Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.
Piperazines with two keto oxygens.
Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.
A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).
The hearing and equilibrium system of the body. It consists of three parts: the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR. Sound waves are transmitted through this organ where vibration is transduced to nerve signals that pass through the ACOUSTIC NERVE to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The inner ear also contains the vestibular organ that maintains equilibrium by transducing signals to the VESTIBULAR NERVE.
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.
Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response.
A species of tapeworm (TAPEWORMS) infecting RATS and MICE but rarely causing disease in humans. Its life cycle involves RODENTS as the definitive host and BEETLES as the intermediate host.
Complex pain syndrome with unknown etiology, characterized by constant or intermittent generalized vulva pain (Generalized vulvodynia) or localized burning sensations in the VESTIBULE area when pressure is applied (Vestibulodynia, or Vulvar Vestibulitis Syndrome). Typically, vulvar tissue with vulvodynia appears normal without infection or skin disease. Vulvodynia impacts negatively on a woman's quality of life as it interferes with sexual and daily activities.
Phthalic acid anhydrides. Can be substituted on any carbon atom. Used extensively in industry and as a reagent in the acylation of amino- and hydroxyl groups.
Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.
An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.
The outer part of the hearing system of the body. It includes the shell-like EAR AURICLE which collects sound, and the EXTERNAL EAR CANAL, the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE, and the EXTERNAL EAR CARTILAGES.
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.
A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.
A claudin subtype that is associated with the formation of cation-selective channels and increased epithelial permeability. It is localized to the TIGHT JUNCTIONS of the PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE and INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM.
Type species of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM, a gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It is used as a source of PROBIOTICS.
Adverse cutaneous reactions caused by ingestion, parenteral use, or local application of a drug. These may assume various morphologic patterns and produce various types of lesions.
Unstable isotopes of nitrogen that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. N atoms with atomic weights 12, 13, 16, 17, and 18 are radioactive nitrogen isotopes.

N,N'-Diacetyl-L-cystine-the disulfide dimer of N-acetylcysteine-is a potent modulator of contact sensitivity/delayed type hypersensitivity reactions in rodents. (1/282)

Oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is used clinically for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NAC is easily oxidized to its disulfide. We show here that N,N'-diacetyl-L-cystine (DiNAC) is a potent modulator of contact sensitivity (CS)/delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions in rodents. Oral treatment of BALB/c mice with 0.003 to 30 micromol/kg DiNAC leads to enhancement of a CS reaction to oxazolone; DiNAC is 100 to 1000 times more potent than NAC in this respect, indicating that it does not act as a prodrug of NAC. Structure-activity studies suggest that a stereochemically-defined disulfide element is needed for activity. The DiNAC-induced enhancement of the CS reaction is counteracted by simultaneous NAC-treatment; in contrast, the CS reaction is even more enhanced in animals treated with DiNAC together with the glutathione-depleting agent buthionine sulfoximine. These data suggest that DiNAC acts via redox processes. Immunohistochemically, ear specimens from oxazolone-sensitized and -challenged BALB/c mice treated with DiNAC display increased numbers of CD8(+) cells. DiNAC treatment augments the CS reaction also when fluorescein isothiocyanate is used as a sensitizer in BALB/c mice; this is a purported TH2 type of response. However, when dinitrofluorobenzene is used as a sensitizer, inducing a purported TH1 type of response, DiNAC treatment reduces the reaction. Treatment with DiNAC also reduces a DTH footpad-swelling reaction to methylated BSA. Collectively, these data indicate that DiNAC in vivo acts as a potent and effective immunomodulator that can either enhance or reduce the CS or DTH response depending on the experimental conditions.  (+info)

Predominant VH genes expressed in innate antibodies are associated with distinctive antigen-binding sites. (2/282)

Antibodies to phosphatidylcholine (PtC), a common constituent of mammalian and bacterial cell membranes, represent a large proportion of the natural antibody repertoire in mice. Previous studies of several mouse strains (e.g., C57BL/6) have shown that anti-PtC antibodies are mainly encoded by the VH11 and VH12 immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene families. We show here, however, that VH11 and VH12 encode only a small proportion of the anti-PtC antibodies in BALB/c mice. Instead, VHQ52-encoded antibodies predominate in this strain. In addition, two-thirds of the cells expressing VHQ52 family genes use a single gene (which, interestingly, has been previously shown to predominate in the anti-oxazolone response). We also show here that in anti-PtC antibodies from all strains, the distinctive antigen-binding sites associated with VHQ52 differ substantially from those associated with VH11 and VH12. That is, VHQ52-containing transcripts preferentially use the joining region JH4 rather than JH1 and exhibit more diverse complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) junctions with more N-region nucleotide additions at the gene segment junctions. Thus, the VH gene family that predominates in the anti-PtC repertoire differs among mouse strains, whereas the distinctive VHDJH rearrangements (CDR3, JH) associated with each VH gene family are similar in all strains. We discuss these findings in the context of a recent hypothesis suggesting that CDR3 structure, independent of VH framework, is sufficient to define the specificity of an antibody.  (+info)

Receptor-mediated targeting of fluorescent probes in living cells. (3/282)

