat or prevent ocular diseases and conditions.

The pH and osmolarity of ophthalmic solutions are carefully controlled to match the physiological environment of the eye and minimize any potential discomfort or irritation. The solutions may be packaged in various forms, including drops, sprays, or irrigations, depending on the intended use and administration route.

It is important to follow the instructions for use provided by a healthcare professional when administering ophthalmic solutions, as improper use can lead to eye injury or reduced effectiveness of the medication.

Microsurgery is a surgical technique that requires the use of an operating microscope and fine instruments to perform precise surgical manipulations. It is commonly used in various fields such as ophthalmology, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, and plastic and reconstructive surgery. The magnification provided by the microscope allows surgeons to work on small structures like nerves, blood vessels, and tiny bones. Some of the most common procedures that fall under microsurgery include nerve repair, replantation of amputated parts, and various types of reconstructions such as free tissue transfer for cancer reconstruction or coverage of large wounds.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Eyeglasses are a medical device used to correct vision problems. Also known as spectacles, they consist of frames that hold one or more lenses through which a person looks to see clearly. The lenses may be made of glass or plastic and are designed to compensate for various visual impairments such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, or presbyopia. Eyeglasses can be custom-made to fit an individual's face and prescription, and they come in a variety of styles, colors, and materials. Some people wear eyeglasses all the time, while others may only need to wear them for certain activities such as reading or driving.

Posterior capsular rupture in an ocular context refers to a type of injury that occurs during ophthalmic surgery, most commonly during cataract extraction. The lens of the eye is surrounded by a clear capsule, and during cataract surgery, the cloudy lens is removed while leaving the capsule intact to support the artificial lens implant. In a posterior capsular rupture, the back part of this capsule gets torn or ruptured, which can allow the lens material to move freely within the eye. This can lead to complications such as vitreous loss, increased risk of infection, and decreased visual acuity. It is important for the surgeon to manage this complication carefully to prevent further damage to the eye.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

In medical terms, the iris refers to the colored portion of the eye that surrounds the pupil. It is a circular structure composed of thin, contractile muscle fibers (radial and circumferential) arranged in a regular pattern. These muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and can adjust the size of the pupil in response to changes in light intensity or emotional arousal. By constricting or dilating the iris, the amount of light entering the eye can be regulated, which helps maintain optimal visual acuity under various lighting conditions.

The color of the iris is determined by the concentration and distribution of melanin pigments within the iris stroma. The iris also contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue that support its structure and function. Anatomically, the iris is continuous with the ciliary body and the choroid, forming part of the uveal tract in the eye.

Retinal detachment is a serious eye condition that occurs when the retina, a thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye responsible for processing light and sending visual signals to the brain, pulls away from its normal position. This can lead to significant vision loss or even blindness if not promptly treated. Retinal detachment can be caused by various factors such as aging, trauma, eye disease, or an inflammatory condition. Symptoms of retinal detachment may include sudden flashes of light, floaters, a shadow in the peripheral vision, or a curtain-like covering over part of the visual field. Immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent further damage and preserve vision.

A Vitreous Hemorrhage is a medical condition where there is bleeding into the vitreous cavity of the eye. The vitreous cavity is the space in the eye that is filled with a clear, gel-like substance called the vitreous humor. This substance helps to maintain the shape of the eye and transmit light to the retina.

When a vitreous hemorrhage occurs, blood cells from the bleeding mix with the vitreous humor, causing it to become cloudy or hazy. As a result, vision can become significantly impaired, ranging from mildly blurry to complete loss of vision depending on the severity of the bleed.

Vitreous hemorrhages can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, retinal tears or detachments, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and other eye conditions that affect the blood vessels in the eye. Treatment for vitreous hemorrhage depends on the underlying cause and may include observation, laser surgery, or vitrectomy (a surgical procedure to remove the vitreous humor and stop the bleeding).

Bacterial eye infections, also known as bacterial conjunctivitis or bacterial keratitis, are caused by the invasion of bacteria into the eye. The most common types of bacteria that cause these infections include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae.

Bacterial conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids. Symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, discharge, and a gritty feeling in the eye. Bacterial keratitis is an infection of the cornea, the clear front part of the eye. Symptoms include severe pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, and decreased vision.

Bacterial eye infections are typically treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointments. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect a bacterial eye infection, as untreated infections can lead to serious complications such as corneal ulcers and vision loss. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing your hands frequently and avoiding touching or rubbing your eyes.

Exfoliation syndrome is a medical condition that affects the eyes. It is characterized by the progressive loss of the tissue that covers and protects the front part of the eye, called the cornea and the iris. This tissue is called the extracellular matrix, which is produced and maintained by the cells called fibroblasts. In exfoliation syndrome, these fibroblasts produce an abnormal protein that clumps together and forms white flakes that can be seen on the front surface of the eye. These flakes are made up of fibrillar extracellular matrix material, which is thought to come from the breakdown of the normal extracellular matrix. Over time, these flakes can build up and cause damage to the eye, leading to a variety of complications such as increased intraocular pressure, glaucoma, cataracts, and corneal endothelial decompensation.

Exfoliation syndrome is typically a bilateral disease, meaning that it affects both eyes, although one eye may be more severely affected than the other. It is also associated with an increased risk of developing glaucoma, which can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss if left untreated. The exact cause of exfoliation syndrome is not fully understood, but it is thought to have a genetic component, as it has been found to cluster in families. Additionally, there are environmental factors that may increase the risk of developing exfoliation syndrome such as UV exposure, smoking and certain medications.

It's important to note that Exfoliation Syndrome can be asymptomatic at early stages, but regular eye examinations with an ophthalmologist is recommended for people over 40 years old or those who have a family history of the condition. Early detection and management of exfoliation syndrome can help prevent or slow down the progression of complications associated with it.

