Oseltamivir
Antiviral Agents
Neuraminidase
Influenza, Human
Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
Acetamides
Drug Resistance, Viral
Influenza B virus
Amantadine
Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype
Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype
Pyrans
Pandemics
Guanidines
Prodrugs
Influenza A virus
Orthomyxoviridae
Influenzavirus A
Disease Outbreaks
Rimantadine
Virus Shedding
Magnesium Hydroxide
Ferrets
Influenza in Birds
Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype
Communications Media
Sialic Acids
Bromphenol Blue
Strategic Stockpile
Carboxylesterase
Anseriformes
Area Under Curve
Use of the selective oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir to prevent influenza. (1/582)
BACKGROUND: Safe and effective antiviral agents are needed to prevent infection with influenza A and B virus. Oseltamivir (GS4104), which can be administered orally, is the prodrug of GS4071, a potent and selective inhibitor of influenzavirus neuraminidases. We studied the use of oseltamivir for long-term prophylaxis against influenza in two placebo-controlled, double-blind trials at different U.S. sites during the winter of 1997-1998. METHODS: We randomly assigned 1559 healthy, nonimmunized adults 18 to 65 years old to receive either oral oseltamivir (75 mg given once or twice daily, for a total daily dose of 75 or 150 mg) or placebo for six weeks during a peak period of local influenzavirus activity. The primary end point with respect to efficacy was laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness (defined as a temperature of at least 37.2 degrees C accompanied by at least one respiratory and at least one systemic symptom). RESULTS: In the two studies combined, the risk of influenza among subjects assigned to either once-daily or twice-daily oseltamivir (1.2 percent and 1.3 percent, respectively) was lower than that among subjects assigned to placebo (4.8 percent; P<0.001 and P=0.001 for the comparison with once-daily and twice-daily oseltamivir, respectively). The protective efficacy of oseltamivir in the two active-treatment groups combined was 74 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 53 to 88 percent) at all the sites combined and 82 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 60 to 93 percent) at sites in Virginia, where the rate of influenza infection was higher than the overall rate. For culture-proved influenza, the rate of protective efficacy in the two oseltamivir groups combined was 87 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 65 to 96 percent). The rate of laboratory-confirmed influenza infection was lower with oseltamivir than with placebo (5.3 percent vs. 10.6 percent, P<0.001). Oseltamivir was well tolerated but was associated with a greater frequency of nausea (12.1 percent and 14.6 percent in the once-daily and twice-daily groups, respectively) and vomiting (2.5 percent and 2.7 percent, respectively) than was placebo (nausea, 7.1 percent; vomiting, 0.8 percent). However, the frequency of premature discontinuation of drug or placebo was similar among the three groups (3.1 to 4.0 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Oseltamivir administered daily for six weeks by the oral route is safe and effective for the prevention of influenza. (+info)Neuraminidase inhibitors for treatment of influenza A and B infections. (2/582)
Influenza epidemics are responsible for an average of approximately 20,000 deaths per year in the United States. The main method for preventing influenza and its severe complications is influenza vaccination. Influenza-specific antiviral drugs are an important adjunct to vaccine but are not a substitute for vaccine. In the United States, four antiviral agents are approved for preventing or treating influenza: amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, and oseltamivir. Amantadine was approved for prophylaxis of influenza A(H2N2) infection in the United States in 1966 and was approved for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A infection in 1976; rimantadine was approved for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza A infection in 1993 [corrected]. This report provides information on two neuraminidase inhibitors, zanamivir and oseltamivir, which were approved in 1999. Neuraminidase inhibitors are a new class of antiviral drugs that inhibit influenza A and B viruses. Zanamivir is approved for treatment of uncomplicated acute illness caused by influenza virus in persons aged > or =12 years who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days. Oseltamivir is approved for treatment of uncomplicated illness caused by influenza infection in adults aged > or =18 years who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days. Neither zanamivir nor oseltamivir is approved for influenza prophylaxis. This report and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) 1999 recommendations on influenza prevention and control (MMWR 1999;48[No.RR-4]:1-28) can be accessed at the website for the Influenza Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC, atMetabolism of the influenza neuraminidase inhibitor prodrug oseltamivir in the rat. (3/582)
The metabolism of [2-acetyl-(14)C]oseltamivir (GS4104, Ro 64-0796), the prodrug of the novel influenza neuraminidase inhibitor GS4071 (Ro 64-0802), was examined in rats after oral dosing. Intact oseltamivir was observed only in lung and urine, accounting for 37 and 15% of the total radioactivity in these samples, respectively. GS4071 was the major metabolite in plasma, tissues, and urine, and accounted for 32 to 56% of the radioactivity present in these samples. The second most abundant peak in these samples (13-24% of radioactivity) was a novel metabolite (M3). This metabolite was purified from urine of rats dosed orally with oseltamivir and was identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and NMR as the (R)-omega-carboxylic acid metabolite of oseltamivir. The omega-carboxylic acid metabolite of oseltamivir could not be produced in vitro. However, omega-hydroxylated products of oseltamivir were produced by rat liver microsomes. Both the (R)- and (S)-omega-hydroxylated products were observed, but formation of the (R)-isomer predominated. These data indicated that in the rat, oseltamivir was primarily metabolized to the active influenza neuraminidase inhibitor GS4071 and, to a lesser extent, to an (R)-omega-carboxylic acid metabolite. (+info)Updated treatment for influenza A and B. (4/582)
Influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality and is responsible for considerable medical expenditures. Vaccination is the most effective public health measure to combat this illness. Amantadine and rimantadine are older antiviral agents that have been important adjuncts in the prevention and treatment of influenza A outbreaks. Zanamivir and oseltamivir are newer agents indicated for the treatment of both influenza A and B. For antiviral agents to be effective, they must be used within 48 hours of the onset of influenza symptoms. Antiviral agents reduce the duration of fever and illness by one to two and one-half days and also reduce the severity of some symptoms. Use of amantadine or rimantadine is appropriate if influenza virus A is known to be the predominant agent in a particular year or location. Data need to be evaluated on the development of resistance and use of the newer antiviral agents in geriatric patients, high-risk patients and children. For optimal use of antiviral agents, patients with influenza symptoms must present early, and family physicians must accurately and rapidly diagnose the illness. (+info)Selection of influenza virus mutants in experimentally infected volunteers treated with oseltamivir. (5/582)
Volunteers experimentally infected with influenza A/Texas/36/91 (H1N1) virus and treated with the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor oseltamivir were monitored for the emergence of drug-resistant variants. Two (4%) of 54 resistant viruses were detected by NA inhibition assay among last-day isolates recovered from 54 drug recipients. They bore a substitution His274Tyr in the NA. Hemagglutinin (HA) variants detected in the placebo group differed from the egg-adapted inoculum virus by virtue of amino acid substitutions at residues 137, 225, or both. These variants had a higher affinity for Neu5Ac(alpha2-6)Gal-containing receptors, which are characteristic of human respiratory epithelium, than for Neu5Ac(alpha2-3)Gal-containing receptors, which are typical of chicken egg allantoic membrane. Although appearing to be more sensitive to oseltamivir in humans, the variants with increased affinity for Neu5Ac(alpha2-6)Gal receptors were less sensitive than the Neu5Ac(alpha2-3)Gal-binding variants in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Thus, HA affinity for receptors is an essential feature of influenza virus susceptibility to NA inhibitors, both in cell culture and in humans. (+info)In vivo influenza virus-inhibitory effects of the cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitor RJW-270201. (6/582)
The cyclopentane influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor RWJ-270201 was evaluated against influenza A/NWS/33 (H1N1), A/Shangdong/09/93 (H3N2), A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2), and B/Hong Kong/05/72 virus infections in mice. Treatment was by oral gavage twice daily for 5 days beginning 4 h pre-virus exposure. The influenza virus inhibitor oseltamivir was run in parallel, and ribavirin was included in studies with the A/Shangdong and B/Hong Kong viruses. RWJ-270201 was inhibitory to all infections using doses as low as 1 mg/kg/day. Oseltamivir was generally up to 10-fold less effective than RWJ-270201. Ribavirin was also inhibitory but was less tolerated by the mice at the 75-mg/kg/day dose used. Disease-inhibitory effects included prevention of death, lessening of decline of arterial oxygen saturation, inhibition of lung consolidation, and reduction in lung virus titers. RWJ-270201 and oseltamivir, at doses of 10 and 1 mg/kg/day each, were compared with regard to their effects on daily lung parameters in influenza A/Shangdong/09/93 virus-infected mice. Maximum virus titer inhibition was seen on day 1, with RWJ-270201 exhibiting the greater inhibitory effect, a titer reduction of >10(4) cell culture 50% infective doses (CCID(50))/g. By day 8, the lung virus titers in mice treated with RWJ-270201 had declined to 10(1.2) CCID(50)/g, whereas titers from oseltamivir-treated animals were >10(3) CCID(50)/g. Mean lung consolidation was also higher in the oseltamivir-treated animals on day 8. Both neuraminidase inhibitors were well tolerated by the mice. RWJ-270201 was nontoxic at doses as high as 1,000 mg/kg/day. These data indicate potential for the oral use of RWJ-270201 in the treatment of influenza virus infections in humans. (+info)Comparison of the anti-influenza virus activity of RWJ-270201 with those of oseltamivir and zanamivir. (7/582)