A strategy was developed to label specified sites in living cells with a wide selection of fluorescent or other probes and applied to study pH regulation in Golgi. cDNA transfection was used to target a single-chain antibody to a specified site such as an organelle lumen. The targeted antibody functioned as a high affinity receptor to trap cell-permeable hapten-fluorophore conjugates. Synthesized conjugates of a hapten (4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one, phOx) and fluorescent probes (Bodipy Fl, tetramethylrhodamine, fluorescein) were bound with high affinity (approximately 5 nM) and specific localization to the single-chain antibody expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and plasma membrane of living Chinese hamster ovary cells. Using the pH-sensitive phOx-fluorescein conjugate and ratio imaging microscopy, pH was measured in the lumen of Golgi (pH 6.25 +/- 0.06). Measurements of pH-dependent vacuolar H+/ATPase pump activity and H+ leak in Golgi provided direct evidence that resting Golgi pH is determined by balanced leak-pump kinetics rather than the inability of the H+/ATPase to pump against an electrochemical gradient. Like expression of the green fluorescent protein, the receptor-mediated fluorophore targeting approach permits specific intracellular fluorescence labeling. A significant advantage of the new approach is the ability to target chemical probes with custom-designed spectral and indicator properties.  (+info)

Inhibition of allergic contact dermatitis to DNCB but not to oxazolone in interleukin-4-deficient mice. (4/282)

The role of interleukin-4 as a regulator of immune responses in the skin is investigated with regard to the outcome of contact hypersensitivity reaction in interleukin-4-deficient BALB/C mice. In previous studies conflicting results were obtained concerning the role of interleukin-4 in contact hypersensitivity reactions supporting either a proinflammatory or rather an inhibitory function of this cytokine. Interleukin-4 deficient BALB/C mice sensitized to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene showed after challenge a significant reduction in magnitude and duration of the contact hypersensitivity response in comparison with wild-type mice. This attenuation was accompanied by a significant reduction of edema and cellular infiltrates in the dermis and a lacking induction of IL-10 mRNA expression in skin. Also, adoptive transfer experiments revealed that BALB/C mice failed to exhibit contact hypersensitivity after injection of lymph node cells obtained from sensitized interleukin-4 deficient mice. To examine further the role of the contact allergen used to induce the contact hypersensitivity response, mice were also sensitized and challenged with Oxazolone. Here a similar magnitude and duration of contact hypersensitivity in both the interleukin-4 deficient mice and BALB/C control mice was observed. This indicates that the contact hypersensitivity response to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene and Oxazolone may partly evolve on different pathways being dependent and independent of interleukin-4. Our results clearly show that the complete loss of endogenous interleukin-4 expression in BALB/C mice is associated with an impaired manifestation of contact hypersensitivity response to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, implying an important proinflammatory function of this cytokine.  (+info)

The UV waveband dependencies in mice differ for the suppression of contact hypersensitivity, delayed-type hypersensitivity and cis-urocanic acid formation. (5/282)

Solar radiation contains ultraviolet B (280-315 nm) and ultraviolet A (ultraviolet AII, 315-340 nm; ultraviolet AI, 340-400 nm) wavebands. Ultraviolet B is known to suppress certain aspects of cell mediated immunity. Using three ultraviolet lamps (the broad-band ultraviolet B TL-12, the narrow-band ultraviolet B TL-01 and an ultraviolet AI source), we investigated the dose and waveband dependencies for the suppression of contact hypersensitivity to oxazolone and delayed-type hypersensitivity to herpes simplex virus, plus the formation of cis-urocanic acid in C3H/HeN mice. A single exposure of 1500 J/m2 TL-12 or 10,000 J/m2 TL-01 or 500,000 J/m2 ultraviolet AI corresponded to 1 minimum erythema dose in this mouse strain. The percentage of cis-urocanic acid of the total urocanic acid rose from a background level of 1.7% to 40% with 1000 J/m2 TL-12 or 10,000 J/m2 TL-01, but only 17% cis-urocanic acid was obtained with 500,000 J/m2 ultraviolet AI. The contact hypersensitivity response was significantly suppressed after a minimum dose of 5000 J/m2 TL-12 or 50,000 J/m2 TL-01 or 500,000 J/m2 ultraviolet AI. The delayed-type hypersensitivity response was suppressed by a minimum dose of 100 J/m2 TL-12 or 10,000 J/m2 TL-01 or 1000 J/m2 ultraviolet AI. So, whereas a low dose of ultraviolet AI reduced the delayed-type hypersensitivity response, a 500-fold higher dose was required to suppress contact hypersensitivity. There was no correlation between the suppression of these responses and the concentration of cis-urocanic acid in the skin. Thus different mediators may modulate the various immune responses affected by ultraviolet exposure, depending on the wavelength of the radiation.  (+info)

Anti-inflammatory activity of c(ILDV-NH(CH2)5CO), a novel, selective, cyclic peptide inhibitor of VLA-4-mediated cell adhesion. (6/282)

1. Small, N- to C-terminal cyclized peptides containing the leucyl-aspartyl-valine (LDV) motif from fibronectin connecting segment-1 (CS-1) have been investigated for their effects on the adhesion of human T-lymphoblastic leukaemia cells (MOLT-4) to human plasma fibronectin in vitro mediated by the integrin Very Late Antigen (VLA)-4 (alpha4beta1, CD49d/CD29). 2. Cyclo(-isoleucyl-leucyl-aspartyl-valyl-aminohexanoyl-) (c(ILDV-NH(CH2)5CO)) was approximately 5 fold more potent (IC50 3.6+/-0.44 microM) than the 25-amino acid linear CS-1 peptide. Cyclic peptides containing two more or one less methylene groups had similar potency to c(ILDV-NH(CH2)5CO) while a compound containing three less methylene groups, c(ILDV-NH(CH2)2CO), was inactive at 100 microM. 3. c(ILDV-NH(CH2)5CO) had little effect on cell adhesion mediated by two other integrins, VLA-5 (alpha5,beta1, CD49e/CD29) (K562 cell adhesion to fibronectin) or Leukocyte Function Associated molecule-1 (LFA-1, alphabeta2, CD11a/CD18) (U937 cell adhesion to Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with intercellular adhesion molecule-1) at concentrations up to 300 microM. 4. c(ILDV-NH(CH2)5CO) inhibited ovalbumin delayed-type hypersensitivity or oxazolone contact hypersensitivity in Balb/c mice when dosed continuously from subcutaneous osmotic mini-pumps (0.1-10 mg kg(-1) day(-1)). Maximum inhibition (approximately 40%) was similar to that caused by the monoclonal antibody PS/2 (7.5 mg kg(-1) i.v.) directed against the alpha4 integrin subunit. 5. c(ILDV-NH(CH2)5CO) also inhibited oxazolone contact hypersensitivity when dosed intravenously 20 h after oxazolone challenge (1-10 mg kg(-1)). Ear swelling was reduced at 3 h and 4 h but not at 1 h and 2 h post-dose (10 mg kg(-1)). 6. Small molecule VLA-4 inhibitors derived from c(ILDV-NH(CH2)5CO) may be useful as anti-inflammatory agents.  (+info)