The posterior segment of the eye refers to the back portion of the interior of the eye, including the vitreous, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. This region is responsible for processing visual information and transmitting it to the brain. The retina contains photoreceptor cells that convert light into electrical signals, which are then sent through the optic nerve to the brain for interpretation as images. Disorders of the posterior eye segment can lead to vision loss or blindness.

Hyphema is defined as the presence of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, which is the space between the cornea and the iris. This condition usually results from trauma or injury to the eye, but it can also occur due to various medical conditions such as severe eye inflammation, retinal surgery, or blood disorders that affect clotting.

The blood in the anterior chamber can vary in amount, ranging from a few drops to a complete fill, which is called an "eight-ball hyphema." Hyphema can be painful and cause sensitivity to light (photophobia), blurred vision, or even loss of vision if not treated promptly.

Immediate medical attention is necessary for hyphema to prevent complications such as increased intraocular pressure, corneal blood staining, glaucoma, or cataracts. Treatment options may include bed rest, eye drops to reduce inflammation and control intraocular pressure, and sometimes surgery to remove the blood from the anterior chamber.

The vitreous body, also known simply as the vitreous, is the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the eye. It is composed mainly of water, but also contains collagen fibers, hyaluronic acid, and other proteins. The vitreous helps to maintain the shape of the eye and provides a transparent medium for light to pass through to reach the retina. With age, the vitreous can become more liquefied and may eventually separate from the retina, leading to symptoms such as floaters or flashes of light.

A retinal perforation is a full-thickness break or hole in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue that lines the inner surface of the eye. This condition can lead to a serious complication called retinal detachment, where the retina separates from the underlying tissue, potentially resulting in vision loss if not promptly treated. Retinal perforations may be caused by trauma, certain eye conditions, or invasive eye procedures. Immediate medical attention is required for retinal perforations to prevent further damage and preserve vision.

Uveitis is the inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye between the retina and the white of the eye (sclera). The uvea consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Uveitis can cause redness, pain, and vision loss. It can be caused by various systemic diseases, infections, or trauma. Depending on the part of the uvea that's affected, uveitis can be classified as anterior (iritis), intermediate (cyclitis), posterior (choroiditis), or pan-uveitis (affecting all layers). Treatment typically includes corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs to control inflammation.

Ocular refraction is a medical term that refers to the bending of light as it passes through the optical media of the eye, including the cornea and lens. This process allows the eye to focus light onto the retina, creating a clear image. The refractive power of the eye is determined by the curvature and transparency of these structures.

In a normal eye, light rays are bent or refracted in such a way that they converge at a single point on the retina, producing a sharp and focused image. However, if the curvature of the cornea or lens is too steep or too flat, the light rays may not converge properly, resulting in a refractive error such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), or astigmatism.

Ocular refraction can be measured using a variety of techniques, including retinoscopy, automated refraction, and subjective refraction. These measurements are used to determine the appropriate prescription for corrective lenses such as eyeglasses or contact lenses. In some cases, ocular refractive errors may be corrected surgically through procedures such as LASIK or PRK.

Penetrating keratoplasty (PK) is a type of corneal transplant surgery where the entire thickness of the host's damaged or diseased cornea is removed and replaced with a similar full-thickness portion of a healthy donor's cornea. The procedure aims to restore visual function, alleviate pain, and improve the structural integrity of the eye. It is typically performed for conditions such as severe keratoconus, corneal scarring, or corneal ulcers that cannot be treated with other, less invasive methods. Following the surgery, patients may require extended recovery time and rigorous postoperative care to minimize the risk of complications and ensure optimal visual outcomes.

Corneal edema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. This buildup of fluid causes the cornea to swell and thicken, resulting in blurry or distorted vision. Corneal edema can be caused by various factors, including eye injuries, certain medications, eye surgeries, and diseases that affect the eye's ability to pump fluids out of the cornea. In some cases, corneal edema may resolve on its own or with treatment, but in severe cases, it may require a corneal transplant.

Corneal opacity refers to a condition in which the cornea, the clear front part of the eye, becomes cloudy or opaque. This can occur due to various reasons such as injury, infection, degenerative changes, or inherited disorders. As a result, light is not properly refracted and vision becomes blurred or distorted. In some cases, corneal opacity can lead to complete loss of vision in the affected eye. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, corneal transplantation, or other surgical procedures.

The crystalline lens is a biconvex transparent structure in the eye that helps to refract (bend) light rays and focus them onto the retina. It is located behind the iris and pupil and is suspended by small fibers called zonules that connect it to the ciliary body. The lens can change its shape to accommodate and focus on objects at different distances, a process known as accommodation. With age, the lens may become cloudy or opaque, leading to cataracts.

Aqueous humor is a clear, watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes in the posterior chamber and circulates through the pupil into the anterior chamber, where it provides nutrients to the cornea and lens, maintains intraocular pressure, and helps to shape the eye. The aqueous humor then drains out of the eye through the trabecular meshwork and into the canal of Schlemm, eventually reaching the venous system.

Laser therapy, also known as phototherapy or laser photobiomodulation, is a medical treatment that uses low-intensity lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to stimulate healing, reduce pain, and decrease inflammation. It works by promoting the increase of cellular metabolism, blood flow, and tissue regeneration through the process of photobiomodulation.

The therapy can be used on patients suffering from a variety of acute and chronic conditions, including musculoskeletal injuries, arthritis, neuropathic pain, and wound healing complications. The wavelength and intensity of the laser light are precisely controlled to ensure a safe and effective treatment.

During the procedure, the laser or LED device is placed directly on the skin over the area of injury or discomfort. The non-ionizing light penetrates the tissue without causing heat or damage, interacting with chromophores in the cells to initiate a series of photochemical reactions. This results in increased ATP production, modulation of reactive oxygen species, and activation of transcription factors that lead to improved cellular function and reduced pain.

In summary, laser therapy is a non-invasive, drug-free treatment option for various medical conditions, providing patients with an alternative or complementary approach to traditional therapies.