We have recently reported an influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor, RWJ-270201 (BCX-1812), a novel cyclopentane derivative discovered through structure-based drug design. In this paper, we compare the potency of three compounds, RWJ-270201, oseltamivir, and zanamivir, against neuraminidase enzymes from various subtypes of influenza. RWJ-270201 effectively inhibited all tested influenza A and influenza B neuraminidases in vitro, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.09 to 1.4 nM for influenza A neuraminidases and 0.6 to 11 nM for influenza B neuraminidases. These values were comparable to or lower than those for oseltamivir carboxylate (GS4071) and zanamivir (GG167). RWJ-270201 demonstrated excellent selectivity (>10,000-fold) for influenza virus neuraminidase over mammalian, bacterial, or other viral neuraminidases. Oral administration of a dosage of 1 mg/kg of body weight/day of RWJ-270201 for 5 days (beginning 4 h preinfection) showed efficacy in the murine model of influenza virus infection as determined by lethality and weight loss protection. RWJ-270201 administered intranasally at 0.01 mg/kg/day in the murine influenza model demonstrated complete protection against lethality, whereas oseltamivir carboxylate and zanamivir at the same dose demonstrated only partial protection. In the delayed-treatment murine influenza model, oral administration of a 10-mg/kg/day dose of RWJ-270201 or oseltamivir (GS4104, a prodrug of GS4071) at 24 h postinfection showed significant protection against lethality (P < 0.001 versus control). However, when the treatment was delayed for 48 h, no significant protection was observed in either drug group. No drug-related toxicity was observed in mice receiving 100 mg/kg/day of RWJ-270201 for 5 days. These efficacy and safety profiles justify further consideration of RWJ-270201 for the treatment and prevention of human influenza. (+info)Experience with oseltamivir in the control of a nursing home influenza B outbreak. (8/582)
Oseltamivir prophylaxis was very effective in protecting nursing home residents from ILI and in halting this outbreak of influenza B. A portion of the total ILI cases may have been due to influenza A, as this strain was isolated in one resident. The 10% attack rate in this facility, controlled with oseltamivir, compares favourably with another influenza B outbreak in a similar facility in the same region, over the same time frame (ILI onset 27 December to 17 January). Oseltamivir prophylaxis was not used to manage this second outbreak of laboratory-confirmed influenza B. Of the 236 residents, 45 developed ILI for an overall attack rate of 19%, nearly double the rate in the oseltamivir-controlled setting (10%). While oseltamivir was effective in controlling influenza B in this outbreak, further experience and evaluation is required before it can be routinely recommended for prophylaxis of influenza in nursing home outbreaks. Although earlier attempts by others using oseltamivir in the control of influenza A outbreaks have also met with success, it is not yet licensed for this purpose. Compared to amantadine, oseltamivir has a relatively high cost for the control of influenza A outbreaks and this may continue to limit its wider acceptance. The cost-effectiveness of oseltamivir in the control of influenza B outbreaks needs to be specifically addressed given the typically milder nature of influenza B strains. However, such a distinction is not clinically reliable and elderly residents of long-term care facilities remain vulnerable to serious complications associated with influenza infection in general. An alternate agent for influenza chemoprophylaxis that is effective against both influenza A and B, is easily administered and has few side effects, could greatly enhance current prevention and control measures and warrants serious assessment. The spread of this outbreak from the geographically separate ward to other areas of the facility in which residents had not received prophylaxis, underscores the likely role of staff as a vehicle for transmission during facility outbreaks. While accurate staff ILI rates could not be determined, their immunization rates were low, and many staff were ill during the outbreak. Isolation of residents with ILI and prophylaxis of non-ill residents on the initial outbreak wards was insufficient to prevent the spread of the outbreak, although it was subsequently halted once prophylaxis was extended to all residents. In view of the uncertainty over this medication's widespread use, in the absence of licensure or previous studies demonstrating its effectiveness in the prophylaxis and control of influenza B outbreaks, initiation of oseltamivir prophylaxis was staggered by ward. In a declared influenza A outbreak, the protocol in a long term care facility is to initiate amantadine prophylaxis on all residents, rather than ward-by-ward. While anti-viral prophylaxis may be an effective secondary control measure in the management of influenza outbreaks, optimal primary prevention would be more effective. This would require increased vaccine coverage of residents and particularly of staff, who play an important role in the importation and transmission of influenza within these facilities. (+info)Oseltamivir is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and B infections. It works by inhibiting the neuraminidase enzyme, which plays a crucial role in the replication of the influenza virus. By blocking this enzyme, oseltamivir prevents the virus from spreading within the body, thereby reducing the severity and duration of flu symptoms.
Oseltamivir is available as a phosphate salt, known as oseltamivir phosphate, which is converted into its active form, oseltamivir carboxylate, after oral administration. It is typically administered orally in the form of capsules or a powder for suspension.
It's important to note that oseltamivir is most effective when started within 48 hours of symptom onset. While it can reduce the duration of flu symptoms by about one to two days, it does not cure the infection and may not prevent serious complications in high-risk individuals, such as those with underlying medical conditions or weakened immune systems.
Common side effects of oseltamivir include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headache. Serious side effects are rare but can include allergic reactions, skin rashes, and neuropsychiatric events like confusion, hallucinations, and abnormal behavior. Consult a healthcare professional for more detailed information about oseltamivir and its potential uses, benefits, and risks.
Zanamivir is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and B infections. It works by blocking the action of influenza viral neuraminidase, which helps the virus to spread and infect other cells. By inhibiting this enzyme, zanamivir prevents the virus from replicating and thus reduces the severity and duration of flu symptoms.
Zanamivir is available as an inhalation powder and is usually administered using a device called a diskhaler. It is important to note that zanamivir is not effective against other viral or bacterial infections, and it should be used as soon as possible after the onset of flu symptoms for the best results.
As with any medication, zanamivir can have side effects, including respiratory problems such as bronchospasm, cough, and shortness of breath. It may also cause nausea, vomiting, and headaches. People with a history of respiratory disorders, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), should use zanamivir with caution, as it may exacerbate these conditions.
Zanamivir is not recommended for people with severe allergies to any ingredient in the medication, and it should be used with caution in pregnant or breastfeeding women, children under seven years of age, and people with kidney or liver disease. It is important to consult a healthcare provider before taking zanamivir or any other medication.
Antiviral agents are a class of medications that are designed to treat infections caused by viruses. Unlike antibiotics, which target bacteria, antiviral agents interfere with the replication and infection mechanisms of viruses, either by inhibiting their ability to replicate or by modulating the host's immune response to the virus.
Antiviral agents are used to treat a variety of viral infections, including influenza, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hepatitis B and C, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections.
These medications can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically, depending on the type of viral infection being treated. Some antiviral agents are also used for prophylaxis, or prevention, of certain viral infections.
It is important to note that antiviral agents are not effective against all types of viruses and may have significant side effects. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any antiviral therapy.
Neuraminidase is an enzyme that occurs on the surface of influenza viruses. It plays a crucial role in the life cycle of the virus by helping it to infect host cells and to spread from cell to cell within the body. Neuraminidase works by cleaving sialic acid residues from glycoproteins, allowing the virus to detach from infected cells and to move through mucus and other bodily fluids. This enzyme is a major target of antiviral drugs used to treat influenza, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza). Inhibiting the activity of neuraminidase can help to prevent the spread of the virus within the body and reduce the severity of symptoms.
Influenza, also known as the flu, is a highly contagious viral infection that attacks the respiratory system of humans. It is caused by influenza viruses A, B, or C and is characterized by the sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, sore throat, cough, runny nose, and fatigue. Influenza can lead to complications such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and ear infections, and can be particularly dangerous for young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems or chronic medical conditions. The virus is spread through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and can also survive on surfaces for a period of time. Influenza viruses are constantly changing, which makes it necessary to get vaccinated annually to protect against the most recent and prevalent strains.
'Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype' is a specific subtype of the influenza A virus that causes flu in humans and animals. It contains certain proteins called hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) on its surface, with this subtype specifically having H1 and N1 antigens. The H1N1 strain is well-known for causing the 2009 swine flu pandemic, which was a global outbreak of flu that resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. This subtype can also cause seasonal flu, although the severity and symptoms may vary. It is important to note that influenza viruses are constantly changing, and new strains or subtypes can emerge over time, requiring regular updates to vaccines to protect against them.
Acetamides are organic compounds that contain an acetamide functional group, which is a combination of an acetyl group (-COCH3) and an amide functional group (-CONH2). The general structure of an acetamide is R-CO-NH-CH3, where R represents the rest of the molecule.
Acetamides are found in various medications, including some pain relievers, muscle relaxants, and anticonvulsants. They can also be found in certain industrial chemicals and are used as intermediates in the synthesis of other organic compounds.
It is important to note that exposure to high levels of acetamides can be harmful and may cause symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Chronic exposure has been linked to more serious health effects, including liver and kidney damage. Therefore, handling and use of acetamides should be done with appropriate safety precautions.
Drug resistance, viral, refers to the ability of a virus to continue replicating in the presence of antiviral drugs that are designed to inhibit or stop its growth. This occurs when the virus mutates and changes its genetic makeup in such a way that the drug can no longer effectively bind to and inhibit the function of its target protein, allowing the virus to continue infecting host cells and causing disease.
Viral drug resistance can develop due to several factors, including:
1. Mutations in the viral genome that alter the structure or function of the drug's target protein.
2. Changes in the expression levels or location of the drug's target protein within the virus-infected cell.
3. Activation of alternative pathways that allow the virus to replicate despite the presence of the drug.
4. Increased efflux of the drug from the virus-infected cell, reducing its intracellular concentration and effectiveness.
Viral drug resistance is a significant concern in the treatment of viral infections such as HIV, hepatitis B and C, herpes simplex virus, and influenza. It can lead to reduced treatment efficacy, increased risk of treatment failure, and the need for more toxic or expensive drugs. Therefore, it is essential to monitor viral drug resistance during treatment and adjust therapy accordingly to ensure optimal outcomes.
Influenza B virus is one of the primary types of influenza viruses that cause seasonal flu in humans. It's an enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae.
Influenza B viruses are typically found only in humans and circulate widely during the annual flu season. They mutate at a slower rate than Influenza A viruses, which means that immunity developed against one strain tends to provide protection against similar strains in subsequent seasons. However, they can still cause significant illness, especially among young children, older adults, and people with certain chronic medical conditions.
Influenza B viruses are divided into two lineages: Victoria and Yamagata. Vaccines are developed each year to target the most likely strains of Influenza A and B viruses that will circulate in the upcoming flu season.
Amantadine is an antiviral medication that is primarily used to prevent and treat certain types of influenza (flu). It works by stopping the virus from multiplying in your body. In addition to its antiviral properties, amantadine also has central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and dopaminergic effects, which make it useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and various movement disorders.
The medical definition of Amantadine is:
A synthetic symmetrical tricyclic amine used as an antiviral agent to treat and prevent influenza A infection and as an anti-parkinsonian drug to control extrapyramidal symptoms caused by neuroleptic agents. The antiviral effect may be due to interference with viral uncoating or replication. The anti-parkinsonian effect may be due to a combination of dopamine agonist and NMDA receptor antagonist properties. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 28th edition)
Please note that the use of Amantadine for various medical conditions should always be under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as they will consider potential benefits and risks and provide appropriate guidance.
"Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype" is a specific subtype of the influenza A virus that causes respiratory illness and is known to circulate in humans and animals, including birds and pigs. The "H3N2" refers to the two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). In this subtype, the H protein is of the H3 variety and the N protein is of the N2 variety. This subtype has been responsible for several influenza epidemics and pandemics in humans, including the 1968 Hong Kong flu pandemic. It is one of the influenza viruses that are monitored closely by public health authorities due to its potential to cause significant illness and death, particularly in high-risk populations such as older adults, young children, and people with certain underlying medical conditions.
"Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype" is a specific subtype of the Influenza A virus that is often found in avian species (birds) and can occasionally infect humans. The "H5N1" refers to the specific proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) found on the surface of the virus. This subtype has caused serious infections in humans, with high mortality rates, especially in cases where people have had close contact with infected birds. It does not commonly spread from person to person, but there is concern that it could mutate and adapt to efficiently transmit between humans, which would potentially cause a pandemic.
"Pyrans" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is a chemical term that refers to a class of heterocyclic compounds containing a six-membered ring with one oxygen atom and five carbon atoms. The name "pyran" comes from the fact that it contains a pyroline unit (two double-bonded carbons) and a ketone group (a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen).
While pyrans are not directly related to medical definitions, some of their derivatives have been studied for potential medicinal applications. For example, certain pyran derivatives have shown anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer activities in laboratory experiments. However, more research is needed before these compounds can be considered as potential therapeutic agents.
A pandemic is a global outbreak of a disease that spreads easily from person to person across a large region, such as multiple continents or worldwide. It is declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) when the spread of a disease poses a significant threat to the global population due to its severity and transmissibility.
Pandemics typically occur when a new strain of virus emerges that has not been previously seen in humans, for which there is little or no pre-existing immunity. This makes it difficult to control the spread of the disease, as people do not have natural protection against it. Examples of pandemics include the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic and the more recent COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
During a pandemic, healthcare systems can become overwhelmed, and there may be significant social and economic disruption as governments take measures to slow the spread of the disease, such as travel restrictions, quarantines, and lockdowns. Effective vaccines and treatments are critical in controlling the spread of pandemics and reducing their impact on public health.
Guanidines are organic compounds that contain a guanidino group, which is a functional group with the formula -NH-C(=NH)-NH2. Guanidines can be found in various natural sources, including some animals, plants, and microorganisms. They also occur as byproducts of certain metabolic processes in the body.
In a medical context, guanidines are most commonly associated with the treatment of muscle weakness and neuromuscular disorders. The most well-known guanidine compound is probably guanidine hydrochloride, which has been used as a medication to treat conditions such as myasthenia gravis and Eaton-Lambert syndrome.
However, the use of guanidines as medications has declined in recent years due to their potential for toxicity and the development of safer and more effective treatments. Today, guanidines are mainly used in research settings to study various biological processes, including protein folding and aggregation, enzyme inhibition, and cell signaling.
Orthomyxoviridae is a family of viruses that includes influenza A, B, and C viruses, which can cause respiratory infections in humans. Orthomyxoviridae infections are typically characterized by symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches, and fatigue.
Influenza A and B viruses can cause seasonal epidemics of respiratory illness that occur mainly during the winter months in temperate climates. Influenza A viruses can also cause pandemics, which are global outbreaks of disease that occur when a new strain of the virus emerges to which there is little or no immunity in the human population.
Influenza C viruses are less common and typically cause milder illness than influenza A and B viruses. They do not cause epidemics and are not usually included in seasonal flu vaccines.
Orthomyxoviridae infections can be prevented through vaccination, good respiratory hygiene (such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing), hand washing, and avoiding close contact with sick individuals. Antiviral medications may be prescribed to treat influenza A and B infections, particularly for people at high risk of complications, such as older adults, young children, pregnant women, and people with certain underlying medical conditions.
A prodrug is a pharmacologically inactive substance that, once administered, is metabolized into a drug that is active. Prodrugs are designed to improve the bioavailability or delivery of a drug, to minimize adverse effects, or to target the drug to specific sites in the body. The conversion of a prodrug to its active form typically occurs through enzymatic reactions in the liver or other tissues.
Prodrugs can offer several advantages over traditional drugs, including:
* Improved absorption: Some drugs have poor bioavailability due to their chemical properties, which make them difficult to absorb from the gastrointestinal tract. Prodrugs can be designed with improved absorption characteristics, allowing for more efficient delivery of the active drug to the body.
* Reduced toxicity: By masking the active drug's chemical structure, prodrugs can reduce its interactions with sensitive tissues and organs, thereby minimizing adverse effects.
* Targeted delivery: Prodrugs can be designed to selectively release the active drug in specific areas of the body, such as tumors or sites of infection, allowing for more precise and effective therapy.
Examples of prodrugs include:
* Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), which is metabolized to salicylic acid in the liver.
* Enalapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used to treat hypertension and heart failure, which is metabolized to enalaprilat in the liver.
* Codeine, an opioid analgesic, which is metabolized to morphine in the liver by the enzyme CYP2D6.
It's important to note that not all prodrugs are successful, and some may even have unintended consequences. For example, if a patient has a genetic variation that affects the activity of the enzyme responsible for converting the prodrug to its active form, the drug may not be effective or may produce adverse effects. Therefore, it's essential to consider individual genetic factors when prescribing prodrugs.
Influenza A virus is defined as a negative-sense, single-stranded, segmented RNA virus belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae. It is responsible for causing epidemic and pandemic influenza in humans and is also known to infect various animal species, such as birds, pigs, horses, and seals. The viral surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are the primary targets for antiviral drugs and vaccines. There are 18 different HA subtypes and 11 known NA subtypes, which contribute to the diversity and antigenic drift of Influenza A viruses. The zoonotic nature of this virus allows for genetic reassortment between human and animal strains, leading to the emergence of novel variants with pandemic potential.
Orthomyxoviridae is a family of viruses that includes influenza A, B, and C viruses, which are the causative agents of flu in humans and animals. These viruses are enveloped, meaning they have a lipid membrane derived from the host cell, and have a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. The genome is segmented, meaning it consists of several separate pieces of RNA, which allows for genetic reassortment or "shuffling" when two different strains infect the same cell, leading to the emergence of new strains.
The viral envelope contains two major glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The HA protein is responsible for binding to host cells and facilitating entry into the cell, while NA helps release newly formed virus particles from infected cells by cleaving sialic acid residues on the host cell surface.
Orthomyxoviruses are known to cause respiratory infections in humans and animals, with influenza A viruses being the most virulent and capable of causing pandemics. Influenza B viruses typically cause less severe illness and are primarily found in humans, while influenza C viruses generally cause mild upper respiratory symptoms and are also mainly restricted to humans.
Chemoprevention is a medical term that refers to the use of chemical agents, usually in the form of drugs or dietary supplements, to prevent or delay the development of cancer. These agents are typically designed to interfere with the molecular processes involved in cancer initiation, promotion, or progression.
There are several different approaches to chemoprevention, depending on the specific type of cancer and the individual patient's risk factors. Some chemopreventive agents work by blocking the action of hormones that can promote cancer growth, while others may inhibit the activity of enzymes involved in DNA damage or repair.
Chemoprevention is often used in individuals who are at high risk of developing cancer due to inherited genetic mutations, a history of precancerous lesions, or other factors. However, it is important to note that chemopreventive agents can have side effects and may not be appropriate for everyone. Therefore, they should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.
Cyclopentanes are a class of hydrocarbons that contain a cycloalkane ring of five carbon atoms. The chemical formula for cyclopentane is C5H10. It is a volatile, flammable liquid that is used as a solvent and in the production of polymers. Cyclopentanes are also found naturally in petroleum and coal tar.
Cyclopentanes have a unique structure in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a pentagonal shape, with each carbon atom bonded to two other carbon atoms and one or two hydrogen atoms. This structure gives cyclopentane its characteristic "bowl-shaped" geometry, which allows it to undergo various chemical reactions, such as ring-opening reactions, that can lead to the formation of other chemicals.
Cyclopentanes have a variety of industrial and commercial applications. For example, they are used in the production of plastics, resins, and synthetic rubbers. They also have potential uses in the development of new drugs and medical technologies, as their unique structure and reactivity make them useful building blocks for the synthesis of complex molecules.
Influenza A Virus: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Influenza A virus is an orthomyxovirus that causes respiratory illness in humans and many other animal species. It can be found in birds, pigs, horses, and humans. The viral genome consists of eight single-stranded RNA segments enclosed within a lipid membrane derived from the host cell. Two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are used to classify Influenza A virus into subtypes based on antigenic properties. There are 18 different HA subtypes and 11 NA subtypes, but only H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 have caused widespread human disease since the 1900s.
Influenza A viruses can be further divided into strains based on differences in their internal proteins. The most common cause of seasonal flu epidemics in humans is Influenza A (H3N2) and Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09, the latter of which caused the 2009 pandemic. Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for a large variety of influenza A viruses, and they are also responsible for the emergence of new subtypes.
These viruses can occasionally cause outbreaks in domestic poultry and, more rarely, in humans. Avian influenza A (H5N1), avian influenza A (H7N9), and avian influenza A (H1N1) are some examples of zoonotic influenza viruses that have caused severe disease and death in humans. However, sustained human-to-human transmission has not been observed with these subtypes, except for the 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain, which was a reassortant virus containing genes from both avian and swine influenza A viruses.
A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.
Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.
Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.
Rimantadine is an antiviral medication that belongs to the class of adamantanes. It is primarily used for preventing and treating influenza A virus infections. Rimantadine works by blocking the viral neuraminidase enzyme, which prevents the virus from spreading within the body.
The medical definition of Rimantadine is:
Rimantadine hydrochloride is a synthetic antiviral agent, chemically designated as 1-[(1R,2S)-2-ethyl-3-adamantanemethyl]-1H-imidazole monohydrochloride. It is a white crystalline powder, freely soluble in water, and soluble in alcohol and chloroform.
Rimantadine is available as an oral medication and is typically prescribed to be taken twice daily. It is most effective when started within 48 hours of the onset of flu symptoms. Common side effects of Rimantadine include gastrointestinal disturbances, nervousness, dizziness, and skin rashes.
It's important to note that Rimantadine is not effective against influenza B virus infections, and its use may be limited due to the emergence of resistant strains of the influenza A virus. Additionally, it should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as with any medication.
Virus shedding refers to the release of virus particles by an infected individual, who can then transmit the virus to others through various means such as respiratory droplets, fecal matter, or bodily fluids. This occurs when the virus replicates inside the host's cells and is released into the surrounding environment, where it can infect other individuals. The duration of virus shedding varies depending on the specific virus and the individual's immune response. It's important to note that some individuals may shed viruses even before they show symptoms, making infection control measures such as hand hygiene, mask-wearing, and social distancing crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2. It is a white solid that is amphoteric, meaning it can react as both an acid and a base. Magnesium hydroxide is commonly used as an over-the-counter antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach. It works by increasing the pH of the stomach, which can help to reduce the production of stomach acid.
Magnesium hydroxide is also used as a laxative to relieve constipation, as it has a softening effect on stools and stimulates bowel movements. In addition, magnesium hydroxide is sometimes used in medical procedures to neutralize or wash away stomach acid, for example during endoscopies or the treatment of poisoning.
It's important to note that while magnesium hydroxide is generally considered safe when used as directed, it can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramps. In addition, people with kidney disease or severe heart or lung conditions should use magnesium hydroxide with caution, as it can worsen these conditions in some cases.
A ferret is a domesticated mammal that belongs to the weasel family, Mustelidae. The scientific name for the common ferret is Mustela putorius furo. Ferrets are native to Europe and have been kept as pets for thousands of years due to their playful and curious nature. They are small animals, typically measuring between 13-20 inches in length, including their tail, and weighing between 1.5-4 pounds.
Ferrets have a slender body with short legs, a long neck, and a pointed snout. They have a thick coat of fur that can vary in color from white to black, with many different patterns in between. Ferrets are known for their high level of activity and intelligence, and they require regular exercise and mental stimulation to stay healthy and happy.
Ferrets are obligate carnivores, which means that they require a diet that is high in protein and low in carbohydrates. They have a unique digestive system that allows them to absorb nutrients efficiently from their food, but it also means that they are prone to certain health problems if they do not receive proper nutrition.
Ferrets are social animals and typically live in groups. They communicate with each other using a variety of vocalizations, including barks, chirps, and purrs. Ferrets can be trained to use a litter box and can learn to perform simple tricks. With proper care and attention, ferrets can make loving and entertaining pets.
'Avian influenza' refers to the infection caused by avian (bird) influenza A viruses. These viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other bird and animal species. Avian influenza viruses do not normally infect humans, but rare cases of human infection have occurred mainly after close contact with infected birds or heavily contaminated environments.
There are many different subtypes of avian influenza viruses based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). There are 16 known HA subtypes and 9 known NA subtypes, creating a vast number of possible combinations. Some of these combinations cause severe disease and death in birds (e.g., H5N1, H7N9), while others only cause mild illness (e.g., H9N2).
Most avian influenza viruses do not infect humans. However, some forms are zoonotic, meaning they can infect animals and humans. The risk to human health is generally low. When human infections with avian influenza viruses have occurred, most have resulted from direct contact with infected poultry or surfaces contaminated by their feces.