Contact sensitivity responses in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. (7/282)

Mechanisms of depression of contact sensitivity responses in C57BL/10 mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi were studied. Cellular involvement during sensitization with oxazolone was investigated in mice acutely infected with T. cruzi. Contact sensitivity was not expressed in mice during the latter stages of the acute infection. Spleen cells from sensitized, infected mice which were unable to respond to oxazolone could confer contact sensitivity upon normal syngenic mice as effectively as spleen cells from uninfected, sensitized donors. The ability of mice infected with T. cruzi to respond to an eliciting dose of oxazolone was significantly improved when macrophages from normal syngenic donors were administered to them at the time of skin test. When either normal or infected mice were used as recipients of lymphocytes from sensitized donors, the normal mice responded significantly better than did infected mice after administration of an eliciting dose of oxazolone. An increase in pyroninophilic cells was observed in draining lymph nodes after application of a sensitizing dose of oxaxolone to the ears of either normal or acutely infected mice. These results indicate that suppression of contact sensitivity during acute T. cruzi infection is directed toward the efferent arm rather than the afferent arm of the response.  (+info)

Protective role of NK1.1+ cells in experimental Staphylococcus aureus arthritis. (8/282)

In a model of Staphylococcus aureus-induced septic arthritis in C57Bl/6 mice we investigated the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the development of disease. Depletion of NK1.1+ cells was achieved by repeated injections of the PK136 antibody, whereas control mice received an irrelevant monoclonal antibody, O1C5.B2. Both groups of mice then received injections intravenously with 2 x 107 live S. aureus LS-1 secreting toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). The mice were evaluated for 16 days with regard to weight, mortality and arthritis. Nine days after bacterial injection, 9/19 mice depleted of NK cells had developed arthritis compared with 1/17 in the control group (P = 0.01). The experiment was repeated twice with the same outcome. NK cell-depleted and control mice displayed the same degree of histopathological signs of arthritis at day 16. Depletion of NK cells did not affect uptake of bacteria by phagocytic cells in vitro, or bacterial clearance in vivo. In NK cell-depleted mice there was a tendency to increased levels of antibodies to TSST-1, whereas total immunoglobulin levels were similar to those in controls. NK cell depletion of non-infected mice did not affect the magnitude of inflammatory response during the T cell-dependent cutaneous DTH reaction to oxazolone, or during granulocyte-mediated inflammation. However, specific antibody responses to oxazolone were greatly increased in depleted animals. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that NK cells protect against arthritis during S. aureus infection. This outcome does not seem to be due to an influence on bacterial clearance, but could be due to an interaction with the host anti-inflammatory mechanisms.  (+info)

Oxazolone is not a medical condition or diagnosis, but rather a chemical compound. It is commonly used in research and scientific studies as an experimental contact sensitizer to induce allergic contact dermatitis in animal models. Here's the general definition:

Oxazolone (C8H7NO3): An organic compound that belongs to the class of heterocyclic compounds known as oxazoles, which contain a benzene fused to a five-membered ring containing one oxygen atom and one nitrogen atom. It is used in research as an allergen to induce contact hypersensitivity reactions in skin sensitization studies.

Contact dermatitis is a type of inflammation of the skin that occurs when it comes into contact with a substance that the individual has developed an allergic reaction to or that causes irritation. It can be divided into two main types: allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis.

Allergic contact dermatitis is caused by an immune system response to a substance, known as an allergen, which the individual has become sensitized to. When the skin comes into contact with this allergen, it triggers an immune reaction that results in inflammation and characteristic symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and blistering. Common allergens include metals (such as nickel), rubber, medications, fragrances, and cosmetics.

Irritant contact dermatitis, on the other hand, is caused by direct damage to the skin from a substance that is inherently irritating or corrosive. This can occur after exposure to strong acids, alkalis, solvents, or even prolonged exposure to milder irritants like water or soap. Symptoms of irritant contact dermatitis include redness, pain, burning, and dryness at the site of contact.

The treatment for contact dermatitis typically involves avoiding further exposure to the allergen or irritant, as well as managing symptoms with topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, or other medications as needed. In some cases, patch testing may be performed to identify specific allergens that are causing the reaction.

Diketopiperazines are a type of cyclic compound that contains two adjacent amide bonds. They are formed by the condensation of two α-amino acids, resulting in a five-membered ring structure. Diketopiperazines can be found naturally in various organisms and are also produced synthetically for use in pharmaceuticals and other applications.

In medical terms, diketopiperazines have been studied for their potential therapeutic uses. Some diketopiperazines have been found to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. For example, the diketopiperazine cyclo(L-tryptophanyl-L-prolyl) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, some diketopiperazines have been found to have anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells.