Solid-state lasers are a type of laser that uses solid materials as the gain medium – the material that amplifies the light energy to produce laser emissions. In contrast to gas or liquid lasers, solid-state lasers use a crystal, ceramic, or glass as the gain medium. The active laser medium in solid-state lasers is typically doped with rare earth ions, such as neodymium (Nd), yttrium (Y), erbium (Er), or thulium (Tm).

The most common type of solid-state laser is the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser. In this laser, neodymium ions are doped into a crystal lattice made up of yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (YAG). The Nd:YAG laser emits light at a wavelength of 1064 nanometers (nm), which can be frequency-doubled to produce emissions at 532 nm.

Solid-state lasers have several advantages over other types of lasers, including high efficiency, long lifetimes, and compact size. They are widely used in various applications, such as material processing, medical treatments, scientific research, and military technology.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Postoperative care refers to the comprehensive medical treatment and nursing attention provided to a patient following a surgical procedure. The goal of postoperative care is to facilitate the patient's recovery, prevent complications, manage pain, ensure proper healing of the incision site, and maintain overall health and well-being until the patient can resume their normal activities.

This type of care includes monitoring vital signs, managing pain through medication or other techniques, ensuring adequate hydration and nutrition, helping the patient with breathing exercises to prevent lung complications, encouraging mobility to prevent blood clots, monitoring for signs of infection or other complications, administering prescribed medications, providing wound care, and educating the patient about postoperative care instructions.

The duration of postoperative care can vary depending on the type and complexity of the surgical procedure, as well as the individual patient's needs and overall health status. It may be provided in a hospital setting, an outpatient surgery center, or in the patient's home, depending on the level of care required.

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by an abnormally high pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure). This damage can lead to permanent vision loss or even blindness if left untreated. The most common type is open-angle glaucoma, which has no warning signs and progresses slowly. Angle-closure glaucoma, on the other hand, can cause sudden eye pain, redness, nausea, and vomiting, as well as rapid vision loss. Other less common types of glaucoma also exist. While there is no cure for glaucoma, early detection and treatment can help slow or prevent further vision loss.

A pressure transducer is a device that converts a mechanical force or pressure exerted upon it into an electrical signal which can be measured and standardized. In medical terms, pressure transducers are often used to measure various bodily pressures such as blood pressure, intracranial pressure, or intraocular pressure. These transducers typically consist of a diaphragm that is deflected by the pressure being measured, which then generates an electrical signal proportional to the amount of deflection. This signal can be processed and displayed in various ways, such as on a monitor or within an electronic medical record system.

A rupture, in medical terms, refers to the breaking or tearing of an organ, tissue, or structure in the body. This can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, injury, increased pressure, or degeneration. A ruptured organ or structure can lead to serious complications, including internal bleeding, infection, and even death, if not treated promptly and appropriately. Examples of ruptures include a ruptured appendix, ruptured eardrum, or a ruptured disc in the spine.

Trypan Blue is not a medical condition or disease, but rather a medical stain that is used in various medical and laboratory procedures. Here's the medical definition of Trypan Blue:

Trypan Blue is a sterile, non-toxic dye that is commonly used in medical and research settings for staining and visualizing cells and tissues. It has an affinity for staining dead or damaged cells, making it useful for counting viable cells in a sample, as well as identifying and removing damaged cells during certain surgical procedures.

In ophthalmology, Trypan Blue is used as a surgical aid during cataract surgery to stain the lens capsule, providing better visibility and improving the outcome of the procedure. It may also be used in other types of surgeries to help identify and remove damaged or necrotic tissue.

In research settings, Trypan Blue is often used to distinguish live cells from dead cells in cell culture experiments, as well as for staining various tissues and structures during histological examination.

Intraoperative care refers to the medical care and interventions provided to a patient during a surgical procedure. This care is typically administered by a team of healthcare professionals, including anesthesiologists, surgeons, nurses, and other specialists as needed. The goal of intraoperative care is to maintain the patient's physiological stability throughout the surgery, minimize complications, and ensure the best possible outcome.

Intraoperative care may include:

1. Anesthesia management: Administering and monitoring anesthetic drugs to keep the patient unconscious and free from pain during the surgery.
2. Monitoring vital signs: Continuously tracking the patient's heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, body temperature, and other key physiological parameters to ensure they remain within normal ranges.
3. Fluid and blood product administration: Maintaining adequate intravascular volume and oxygen-carrying capacity through the infusion of fluids and blood products as needed.
4. Intraoperative imaging: Utilizing real-time imaging techniques, such as X-ray, ultrasound, or CT scans, to guide the surgical procedure and ensure accurate placement of implants or other devices.
5. Neuromonitoring: Using electrophysiological methods to monitor the functional integrity of nerves and neural structures during surgery, particularly in procedures involving the brain, spine, or peripheral nerves.
6. Intraoperative medication management: Administering various medications as needed for pain control, infection prophylaxis, or the treatment of medical conditions that may arise during the surgery.
7. Temperature management: Regulating the patient's body temperature to prevent hypothermia or hyperthermia, which can have adverse effects on surgical outcomes and overall patient health.
8. Communication and coordination: Ensuring effective communication among the members of the surgical team to optimize patient care and safety.

Eye diseases are a range of conditions that affect the eye or visual system, causing damage to vision and, in some cases, leading to blindness. These diseases can be categorized into various types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia, which affect the way light is focused on the retina and can usually be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.
2. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens inside the eye that leads to blurry vision, glare, and decreased contrast sensitivity. Cataract surgery is the most common treatment for this condition.
3. Glaucoma: A group of diseases characterized by increased pressure in the eye, leading to damage to the optic nerve and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes medications, laser therapy, or surgery.
4. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive condition that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurry vision and, in advanced stages, loss of central vision. Treatment may include anti-VEGF injections, laser therapy, or nutritional supplements.
5. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina, leading to bleeding, leakage, and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes laser therapy, anti-VEGF injections, or surgery.
6. Retinal detachment: A separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly with surgery.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye does not develop normal vision, often due to a misalignment or refractive error in childhood. Treatment includes correcting the underlying problem and encouraging the use of the weaker eye through patching or other methods.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A misalignment of the eyes that can lead to amblyopia if not treated promptly with surgery, glasses, or other methods.
9. Corneal diseases: Conditions that affect the transparent outer layer of the eye, such as keratoconus, Fuchs' dystrophy, and infectious keratitis, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
10. Uveitis: Inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly with anti-inflammatory medications or surgery.