Avian influenza viruses have caused several pandemics in the past, including the 1918 Spanish flu (H1N1), which was an H1N1 virus containing genes of avian origin. The concern is that a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus could mutate to become easily transmissible from human to human, leading to another pandemic. This is one of the reasons why avian influenza viruses are closely monitored by public health authorities worldwide.
Adamantane is a chemical compound with the formula C10H16. It is a hydrocarbon that consists of a cage-like structure of carbon atoms, making it one of the simplest diamondoid compounds. The term "adamantane" is also used more broadly to refer to any compound that contains this characteristic carbon cage structure.
In the context of medicine, adamantane derivatives are a class of antiviral drugs that have been used to treat and prevent influenza A infections. These drugs work by binding to the M2 protein of the influenza virus, which is essential for viral replication. By blocking the function of this protein, adamantane derivatives can prevent the virus from multiplying within host cells.
Examples of adamantane derivatives used in medicine include amantadine and rimantadine. These drugs are typically administered orally and have been shown to be effective at reducing the severity and duration of influenza A symptoms, particularly when used early in the course of infection. However, resistance to these drugs has become increasingly common among circulating strains of influenza A virus, which has limited their usefulness in recent years.
'Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype' is a specific subtype of Influenza A virus that is known to primarily infect birds, but has also caused sporadic human infections in China since 2013. The 'H' and 'N' in the name refer to the proteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), respectively, on the surface of the virus. In this subtype, the H7 and N9 proteins are found.
The H7N9 virus has caused serious illness in humans, with high fever, cough, and severe pneumonia being common symptoms. Some cases have resulted in death, particularly among those with underlying health conditions or weakened immune systems. The virus is not currently known to transmit efficiently from person to person, but there is concern that it could mutate and acquire the ability to spread more easily between humans, which could potentially lead to a pandemic.
It's important to note that seasonal flu vaccines do not provide protection against H7N9 virus, as it is antigenically distinct from seasonal influenza viruses. However, research and development efforts are ongoing to create a vaccine specifically for this subtype.
Oral administration is a route of giving medications or other substances by mouth. This can be in the form of tablets, capsules, liquids, pastes, or other forms that can be swallowed. Once ingested, the substance is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and enters the bloodstream to reach its intended target site in the body. Oral administration is a common and convenient route of medication delivery, but it may not be appropriate for all substances or in certain situations, such as when rapid onset of action is required or when the patient has difficulty swallowing.
"Communications media" is a broad term that refers to the various means by which information or messages are transmitted from one person or group to another. In the context of healthcare and medicine, communications media can include both traditional and electronic methods used to share patient information, medical research, and other health-related data.
Traditional communications media in healthcare may include written documents such as medical records, charts, and reports, as well as verbal communication between healthcare providers and patients or among healthcare professionals.
Electronic communications media, on the other hand, refer to digital technologies used to transmit and store information. Examples of electronic communications media in healthcare include:
1. Electronic Health Records (EHRs): Digital versions of a patient's medical history and records, which can be shared among authorized healthcare providers.
2. Telemedicine: The use of telecommunication and information technologies to provide healthcare services remotely, allowing patients and healthcare professionals to communicate via video conferencing, phone calls, or messaging platforms.
3. Health Information Exchanges (HIEs): Secure, electronic networks that enable the sharing of health-related data among authorized healthcare organizations, providers, and patients.
4. Medical Imaging Systems: Digital systems used for storing, accessing, and sharing medical images such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs.
5. Personal Health Applications (mHealth): Mobile applications and wearable devices that allow individuals to monitor their health, track fitness goals, and manage chronic conditions.
Effective communication media are crucial in healthcare for ensuring accurate diagnoses, coordinating care, improving patient outcomes, and conducting medical research. It is essential to maintain confidentiality, privacy, and security when using electronic communications media to protect sensitive health information.
Sialic acids are a family of nine-carbon sugars that are commonly found on the outermost surface of many cell types, particularly on the glycoconjugates of mucins in various secretions and on the glycoproteins and glycolipids of cell membranes. They play important roles in a variety of biological processes, including cell recognition, immune response, and viral and bacterial infectivity. Sialic acids can exist in different forms, with N-acetylneuraminic acid being the most common one in humans.
Bromophenol Blue is a chemical compound that is commonly used as an indicator in acid-base titrations in chemistry and biology. Its chemical formula is C19H10Br4O5S. It is a dark green crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol, and it has a molecular weight of 669.93 g/mol.
In solution, Bromophenol Blue exhibits different colors depending on the pH level. At pH levels below 3.0, it appears yellow; between 3.0 and 4.6, it is green; between 4.6 and 6.8, it is blue; and above 6.8, it turns purple. This color change makes it a useful tool for indicating the endpoint in acid-base titrations.
In addition to its use as an indicator, Bromophenol Blue has also been used in research and medical applications, such as staining proteins in gels and as a marker for protein denaturation. However, it should be handled with care, as it can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system, and is considered a hazardous substance.
A Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) refers to a large supply of medicines and medical supplies that are prepositioned by a government to ensure rapid response to public health emergencies, including bioterrorist attacks, epidemics, and natural disasters. The SNS is designed to supplement and expand state and local public health resources during a crisis, providing necessary medical countermeasures to protect the health and safety of the population.
The specific composition of the stockpile may vary depending on the nature of the threat but typically includes vaccines, antitoxins, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, diagnostic tests, personal protective equipment (PPE), and other medical supplies. The SNS is managed and maintained by a central government agency, such as the Department of Health and Human Services in the United States, and is regularly reviewed and updated to ensure its effectiveness in addressing emerging threats.
Carboxylesterase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds in carboxylic acid esters, producing alcohol and carboxylate products. These enzymes are widely distributed in various tissues, including the liver, intestines, and plasma. They play important roles in detoxification, metabolism, and the breakdown of xenobiotics (foreign substances) in the body.
Carboxylesterases can also catalyze the reverse reaction, forming esters from alcohols and carboxylates, which is known as transesterification or esterification. This activity has applications in industrial processes and biotechnology.
There are several families of carboxylesterases, with different substrate specificities, kinetic properties, and tissue distributions. These enzymes have been studied for their potential use in therapeutics, diagnostics, and drug delivery systems.
Anseriformes is a taxonomic order that includes approximately 150 species of waterfowl, such as ducks, geese, and swans. These birds are characterized by their short, stout bills, which often have serrated edges or a nail-like structure at the tip, and are adapted for filter-feeding or grazing on aquatic vegetation. Anseriformes species are found worldwide, with the exception of Antarctica, and they inhabit a wide range of wetland habitats, including freshwater lakes, rivers, marshes, and coastal estuaries. Many Anseriformes species are migratory and travel long distances between their breeding and wintering grounds. The order is divided into two families: Anatidae, which includes ducks, geese, and swans, and Anhimidae, which includes screamers, a group of large, terrestrial birds found in South America.
The term "Area Under Curve" (AUC) is commonly used in the medical field, particularly in the analysis of diagnostic tests or pharmacokinetic studies. The AUC refers to the mathematical calculation of the area between a curve and the x-axis in a graph, typically representing a concentration-time profile.
In the context of diagnostic tests, the AUC is used to evaluate the performance of a test by measuring the entire two-dimensional area underneath the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, which plots the true positive rate (sensitivity) against the false positive rate (1-specificity) at various threshold settings. The AUC ranges from 0 to 1, where a higher AUC indicates better test performance:
* An AUC of 0.5 suggests that the test is no better than chance.
* An AUC between 0.7 and 0.8 implies moderate accuracy.
* An AUC between 0.8 and 0.9 indicates high accuracy.
* An AUC greater than 0.9 signifies very high accuracy.
In pharmacokinetic studies, the AUC is used to assess drug exposure over time by calculating the area under a plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-t) or AUC(0-\∞)) following drug administration. This value can help determine dosing regimens and evaluate potential drug interactions:
* AUC(0-t): Represents the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the last measurable concentration (t).
* AUC(0-\∞): Refers to the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity, which estimates total drug exposure.