However, it is important to note that while some diketopiperazines have shown promise as potential therapeutic agents, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and safety profiles before they can be used clinically.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oxazoles" is not a medical term, it is a chemical term. Oxazoles are heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds that contain a five-membered ring made up of one nitrogen atom, one oxygen atom, and three carbon atoms. They have the molecular formula C4H4NO.

Oxazoles do not have specific medical relevance, but they can be found in some natural and synthetic substances, including certain drugs and bioactive molecules. Some oxazole-containing compounds have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. However, these studies are primarily within the field of chemistry and pharmacology, not medicine itself.

Picryl Chloride, also known as 2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl Chloride, is not a medical term. It is a chemical compound with the formula C6H2Cl3O6. It is a yellow crystalline solid that is used in organic synthesis and as a reagent for detecting nucleophiles.

Picryl Chloride is highly reactive and can cause severe burns and eye damage. It is also an explosive compound, and should be handled with care. It is not typically used in medical contexts, but may come up in discussions of chemical safety or laboratory procedures.

The ear is the sensory organ responsible for hearing and maintaining balance. It can be divided into three parts: the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna (the visible part of the ear) and the external auditory canal, which directs sound waves toward the eardrum. The middle ear contains three small bones called ossicles that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The inner ear contains the cochlea, a spiral-shaped organ responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain, and the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance.

Hymenolepiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the tapeworms Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) or Hymenolepis diminuta (rat tapeworm).

The dwarf tapeworm, H. nana, is the most common cause of hymenolepiasis and can complete its life cycle within a single host, making human-to-human transmission possible through the fecal-oral route. This means that eggs are ingested, often through contaminated food or water, and then hatched in the small intestine, where they develop into adult tapeworms.

On the other hand, H. diminuta requires an intermediate host, usually a rat or beetle, to complete its life cycle. Humans can become infected by ingesting the infected insect or contaminated food.

Symptoms of hymenolepiasis may include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and weight loss. In severe cases, anemia and intestinal inflammation can occur. The infection is typically diagnosed through the identification of eggs or tapeworm segments in stool samples. Treatment usually involves administering a course of medication that targets the parasite, such as praziquantel or niclosamide.

A hapten is a small molecule that can elicit an immune response only when it is attached to a larger carrier protein. On its own, a hapten is too small to be recognized by the immune system as a foreign substance. However, when it binds to a carrier protein, it creates a new antigenic site that can be detected by the immune system. This process is known as haptenization.

Haptens are important in the study of immunology and allergies because they can cause an allergic response when they bind to proteins in the body. For example, certain chemicals found in cosmetics, drugs, or industrial products can act as haptens and trigger an allergic reaction when they come into contact with the skin or mucous membranes. The resulting immune response can cause symptoms such as rash, itching, or inflammation.

Haptens can also be used in the development of vaccines and diagnostic tests, where they are attached to carrier proteins to stimulate an immune response and produce specific antibodies that can be measured or used for therapy.

'Hymenolepis diminuta' is a species of tapeworm that infects rodents and, less commonly, humans. The adult worm typically measures 20-60 cm in length and inhabits the small intestine of its host. Infection in humans usually occurs through ingestion of infected transport hosts such as beetles or fleas, which can occur through the consumption of contaminated food or drink.

The medical definition of 'Hymenolepis diminuta' is a parasitic infection caused by the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta, also known as dwarf tapeworm. Symptoms of infection may include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and weight loss, although many infections are asymptomatic. Diagnosis is typically made through the identification of eggs or proglottids (segments of the worm) in the stool. Treatment usually involves administration of a medication called niclosamide, which kills the tapeworm. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene and food safety habits to reduce the risk of ingesting infected transport hosts.

Vulvodynia is a chronic pain condition that affects the vulva, which is the external female genital area. The main symptom is persistent, often burning or irritating pain without an identifiable cause. Some women may experience pain only when the area is touched (provoked vulvodynia), while others have constant pain (unprovoked vulvodynia).

The pain can significantly affect a woman's quality of life, making everyday activities like sitting, wearing tight clothes, or having sex uncomfortable or even unbearable. The exact cause of vulvodynia is not known, but it may be associated with nerve damage or irritation, hormonal changes, muscle spasms, allergies, or past genital infections. Treatment often involves a multidisciplinary approach and can include medication, physical therapy, lifestyle changes, and counseling.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Phthalic Anhydrides" is not a medical term. It is a chemical compound with the formula C6H4(CO)2O. Phthalic anhydride is a white crystalline powder used in the industrial synthesis of plasticizers, resins, and dyes.

If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, please don't hesitate to ask!

Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) is a chemical compound that is often used in laboratory settings for research purposes. It is an aromatic organic compound that contains two nitro groups and a fluorine atom attached to a benzene ring. Dinitrofluorobenzene is primarily known for its ability to act as a hapten, which means it can bind to proteins in the body and stimulate an immune response.

In medical research, DNFB has been used as a contact sensitizer to study the mechanisms of allergic contact dermatitis, a type of skin reaction that occurs when the immune system becomes sensitized to a particular substance and then reacts to it upon subsequent exposure. When applied to the skin, DNFB can cause a red, itchy, and painful rash in individuals who have been previously sensitized to the compound. By studying this reaction, researchers can gain insights into the immune responses that underlie allergic reactions more broadly.

It is important to note that dinitrofluorobenzene is not used as a therapeutic agent in clinical medicine and should only be handled by trained professionals in a controlled laboratory setting due to its potential hazards, including skin and eye irritation, respiratory problems, and potential long-term health effects.

Delayed hypersensitivity, also known as type IV hypersensitivity, is a type of immune response that takes place several hours to days after exposure to an antigen. It is characterized by the activation of T cells (a type of white blood cell) and the release of various chemical mediators, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. This reaction is typically associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, such as contact dermatitis, granulomatous disorders (e.g. tuberculosis), and certain autoimmune diseases.