Specific contraindications for phacoemulsification include hard or dense cataracts where phacoemulsification is likely to cause ... via phacoemulsification) alone, found that eyes that underwent combined (glaucoma and phacoemulsification) surgery had a ... The phacoemulsification handpiece has a tip which vibrates longitudinally at a frequency in the range of 27 to 60 kHz, with a ... Before the phacoemulsification can be performed, one or more incisions are made in the eye to allow access for the surgical ...
Sachdev published A Practical Guide to Phacoemulsification, a text book on phacoemulsification co-authored by Tanuj Dada, in ... He is known as one of the pioneers of Phacoemulsification procedure in India. He is the co-author of A Practical Guide to ... He has also edited another book on the medical procedure titled Phacoemulsification. Besides, he has presented more than 150 ... Mahipal S. Sachdev; Tanuj Dada (2003). A Practical Guide to Phacoemulsification. Alpha Science International. p. 206. ISBN ...
After phacoemulsification of the lens nucleus and cortical material is completed, a dual irrigation-aspiration (I-A) probe or a ... Phacoemulsification involves the use of a machine with an ultrasonic handpiece equipped with a titanium or surgical steel tip, ... In phacoemulsification (phaco), the natural lens is broken into small pieces and removed by suction, whereas in extracapsular ... Bimanual phacoemulsification uses one probe to emulsify and aspirate, and a second that is only used for irrigation. ...
This also facilitates phacoemulsification. An injection of fluid into the body of the lens through the cortex against the ...
"Hypotony Maculopathy After Phacoemulsification". Retina Today. Retrieved 2022-04-14. (Articles with short description, Short ...
Buratto, Lucio; Apple, David J.; Zanini, Maurizio (25 May 2018). Phacoemulsification: Principles and Techniques. SLACK ... the membrane around the sides and back of the capsule until the lens is completely loose as a prelude to phacoemulsification or ...
E J Arnott; Kelman phacoemulsification - Results & Complications • 1978 Nursing Mirror Nov. 30-34 E J Arnott & M C W Treplin; ... the inventor of phacoemulsification ("phaco"), to address the Society. Kelman had found a method of removing the cataract ... Phaco-emulsification and intra-ocular lenses. Between 1992 and 1997 he wrote a regular chapter on the latest ophthalmic ... "Phacoemulsification". Published by Balliere Tindall Ltd • 1990 Colour Atlas of Lens Implantation - Piers Percival; E J Arnott ...
Lucio Buratto (2003). Phacoemulsification: Principles and Techniques. SLACK Incorporated. pp. 536-. ISBN 978-1-55642-604-9. ...
Radial Keratotomy Phacoemulsification List of Parsis Newton K. Wesley India portal Medicine portal "Dr Keiki R Mehta - IHO ... Besides the text book on Keratotomy, he is also the co-author of The Art of Phacoemulsification, a descriptive text and ... Alpar John J, Mehta Keiki R (2001). The Art of Phacoemulsification. JayPee Medical Publishers. p. 553. ISBN 9788171797905. ... Alpar John J, Mehta Keiki R (2001). The Art of Phacoemulsification. JayPee Medical Publishers. p. 553. ISBN 9788171797905.[ ...
Cataract surgery with phacoemulsification is one of the most common surgeries in the world with more than 9.5 million such ... After inventing phacoemulsification, in part to promote the procedure, he began appearing regularly on television, first on The ... After publishing "Phaco-emulsification and Aspiration-A New Technique for Cataract Removal: A Preliminary Report" in the ... Phacoemulsification initially faced significant criticism and skepticism in the 1970s. The National Eye Institute labeled the ...
Pardianto G, Mastering phacoemulsification in Mimbar Ilmiah Oftalmologi Indonesia.2009;10:26. Pardianto G, Moeloek N, Reveny J ... Gede Pardianto (2009) reported 6 cases of RNFL thickness change after the procedures of phacoemulsification. Sudden intraocular ... Retinal thickness change after phacoemulsification. Clin Ophthalmol. 2013(7):2207-2214 PMC 3821754 Histology image: 07902loa - ...
Sutureless phacoemulsification cataract surgery 2. Laser refractive surgery techniques such as LASIK 3. Laser-assisted cataract ...
"Capsulotomy for phacoemulsification in hypermature cataracts". J Cataract Refract Surg. 21 (6): 612-5. doi:10.1016/s0886-3350( ...
Sugar A, Schertzer RM: The Clinical Course of Phacoemulsification Wound Burns. J Cataract Refract Surg 25(5):688-692, 1999. ... Sugar, A.; Schertzer, R. M. (May 1999). "Clinical course of phacoemulsification wound burns". Journal of Cataract and ...
Charles Kelman introduces phacoemulsification for cataract surgery. St Christopher's Hospice, the world's first purpose-built ...
Prior to phacoemulsification, cataract surgery required a 10 to 12 mm incision, which was closed with sutures and caused ... J Cataract Refract Surg 1991;17(1):110-1. Kelman C. The history and development of phacoemulsification. Int Ophthalmol Clin ... Its safety is reflected in being among the first techniques of phacoemulsification taught to ophthalmology residents and ... This effectively divides the cataract into four quadrants that are more easily removed by phacoemulsification. Gimbel initially ...
Freda, R; Dal Pizzol, MM; Fortes Filho, JB (Nov-Dec 2011). "Phialemonium curvatum infection after phacoemulsification: a case ... sources of infection can include self intracavernous injections to treat erectile dysfunction as well as phacoemulsification. ...
Phacoemulsification - A handheld ultrasonic probe is used to break up and emulsify the lens into liquid using the energy of ... Phacoemulsification is the most widely used cataract surgery in the developed world. This procedure uses ultrasonic energy to ... A Nd:YAG laser can also then break up the cataract as in phacoemulsification. Stem cells have been used in a clinical trial, ... Phacoemulsification typically comprises six steps:[citation needed] Anaesthetic - The eye is numbed with either a subtenon ...
... , Narottama Sindhu (August 2000). "Cataract in enucleated goat eyes: training model for phacoemulsification". ... Vijay Kumar Dada, Narottama Sindhu (August 2000). "Cataract in enucleated goat eyes: training model for phacoemulsification". ...
Agarwal, Amar (1998). Phacoemulsification, Laser cataract surgery and Foldable IOL's- First edition. Chennai: Jaypee, ... Agarwal, Amar (2000). Phacoemulsification, Laser cataract surgery and Foldable IOL's- Second edition. Chennai: Jaypee, ... "No-anesthesia clear corneal phacoemulsification versus topical and topical plus intracameral anesthesia". Journal of Cataract ...
Ultrasound may be used for cataract treatment by phacoemulsification. The temperature of tissue at the focus will rise to ...
