Thogotovirus
Isavirus
Orthomyxoviridae
Salmo salar
Salmon
Characterization of transgenic mice with targeted disruption of the catalytic domain of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR. (1/2148)
The interferon-inducible, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR has been implicated in anti-viral, anti-tumor, and apoptotic responses. Others have attempted to examine the requirement of PKR in these roles by targeted disruption at the amino terminal-encoding region of the Pkr gene. By using a strategy that aims at disruption of the catalytic domain of PKR, we have generated mice that are genetically ablated for functional PKR. Similar to the other mouse model of Pkr disruption, we have observed no consequences of loss of PKR on tumor suppression. Anti-viral response to influenza and vaccinia also appeared to be normal in mice and in cells lacking PKR. Cytokine signaling in the type I interferon pathway is normal but may be compromised in the erythropoietin pathway in erythroid bone marrow precursors. Contrary to the amino-terminal targeted Pkr mouse, tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis and the anti-viral apoptosis response to influenza is not impaired in catalytic domain-targeted Pkr-null cells. The observation of intact eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha phosphorylation in these Pkr-null cells provides proof of rescue by another eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha kinase(s). (+info)Maturation, activation, and protection of dendritic cells induced by double-stranded RNA. (2/2148)
The initiation of an immune response is critically dependent on the activation of dendritic cells (DCs). This process is triggered by surface receptors specific for inflammatory cytokines or for conserved patterns characteristic of infectious agents. Here we show that human DCs are activated by influenza virus infection and by double-stranded (ds)RNA. This activation results not only in increased antigen presentation and T cell stimulatory capacity, but also in resistance to the cytopathic effect of the virus, mediated by the production of type I interferon, and upregulation of MxA. Because dsRNA stimulates both maturation and resistance, DCs can serve as altruistic antigen-presenting cells capable of sustaining viral antigen production while acquiring the capacity to trigger naive T cells and drive polarized T helper cell type 1 responses. (+info)Induction of CD8+ T cell-mediated protective immunity against Trypanosoma cruzi. (3/2148)
Trypanosoma cruzi was transformed with the Plasmodium yoelii gene encoding the circum-sporozoite (CS) protein, which contains the well-characterized CD8+ T cell epitope, SYVPSAEQI. In vivo and in vitro assays indicated that cells infected with the transformed T. cruzi could process and present this malaria parasite-derived class I MHC-restricted epitope. Immunization of mice with recombinant influenza and vaccinia viruses expressing the SYVPSAEQI epitope induced a large number of specific CD8+ T cells that strongly suppressed parasitemia and conferred complete protection against the acute T. cruzi lethal infection. CD8+ T cells mediated this immunity as indicated by the unrelenting parasitemia and high mortality observed in immunized mice treated with anti-CD8 antibody. This study demonstrated, for the first time, that vaccination of mice with vectors designed to induce CD8+ T cells is effective against T. cruzi infection. (+info)Protection of mice against a lethal influenza virus challenge after immunization with yeast-derived secreted influenza virus hemagglutinin. (4/2148)
The A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2-subtype) hemagglutinin (HA) gene was engineered for expression in Pichia pastoris as a soluble secreted molecule. The HA cDNA lacking the C-terminal transmembrane anchor-coding sequence was fused to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-mating factor secretion signal and placed under control of the methanol-inducible P. pastoris alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promoter. Growth of transformants on methanol-containing medium resulted in the secretion of recombinant non-cleaved soluble hemagglutinin (HA0s). Remarkably, the pH of the induction medium had an important effect on the expression level, the highest level being obtained at pH 8.0. The gel filtration profile and the reactivity against a panel of different HA-conformation specific monoclonal antibodies indicated that HA0s was monomeric. Analysis of the N-linked glycans revealed a typical P. pastoris type of glycosylation, consisting of glycans with 10-12 glycosyl residues. Mice immunized with purified soluble hemagglutinin (HA0s) showed complete protection against a challenge with 10 LD50 of mouse-adapted homologous virus (X47), whereas all control mice succumbed. Heterologous challenge with X31 virus [A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2-subtype)], resulted in significantly higher survival rates in the immunized group compared with the control group. These results, together with the safety, reliability and economic potential of P. pastoris, as well as the flexibility and fast adaptation of the expression system may allow development of an effective recombinant influenza vaccine. (+info)Isolation of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) from Atlantic salmon in New Brunswick, Canada. (5/2148)
Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) was isolated at a marine grow-out site in New Brunswick, Canada, from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar which experienced mortalities due to hemorrhagic kidney syndrome (HKS). Of 20 fish sampled in this study, 14 showed histologically various degrees of interstitial hemorrhaging, tubular epithelial degeneration and necrosis, and tubular casts in the posterior kidney, typical of HKS. Posterior kidney and spleen homogenates produced a cytopathic effect on chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214) cells 10 to 14 d after inoculation. Pleomorphic virus particles in the size range 80 to 120 nm were seen by electron microscopy. The virus was confirmed as ISAV using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This is a systematic diagnostic study of the isolation of ISAV on the North American continent and the first description of the growth of ISAV on the CHSE-214 cell line. (+info)Genomic relationships of the North American isolate of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) to the Norwegian strain of ISAV. (6/2148)
Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were determined for a 436 bp reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) cDNA fragment from genome segment 8 and a 1151 bp RT-PCR cDNA fragment from genome segment 2 of the North American isolate of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) and compared to the published sequences of Norwegian isolates of ISAV. The North American ISAV isolate exhibited 82.9% identity with the Sotra 92/93 ISAV isolate from Norway in the partial cDNA sequence of genome segment 2, which encodes a polymerase component protein (PB1). The North American ISAV exhibited 88 and 89% identity with 2 partial cDNA sequences of genome segment 8 (nonstructural, NS, gene) reported for the Glesvaer/2/90 isolate from Norway. The North American ISAV exhibited 96.6% similarity with the Sotra 92/93 ISAV isolate from Norway in the deduced amino acid sequences of the PB1 protein. The deduced amino acid sequence of the protein encoded in the partial cDNA fragment of open reading frame (ORF) 1 of genome segment 8 of the North American ISAV exhibited only 71.2 and 66.7% similarity with the 2 sequences of the Norwegian Glesvaer/2/90 isolate. However, the North American ISAV isolate exhibited 96.2 and 87.2% similarity with the 2 sequences of the Norwegian Glesvaer/2/90 isolate in the deduced amino acid sequences of the protein encoded in the partial cDNA of ORF 2. Comparison of these partial cDNA nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences confirmed that the North American isolate is ISAV. However, the differences observed in these genomic sequences suggest that the North American isolate may represent a distinct genomic variant from the previously described Norwegian strains. (+info)First identification of infectious salmon anaemia virus in North America with haemorrhagic kidney syndrome. (7/2148)
Haemorrhagic kidney syndrome (HKS), a serious disease affecting Atlantic salmon on the east coast of Canada, was determined to be caused by infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) through the isolation of the pathogen on the SHK-1 (salmon head kidney) cell line and confirmation by ISAV-specific immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, the defining histopathology of HKS could be reproduced following the injection of material that rendered challenged fish ISAV-positive by cell culture in the absence of any other detectable pathogen. Preliminary nucleotide sequence comparison does not suggest any direct epidemiological connection between the Canadian and Norwegian isolates. (+info)Ortho- and paramyxoviruses from migrating feral ducks: characterization of a new group of influenza A viruses. (8/2148)
Ortho- and parainfluenza viruses isolated from the cloacas of migrating feral ducks shot on the Mississippi flyway included three strains of influenza. A virus (Hav6 Nav1, Hav6 Nl, Hav7 Neq2) as well as Newcastle disease virus. One influenza virus, A/duck/Memphis/546/74, possessed Hav3 haemagglutinin, but the neuraminidase was not inhibited by any of the known influenza reference antisera. The neuraminidase on this virus was related to the neuraminidases on A/duck/GDR/72 (H2 N?), A/turkey/Ontario/7732/66 (Hav 5 N?), A/duck/Ukraine/1/60 (Hav3 N?) and A/turkey/Wisconsin/68. We therefore propose that the neuraminidase on this group of influenza viruses be designated Nav6. The A/duck/Memphis/546/74 influenza virus caused an ocular discharge in 1 of 5 ducks and was shed in faeces for 10 days; it was stable in faecal samples for up to 3 days at 20 degrees C. These results suggest that ecological studies on influenza in avian species should include attempts to isolate virus from faeces. Faecal-oral transmission is an attractive explanation for the spread of influenza virus from feral birds to other animals. (+info)Thogotovirus is a genus of the family Orthomyxoviridae, which are negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. These viruses are primarily transmitted through tick bites and can infect various vertebrate hosts, including humans. Two species of Thogotovirus have been identified: Thogoto virus (THOV) and Dhori virus (DHOV).