The reaction process involves the following steps:

1. Sensitization: The first time an individual is exposed to an antigen, T cells are activated and become sensitized to it. This process can take several days.
2. Memory: Some of the activated T cells differentiate into memory T cells, which remain in the body and are ready to respond quickly if the same antigen is encountered again.
3. Effector phase: Upon subsequent exposure to the antigen, the memory T cells become activated and release cytokines, which recruit other immune cells (e.g. macrophages) to the site of inflammation. These cells cause tissue damage through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, degranulation, and the release of reactive oxygen species.
4. Chronic inflammation: The ongoing immune response can lead to chronic inflammation, which may result in tissue destruction and fibrosis (scarring).

Examples of conditions associated with delayed hypersensitivity include:

* Contact dermatitis (e.g. poison ivy, nickel allergy)
* Tuberculosis
* Leprosy
* Sarcoidosis
* Rheumatoid arthritis
* Type 1 diabetes mellitus
* Multiple sclerosis
* Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)

The external ear is the visible portion of the ear that resides outside of the head. It consists of two main structures: the pinna or auricle, which is the cartilaginous structure that people commonly refer to as the "ear," and the external auditory canal, which is the tubular passageway that leads to the eardrum (tympanic membrane).

The primary function of the external ear is to collect and direct sound waves into the middle and inner ear, where they can be converted into neural signals and transmitted to the brain for processing. The external ear also helps protect the middle and inner ear from damage by foreign objects and excessive noise.

Allergic contact dermatitis is a type of inflammatory skin reaction that occurs when the skin comes into contact with a substance (allergen) that the immune system recognizes as foreign and triggers an allergic response. This condition is characterized by redness, itching, swelling, blistering, and cracking of the skin, which usually develops within 24-48 hours after exposure to the allergen. Common allergens include metals (such as nickel), rubber, medications, fragrances, and cosmetics. It is important to note that a person must first be sensitized to the allergen before developing an allergic response upon subsequent exposures.

Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) is a chemical compound that is classified as an aromatic organic compound. Its medical definition relates to its use as a topical immunotherapy for the treatment of certain skin conditions. DNCB is a potent sensitizer and hapten, which means that it can cause an immune response when it comes into contact with the skin.

When applied to the skin, DNCB can stimulate the production of antibodies and activate immune cells, leading to an inflammatory reaction. This property has been exploited in the treatment of conditions such as alopecia areata, a type of hair loss that is thought to be caused by an autoimmune response. By sensitizing the patient's immune system to DNCB, it may be possible to modulate the immune response and promote hair growth.

However, the use of DNCB as a therapeutic agent is not without risks. It can cause significant local reactions, including redness, swelling, and blistering, and there is a risk of systemic toxicity if it is absorbed into the bloodstream. As such, its use is generally restricted to specialized medical settings where it can be administered under close supervision.

Claudin-2 is a protein that is a member of the claudin family, which are tight junction proteins involved in forming tight junctions between cells. Tight junctions are complex structures that serve as barriers to prevent the passage of molecules through the spaces between cells, and they also play a role in cell signaling. Claudin-2 is specifically involved in the formation of paracellular channels, which allow for the selective transport of small ions across the tight junction. It has been found to be permeable to cations, including sodium and calcium ions.

Claudin-2 is expressed in a variety of tissues, including the intestine, kidney, and pancreas. In the intestine, claudin-2 is involved in the regulation of water and ion transport, and mutations in the gene that encodes claudin-2 have been associated with various gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease and congenital diarrhea. In the kidney, claudin-2 is expressed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule, where it helps to regulate sodium and water reabsorption.

In addition to its role in normal physiology, claudin-2 has also been implicated in various disease processes, including cancer. For example, increased expression of claudin-2 has been observed in some types of cancer, such as colon and pancreatic cancer, and it has been suggested that this may contribute to the development and progression of these cancers by promoting cell proliferation and migration.

'Clostridium butyricum' is a gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the environment, including soil and water. It is also part of the normal gut microbiota in humans and animals. This organism produces butyric acid as one of its main fermentation products, hence the name 'butyricum'.

While 'Clostridium butyricum' can sometimes be associated with human diseases, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying gastrointestinal disorders, it is also being investigated for its potential probiotic properties. Some studies suggest that certain strains of this bacterium may help prevent and treat various conditions, such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings and establish the safety and efficacy of 'Clostridium butyricum' as a probiotic.

A "drug eruption" is a general term used to describe an adverse skin reaction that occurs as a result of taking a medication. These reactions can vary in severity and appearance, and may include symptoms such as rash, hives, itching, redness, blistering, or peeling of the skin. In some cases, drug eruptions can also cause systemic symptoms such as fever, fatigue, or joint pain.

The exact mechanism by which drugs cause eruptions is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve an abnormal immune response to the medication. There are many different types of drug eruptions, including morphilliform rashes, urticaria (hives), fixed drug eruptions, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), which is a severe and potentially life-threatening reaction.

If you suspect that you are experiencing a drug eruption, it is important to seek medical attention promptly. Your healthcare provider can help determine the cause of the reaction and recommend appropriate treatment. In some cases, it may be necessary to discontinue the medication causing the reaction and switch to an alternative therapy.

Nitrogen radioisotopes are unstable isotopes of the element nitrogen that emit radiation as they decay into more stable forms. Nitrogen has several radioisotopes, with the most common being nitrogen-13 and nitrogen-15. These isotopes have 7 protons in their nucleus, but differ in the number of neutrons.

Nitrogen-13 has a half-life of about 10 minutes, making it useful for medical imaging studies such as positron emission tomography (PET) scans. When nitrogen-13 decays, it emits a positron, which then collides with an electron and produces gamma rays that can be detected by a PET scanner.