On 1 November 1997, Phaco emulsification unit was started. Elisa reader and ventilator facilities were added in 1998. On 12 ...
One of them underwent phacoemulsification with small particle nucleus drops. Some cases can be resolved with some medication, ... with temporal clear corneal phacoemulsification cataract surgery for open-angle glaucoma and visually significant cataract: one ...
"Effect of apraclonidine versus dorzolamide on intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification". Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers & ...
Phacoemulsification is a cataract surgery method in which the internal lens of the eye which has developed a cataract is ... Yow, L.; Basti, S. (1997). "Physical and mechanical principles of phacoemulsification and their clinical relevance". Indian J ...
Cataract surgery by phacoemulsification is frequently performed under surface anaesthesia. Facial nerve, which supplies the ...
Focused ultrasound sources may be used for cataract treatment by phacoemulsification. Ultrasound can ablate tumors or other ...
"Comparing the effects of travoprost and brinzolamide on intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification". Eye. 19 (3): 303-7. ...
"Toric intraocular lens versus limbal relaxing incisions for corneal astigmatism after phacoemulsification". Cochrane Database ...
... compared to patients undergoing phacoemulsification combined with trabectome. These results suggest that phacoemulsification ... Studies have shown that lens status or performance of phacoemulsification in the same session has no significant impact on ... Exp Eye Res 91:118-126 2. Polat JK, Loewen NA (2016) Combined phacoemulsification and trabectome for treatment of glaucoma. ... Expert Rev Ophthalmol 9:11-16 8. Martin KR, Burton RL (2000) The phacoemulsification learning curve: per-operative ...
Specific contraindications for phacoemulsification include hard or dense cataracts where phacoemulsification is likely to cause ... via phacoemulsification) alone, found that eyes that underwent combined (glaucoma and phacoemulsification) surgery had a ... The phacoemulsification handpiece has a tip which vibrates longitudinally at a frequency in the range of 27 to 60 kHz, with a ... Before the phacoemulsification can be performed, one or more incisions are made in the eye to allow access for the surgical ...
Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation following pars plana vitrectomy: a prospective study. *A Raj. 1 ... I read with special interest the article by Ahfat et al1 about the various aspects of phacoemulsification surgery in patients ... Raj, A. Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation following pars plana vitrectomy: a prospective study. Eye 19, 218 ... Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation following pars plana vitrectomy: a prospective study ...
All patients undergoing phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia experience a variety of visual sensations that may be ... Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the subjective visual experience of patients during phacoemulsification and ... Subjective visual experience during phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation under topical anesthesia ... Conclusion: All patients undergoing phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia experience a variety of visual sensations that ...
p,​We examine the market for phacoemulsification systems utilized for the treatment of cataracts.  The average costs for ... Phacoemulsification is one type of extracapsular cataract extraction, a procedure used to remove the lens nucleus, the ...
Phacoemulsification of the Mature Nucleus. Advice on managing the brown or black cataract.. ... The term describes a very short ultrasound phacoemulsification with a compact linear groove aiming toward the posterior pole of ... To optimize the surgical outcome, microburst phacoemulsification and a focus on grasping and chopping to create smaller ...
Zhao Z, Zhu X, He W, Jiang C, Lu Y (2016) Schlemms canal expansion after uncomplicated phacoemulsification surgery: an optical ... Romkens HCS, Beckers HJM, Schouten J, Nuijts R, Berendschot T, Breusegem CM, Webers CAB (2019) Early phacoemulsification after ... Patients with unilateral APAC and managed by phacoemulsification were enrolled. The contralateral unaffected eyes were served ... tomography angiography of the macular microcirculation in acute primary angle closure treated with phacoemulsification. *Lin Fu ...
... showcases surgical cases of phacoemulsification, demonstrating the remarkable impact of advanced technologies such as adaptive ... Advanced Techniques for Optimizing Surgical Outcomes in Phacoemulsification. home / case-based-roundtable-series / advanced- ... Paul Singh, MD, shares key takeaways from the roundtable meeting and other surgical pearls to enhance phacoemulsification ... Paul Singh, MD, showcases surgical cases of phacoemulsification, demonstrating the remarkable impact of advanced technologies ...
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Pearls for Phacoemulsification in the Setting of Laser Cataract Surgery. Laser settings and techniques.. ... excellent outcomes when combining laser surgery with phacoemulsification for cataract removal procedures. This article shares ... https://crstoday.com/articles/2016-apr/pearls-for-phacoemulsification-in-the-setting-of-laser-cataract-surgery ... https://crstoday.com/articles/2016-apr/pearls-for-phacoemulsification-in-the-setting-of-laser-cataract-surgery ...
Learn about Phacoemulsification (Phaco Surgery) and the role it plays in modern cataract surgery. For more on cataract ... Phacoemulsification, also known as Phaco, is a surgical procedure used to remove cataracts, a clouding of the lens in the eye ... Phacoemulsification: A small probe is inserted through the incision and into the lens. The probe emits high-frequency ... Phacoemulsification is a safe and minimally invasive procedure with a low risk of complications. However, like any surgical ...
The surgery was performed by same surgeon using an Evolution phacoemulsification machine (U.S., IOL, Inc. Lexington, KY, USA). ... Immediately after the vitreous loss was recognized the vitrectomy mode was selected in the console of the phacoemulsification. ... Automated Anterior Vitrectomy to Manage Vitreous Loss During Phacoemulsification in Dogs World Small Animal Veterinary ... We retrospectively analyzed 22 cases of cataract extraction using phacoemulsification in whom vitreous loss occurred and ...