Oseltamivir
Oseltamivir total synthesis
Transmission and infection of H5N1
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
Enantioselective synthesis
Neuraminidase
Viral neuraminidase
Donald Rumsfeld
2009 swine flu pandemic in the United Kingdom
Antiviral drug
Anne Moscona
2009 swine flu pandemic timeline
Illicium verum
Discovery and development of neuraminidase inhibitors
John Oxford
Amantadine
Influenza A virus subtype H7N3
2009 swine flu pandemic in Japan
Roche
Guangxi
Trimethylsilyl azide
Aminoshikimate pathway
Aminoshikimic acid
Aldol
Lynne McTaggart
List of antiviral drugs
Viral phylodynamics
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Stockpiling antiviral medications for pandemic influenza
2009 swine flu pandemic in the United States by state
Oseltamivir - Wikipedia
Oseltamivir - Wikimedia Commons
Oseltamivir for Influenza Reviews - Drugs.com
DailyMed - OSELTAMIVIR PHOSPHATE capsule
Opening and Mixing Oseltamivir Capsules with Liquids if Child Cannot Swallow Capsules | CDC
Opening and Mixing Oseltamivir Capsules with Liquids if Child Cannot Swallow Capsules | CDC
Oseltamivir removed from the WHO Essential Medicines List. A convenient decision?]
Oseltamivir - Janusinfo.se
Overview | Oseltamivir, amantadine (review) and zanamivir for the prophylaxis of influenza | Guidance | NICE
Tamiflu® (oseltamivir phosphate) | Important Safety Information
oseltamivir - Ontology Report - Rat Genome Database
oseltamivir Archives - Science Media Centre
Oseltamivir or its salts - NAPRA
The Lancet Infect Dis. Oseltamivir resistance during treatment of H7N9 infection - FluTrackers News and Information
PRIME PubMed | Development and validation of a rapid capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of oseltamivir...
PRIME PubMed | Failure of combination oral oseltamivir and inhaled zanamivir antiviral treatment in ventilator- and ECMO...
Reducing Occurrence and Severity of Pneumonia Due to Pandemic H1N1 2009 by Early Oseltamivir Administration: A Retrospective...
Emergence of Oseltamivir Resistance: Control and Management of Influenza before, during and after the Pandemic |...
Early oseltamivir treatment associated with 30 percent decrease in mortality for some flu strains
Oseltamivir for treatment and prevention of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus infection in households, Milwaukee, 2009 | BMC...
Weak evidence in favour of oseltamivir in the treatment of influenza-like illness in primary care - Evidencias en pediatría
Adherence to Oseltamivir Guidelines during Influenza Pandemic, the Netherlands
Oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus A (H1N1), Europe, 2007-08 season36834 | sciensano.be
Effect of double dose oseltamivir on clinical and virological outcomes in children and adults admitted to hospital with severe...
Oseltamivir for coronavirus illness: post-hoc exploratory analysis of an open-label, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial in...
Oseltamivir | Drug Lookup | Pediatric Care Online | American Academy of Pediatrics
Oseltamivir - Wikipedia
Tamiflu Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD
Tamiflu11
- Oseltamivir, sold under the brand name Tamiflu, is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and influenza B, viruses that cause the flu. (wikipedia.org)
- Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is FDA approved in young children for treatment of the flu. (nih.gov)
- term (chronic) medical problems Antiviral medicines such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and baloxavir (Xofluza) are taken as pills. (nih.gov)
- Evidence-based recommendations on amantadine (Lysovir), oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) for treating influenza in children and adults. (nice.org.uk)
- 2. Gilead Sciences, Inc. Professional Product Label Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), October 1999. (bmj.com)
- 4. Gilead Sciences, Inc. Professional Product Label Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), November 2000. (bmj.com)
- Oseltamivir (tamiflu) is a substrate of peptide transporter 1. (nih.gov)
- Baloxavir has similar efficacy to oseltamivir (Tamiflu) (33-hour reduction in duration of symptoms compared with placebo) and, like oseltamivir, is most effective when given within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms. (aafp.org)
- Zanamivir (Relenza) and Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) are antiviral medications used to treat and provide prophylaxis against influenza A and B. These drugs work by binding to neuraminidase, preventing the virus from escaping its host cell and infecting others. (picmonic.com)
- Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is an antiviral medication that blocks the actions of influenza virus types A and B in your body. (alldaygeneric.com)
- On 9th October 2009 nasal swab was taken for H1N1 test and introduce oseltamivir (Tamiflu) to the list of treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
H1N114
- The introduc- neous subgroup closely related to, but distinguishable from, tion of neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), oral oseltamivir those of oseltamivir-sensitive infl uenza viruses A (H1N1). (cdc.gov)
- The burden of side effects needs to be considered when deciding on mass oseltamivir chemoprophylaxis in children especially given that the symptoms of A(H1N1)v influenza are generally mild. (greenmedinfo.com)
- During 2013-14, fifty-nine (1.2%) of 4,968 analyzed US influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses had or -susceptible virus infections were compared by using the H275Y oseltamivir resistance-conferring neuramini- conditional logistic regression models that controlled for dase substitution. (cdc.gov)
- Unpropagated in- sistant and none with oseltamivir-susceptible virus infec- fluenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus-positive clinical specimens tions were immunocompromised (p = 0.03). (cdc.gov)
- Antiflu 75 mg Capsule (Oseltamivir Phosphate) is an antiviral remedy for treating and preventing influenza (flu) and swine flu (H1N1 virus). (medicine24h.com)
- Monitoring and Characterization of Oseltamivir-Resistant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, Japan, 2009-2010 by: Makoto Ujike, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
- During the influenza season of 2007-08, oseltamivir-resistant influenza A (H1N1) viruses emerged in several countries in Europe, North America, and Asia. (biomedcentral.com)
- Objectives: to describe the first oseltamivir-resistant (H1N1) influenza virus pandemic 2009 from the Eastern Mediterranean Region including Yemen and to determine the evidence by clinical presentation of children infected with these oseltamivir - resistant viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
- In this paper we describe the first oseltamivir-resistant pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus from the Eastern Mediterranean Region including Yemen and determine the evidence of clinical presentation of children infected with these viruses regarding the occurrence of oseltamivir-resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
- As of December 18, 2009, 136 isolates (among more than ten thousand tested) of pandemic H1N1 were resistant to oseltamivir.62 Among the 32 cases for whom detailed information was available, 16 were associated with antiviral prophylaxis, and three had no history of exposure to oseltamivir. (rivertechschool.com)
- Mutations associated with oseltamivir-resistance were identified in seasonal influenza A/H1N1 and A/H1N1pdm09 viruses from northern Vietnam. (who.int)
- We used data on influenza progression in individuals and their contacts collected by the City of Milwaukee Health Department (MHD) to study the transmission of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus in 362 households in Milwaukee, WI, and the effects of oseltamivir treatment and chemoprophylaxis.Methods: 135 households had chronological information on symptoms and oseltamivir usage for all household members. (bris.ac.uk)
- Emergence of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A H1N1 virus during the 2007-2008 winter season in Luxembourg: clinical characteristics and epidemiology. (wustl.edu)
- Human cases of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A H1N1 virus emerging in 2007-2008 in Luxembourg were not associated with treatment, prophylaxis or stockpiling of oseltamivir. (wustl.edu)
Effect of oseltamivir5
- However, the Committee noted that, since the inclusion of oseltamivir on the Model List in 2009, new evidence in seasonal and pandemic influenza has lowered earlier estimates of the magnitude of effect of oseltamivir on relevant clinical outcomes. (wikipedia.org)
- pretomanid will increase the level or effect of oseltamivir by Other (see comment). (medscape.com)
- Objectives: To develop an influenza disease model that integrates the effect of oseltamivir on viral kinetics (VK), cytokine concentrations (IL-6) and clinical symptom score (CSS). (paganz.org)
- The pharmacodynamic effect of oseltamivir was to inhibit virion production from infected cells. (paganz.org)
- The effect of oseltamivir treatment and other factors on the household secondary attack rate was estimated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression with households as the unit of analysis. (bris.ac.uk)
Capsule6
- Oseltamivir comes as a capsule and a suspension (liquid) to take by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
- A thick, sweetened liquid that masks the flavor of the medicine, such as regular or sugar-free chocolate syrup, can be mixed with the contents of the oseltamivir capsule. (cdc.gov)
- Carefully open the oseltamivir capsule and pour out all of the powder inside the capsule and mix it into the liquid. (cdc.gov)
- Oseltamivir comes as a capsule or in a liquid. (nih.gov)
- Oseltamivir may be given as the capsule or oral suspension. (ampoule.org.hk)
- "Antiflu 75mg Capsule (Oseltamivir) - 90 Capsule/s" has been added to your cart. (genericcures.com)
