Peptide PHI
Peptides
Vagus nerve modulates secretin binding sites in the rat forestomach. (1/63)
Secretin is well known for its inhibitory action on gastric motility. It has been reported that secretin in a physiological dose inhibits gastric motility through mediation by the vagal afferent pathway. Secretin also elicited relaxation of carbachol-stimulated rat forestomach muscle strips by binding to its receptors, suggesting a direct action on this peripheral tissue. We hypothesized that vagal input may affect the action of secretin by modulating the level of secretin receptor in the forestomach. Several treatments, including vagal ligation, vagotomy, perivagal application of capsaicin or colchicine, intravenous infusion of tetrodotoxin, and intraperitoneal injection of atropine, were performed to investigate their effects on secretin receptor binding to forestomach membranes. Specific binding of 125I-labeled secretin to forestomach membranes was significantly decreased (45%) by vagal ligation, vagotomy (50%), or perivagal colchicine treatment (40%). On the contrary, specific binding of 125I-secretin was not affected by perivagal capsaicin treatment, intravenous infusion of tetrodotoxin, or intraperitoneal injection of atropine. By Scatchard analysis of the binding data, the capacity of the high-affinity binding sites in forestomach membranes was found to decrease significantly after vagal ligation compared with membranes from the sham-operated group. However, the affinity at the high-affinity binding sites, the binding parameters of the low-affinity binding sites, and binding specificity were not changed. Vagal ligation but not perivagal capsaicin treatment reduced the inhibitory effect of secretin on bethanechol-stimulated contraction of isolated forestomach muscle strips, causing a right shift in the dose-response curve. These results suggest that vagal input through axonal transport plays a significant role on secretin action by modulating the capacity of secretin binding sites (but not affinity or specificity), at least in rat forestomach. (+info)Hair-cycle-associated remodeling of the peptidergic innervation of murine skin, and hair growth modulation by neuropeptides. (2/63)
As the neuropeptide substance P can manipulate murine hair growth in vivo, we here further studied the role of sensory neuropeptides in hair follicle biology by determining the distribution and hair-cycle-dependent remodeling of the sensory innervation in C57BL/6 mouse back skin. Calcitonin-gene-related peptide, substance P, and peptide histidine methionine (employed as vasoactive intestinal peptide marker) were identified by immunohistochemistry. All of these markers immunolocalized to bundles of nerve fibers and to single nerve fibers, with distinct distribution patterns and major hair-cycle-associated changes. In the epidermis and around the distal hair follicle and the arrector pili muscle, only calcitonin-gene-related peptide immunoreactive nerve fibers were visualized, whereas substance P and peptide histidine methionine immunoreactive nerve fibers were largely restricted to the dermis and subcutis. Compared to telogen skin, the number of calcitonin-gene-related peptide, substance P, and peptide histidine methionine immunoreactive single nerve fibers increased significantly (p < 0.01) during anagen, including around the bulge region (the seat of epithelial stem cells). Substance P significantly accelerated anagen progression in murine skin organ culture, whereas calcitonin-gene-related peptide and a substance-P-inhibitory peptide inhibited anagen (p < 0.05). The inhibitory effect of calcitonin-gene-related peptide could be antagonized by coadministrating substance P. In contrast to substance P, calcitonin-gene-related peptide failed to induce anagen when released from subcutaneous implants. This might reflect a differential functional assignment of the neuropeptides calcitonin-gene-related peptide and substance P in hair growth control, and invites the use of neuropeptide receptor agonists and antagonists as novel pharmacologic tools for therapeutic hair growth manipulation. (+info)The VPAC(2) receptor is essential for circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei. (3/63)
The neuropeptides pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are implicated in the photic entrainment of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). We now report that mice carrying a null mutation of the VPAC(2) receptor for VIP and PACAP (Vipr2(-/-)) are incapable of sustaining normal circadian rhythms of rest/activity behavior. These mice also fail to exhibit circadian expression of the core clock genes mPer1, mPer2, and mCry1 and the clock-controlled gene arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the SCN. Moreover, the mutants fail to show acute induction of mPer1 and mPer2 by nocturnal illumination. This study highlights the role of intercellular neuropeptidergic signaling in maintenance of circadian function within the SCN. (+info)Vasoactive intestinal peptide enhances dopamine accumulation in primary cell culture of rat hypothalamus. (4/63)
The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and PHI-27 on dopamine accumulation in cultured rat hypothalamic cells was investigated. VIP enhanced [3H]dopamine accumulation dose dependently. This effect was significant at 10(-8)-10(-5) M VIP with a concomitant increase in intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP), and reached its plateau level at 10(-6) M VIP. VIP increased [3H]dopamine accumulation significantly within 15 min. PHI-27 and dibutyryl cAMP ((Bu)2-cAMP) also enhanced [3H]dopamine accumulation. These results suggest that VIP enhances dopamine accumulation in hypothalamic cells by increasing intracellular cAMP. (+info)Release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide from the rat gastric fundus. (5/63)