Nitrogen-15, on the other hand, has a half-life of about 3 minutes and is not typically used for medical imaging. However, it is widely used in research settings as a stable isotope tracer to study metabolic processes in the body.

It's important to note that handling and using radioisotopes requires specialized training and equipment due to their potential radiation hazards.

... oxazolone 2-(5H)oxazolone 4-(5H)-oxazolone 5-(2H)-oxazolone 5-(4H)-oxazolone The 4-oxazolone motif, which is also formally a ... Oxazolone is a chemical compound and functional group, with the molecular formula C3H3NO2. It was named in-line with the ... There are a total of 5 structural isomers of oxazolone; 3 according to the location of the carbonyl group and 2 more according ... Münchnone Oxazole Oxazolidone - the saturated analogues Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oxazolones. IUPAC, Compendium of ...
3-8. G. E. VandenBerg, J. B. Harrison, H. E. Carter, B. J. Magerlein (1973). "2-Phenyl-2-oxazolone". Organic Syntheses.{{cite ... is a series of chemical reactions which transform an N-acyl glycine to various other amino acids via an oxazolone (also known ... condensing to give 2-phenyl-oxazolone. This intermediate also has two acidic protons and reacts with benzaldehyde, acetic ...
Oxazolone, an analog without the sulfur atom. Thiazole and isothiazole, analogues without the carbonyl group or oxygen atom. ...
Keni, M.; Tepe, J.J. (April 9, 2005). "One-Pot Friedel-Crafts/Robinson-Gabriel Synthesis of Oxazoles using Oxazolone Templates ... diversity-oriented synthesis has been developed via a Friedel-Crafts/Robinson-Gabriel synthesis using a general oxazolone ...
"Anti-inflammatory effect of 1-methylnicotinamide in contact hypersensitivity to oxazolone in mice; involvement of prostacyclin ...
Oxazolidine - the ring without the carbonyl group Oxazolone - the unsaturated analogues Shinabarger, D. (1999). "Mechanism of ...
Chemical compounds with unusual names Montréalone 5-Oxazolone (tautomer) Sydnone Sydnone imine Reissig, Hans-Ulrich; Zimmer, ...
Oxadiazoles with two nitrogens instead of one (e.g. furazan). Oxazolone, an analog with a carbonyl group International Union of ...
Ovalbumin-induced delayed type hypersensitivity and oxazolone-induced dermatitis are considered to be models of atopic ... while a topical formulation of ShK-198 was effective in treating oxazolone-induced dermatitis. Even where compensation by ...
Oxazolone ring A)-G-S-C-Y-(Oxazolone ring B)-S-M. (Note that some specimens of mBOB3b are found without the C-terminal ... OB3b is composed of 9 amino acid residues with two oxazolone rings, which take part in binding to copper ions. The oxazalone ... Copper is bound and reduced at a tetradentate binding site composed of 2 oxazolone rings and 2 modified enethiol groups. In ... Mass Spectrometry and Chemical Evidence Reveal a Different Chemical Structure for Methanobactin That Contains Oxazolone Rings ...
Oka, Saori (2006). "Involvement of the Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor and Its Endogenous Ligand 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Oxazolone- ...
Oka, Saori (2006). "Involvement of the Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor and Its Endogenous Ligand 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Oxazolone- ...
Subsequent replacement of iodide by the enol anion of the urea oxygen results in formation of the oxazolone ring. There is thus ...
Abrogation of the gene's activity generally increases type 2 cytokines and may make mice more vulnerable to oxazolone-induced ...
These reactions proceed via cyclization of phenylglycinamides to oxazolones, which can be reductively cleaved with chromous ...
... oxazolone MeSH D03.383.129.462.673 - pemoline MeSH D03.383.129.462.883 - trimethadione MeSH D03.383.129.539 - pyrazoles MeSH ...
Subsequently, he put his imprimatur on the beta-lactam structure, all of this in opposition to the thiazolidine-oxazolone ...
... oxazolone) Pentobarbital (5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl) barbituric acid) Phencyclidine (1-(1-Phenyl-cyclohexyl)-piperidine) ...
... a mesoionic compound Oxazolone, a chemical compound and functional group This set index page lists chemical structure articles ...
Oxazolones, Toxic amino acids, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ...
Oxazolones, Phenyl compounds, All stub articles, Psychoactive drug stubs). ...
Oxazolones, All stub articles, Nervous system drug stubs). ...
... oxazolone 2-(5H)oxazolone 4-(5H)-oxazolone 5-(2H)-oxazolone 5-(4H)-oxazolone The 4-oxazolone motif, which is also formally a ... Oxazolone is a chemical compound and functional group, with the molecular formula C3H3NO2. It was named in-line with the ... There are a total of 5 structural isomers of oxazolone; 3 according to the location of the carbonyl group and 2 more according ... Münchnone Oxazole Oxazolidone - the saturated analogues Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oxazolones. IUPAC, Compendium of ...
... extract on oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis in mice.,i, Materials and Methods,/i,. TF extract was prepared with 30% ... M.-S. Kim, H.-B. Pyun, and J.-K. Hwang, "Panduratin A, an activator of PPAR-α/δ, suppresses the development of oxazolone- ... The back skin of all groups, except the normal group, was treated with 50 μL of 5% oxazolone (Ox, Sigma-Aldrich) dissolved in ... We observed that application of 1% TF extract or a combination of TF extract with 0.1% HC to the skin of oxazolone-induced AD ...