Thogoto virus is mainly found in Africa and parts of Europe, while Dhori virus has been isolated in Asia. These viruses can cause febrile illnesses with non-specific symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, and fatigue. In some cases, more severe manifestations like meningitis or encephalitis may occur. However, human infections are relatively rare, and the majority of research on Thogotoviruses has been conducted using animal models.
Thogotovirus particles have an envelope with surface glycoproteins that mediate attachment to host cells and membrane fusion during entry. The viral genome consists of six RNA segments encoding various structural and non-structural proteins, including the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase responsible for replication and transcription. Due to their segmented genome, Thogotoviruses can undergo genetic reassortment, potentially leading to the emergence of new viral strains with altered pathogenicity or host range.
Despite their medical relevance, much remains to be understood about Thogotovirus biology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis. Further research is necessary to develop effective countermeasures against these viruses and related orthomyxoviruses.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Isavirus" is not a commonly used medical term or a name of a specific disease in humans or animals. It appears to be a term used in virology to describe a group of viruses that infect certain marine algae. Isaviruses are double-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the family "Rironaviridae" and order "Ligamenvirales." They infect a variety of marine diatoms, which are important primary producers in marine ecosystems.
If you have any questions related to human or animal health, I would be happy to help with those!
Orthomyxoviridae is a family of viruses that includes influenza A, B, and C viruses, which are the causative agents of flu in humans and animals. These viruses are enveloped, meaning they have a lipid membrane derived from the host cell, and have a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. The genome is segmented, meaning it consists of several separate pieces of RNA, which allows for genetic reassortment or "shuffling" when two different strains infect the same cell, leading to the emergence of new strains.
The viral envelope contains two major glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The HA protein is responsible for binding to host cells and facilitating entry into the cell, while NA helps release newly formed virus particles from infected cells by cleaving sialic acid residues on the host cell surface.
Orthomyxoviruses are known to cause respiratory infections in humans and animals, with influenza A viruses being the most virulent and capable of causing pandemics. Influenza B viruses typically cause less severe illness and are primarily found in humans, while influenza C viruses generally cause mild upper respiratory symptoms and are also mainly restricted to humans.
Orthomyxoviridae is a family of viruses that includes influenza A, B, and C viruses, which can cause respiratory infections in humans. Orthomyxoviridae infections are typically characterized by symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches, and fatigue.
Influenza A and B viruses can cause seasonal epidemics of respiratory illness that occur mainly during the winter months in temperate climates. Influenza A viruses can also cause pandemics, which are global outbreaks of disease that occur when a new strain of the virus emerges to which there is little or no immunity in the human population.
Influenza C viruses are less common and typically cause milder illness than influenza A and B viruses. They do not cause epidemics and are not usually included in seasonal flu vaccines.
Orthomyxoviridae infections can be prevented through vaccination, good respiratory hygiene (such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing), hand washing, and avoiding close contact with sick individuals. Antiviral medications may be prescribed to treat influenza A and B infections, particularly for people at high risk of complications, such as older adults, young children, pregnant women, and people with certain underlying medical conditions.
"Salmo salar" is the scientific name for the Atlantic salmon, which is a species of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Salmonidae. This anadromous fish is born in freshwater, migrates to the sea as a juvenile, then returns to freshwater to reproduce. The Atlantic salmon is highly valued for its nutritional content and is a popular choice for food worldwide. It's also an important species for recreational fishing and aquaculture.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Salmon" is not a medical term. It is a common name for various species of fish that belong to the family Salmonidae and are known for their distinctive pink or red flesh. They are an important source of food and are popular in many cuisines around the world. If you have any questions about medical terminology, I'd be happy to help with those instead!
"Fish diseases" is a broad term that refers to various health conditions and infections affecting fish populations in aquaculture, ornamental fish tanks, or wild aquatic environments. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors such as water quality, temperature, and stress.
Some common examples of fish diseases include:
1. Bacterial diseases: Examples include furunculosis (caused by Aeromonas salmonicida), columnaris disease (caused by Flavobacterium columnare), and enteric septicemia of catfish (caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri).
2. Viral diseases: Examples include infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in salmonids, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and koi herpesvirus (KHV).
3. Fungal diseases: Examples include saprolegniasis (caused by Saprolegnia spp.) and cotton wool disease (caused by Aphanomyces spp.).
4. Parasitic diseases: Examples include ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), costia, trichodina, and various worm infestations such as anchor worms (Lernaea spp.) and tapeworms (Diphyllobothrium spp.).