Phacoemulsification and Intraocular Lens Implantation: Mastering Techniques and Complications in Cataract Surgery. Publication ... Phacoemulsification and Intraocular Lens Implantation: Mastering Techniques and Complications in Cataract Surgery. ...
The much-anticipated Fifth Edition of The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language is the premier resource about words for people who seek to know more and find fresh perspectives. Exhaustively researched and thoroughly revised, the Fifth Edition contains 10,000 new words and senses, over 4,000 dazzling new full-color images, and authoritative, up-to-date guidance on usage from the celebrated American Heritage Usage Panel.
20-mg triamcinolone injection could be an alternative anti-inflammatory treatment for an uneventful phacoemulsification. ... who underwent phacoemulsification, was conducted to compare the efficacy of subtenon corticosteroids injection with ... Phacoemulsification was operated through a temporal 2.4-mm clear corneal incision using a Stellaris® phacoemulsification system ... A total of 140 eyes from 140 patients underwent phacoemulsification with posterior chamber IOL implantation from May 2012 to ...
The interval between the tube shunt and phacoemulsification was 28.8 ± 25.0 months. At the end of the study, four (14.8%) eyes ... Phacoemulsification in patients with functioning tubes did not change the mean IOP in most of the patients (86.2%); the number ... patients with a functioning tube who underwent phacoemulsification and had ≥24 months of follow-up. The primary end point was ... To evaluate the effect of phacoemulsification on intraocular pressure (IOP) in eyes with functioning tube shunts. Methods: This ...
6: Phacoemulsification. As with any case, phacoemulsification should be performed as atraumatically as possible in ... Phacoemulsification in eyes following vitreoretinal surgery. In: Phacoemulsification Surgery. New Delhi; Jaypee Brothers; 2005; ... Phacoemulsification in the Vitrectomized Eye. Simple modifications to a small-incision technique can minimize surgical ... When silicone oil is left in the eye during phacoemulsification and IOL implantation, the surgeon should add between 3.00 and ...
Topical anesthesia for phacoemulsification: Initial 20‐case series with one month follow‐up Journal of Cataract and Refractive ... Approaching a 100% success rate using topical anesthesia with mild intravenous sedation in phacoemulsification procedures. ... A randomized controlled trial of intracameral lidocaine during phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia. Ophthalmology, 107 ... Topical anesthesia: Proxymetacaine versus Amethocaine for clear corneal phacoemulsification Journal of Cataract and Refractive ...
... ... METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing cataract surgery by phacoemulsification in the health area of Cee ... Vazquez‑Ferreiro PV... [et al.]. Determinants of the risk of intraoperative complications in phacoemulsification among patients ... and other predictors in the development of complications in cataract surgery by phacoemulsification in patients with PES. ...
"Phacoemulsification" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Phacoemulsification".. *Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Phacoemulsification" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Phacoemulsification" by people in Profiles over the past ten years. ...
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... during otherwise uncomplicated phacoemulsification, in whom COVID-19 was documented with PCR about one month before the surgery ... Suprachoroidal hemorrhage during phacoemulsification surgery in two cases with recent COVID-19 ... To report two cases of suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH) during otherwise uncomplicated phacoemulsification, in whom COVID-19 was ...
This video demonstrates the fundamentals of phacoemulsification surgery in detail and is recommended for residents and beginner ...
We have highly experienced phacoemulsification surgeons at our hospitals who can treat this problem effectively. Find more ... A Comprehensive Guide for Phacoemulsification Surgery. If your doctor has mentioned that you need phacoemulsification or "phaco ... What happens during Phacoemulsification surgery?. *Two small incisions, around 2mm in length, are made in the clear cornea, the ... Phacoemulsification has fast become established as the gold standard for cataract surgery for the following reasons:. *The most ...
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What Is Phacoemulsification?. During a phacoemulsification surgery, an ultrasonic handpiece will be used to sculpt and emulsify ... Is Phacoemulsification Surgery Painful?. To ensure that you stay comfortable during your phacoemulsification surgery, we will ... What Are the Benefits of Phacoemulsification?. The use of a smaller incision, make phacoemulsification extremely popular ... Good Candidate for Phacoemulsification? October 15, 2017. /0 Comments/in Cataract /by Maehara Eyes. You may enjoy having a ...
  • Specific contraindications for phacoemulsification include hard or dense cataracts where phacoemulsification is likely to cause permanent damage to the cornea. (wikipedia.org)
  • July 16, 2012 - After adoption of phacoemulsification as the procedure of choice to repair cataracts, the risk for retinal detachment (RD) dropped significantly between 1989 and 2001, according to a study published in the July issue of the Archives of Ophthalmology . (medscape.com)
  • This case series describes phacoemulsification of bilateral cataracts in 2 companion rabbits and the use of an intraocular lens in 1 rabbit. (ajol.info)
  • Phacoemulsification in Morgagnian Cataracts is difficult due to intra-operative complications like zonular dialysis or posterior capsular tear (PCT). (ascrs.org)
  • For this reason, we use phacoemulsification technology, which becomes the most commonly performed treatment to treat cataracts. (internationalclinics.com)
  • Phacoemulsification (phaco) is a type of cataract surgery that uses foldable intraocular lenses (IOL) implants to restore full and clear vision that has been compromised by cataracts. (internationalclinics.com)
  • Thus, you will be an ideal candidate for phacoemulsification if you have cataracts without other medical conditions. (internationalclinics.com)
  • To examine the long-term incidence and risk factors for RD after phacoemulsification, Antony Clark, MBBS, from the Eye and Vision Epidemiology Research Group and the Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia, conducted a retrospective analysis of 65,055 patients who underwent the procedure in Western Australia between January 1989 and December 2001. (medscape.com)