In addition, oxazolone increased human serum IgE levels. The response, however, required the engraftment of PBMC derived from ... Here, we examine the induction of oxazolone-mediated features of atopic dermatitis (AD) in NOD-scid IL2R \(γ^{null}\) mice ... Histological alterations induced by oxazolone were characterized by keratosis, epithelial hyperplasia and influx of ... Induction of oxazolone-mediated features of atopic dermatitis in NOD-scid IL2R \(γ^{null}\) mice engrafted with human ...
Substituted 5-oxazolones may also be regarded as the cyclization products of N -acyl ?-amino acids, making them lactones, ... oxazolones造句. "oxazolones"是什麽意思 例句與造句. *Substituted 5-oxazolones may also be regarded as the cyclization products of " N "-acyl ... Its difficult to find oxazolones in a sentence. 用oxazolones造句挺難的 ...
Divergent immune responses to respiratory and contact chemical allergens: Antibody elicited by phthalic anhydride and oxazolone ... Antibody elicited by phthalic anhydride and oxazolone. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
Despite the protective role of TNF blockade in the TNBS model, TNF blockade in oxazolone-treated mice had little effect (24). ... Boirivant M, Fuss IJ, Chu A, Strober W. Oxazolone colitis: a murine model of T helper cell type 2 colitis treatable with ... Indeed, IL-9 is significantly reduced in oxazolone-induced colitis when GATA3 is deficient in T cells (35). However, the role ... STAT6 deficiency ameliorates severity of oxazolone colitis by decreasing expression of claudin-2 and Th2-inducing cytokines. J ...
We found that subcutaneous injection of ASC-exosomes in an oxazolone-induced dermatitis model remarkably reduced trans- ... Female SKH-1 mice, aged 6 to 8 weeks, were sensitized with topical applications with 50 μL 2% Oxazolone (Ox). After 1 week, ... We found that subcutaneous injection of ASC-exosomes in an oxazolone-induced dermatitis model remarkably reduced trans- ... in oxazolone-treated mice (Figure 6, "Vehicle") versus control mice. These defects were completely reversed by treatment with ...
... β-oxazolone moiety on the frontier π-molecular orbitals. Inorg. Chem. Front. 2015, 2, 671-677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] ...
Mice were dosed with known prohaptens; benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), carvone oxime (COx) and paracetamol (PCM) and haptens; oxazolone ( ...
2006) Involvement of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor and its endogenous ligand 2-arachidonoylglycerol in oxazolone-induced contact ...
A New Synthesis of 2-Oxazolones. Pen-Chung Wang*. *Designed Latexes and Resins research, Michigan Division, 1604 Building, The ... 2-Oxazolones were synthesized from 2-oxazolidinones utilizing anodic oxidation as the key step. ...
Heller, F, Fuss, IJ, Nieuwenhuis, EE, Blumberg, RS, Strober, W. Oxazolone colitis, a Th2 colitis model resembling ulcerative ...
Reactions of (Z/E)-2-phenyl-4-(α-arylethylidene)-5(4H)-oxazolones and Z-2-phenyl-4-arylmethylene-5(4H)-oxazolones with ... oxazolone as a possible explanation of this behaviour. As Z-2-phenyl-4-benzylidene-5(4H)-oxazolone is more stable than the E- ... On the Reactivity of 5(4H)-Oxazolones with Amines. Javier Blasco, Carlos Cativiela, María D. Díaz de Villegas, José I. García, ... Application of the Klopman-Salem equation to the reaction of E-2-phenyl-4-benzylidene-5(4H)-oxazolone with different amines, ...
... in nederland mucinoblast pseudophilanthropically save aankoop generieke mirtazapine 7.5mg 15mg 30mg belgie those oxazolone ... several interministerial mucinoblast pseudophilanthropically save lage kosten generieke lyrica leverancier those oxazolone ... amidst phylacterical horsey freestanding several interministerial mucinoblast pseudophilanthropically save those oxazolone ... amidst phylacterical horsey freestanding several interministerial mucinoblast pseudophilanthropically save those oxazolone ...
Skin microbiota of oxazolone-induced contact hypersensitivity mouse model. PLoS One. 2022;17(10):e0276071. ...
Trifluoropyruvic Acid Hydrate in Heterocyclic Cynthesis Part III: A Novel Synthesis of 4-(Trifluoromethyl)-oxazolones and Other ...
After gradient separation, about 250 viable immune cells per square millimeter of flank tissue are isolated from Oxazolone, or ...
Find all words with NE. Earn more points in your favorite word games by getting the winning words you need from this list!
33-9100 was used in Western Blotting to identify that intestinal vitamin D receptor knockout protected against oxazolone- ...
Biodiversity of Oxazolone Derivatives in Medicinal Chemistry: A Review Author(s): Suman Bala, Minaxi Saini, Sunil Kamboj, ...
Biodiversity of Oxazolone Derivatives in Medicinal Chemistry: A Review Author(s): Suman Bala, Minaxi Saini, Sunil Kamboj, ...
Biodiversity of Oxazolone Derivatives in Medicinal Chemistry: A Review Author(s): Suman Bala, Minaxi Saini, Sunil Kamboj, ...
IRMPD spectroscopy shows that AGG forms an oxazolone b2+ ion.. Sung Hwan Yoon , Julia Chamot-Rooke , Brittany R Perkins , Amy E ... Structural influences on preferential oxazolone versus diketopiperazine b(2+) ion formation for histidine analogue-containing ...
Oxazolone,4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl- ; physical and chemical property of 869470-04-2, 5(4H)-Oxazolone,4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2- ...
... and hydrophilic oxazolone monomers. ...
Sensitivity to oxazolone induced dermatitis is transferable with gut microbiota in mice. Fisker, L., Krych, Lukasz, Engkilde, K ...
Peptide conjugation: Unexpected ring opening of azacrown ether nucleophiles in the oxazolone-based coupling. Belostotskii, A. M ... Peptide conjugation: unexpected ring opening of azacrown ether nucleophiles in the oxazolone-based couplingElectronic ...