1. Auxotonic responses and release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity (VIP-LI) induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) were studied in longitudinal muscle strips from the gastric fundus of reserpinized rats suspended between parallel platinum electrodes in Krebs solution containing atropine (1 microM), 5-hydroxytryptamine (3 microM) and bovine serum albumin (50 mg l-1). 2. EFS (supramaximal voltage, 1 ms, 0.25-32.0 Hz, trains of 2 min) induced frequency-dependent relaxations. 3. EFS at frequencies greater than or equal to 8 Hz also produced significant increases in VIP-LI release. 4. VIP-LI release induced by EFS at 16 Hz no longer occurred in the presence of tetrodotoxin (1 microM) or a Ca(2+)-free medium. 5. Detection of VIP-LI upon activation of inhibitory non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurones indicates that VIP meets the 'detectable release' criterion for an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the rat gastric fundus. (+info)Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptides, PACAP-27 and PACAP-38: stimulators of electrogenic ion secretion in the rat small intestine. (6/63)
1. The effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP)-27 and PACAP-38 were investigated and compared with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) responses in voltage clamped preparations of rat jejunum. Under these conditions electrogenic ion secretion was continuously recorded. 2. PACAP-27 is the most potent secretagogue described thus far, exhibiting a concentration-dependent dual secretory action. At low concentrations it stimulated rapid, transient secretory responses (not seen with either PACAP-38 or VIP) and these were inhibited by tetrodotoxin (TTX). At higher nM concentrations of PACAP-27 more prolonged secretory responses predominated which were insensitive to TTX. 3. In the presence of TTX, the concentration-response curve to PACAP-27 gave an EC50 value of 29.4 +/- 5.4 nM (n = 4) compared with 0.8 +/- 0.1 nM (n = 9) for PACAP-27 alone and 30.6 +/- 5.6 nM (n = 5) for PACAP-38. C-terminal fragments of PACAP-38 were not significantly effective. 4. Blockade of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors partially inhibited the low concentration effects of PACAP-27. Substance P desensitization and capsaicin pretreatment were effective at inhibiting the transient secretory PACAP-27 responses. Evidence is presented for selective, high affinity PACAP-27 receptors on submucous neurones innervating the mucosal region of the rat jejunum. (+info)Cyclic AMP formation in chicken brain: effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide, peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI), and some PHI-related peptides. (7/63)
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (chicken form; chVIP), peptide histidine-isoleucine (porcine and rat forms; pPHI and rPHI), D-Phe(4) derivative of porcine PHI (D-Phe(4)-pPHI), peptide histidine-methionine (PHM; human PHI), and helodermin, were tested for their ability to stimulate cAMP production in [(3)H]adenine-prelabeled slices of chick cerebral cortex (CCx) and hypothalamus (HTh). The chVIP (0.1-3 microM) concentration-dependently and potently stimulated cAMP production in HTh and CCx; the responses observed after 3 microM of chVIP were comparable to those produced by 0.1 microM PACAP38. Helodermin (5 microM) moderately but significantly stimulated cAMP formation in both HTh and CCx, whereas pPHI, rPHI, PHM at 5 microM concentration only weakly affected cAMP production in CCx, and were inactive in HTh; D-Phe(4)-pPHI was inactive in both tissues. These data demonstrate that chVIP, PACAP, and to a lesser extent helodermin were capable of potently stimulating cAMP generation in the avian central nervous system. PHI-related peptides showed only weak or no activity, depending on the tissue. (+info)VPAC2 receptors mediate vasoactive intestinal peptide-induced neuroprotection against neonatal excitotoxic brain lesions in mice. (8/63)
Prepro-vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) mRNA codes for two neuropeptides: VIP and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI). Two VIP receptors, shared with a similar affinity by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), have been cloned: VPAC(1) and VPAC(2). PHI binds to these receptors with a lower affinity. VPAC receptors are classically associated with a cAMP-dependent pathway, although other pathways, including calcium mobilization and protein kinase C activation have been described. We previously showed that intracerebral administration of the glutamate agonist ibotenate to postnatal day 5 mice induces white matter lesions mimicking human periventricular leukomalacia. In this model, coinjection of VIP protects against white matter lesions. This neuroprotection is independent from cAMP and is mediated by protein kinase C. Using this model, this study aimed to determine the receptor involved in VIP-induced neuroprotection. VIP effects were mimicked with a similar potency by VPAC(2) agonists and PHI but not by VPAC(1) agonists, PACAP 27, or PACAP 38. VIP neuroprotective effects were lost in mice lacking VPAC(2) receptor. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of VPAC(2) mRNA in the postnatal day 5 white matter. When analyzed between embryonic life and adulthood, VIP-specific binding site density peaked at postnatal day 5. These data suggest that, in this model, VIP-induced neuroprotection is mediated by VPAC(2) receptors. The pharmacology of this VPAC(2) receptor seems unconventional because 1) PACAP does not mimic VIP effects, 2) PHI acts with a comparable potency, and 3) PACAP 27 modestly inhibited the VIP-specific binding, whereas for PHI or VIP, inhibition was complete. (+info)I'm sorry for the confusion, but "Peptide PHI" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. It seems that there might be some misunderstanding or miscommunication related to this term.