  • Phacoemulsification is a safe procedure that can improve most patients' vision and boost their quality of life. (internationalclinics.com)
  • however, the functional and anatomical results of the combined procedure of phacoemulsification, posterior chamber IOL implantation, and trabeculectomy with MMC application were as good as those of trabeculectomy alone with MMC. (tau.ac.il)
  • Another procedure is called phacoemulsification. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Group A dogs were subjected to phacoemulsification by limbal approach followed by PMMA intraocular lens implantation, in group B and C hydrophilic and hydrophobic lenses were implanted following phacoemulsification respectively using surgery as per standard procedure. (ijlr.org)
  • A phaco cassette is a type of cartridge inserted into the machine needed to perform phacoemulsification , a procedure used to remove the natural lens of the eye during cataract surgery. (nih.gov)
  • One study found that carbon emissions generated by one phacoemulsification at an Aravind center are approximately 1/20 of those generated by the same procedure in the United Kingdom. (nih.gov)
  • Phacoemulsification usually doesn't require a hospital stay, and the incision made in the cornea doesn't require stitches as it heals on its own within a few days. (internationalclinics.com)
  • [ 1 ] Through his pioneering work, phacoemulsification -- a means by which surgeons could break up the cataractous lens and remove it through a small incision -- became a reality. (medscape.com)
  • The surgery will involve an approximate 2-3mm corneal incision followed by phacoemulsification of the lens. (nih.gov)
  • Use of anterior segment OCT to identify features and natural history of bimanual incisions used only for phacoemulsification and a main incision used only for intraocular lens insertion.Prospective study of 25 subjects who had uncomplicated bimanual phacoemulsification. (nih.gov)
  • For each incision feature combined over all time periods, only endothelial misalignment was significantly more prevalent in the main incision (P = 0.0004), whereas endothelial gape was more common in the bimanual incision (P = 0.0352).Using OCT, bimanual phacoemulsification did not adversely affect the anatomic incision integrity and healing. (nih.gov)
  • Phacoemulsification was a revolutionary improvement to prior methods that removed the lens whole through a larger incision. (nih.gov)
  • After performing a physical examination, bloodwork, ocular ultrasonography and electroretinography, both animals were deemed good surgical candidates for phacoemulsification. (ajol.info)
  • Arguably the last global milestone within the field of cataract surgery was the introduction of phacoemulsification by Kelman. (medscape.com)
  • The introduction of phacoemulsification affected every aspect of cataract surgery and led to the present-day standard of care. (medscape.com)
  • The success rate of cataract surgery has risen significantly during last decades, especially with development of more precise microsurgical techniques and with introduction of phacoemulsification and IOL implantation (Boldy, 1988). (ijlr.org)
  • Cataract surgery phacoemulsification, phaco, nucleus. (medscape.com)
  • Nonetheless, "[r]isk for RD after phacoemulsification has almost halved for each 5-year period since its adoption in the mid 1980s," the authors conclude, adding that "[y]ounger patient age and male sex at surgery significantly increased risk for RD. Phacoemulsification requiring anterior vitrectomy vastly increased risk for RD. (medscape.com)
  • Quality phacoemulsification system ZEISS VISALIS S500 for premium cataract technologies and ZEISS VISALIS V500 featuring cataract and additional posterior vitrectomy functions. (amvis.gr)
  • This was a retrospective chart review of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients with a functioning tube who underwent phacoemulsification and had ≥24 months of follow-up. (jefferson.edu)
  • All consecutive eyes that underwent phacoemulsification cataract surgery using either dropless (Group 1) or traditional (Group 2) protocol were included. (openophthalmologyjournal.com)
  • While supervising surgical residents during cataract phacoemulsification it occasionally becomes apparent that previous surgical habits do not quite work. (cybersight.org.cn)
  • Waheeb S. Topical anesthesia in phacoemulsification. (medscape.com)
  • This study compared the clinical outcomes of phacoemulsification performed with two different protocols, including dropless cataract surgery using intraoperative intraocular injections, versus the traditional protocol using preoperative and post-operative topical corticosteroids and antibiotics. (openophthalmologyjournal.com)
  • Use of phacoemulsification and topical anaesthesia increased the prevalence of outpatient surgery and decreased intraoperative complications. (who.int)
  • To evaluate and compare, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the sharpness of the edge of brand new surgical blades and consecutively used surgical blades in phacoemulsification. (vin.com)
  • To evaluate the results of phacoemulsification in eyes with posterior polar developmental cataract and to appraise the strategy for surgical management. (qxmd.com)
  • Surgical management of cataract has completely revolved from mere removal of cataract by ICCE to full range spectacle-free visual outcome by phacoemulsification surgery with the implantation of latest generation multifocal or accommodative IOL implants. (cbspd.co.in)
  • The book also provides knowledge on the concurrent surgical procedures in which phacoemulsification surgery is clubbed with other surgical procedures like trabeculectomy, glaucoma valve, corneal transplant and VR surgery as well. (cbspd.co.in)
  • The phacoemulsification system comprises three sub-systems: Ultrasound, aspiration, and irrigation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ultrasound biomicroscopic image of a cataractous eye of a dog after surgery (phacoemulsification and IOL implantation). (avma.org)
  • PURPOSE: To compare the results of combined trabeculectomy with phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation to those of trabeculectomy alone using mitomycin C (MMC) application intraoperatively in all cases. (tau.ac.il)
  • Phacoemulsification is a cataract surgery method in which the internal lens of the eye which has developed a cataract is emulsified with the tip of an ultrasonic handpiece and aspirated from the eye. (wikipedia.org)
  • The study further evaluated additional risk factors for RD post-cataract surgery using phacoemulsification. (medscape.com)