Carboxylate3
- Limited brain distribution of [3R,4R,5S]-4-acetamido-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate phosphate (Ro 64-0802), a pharmacologically active form of oseltamivir, by active efflux across the blood-brain barrier mediated by organic anion transporter 3 (Oat3/Slc22a8) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (Mrp4/Abcc4). (nih.gov)
- Both compounds are influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors, and since peramivir binds tighter to the enzyme than oseltamivir carboxylate (the active form of oseltamivir), the possibility exists that antagonistic interactions might result when using the two compounds together. (usu.edu)
- Treatment of infected MDCK cells was performed with combinations of oseltamivir carboxylate and peramivir at 0.32-100 μM for 3 days, followed by virus yield determinations. (usu.edu)
Antiflu1
- Antiflu 75 mg (Oseltamivir) Upto 50% Off ➤Limited Time Offer★Hurry UP! (alldaygeneric.com)
Zanamivir and oseltamivir3
- In 1999, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of zanamivir and oseltamivir, two drugs in a new therapeutic class called neuraminidase inhibitors, for influenza infection. (medscape.com)
- Zanamivir and Oseltamivir are indicated for treating infection from influenza A and B viruses. (picmonic.com)
- Zanamivir and Oseltamivir work to inhibit viral transmission by binding to the active site of viral neuraminidase. (picmonic.com)
Pandemic2
- The Expert Committee did not recommend the deletion of oseltamivir from the EML and EMLc, recognizing that it is the only medicine included on the Model Lists for critically ill patients with influenza and for influenza pandemic preparedness. (wikipedia.org)
- The Expert Committee noted that WHO guidelines for pharmacological management of pandemic and seasonal influenza would be updated in 2017: unless new information is provided to support the use of oseltamivir in seasonal and pandemic outbreaks, the next Expert Committee might consider oseltamivir for deletion. (wikipedia.org)
Take Oseltamivir3
- Take oseltamivir exactly as directed. (medlineplus.gov)
- Take Oseltamivir exactly as directed by your doctor or according to the instructions on the label. (ampoule.org.hk)
- Take Oseltamivir for as many days as it has been prescribed for you even if you begin to feel better. (alldaygeneric.com)
Early oseltamivir8
- Early oseltamivir administration was associated with shortened length of hospital stay across all intervals. (empr.com)
- Early oseltamivir use reduced the length of hospitalization and risk for hospital readmission, intensive care unit (ICU) transfers, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use, and mortality in hospitalized children with influenza, according to new research. (patientcareonline.com)
- They aimed to assess the effects of early oseltamivir treatment, defined for the purpose of the study as use of oseltamivir on hospital days 0 or 1. (patientcareonline.com)
- Researchers compared outcomes among participants who did and did not receive early oseltamivir treatment using multivariable generalized linear mixed-effects models, with adjustments made for demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and illness severity. (patientcareonline.com)
- Of the 22 592 children who did not receive early oseltamivir treatment, 7% were treated with oseltamivir on hospital day 2 or later and 33% were never treated with oseltamivir. (patientcareonline.com)
- 95% CI, 0.54-0.73) compared to participants who did receive early oseltamivir treatment. (patientcareonline.com)
- Association of early oseltamivir with improved outcomes in hospitalized children with influenza, 2007-2020. (patientcareonline.com)
- The confidence bounds are wide due to a small sample of households with early oseltamivir index usage - in 29 such households, 5 had a secondary attack. (bris.ac.uk)
Resistance9
- Oseltamivir resistance: What does it mean clinically? (elsevierpure.com)
- Assay to Detect Oseltamivir Resistance by: Kamol Suwannakarn, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
- PCR for Detection of Oseltamivir Resistance Mutation in Influenza A(H7N9) Virus by: Wei Wang, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
- Both clinical specimens presented the mutation S31N in the M2 gene associated with resistance to adamantanes and H274Y in NA gene associated with resistance to oseltamivir. (biomedcentral.com)
- This was the first diagnosed case of resistance to oseltamivir in Yemen and also it is the first reported case of oseltamivir resistance virus in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. (biomedcentral.com)
- The pattern of resistance found in the oseltamivir resistant isolate collected from Yemen is the same as has been reported elsewhere in other WHO regions. (biomedcentral.com)
- Symptomatic patients who have highly suspected or documented oseltamivir resistance should not be treated with peramivir because strains with the H275Y mutation have demonstrated reduced in vitro susceptibility to peramivir. (rivertechschool.com)
- Oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses in northern Viet Nam, 2009-2012. (who.int)
- To control the efficacy of oseltamivir for treatment, active surveillance for oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses circulating in Vietnam should be expanded. (who.int)
Unless medically indicated2
- Avoid administration of LAIV within 2 weeks before or 48 hours after oseltamivir phosphate capsules, use, unless medically indicated. (nih.gov)
- Avoid administration of live attenuated influenza vaccine intranasal within 2 weeks before or 48 hours after administration of oseltamivir, unless medically indicated. (medscape.com)
Efficacy3
- [ 6 ] This issue of Pediatric Pharmacotherapy will review the efficacy of oseltamivir in adults and children, describe its pharmacokinetics and adverse effects, and provide pediatric dosing recommendations. (medscape.com)
- Early therapy with the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir maximizes its efficacy in influenza treatment. (nih.gov)
- Some experts have advocated use of doubled doses of oseltamivir in critically ill patient despite lack of published date about efficacy. (rivertechschool.com)
Phosphate capsules9
- These highlights do not include all the information needed to use OSELTAMIVIR PHOSPHATE CAPSULES safely and effectively. (nih.gov)
- See full prescribing information for OSELTAMIVIR PHOSPHATE CAPSULES. (nih.gov)
- Serious skin/hypersensitivity reactions such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and erythema multiforme: Discontinue oseltamivir phosphate capsules and initiate appropriate treatment if allergic-like reactions occur or are suspected. (nih.gov)
- Neuropsychiatric events: Patients with influenza, including those receiving oseltamivir phosphate capsules, particularly pediatric patients, may be at an increased risk of confusion or abnormal behavior early in their illness. (nih.gov)
- Oseltamivir phosphate capsules are indicated for the treatment of acute, uncomplicated illness due to influenza A and B infection in patients 2 weeks of age and older who have been symptomatic for no more than 48 hours. (mlivehosted.com)
- Oseltamivir phosphate capsules are indicated for the prophylaxis of influenza A and B in patients 1 year and older. (mlivehosted.com)
- Oseltamivir phosphate capsules are not a substitute for early influenza vaccination on an annual basis as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. (mlivehosted.com)
- Prescribers should consider available information on influenza drug susceptibility patterns and treatment effects when deciding whether to use oseltamivir phosphate capsules. (mlivehosted.com)
- Oseltamivir phosphate capsules are not recommended for patients with end-stage renal disease not undergoing dialysis. (mlivehosted.com)
Symptoms8
- Oseltamivir is used to treat some types of influenza infection ('flu') in adults, children, and infants (older than 2 weeks of age) who have had symptoms of the flu for no longer than 2 days. (medlineplus.gov)
- When oseltamivir is used to treat flu symptoms, it is usually taken two times a day (morning and evening) for 5 days. (medlineplus.gov)
- When limiting the analysis to only those who later were determined by polymerase chain reaction to have influenza, the median duration of symptoms was 80.2 hours for placebo, 53.7 hours for baloxavir, and 53.8 hours for oseltamivir. (aafp.org)
- These recommendations are based on findings that outpatient oseltamivir administration improves the median time to alleviation of symptoms over placebo among children by approximately 29 hours. (patientcareonline.com)
- Oseltamivir is used to treat influenza in people 2 weeks of age and older who have had flu symptoms for 2 days or less. (alldaygeneric.com)
- It is not known whether oseltamivir was the exact cause of these symptoms. (alldaygeneric.com)
- Oseltamivir is used to treat flu symptoms caused by influenza virus in patients who have had symptoms for less than 2 days. (alldaygeneric.com)
- Following initial local seeding, oseltamivir-resistant strains spread synchronously to sensitive strains causing a similar epidemiology and clinical symptoms. (wustl.edu)
Peramivir5
- Combinations of oseltamivir and peramivir for the treatment of influen" by Donald F. Smee, B L. Hurst et al. (usu.edu)
- Oseltamivir and peramivir are being considered for combination treatment of serious influenza virus infections in humans. (usu.edu)
- Consistent and statistically significant increases in the numbers of survivors were seen when twice daily oral oseltamivir (0.4 mg/kg/day) was combined with twice daily intramuscular peramivir (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg/day) compared to single drug treatments. (usu.edu)
- The data demonstrate that combinations of oseltamivir and peramivir perform better than suboptimal doses of each compound alone to treat influenza infections in mice. (usu.edu)