If you are referring to a specific type of peptide or a research study, could you please provide more context or clarify the source of the term? I would be happy to help you with accurate and reliable information once I have a better understanding of what you are asking about.
Peptides are short chains of amino acid residues linked by covalent bonds, known as peptide bonds. They are formed when two or more amino acids are joined together through a condensation reaction, which results in the elimination of a water molecule and the formation of an amide bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.
Peptides can vary in length from two to about fifty amino acids, and they are often classified based on their size. For example, dipeptides contain two amino acids, tripeptides contain three, and so on. Oligopeptides typically contain up to ten amino acids, while polypeptides can contain dozens or even hundreds of amino acids.
Peptides play many important roles in the body, including serving as hormones, neurotransmitters, enzymes, and antibiotics. They are also used in medical research and therapeutic applications, such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.
Peptide PHI
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Levinthal's paradox
Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor
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Vasoactive6
- It was derived from glucagon family called the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and it has an amino acid sequence homology to vasoactive intestinal peptide, secretin, glucagon, and other growth hormone releasing factor. (wikipedia.org)
- The syndrome of watery diarrhea, hypokalemia , and achlorhydria (ie, WDHA syndrome) is a rare condition characterized by severe, watery diarrhea resulting from the oversecretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) from non-beta pancreatic islet cells. (medscape.com)
- When RPR4 was functionally expressed in COS 7 cells, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production was stimulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptides (PACAP-38 and PACAP-27) and helodermin, with equal potency. (wiley.com)
- The gastrointestinal peptides investigated in this study were the secretin family, comprising secretin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) and growth hormone releasing factor (GRF). (aston.ac.uk)
- The secretin-glucagon family of hormones includes glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). (your-doctor.net)
- PHI, aka Intestinal peptide PHI-27, is a member of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) family of peptides. (echelon-inc.com)
Proteins7
- The Ramachandran Plot below shows the phi and psi angles actually observed in proteins. (proteopedia.org)
- There is also a simple visualization of phi and psi angles at Dihedral angles in proteins by Angel Herráez. (proteopedia.org)
- Peptide bond, phi, psi and chi torsion angles, ramachandran map, anatomy of proteins - Hierarchical organization of protein structure - Primary. (entrance.net.in)
- The PHI may be captured using proteins in which mirror F's heptad do it again parts, along with have a look at utilized a NiV heptad repeat peptide to assess PHI creation along with the half-lives (capital t(1/2)) in the second and third combination cascade periods. (sykpathway.com)
- Render peptide backbone as segments to simplify the display of large proteins. (kimmuh.com)
- PHI-Canto uses UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) gene accession numbers to disambiguate genes/proteins. (phi-base.org)
- Cysteine-Selective Modification of Peptides and Proteins via Desulfurative C-C Bond Formation CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Backbone4
- The double bonds between main chain (backbone) C and O delocalize, making the peptide bonds also have partial double bonds ( half-dotted bonds ). (proteopedia.org)
- The phi,psi backbone angle distribution of small homopolymeric model peptides is investigated by a joint molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and heteronuclear NMR study. (uni-frankfurt.de)
- For each tripeptide, the low-energy conformations contain many $\phi$ , $\psi$ combinations, and the observed rotamers of the central amino acid are averaged over these backbone configurations, resulting in a backbone-independent library. (stackexchange.com)
- The peptide backbone adopts the type III \beta-turn conformation, with ${\phi}_2$ = -51.0 deg, ${\psi}_2$ = -39.7 deg, ${\phi}_3$ = -65.0 deg, ${\psi}_3$ = -25.4 deg. (iisc.ac.in)
Hormones2