5. Environmental diseases: These are caused by poor water quality, temperature stress, or other environmental factors that weaken the fish's immune system and make them more susceptible to infections. Examples include osmoregulatory disorders, ammonia toxicity, and low dissolved oxygen levels.
It is essential to diagnose and treat fish diseases promptly to prevent their spread among fish populations and maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems. Preventative measures such as proper sanitation, water quality management, biosecurity practices, and vaccination can help reduce the risk of fish diseases in both farmed and ornamental fish settings.
Orthomyxoviridae
Influenza
Canine influenza
Viral disease
Palmitoylation
Tilapia tilapinevirus
Sialic acid
RNA virus
Influenza B virus
History of coronavirus
Robert A. Lamb
Influenza C virus
Quaranfil quaranjavirus
Influenza D virus
Hot zone (environment)
H5N1 genetic structure
Pneumoviridae
Quaranjavirus
Johnston Atoll virus
Veterinary virology
Bourbon virus
Viral replication
Royal Farm virus
Influenza A virus
1936 in science
Influenza A virus subtype H3N8
Pharyngitis
Peter Palese
Dhori virus
Thogotovirus
Orthomyxoviridae - Wikipedia
Orthomyxoviridae - Attogene
mainpage.html
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Oseltamivir removed from the WHO Essential Medicines List. A convenient decision?]
orthomyxovirus
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Influenza8
- Influenza A viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have a segmented negative-sense RNA genome ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
- "New World Bats Harbor Diverse Influenza A Viruses" (en). (wikipedia.org)
- Influenza virus is a respiratory virus that is part of the Orthomyxoviridae family. (who.int)
- A genus in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE causing influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. (nih.gov)
- Influenza viruses belong to the orthomyxoviridae family of RNA viruses and are divided into five genera: Influenza A, B and C, Thogtovirus and Isavirus. (scialert.net)
- Influenza , commonly referred to as the flu , is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses), that affects birds and mammals. (medicalxpress.com)
- The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
- Influenza A virus (IAV), a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, possesses a negative strand RNA genome made up of eight gene segments. (biomedcentral.com)
Flaviviridae2
- Examination of insect genomes has revealed endogenous viral sequences from members of the Bunyaviridae , Rhabdoviridae , Orthomyxoviridae , Reoviridae , and Flaviviridae . (virology.ws)
- We've found an average of two new viruses are appearing in humans each year and that the Coronaviridae , Flaviviridae , Togaviridae , Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae virus families are likely to be the source of the next pandemic. (www.csiro.au)
Genus1
- Bourbon virus is a novel RNA virus in the genus Thogotovirus (family Orthomyxoviridae ) that was discovered in Bourbon County, Kansas in 2014. (cdc.gov)
Family3
- Orthomyxoviridae (from Greek ὀρθός, orthós 'straight' + μύξα, mýxa 'mucus') is a family of negative-sense RNA viruses. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae contain six to eight segments of linear negative-sense single stranded RNA. (wikipedia.org)
- orthomyxovirus , any virus belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae. (britannica.com)
Viruses5
- Orthomyxoviridae (from Greek ὀρθός, orthós 'straight' + μύξα, mýxa 'mucus') is a family of negative-sense RNA viruses. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae contain six to eight segments of linear negative-sense single stranded RNA. (wikipedia.org)
- Orthomyxoviridae: Influenza viruses. (medscape.com)
- Background: Avian influenza viruses (genus Alphainfluenzavirus, family Orthomyxoviridae) infect avian and mammal hosts. (flu.org.cn)
- Three types of influenza viruses, types A, B, and C are known and they belong to a family of single-stranded negative-sense enveloped RNA viruses called Orthomyxoviridae [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Covid1
- Nev m jak to l pe vysv tlit, ale ch ipka (Orthomyxoviridae) a covid (Coronaviridae) jsou dva pln odli n ivo i n druhy. (lidovky.cz)
Descriptor1
- Orthomyxoviridae" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uams.edu)
Diseases1
- Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. (bvsalud.org)
Profiles2
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Orthomyxoviridae" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and whether "Orthomyxoviridae" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uams.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Orthomyxoviridae" by people in Profiles over the past ten years. (uams.edu)
Virus2
- It is caused by the influenza virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family. (alliedacademies.org)
- Virus RNA, golongan Orthomyxoviridae Mudah bermutasi Memiliki bermacam tipe : A, B, dan C Gejala yang ditimbulkan tipe A lebih bera. (biofarma.co.id)