- 5 specimens for all virus types for virus isolation oseltamivir use was more frequent among hospitalized and neuraminidase (NA) inhibition assay for oseltamivir, patients and patients with resistant virus infections than zanamivir, and, in a subset, laninamivir and peramivir ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Doses2
- Never use a household teaspoon to measure doses of oseltamivir oral suspension. (medlineplus.gov)
- Infants over 2 weeks of age can receive oseltamivir directly in doses much larger than those in breastmilk. (nih.gov)
Infection2
- The Committee recommended that the listing of oseltamivir be amended, moving the medicine from the core to the Complementary List, and that its use be restricted to severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill hospitalized patients. (wikipedia.org)
- Effectiveness of prolonged versus standard-course of oseltamivir in critically ill patients with severe influenza infection: A multicentre cohort study. (bvsalud.org)
Neuraminidase inhibitor1
- Use of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in experimental human influenza: randomized controlled trials for prevention and treatment. (nih.gov)
Drugs1
- Nausea and vomiting were more common with oseltamivir (4.8%), diarrhea was more common with baloxavir (1.8%), but overall the drugs were well tolerated. (aafp.org)
Prevention4
- Oseltamivir was initially approved by the FDA for the prevention and treatment of influenza in adults and children greater than 13 years of age. (medscape.com)
- However, another meta-analysis found that oseltamivir was effective for prevention of influenza at the individual and household levels. (wikipedia.org)
- Oseltamivir is used for the prevention and treatment of influenza caused by influenza A and B viruses. (wikipedia.org)
- The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Public Health England and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommend the use of oseltamivir for people who have complications or are at high risk for complications. (wikipedia.org)
Treatment14
- In December 2000, oseltamivir gained additional FDA approval for treatment of influenza in children greater than 1 year of age. (medscape.com)
- This guidance replaces NICE technology appraisal guidance on flu treatment - zanamivir, amantadine and oseltamivir (TA58). (nice.org.uk)
- Prophylactic oseltamivir treatment in children resulted in 51% experiencing adverse reactions. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Compliance and side effects of prophylactic oseltamivir treatment in a school in South West England. (greenmedinfo.com)
- The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) both recommend oseltamivir for the treatment of all hospitalized children with influenza. (patientcareonline.com)
- Given these limitations and the lack of randomized clinical trial (RCT) data available, hospitalized children remain the population with the largest gap in evidence for oseltamivir treatment. (patientcareonline.com)
- Among the total study population, the median age was 3.61 years, 56% were boys, and 59.5% received early treatment with oseltamivir. (patientcareonline.com)
- Background: Oseltamivir is an oral prodrug indicated for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza. (paganz.org)
- The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of prolonged versus standard course oseltamivir treatment among critically ill patients with severe influenza . (bvsalud.org)
- Prolonged oseltamivir was defined if patients received the treatment beyond 5 days, whereas the standard- course group received oseltamivir for 5 days. (bvsalud.org)
- Two thousand three hundred and ninety-seven subjects were included, of whom 1943 (81.1%) received prolonged oseltamivir and 454 (18.9%) received standard treatment . (bvsalud.org)
- Prolonged oseltamivir may have protective effects on survival at Day 10 compared with a standard treatment course . (bvsalud.org)
- Compared with standard treatment , prolonged oseltamivir was associated with reduced ICU mortality in critically ill patients with severe influenza . (bvsalud.org)
- Clinicians should consider extending the oseltamivir treatment duration to 10 days, particularly in higher- risk groups of prolonged viral shedding . (bvsalud.org)
Baloxavir4
- It does not seem worth the extra cost in the United States: $160 for baloxavir vs. $50 for oseltamivir ( www.goodrx.com ). (aafp.org)
- The major advantages of baloxavir over oseltamivir for those who choose to use it are convenience because it is a single dose and fewer adverse drug reactions (number needed to treat = 25). (aafp.org)
- This report summarizes the results of a phase two (dose-ranging) trial and a phase three trial comparing baloxavir with oseltamivir and placebo (baloxavir is now U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved). (aafp.org)
- The number needed to treat to prevent an adverse drug reaction with baloxavir compared with oseltamivir was 25. (aafp.org)
Severe influenza1
- Golden hour for administering oseltamivir in severe influenza complicating ARDS? (empr.com)
Capsules3
- Sometimes your child's provider may prescribe oseltamivir capsules for your child. (cdc.gov)
- If your child's provider prescribes oseltamivir capsules for your child and your child cannot swallow capsules, the prescribed capsules may be opened, mixed with a thick sweetened liquid, and given that way. (cdc.gov)
- If my child can't swallow capsules, how do I open oseltamivir capsules and mix the medicine? (cdc.gov)
Suspension3
- Call your doctor or pharmacist to find out how you should measure a dose of oseltamivir suspension if you do not have the measuring device that came with this medication. (medlineplus.gov)
- Yes, oseltamivir is produced in a suspension (liquid) form. (cdc.gov)
- Oseltamivir suspension is formulated with sorbitol, which may be associated with diarrhea and abdominal pain in patients who are fructose-intolerant. (rivertechschool.com)
Prophylaxis1
- Oseltamivir is an inhibitor of the influenza neuraminidase enzyme and is used as therapy and prophylaxis against influenza A and B. Oseltamivir has not been associated with clinically apparent liver injury. (nih.gov)
19992
- Oseltamivir was approved for medical use in the US in 1999. (wikipedia.org)
- Oseltamivir was first marketed in the US in 1999. (bmj.com)
Viral1
- Oseltamivir is a medicine used to treat viral infections. (ampoule.org.hk)
Kidney1
- Before taking oseltamivir, tell your doctor if you have received a nasal flu vaccine within the past 2 weeks, or if you have kidney disease, heart disease, lung disease, or any other serious disease or health problem. (alldaygeneric.com)
Complications3
- A 2014 Cochrane Review concluded that oseltamivir does not reduce hospitalizations, and that there is no evidence of reduction in complications of influenza. (wikipedia.org)
- The evidence of the marginal value of oseltamivir in managing and preventing the complications of influenza is approaching being 2 decades old. (bmj.com)
- However, time to first oseltamivir administration was not linked to any differences in ventilator days, intensive care unit length of stay, or neurologic or cardiovascular complications. (empr.com)
Viruses2
- Among those with All oseltamivir-resistant viruses were tested for the H275Y prior exposure, 6 (40.0%) patients with oseltamivir-re- substitution in NA by pyrosequencing ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- Despite substantial prevalence of oseltamivir-resistant viruses, few data are available on the clinical profile of subjects infected with these viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Pharmacodynamic1
- oseltamivir decreases effects of influenza virus vaccine quadrivalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
Therapeutic1
- Neuraminidase inhibitors (oral oseltamivir or inhalation of zanamivir) are currently the most effective therapeutic agents for influenza. (nih.gov)
Children treated1
- In children treated with oseltamivir, 14% reported vomiting. (rivertechschool.com)
Adults1
- Oseltamivir for influenza in adults and children: systematic review of clinical study reports and summary of regulatory comments. (bmj.com)
Resistant3
- Patients with oseltamivir-resistant ruses in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- No differenc- were screened for the H275Y substitution by pyrosequenc- es were found between patients with oseltamivir-resistant ing (online Technical Appendix, http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/ or -susceptible virus infections. (cdc.gov)
- The worsening picture suggested that the case could be resistant to oseltamivir. (biomedcentral.com)
Evidence2
Medication1
- Oseltamivir may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. (alldaygeneric.com)
Interactions1
- The anti-influenza drug oseltamivir exhibits low potential to induce pharmacokinetic drug interactions via renal secretion-correlation of in vivo and in vitro studies. (nih.gov)
Treat1
- Oseltamivir will not treat the common cold. (alldaygeneric.com)
Duration1
- If given 24 to 48 hours after symptom onset, symptom duration was reduced by only 13 hours (which is almost identical to what we found in our meta-analysis of oseltamivir [ Fam Pract . (aafp.org)
Mortality3
- Patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and confirmed influenza diagnosis treated ≤6 hours with oseltamivir had reduced length of hospital stay and a lower rate of mortality. (empr.com)
- SAN ANTONIO - People with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and a confirmed influenza diagnosis treated ≤6 hours with oseltamivir had reduced length of hospital stay and a lower mortality rate, according to the results of a study presented at the CHEST Annual Meeting, held from October 6 through October 10, in San Antonio, Texas. (empr.com)
- After adjusting confounding factors, prolonged oseltamivir significantly reduced ICU mortality ( odds ratio [OR] 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40-0.69). (bvsalud.org)