- Using an in vitro system involving static incubation of isolated (by collagenase digestion) islets of Langerhans, the effect of a variety of gastrointestinal peptides on the secretion of the four main islet hormones, namely insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide, was studied. (aston.ac.uk)
- Peptide hormones produced by enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are grouped into families based on their amino acid structural similarity. (your-doctor.net)
Secretin1
- The results showed that insulin release was stimulated by all peptides studied except PHI, glucagon release was stimulated by all peptides tested, except GRF which suppressed glucagon release, somatostatin release was stimulated by GIP and GRF but suppressed by VIP, PHI, glucagon and secretin, and PP release was stimulated by GIP and GRF, but suppressed by PHI. (aston.ac.uk)
Secretion1
- Gradually, the C-peptide part of proinsulin has evolved from being viewed upon as a side product of insulin synthesis and secretion to being considered as a bioactive peptide with endocrine functions. (researchgate.net)
Glucagon2
- Here, we identify an evolutionarily conserved hexapeptide sequence as the major aggregation-prone region (APR) of gastrointestinal peptides of the glucagon family: xFxxWL. (nature.com)
- We determine nine polymorphic crystal structures of the APR segments of glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2, and exendin and its derivatives. (nature.com)
Angles9
- Manipulate phi and psi angles in VRML! (umass.edu)
- In the early 1960's, G. N. Ramachandran (University of Madras, India) and coworkers computationally determined the phi and psi angles that avoid steric collisions, initially treating the atoms simply as rigid spheres 5, 6 . (proteopedia.org)
- Ramachandran and team also showed that the major effect of sidechains on the allowed phi and psi angles is due to C β 2 . (proteopedia.org)
- Each data point represents the combination of phi and psi angles occurring in a single amino acid. (proteopedia.org)
- Peptide builder : Easily build alpha helices, beta strands or specify the phi/psi angles yourself. (kimmuh.com)
- First, the peptide is checked to find the longest helical part, as determined by hydrogen bonds and phi/psi angles. (debian.org)
- Average phi and psi angles (file phipsi.xvg ). (debian.org)
- I am using frag builder python module to generate peptide structures to compute the interaction energy for ensemble of peptides of a given sequence for a fixed bond lengths and bong angles. (stackexchange.com)
- In that paper, they study the dependence of side chain dihedral angles on main chain ones, and they sample angles $\phi$ and $\psi$ in 10 degree bins showing that a large variation in these angles is possible, especially outside the context of regular secondary structures. (stackexchange.com)
Alanine1
- While the conformational distribution of the central three alanine residues in the 9mer is similar as for the small peptides Ala3-Ala7, major differences are found for the 19mer, which significantly (30 - 40 %) samples alphaR helical stuctures. (uni-frankfurt.de)
Dihedral angle1
- Average Calpha - Calpha dihedral angle (file phi-ahx.xvg ). (debian.org)
Intestine2
- Peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) is part of family that plays a vital role in the cell growth rate such as in the intestine as well as in brain. (wikipedia.org)
- It is located throughout the entire length of intestine while PHI is mostly concentrated in the colon region. (wikipedia.org)
Protein2
- Each hormone peptide has its own class B type G-protein coupled receptor 19 , 21 functioning along identical receptor activating schemes (Fig. 1c ). (nature.com)
- He is familiar with multiple modalities, from small molecules, protein-protein interactions, protein degradation, protein translation inhibition and peptides. (dalriadatx.com)
Pancreatic polypeptide1
- It is the precursor of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and a pancreatic C-terminal peptide or pancreatic icosapeptide. (nih.gov)
Conformation1
- Triglycine samples the four corner regions of the Ramachandran space and exists in a slow conformational equilibrium between the cis and trans conformation of peptide bonds. (uni-frankfurt.de)
Residues2
- You can use the following commands, which would give a correct treatment for the terminal residues in the peptide rings. (uiuc.edu)
- Zinc binding to the peptide replica and analogs to residues 93-115 of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was examined by competition of the peptides and the chromophoric chelator 4-(2- pyridylazo)resorcinol for zinc and X-ray absorption fine structure analysis of the zinc ligands. (researchgate.net)
Simulations1
- Hi Maroli, I am the author of [JPCA 2010, 114, 2376], [JPCB 2010, 114, 12183] and have performed some modeling and simulations with cyclic peptide rings/nanotubes. (uiuc.edu)