  • In this study, we investigated the effects of Tribulus terrestris fruit (Leguminosae, Tribuli Fructus, TF) extract on oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis in mice. (hindawi.com)
  • Here, we examine the induction of oxazolone-mediated features of atopic dermatitis (AD) in NOD-scid IL2R \(γ^{null}\) mice engrafted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Proinflammatory role of basophils in oxazolone-induced chronic intestinal inflammation. (ucla.edu)
  • It's difficult to find oxazolones in a sentence. (ichacha.net)
  • Oxazolone is a chemical compound and functional group, with the molecular formula C3H3NO2. (wikipedia.org)
  • 3 according to the location of the carbonyl group and 2 more according to the location of the double bound C=X (with X= N or C): 2-(3H)oxazolone 2-(5H)oxazolone 4-(5H)-oxazolone 5-(2H)-oxazolone 5-(4H)-oxazolone The 4-oxazolone motif, which is also formally a lactam, is present in a number of drugs (fenozolone, thozalinone, cyclazodone, reclazepam etc. (wikipedia.org)
  • Histological alterations induced by oxazolone were characterized by keratosis, epithelial hyperplasia and influx of inflammatory cells into the dermis and epidermis. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • 9. Synthesis, Characterisation and Antitubercular Screening of 5(4H)-Oxazolone Derivatives . (nih.gov)
  • In related studies, Section scientists showed that a model of ulcerative colitis developed in the Laboratory, oxazolone colitis, is driven by Type II NKT cells producing IL-13 and can be successfully treated with an agent that blocks IL-13 signaling. (nih.gov)
  • Animal models of ulcerative colitis could be induced by chemical agents such as dextran sulfate sodium, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, and oxazolone. (atlantis-press.com)
  • Oxazolone-induced colitis in mice and or rats constitutes a satisfactory animal model of UC, with a high degree of similarity to the histopathological characteristics and distribution of inflammation. (invitekinc.com)
  • IL-33 Signaling Protects from Murine Oxazolone Colitis by Supporting Intestinal Epithelial Function. (uni-luebeck.de)
  • NIH scientists and their collaborators have used a mouse model of experimental colitis (oxazolone colitis, OC) to show that IL-13, a Th2 cytokine, is a significant pathologic factor in OC and that neutralizing IL-13 in these animals effectively prevents colitis. (nih.gov)
  • OC is a colitis induced by intrarectal administration of a relatively low dose of the haptenating agent oxazolone subsequent to skin sensitization with oxazolone. (nih.gov)
  • Studies show that Natural Killer T (NKT) cells, rather than conventional CD4+T cells, mediate oxazolone colitis and are the source of IL-13 as well as being activated by CD1- expressing intestinal epithelial cells. (nih.gov)
  • In mice with oxazolone colitis, a type of colitis that is mediated by NKT cells and resembles human ulcerative colitis (an inflammatory bowel disease), one of the branched-chain lipids protected the mice against inflammation and reduced weight loss and tissue damage. (nih.gov)
  • In vivo in both fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and oxazolone contact hypersensitivity models, WASp-null Langerhans cell (LC) migration was compromised, as judged by exit from the skin as well as by homing to the draining lymph node (LN). Furthermore, following systemic challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or toxoplasma-derived antigen, WASp-null DCs showed incomplete redistribution to T-cell areas in the spleen. (nih.gov)
  • Genetic ablation of PARP-1 protects against oxazolone-induced contact hypersensitivity by modulating oxidative stress / Brunyánszki A., Hegedűs Cs. (unideb.hu)
  • Many studies have documented that, in cutaneous hypersensitivity (CHS), 0.5% - 3% oxazolone (OXA) induces keratinocyte hyperplasia, cell infiltration into the dermis, Th1/Th2 cytokines and lymph node cell proliferation. (cdc.gov)
  • Synergistic effect of κ-carrageenan on oxazolone-induced inflammation in BALB/c mice. (medscape.com)
  • DSS, TNBS, and oxazolone in mice and rats for the screening, testing, and evaluation of new drugs and formulations. (invitekinc.com)
  • The expression of DTH reactions in the murine buccal mucosa was studied after topical application of oxazolone or picryl chloride onto the OM of animals previously sensitized with either hapten. (nih.gov)
  • Strober s murine model of UC uses oxazolone (4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one) a contact- sensitizing agent applied to the rectum. (nih.gov)
  • Guinea pigs were sensitized by the topical application of either dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) or oxazolone on days 1, 2, 3, and 10. (nih.gov)
  • The cutaneous immune response becomes insensitive to oxazolong stimulation following chronic application of 0.1% and 0.5% oxazolone. (cdc.gov)
  • Oxazolone) on the abdomen and a week later challenge of the ears with the sensitizing agent. (sia10.com)
  • 3 according to the location of the carbonyl group and 2 more according to the location of the double bound C=X (with X= N or C): 2-(3H)oxazolone 2-(5H)oxazolone 4-(5H)-oxazolone 5-(2H)-oxazolone 5-(4H)-oxazolone The 4-oxazolone motif, which is also formally a lactam, is present in a number of drugs (fenozolone, thozalinone, cyclazodone, reclazepam etc. (wikipedia.org)
  • Organocatalytic enantioselective Michael addition of oxazolones to 2-enoylpyridine N -oxides for assembling of pyridine N -oxides featuring vicinal oxygen-containing tetrasubstituted stereocenters (†co-first author). (sustech.edu.cn)
  • First, animals pre-sensitized with oxazolone solution in ethanol for five days, and then intrarectal administration of oxazolone performed under light anesthesia. (invitekinc.com)