  • They used the Western Australian Data Linkage System to identify cases, focusing on those who required admission for RD surgery after phacoemulsification. (medscape.com)
  • Phacoemulsification is a mechanically assisted extracapsular technique of cataract extraction surgery. (medscape.com)
  • The most common indication for cataract surgery via phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation is the patient's desire to improve vision. (medscape.com)
  • If a patient's best corrected visual acuity does not meet government agencies and industries minimum standards of visual function for tasks for driving, flying, or operating complex equipment, cataract surgery via phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation may need to be considered. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with glaucoma who undergo phacoemulsification and multifocal IOL implantation should undergo perimetry soon after surgery in order to establish new base-line measurements (3). (eugs.org)
  • Phacoemulsification is usually performed in an outpatient facility, and ophthalmologists often need between 15-1 hours to complete the surgery. (internationalclinics.com)
  • Phacoemulsification cataract surgery with PC IOL implantation may be effective in managing patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome who have elevated IOP and visually significant cataract but no advanced optic nerve damage. (aku.edu)
  • She has a wide experience in general ophthalmological conditions and performs phacoemulsification cataract surgery. (nuffieldhealth.com)
  • Because the use of phacoemulsification is new for this lab, the first rabbit surgery will be considered to be training. (nih.gov)
  • Ebola virus persistence was assessed before and during the operation to provide safe, vision-restorative phacoemulsification surgery. (cdc.gov)
  • Modern cataract surgery, called phacoemulsification, utilizes an ultrasonic probe to break up the hard, cloudy lens tissue. (nih.gov)
  • 9. [Cataract surgery by phacoemulsification in Werner's syndrome]. (nih.gov)
  • Although outpatient cataract surgery increased by 11.7%, use of methods such as phacoemulsification is not widespread, and more attention should be paid to the barriers to outpatient cataract surgery in the Islamic Republic of Iran. (who.int)
  • Since the dawn of phacoemulsification, intraocular lenses have improved from rigid plastic to flexible polymers. (nih.gov)
  • Purpose: To analyze in vivo the architecture of clear corneal incisions (CCIs) for phacoemulsification using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Setting: Anterior Segment Department, Asociacion Para Evitar la Ceguera en Mexico, Hospital Dr Luis Sanchez Bulnes, Mexico. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Phacoemulsification in eyes with posterior polar cataract. (qxmd.com)
  • Purpose: To determine the intraocular pressure (IOP) response to phacoemulsification cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL) implantation in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. (aku.edu)
  • Group A, Group B and Group C and were subjected for phacoemulsification followed by intra-ocular lens implantation of Rigid PMMA, Foldable hydrophilic acrylic and Foldable hydrophobic acrylic intra ocular lens respectively. (ijlr.org)
  • Using 100 torsional and longitudinal phacoemulsification, I create overly wide and deep nuclear grooves within the capsular bag (Figure 1). (crstoday.com)
  • To examine the visual outcome and identify risk factors for postoperative uveitis, macular oedema and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) capsulotomy after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in patients with uveitis. (bmj.com)
  • Cite this: Phacoemulsification Complications Declining - Medscape - Jul 16, 2012. (medscape.com)
  • A second set of surgeons describes important techniques that make phacoemulsification easier and lessen the risk of complications. (crstoday.com)
  • Reusing blades for phacoemulsification may produce structural changes and its clinical implications need to be evaluated due to the possible relation with postoperative complications. (vin.com)
  • Comparison of effectiveness and complications in trabeculotomy with phacoemulsification between ab externo and ab interno using a spatula-shaped microhook. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • We describe a technique, in which after capsulorrrhexis, bag is inflated with viscoelastic and a 3-piece intraocular lens is implanted in the bag behind the nucleus, before starting phacoemulsification. (ascrs.org)
  • Most patients with uveitis achieve improved visual acuity after phacoemulsification, but an increasing rate of visual loss is observed in those with pre-existent macular or optic nerve lesions. (bmj.com)
  • Delayed presentation of retained nuclear fragment following phacoemulsification cataract extraction. (nih.gov)
  • Previous studies have suggested that risk for RD may remain heightened up to 10 years after phacoemulsification, but few studies followed-up patients for longer than 5 years. (medscape.com)
  • To evaluate the effect of phacoemulsification on intraocular pressure (IOP) in eyes with functioning tube shunts. (jefferson.edu)
  • This study is also being used to evaluate a newly acquired phacoemulsification unit. (nih.gov)
  • To compare the hemodynamic effects of low-dose ketamine combined with dexmedetomidine versus propofol in phacoemulsification under local anesthesia. (org.pk)
  • Nazemroaya B, Koosha N, Moradi Farsani D, Khosropour A. Sedation Quality of Low - Dose Ketamine Combined with Dexmedetomidine versus Propofol in Phacoemulsification under Local Anesthesia: A Triple-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial: Doi: 10.36351/pjo.v39i3.1629. (org.pk)
  • Inclusion criteria consisted of age older than 50 years, open angle by gonioscopy, and a cataract requiring phacoemulsification. (aku.edu)
  • The pump of the phacoemulsification system can be a peristaltic type or a vacuum transfer type. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phacoemulsification was carried out with Stellaris system and the residual cortex lentis was removed. (cjeo-journal.org)
  • Effect of Phacoemulsification on Intraocular Pressure in Eyes With Fun" by Wesam Shamseldin Shalaby, Sonali Patel et al. (jefferson.edu)
  • The interval between the tube shunt and phacoemulsification was 28.8 ± 25.0 months. (jefferson.edu)
  • Often, ophthalmologists suggest phacoemulsification to people who have a cataractous lens that causes poor visual acuity. (internationalclinics.com)
  • The resulting treatment plan included revised workflow for phacoemulsification, including laboratory specimen analysis. (cdc.gov)