Hormone2
- Peptide PHI, also known as peptide histidine isoleucine, is a peptide which functions as a hormone. (wikipedia.org)
- Peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) and rat growth hormone releasing hormone (rGHRH) also stimulated cAMP production at lower potency. (wiley.com)
Calpha1
- Structure validation by Calpha geometry: phi,psi and Cbeta deviation. (stackexchange.com)
Interactions1
- Independent of these, its biophysical properties and peptide interactions point to still further roles of C-peptide, in particular regarding possible. (researchgate.net)
Gastrointestinal tract1
- VIP is a 28-amino acid regulatory peptide that is widely distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and brain. (medscape.com)
Wipes1
- Wipe it off with water or Phi Wipes. (phisupplies.com)
Glucose1
- This peptide did not enhance insulin release via an augmentation of glucose metabolism, or via the adenylate cyclase/cyclic AMP secondary messenger system. (aston.ac.uk)
Behavior2
- This peptide is present within the central nervous system that help regulate food consumption behavior, while at peripheral nervous system this peptide accumulates in the stomach which controls the digestion of food. (wikipedia.org)
- Stimulation of sexual behavior in the male rat by galanin-like peptide. (ucdenver.edu)
Bonds1
- Check Peptide Bonds to locate them. (proteopedia.org)
Physiological1
- New data indicate that proinsulin C-peptide, contrary to previous views, exerts important physiological effects and shows the characteristics of a bioactive peptide. (researchgate.net)
Sequence1
- I have writen a smart script to generate the correct pdb file for cyclic peptide rings from the peptide sequence. (uiuc.edu)
Drugs2
- Phi Pharma SA is developing a new class of anti-cancer drugs: Peptide Drug Conjugates (PDCs) effective in multiple human cancers using an innovative mechanism of cell entry: novel CSPG4 targeting bio-pharmaceuticals. (swissbiotech.org)
- In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal. (wakehealth.edu)
Combinations2
- In fact, most Phi and Psi angle combinations are impossible because two atoms cannot occupy the same space. (proteopedia.org)
- Rotate Phi and Psi to find angle combinations where there are no clashes. (proteopedia.org)
Amino1
- This peptide contains a composition of 27 amino acids with histidine on the N-terminus and isoleucine on the C-terminus. (wikipedia.org)
Bond3
- This prevents the peptide bond from rotating. (proteopedia.org)
- Each peptide bond holds six atoms in a plane. (proteopedia.org)
- The planarity of the peptide bond is unaffected. (stackexchange.com)
Chain1
- its target from Ref-1 reveals peptide chain reversal. (lu.se)
View1
- Submit your own peptide to the alpha-helical wheel viewer, or view a peptide from a list of examples. (umass.edu)
Small1
- This "knob" domain is analogous to natural cysteine-rich peptides such as knottins in that it is small and stable but can accommodate diverse loops and disulfide bonding patterns. (bvsalud.org)
Type1
- The Phi App can be used to find the perfect mix by entering all relevant factors about the customer, such as their skin type, wrinkles, scars and more. (phishop.com)
Cell3
- Human studies have shown that the release of PHI into the stomach regulates the neuroendocrine cell processes that affect gastrointestinal physiology. (wikipedia.org)
- Proinsulin C-peptide is known to bind specifically to cell membranes and to exert intracellular effects, but whether it is internalized in target cells is unknown. (researchgate.net)
- In this study, using confocal microscopy and immunostained or rhodamine-labeled peptide, we show that C-peptide is internalized and localized to the cytosol of Swiss 3T3 and HEK-293 cell. (researchgate.net)
Health1
- A vital supplement for overall health, collagen peptides by Phi Naturals only come from healthy grass-fed, pasture-raised bovine. (atuzyshop.com)
Find1
- If PHI-Canto is unable to find your entry, check for typos (e.g. 0 for O), ensure you are using the 'entry' not 'entry name', and check that your accession is from UniProtKB, not UniParc. (phi-base.org)
Properties1
- The independent CDR H3 peptide knobs were expressed and maintained the properties of the parent antibodies. (bvsalud.org)
Major1
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide" by people in this website by year, and whether "Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (wakehealth.edu)
Typical1
- M phi and DC, suggests that Mlsa determinants are not typical H-2-associated peptides. (silverchair.com)
Command1
- command peptides on the style with our Liked campaigns app! (wise-biz.net)